Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 18
Macbeth (Shakespeare), 201, 202, 208, 230
McCarthy, Mary, 74
MacFlecknoe (Dryden), 228
McKnight, George Harley, English Words and Their Background, 25
McLuhan, Marshall, 65, 251–57, 383, 384; Gutenberg Galaxy, 65, 251, 252–57, 383; The Mechanical Bride, 252; Understanding Media, 251, 257
Madame Bovary (Flaubert), 322, 331
Maeterlinck, Maurice, 29
Magic Mountain, The (Mann), 98, 269, 274, 275
Magna Instauratio (Bacon), 250
Mahagonny (Brecht), 363
Mahler, Gustav, 147, 354; Schoenberg and, 128, 130, 132, 133
Mailer, Norman, 74, 289; An American Dream, 74
Mallarmé, Stéphane, 27, 28, 29, 39, 44; Blake and, 86; Levi-Strauss and, 249
Malraux, André, 240, 315, 346, 388; Man’s Fate, 363; Marxism and, 339, 359, 360, 363; Les Voix du silence, 346
Matte Laurids Brigge (Rilke), 314
Malthus, Thomas Robert, 19
Man Makes Himself (Childe), 343
Man Without Qualities, The (Musil), 98
Manchester Guardian (newspaper), 231
Mann, Heinrich, 98, 102, 103, 275; The Blue Angel, 98, 275; Marxism and, 359, 362; Der Untertan, 98, 275
Mann, Thomas, 62, 82, 149, 269–79, 327; Buddenbrooks, 274, 275; Death in Venice, 269, 275; Doctor Faustus, 43, 62, 80, 84; eroticism and, 71, 273, 277–78; Felix Krull, 6, 84, 269–79; Germany and, 96, 98, 99, 102, 104, 270, 271, 275–76, 329, 350; Joseph tetralogy, 104, 269, 274, 275; Lukács and, 311, 329, 331, 334; The Magic Mountain, 98, 269, 274, 275; Mayer and, 354; music and, 29, 43, 44, 80, 84, 104; the novel form and, 389; Rühle on, 357, 359; science and, 6, 84; Tonio Kröger, 274, 275
Man’s Fate (Malraux), 363
Manzoni, Alessandro, 63, 79, 333, 340
Mao Tse-tung, 361
Marinetti, Emilio F. T., 315
Marlowe, Christopher, 26, 32, 215; Shakespeare and, 171, 172, 203, 205
Marriage of Figaro, The (Mozart), 184
Marshall, Alfred, 19
Marvell, Andrew, 228, 298, 364
Marx, Karl, 18, 74, 146, 147, 367; art and, 340, 343, 344, 356; Critique of Political Economy, 245; on dehumanization, 314; East Germany and, 349; 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, 245; on Elizabethan drama, 202; exile of, 151, 371, 379; Das Kapital, 74; Lévi-Strauss and, 241, 244, 245–46, 250; literature and, 312, 316, 322, 323, 352; nationalism and, 153, 378; Stalinism and, 148, 338–39
Marxism, 347, 356–64; ethnography and, 245–46; German, 102, 103, 314–15, 340, 348–49, 352–53, 358–59, 363, 367, 375; history and, 241, 337, 339, 341, 342, 345–46, 349, 352, 354, 358, 359, 369, 373, 381–82; internationalism and, 153, 339, 340, 352, 378; Jewish culture and, 90, 147—48; literary criticism and, 305–24, 328, 329–31, 334, 338–39, 342, 354; Stalinism and, 338–39, 344–45, 350, 357, 361–62; tragedy and, 390, 392
Marxisme et Structuralisme (Sebag), 245
Mass media, see Communications media
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 65
Massenet, Jules, Hérodiade, 137
“Mass/stäbe der Sprachkritik” (Sternberger), 95 n
Master Builder, The (Ibsen), 293
Materialism, 322; dialectic, 306, 310, 315–16, 321, 328, 329, 341, 342, 352, 353
Mathematics, 6, 201, 233, 326; harmony concept and, 42; language and, 14–21. 34, 45, 87, 88, 90, 103, 109, 151, 242–43, 248, 249, 250
Matthausen concentration camp, 100
Maupassant, Guy de, 322
Mauriac, François, 267
Mauss, Marcel, “Essay on Certain Primitive Forms of Classification,” 241; Essai sur le don, 241
Maxwell, James Clerk, 17
Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 357, 358
Mayer, Hans, 348–55; Ansichten: Zur Literatur der Zeit, 352; Zur Deutschen Klassik und Romantik, 350; Kafka kein Edne? 354–55; Leasing: Mitwelt und Nachwelt, 351–52; Von Lessing bis Thomas Mann, 350
Meaning: Lévi-Strauss on, 242, 245, 247–48; linear perception and, 253–57, 383–84; literary form and, 86; mathematics and, 14–16, 19, 20, 21, 24, 103; multiplicity of, 206–08; music and, 23–24, 28–29, 44, 104, 138, 206, 207; political language and, 27, 34–35, 52, 95 n, 99–100, 104; privacy and, 28, 49, 53, 383–84; silence and, 12–13, 21, 39–41, 53, 54
Measure for Measure (Shakespeare), 209
Mechanical Bride, The (McLuhan), 252
Mechanistic philosophy, 202, 205
“Medallion” (Plath), 299
“Medusa” (Plath), 299
Mehring, Franz, 155–56, 341, 350
Melos, Zeitschrift für Neue Musik (periodical), 127 n
Melville, Herman, 62, 288, 290, 293, 387; Benito Cereno, 236; Billy Budd, 290; Leavis and, 236, 336; Moby Dick, 236, 387
Mensheviks, 367
Mercantilism, 202, 328, 387, 389
Merchant of Venice, The (Shakespeare), 42, 58–59, 201
Mérimée, Prosper, 261–68; Carmen, 261–63, 266; La Chronique du temps de Charles IX, 263; Co-lomba, 265–66; The Etruscan Vase, 266; The Game of Backgammon, 266; The Storming of the Redoubt, 266; The Venus of llle, 265
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 312
Mesopotamia, 181
Metamorphoses (Ovid), 59
Metamorphosis (Kafka), 11, 50, 121
Metaphor, 16 n, 40, 126, 208; of creation, 39; of natural harmony, 42, 43–44; of time, 13, 64–65, 381, 382, 386
Metaphysics, 12–13, 345; science and, 6, 20, 21, 328–29, 387
Michelangelo Buonarroti, 133
Michelet, Jules, 18
Middlemarch (Eliot), 75, 230, 237
Midsummer Night’s Dream, A (Shakespeare), 209
Milena, friend of Kafka, 122, 124
Miliukov, P. N., 372–73
Miller, Arthur, Death of a Salesman, 31
Miller, Henry, 72, 74, 280; Sexus, 74
Milosz, Czeslaw, 39
Milton, John, 14, 56, 237, 336; classicism of, 59, 62, 199, 387; language of, 25, 31, 228; Lycidas, 62; Paradise Lost, 62
Minoan culture, 172
Moby Dick (Melville), 236, 387
Modern Psalms (Schoenberg), 129
Moffatt, James, 193, 195, 196, 197
Molière (Jean-Baptiste Poquelin), 43, 82, 277, 309, 319; Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme, 43
Monsieur Teste (Valéry), 389
Montaigne, Michel de, 10, 240; quoted, 37, 46
Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, Baron de, Lettres persanes, 240
Montgomery, Bernard Law, 101
Montherlant, Henry de, 356
Montijo, Eugénie de, 264
Morality: anthropology and, 240; atrocity-recognition and, 106—09, 150, 158–60, 164–65; atrocity-survival and, 163–64, 166–68; censorship and, 74–75; Christian anti-Semitism and, 162; communication and, 25, 34–35, 101, 102; critical, 231–34, 238; education and, 57, 60–61, 65–66; internationalism and, 153–54; musical forms and, 132–33, 138; novel forms and, 78, 81; Orthodox, 141–42; political, 4, 5, 27, 35, 61, 99–109, 115, 150; science and, 6, 21, 34, 66; Tolstoy’s, 200; totalitarian, 356
Moravia, Alberto, 359
Mordaan, Ataullah, Kama Houri, 73
Morgann, Maurice, 172
Morgenröte (Nietzsche), 87
Morris, William, 56
Moscow, Russia, 329, 333, 340; Lenin funeral, 368, 369; purge trials, 371, 379
Moses (Strindberg), 131
Moses und Aron (Schoenberg), 51, 127–39
Mosley, Oswald, 152
Mother Courage (Brecht), 103, 363
Mountolive (Durrell), 280–81, 283, 286
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 88, 184, 383, 392; Don Giovanni, 88, 128, 184; Kierkegaard and, 128, 132; The Marriage of Figaro, 184
Mühsam, Erich, 359
Mumford, Lewis, The City in History, 389
Munich, Germany, 107, 147, 367
Munich Pact (1938), 150
Murdoch, Iris, 289
Murray, Gilbert, 172
Muschg, Walter, The Destruction of German Literature, 355; “The Fame of Franz Kafka,” 119
Music: chamber-music form, 385–86; culture and, 29–30, 51, 104, 109, 151, 210, 315, 316; literary structure and, 29, 80, 87, 88–89, 90, 213, 249–50, 389–90; mathematics and, 17, 23–24, 42, 109, 201, 326; mimesis and, 344, 385; operatic form of, 127–39, 263; poetry and, 25, 28–29, 39, 41–46; random structure and, 255. See also spectfic composers
Musical Quarterly, The (periodical), 24
Musil, Robert, 98, 116; The Man Without Qualities, 98
Musiove, À la (Chabrier), 250
Mussolini, Benito, 373
My Life (Trotsky), 371–72
My Life and Loves (Harris), 74
Mycenaean culture, 174–76, 178, 181, 185, 186
Myers, L. H., 234
Myres, John L., quoted, 175
Mythology, 59; anti-Semitic belief in racial guilt, 162; culture and, 65, 243, 246–49, 257; fire in, 37, 246–47; gold and, 245; Green Man of Spring, 201; history and, 173–74, 240, 247–48, 381–82, 386–87; language in, 36–39; music and, 41–42, 249–50; nationalist, 98, 106–07; science and, 6, 15, 248–49, 326
Nabokov, Vladimir, Lolita, 71, 73, 283
Nagy, Imre, 337
Naked Lunch, The (Burroughs), 7, 72–73
Namier, L. B., 18
Napoleon Bonaparte, 145
Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon), 264
Napoleonic Wars, 263, 266, 332–33
“Narcisse”(Valéry), 45
Nassauer, Rudolf, The Hooligan, 114
Nationalism, 59–60; American, 144–45, 152; Czech, 124; education and, 9, 57, 58, 62–63; German, 57, 97–99, 108, 110, 124, 139, 352; Leavis and, 236–37; printing and, 254–55; Russian, 116, 119, 148, 153, 339, 352, 358, 359; Zionist, 143, 153, 154, 161
Natural science, see Science
Naturalism, 321–22, 331–32, 334, 341, 344
Nazism, 155–68, 352; division of Germany and, 348; Grass and, 110–17; Humanist tradition and, 162–63, 350; Jewish survivors of, 140–54, 155, 157, 160, 163, 166–68; language and, 26, 50, 51, 95 n, 96–109, 121; Lukács and, 329–30; myths of, 174; Schoenberg and, 128–29, 130, 139; Trotsky and, 370, 373–74, 375–76. See also Concentration camps
Needham, Rodney, Structure and Sentiment, 242
Negroes, 144
Nekrasov, Victor, 119
Němcová, Božena, Granny, 354
Nettl, Peter, 375
Neugebauer, O., 252
New Bearings in English Poetry (Leavis), 227
New English Bible (NEB), 193–97
New Statesman (periodical), 231
New Testament: authorship of the Gospels, 171, 172; translations, 188, 189, 193–97
Newman, John Henry, Cardinal, 13, 223
Newton, Isaac, 202, 205, 253, 328; calculus and, 14; laws of motion and, 17
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 27, 90, 96, 102, 276, 390; quoted, 4; Beyond Good and Evil, 87; “eternal recurrence” and, 278; Kafka and, 121; Lukács and, 336–37; Mc-Luhan and, 254; Mérimée and, 265; Morgenröte, 87; nationalism and, 97; Thus Spake Zarathustra, 4, 87; Wagner and, 44, 327; withdrawal of, 48, 87
No More Parades (Ford), 388
North Africa, 140, 143, 145; Homer and, 176, 182
Northumbrian dialect, 188
Norway, 106, 149, 158, 305, 371
Nostromo (Conrad), 65, 130, 235, 237, 267
Notes from the Underground (Dostoevsky), 121
Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto (Ringelblum), 161, 388
“Notes on Literature” (Fadeyev), 317
Notizbuch eines Philologen, Aus dem (Klemperer), 95 n
Notre-Dame de Paris (Hugo), 293
Nôtre Jeunesse (Péguy), 87
Nouvelle Critique, La (periodical), 308, 313
Novaia Jizn (periodical), 306, 310
Novalis (Friedrich von Hardenberg), Hymns to the Night, 43
Novel, The, 7, 10, 78–85, 331; American traditional forms, 290; critical writing and, 229–30, 236–37; diminution of language in, 30–31; economics and, 147, 387–89; historical, 311, 332–34; musical structure and, 29, 80; plotting of, 266–67, 271–73; random structure and, 255, 390; rhetoric and, 32–33; the Tendenzroman, 305–06, 308. See also individual novelists
Novy Mir (periodical), 353
O’Brien, Edna, 299
Odyssey (Homer), 83, 171, 172–73, 175, 177, 187; English translations, 216–18; style in, 178, 179, 180–86, 321–22
Oeuvre, L’ (Zola), 293
Of Growth and Form (Thompson), 16
Of Time and the River (Wolfe), 116
Ogarev, N. P., 371
Olympia Press, Paris, 72–73
Olympia Reader (Girodias, ed.), 72, 73, 74, 77
“On Certain Motifs in Baudelaire” (Benjamin), 314
On Nature (Goethe), 147
120 Days of Sodom (Sade), 69
O’Neill, Eugene, Long Day’s Journey into Night, 31
Opera, 127–39, 263. See also individual composers
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 152; quoted, 34
Oresteia (Euripides), 5
Orff, Carl, 252
Orient, The, 12, 152, 359, 385; Homer and, 174, 175, 181, 182, 183, 186
“Origin of German Tragedy, The” (Benjamin), 314
Orpheus, myth of, 36, 38, 42, 43, 249–50
Orphic Voice, The (Sewell), 255
Orwell, George, 25, 77, 95 n, 101, 388; Animal Farm, 361; Marxism and, 360, 361; 1984 361
Ossian (James MacPherson), 87
Ossietzky, Carl von, 359
Othello (Shakespeare), 6, 198, 202
Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts (Kenyon), 191
“Ouverture” (Lévi-Strauss), 248–49
Ovid, 38, 42, 59, 210; quoted, 371; Metamorphoses, 59
Oxford, Robert Harley, Earl of, 172
Oxford Book of English Verse, The, 226
Oxford University, 56, 191, 193, 223
Page, Denys, 184
Painter, George, Proust, 380
Painting, see Graphic arts
Panhellenic festivals, 178
Pankow, Germany, 349
Panofsky, Erwin, 341
Parables (Kafka), 54
Paradise Lost (Milton), 62
Parain, Brice, quoted, 52
Paris, France, 88, 97, 147, 284; Baudelaire and, 314; Trotsky’s son in, 370
Parry, Milman, 176
Partisan Review (periodical), 149
“Party Organization and Party Literature” (Lenin), 306, 307
Pascal, Blaise, 13, 87, 240, 312, 314; Pensées, 87, 312
Pasternak, Boris, 62, 80, 148, 364; Doctor Zhivago, 62, 80, 353, 357, 358, 363; Mayer on, 353; Rühle on, 357, 358, 362
Pater, Walter, 224
Pavese, Cesare, 359
Péguy, Charles, 87–88, 230, 232, 237, 390; Nôtre Jeunesse, 87; Victor-Marie, Comte Hugo, 87
Pelléas et Mélisande (Debussy), 29
Pensée sauvage, La (Lévi-Strauss), 239, 241, 243, 250
Pentateuch, The, 132
Persian literature, 62
Pervigilium Veneris, 35
“Peter Quince at the Clavier” (Stevens), 32
Phaedra (Lowell), 212–16
Philippians, quoted, 196–97
Philology, 7–8, 57, 97, 98; Bible and, 192; scholarship and, 172; Stalin on, 323
Philosophic Investigations (Wittgenstein), 21
Philosophy, 7, 11, 13–14, 89, 116; criticism and, 226, 335–36; mathematics and, 19–21; music and, 87, 88. See also specific philosophic schools, e.g., Neo-Platonism; and see individual philosophers, e.g., Plato
Physics, 6, 66; Einsteinian, 341; Galilean, 201; language and, 15, 16, 34, 151, 253, 254; Newtonian, 17, 328
Pincher Martin (Golding), 289, 290, 293
Pindar, 42
Piscator, Erwin, 147
Pividal, Raphaël, quoted, 241
Plath, Sylvia, 53, 295–302; “All the Dead Dears,” 296; Ariel, 295, 298; The Bell Jar, 295; “For a Birthday,” 298; “Blue Moles,” 298; “Childless Woman,” 299; The Colossus, 295; 296–98; “Daddy,” 295, 301; “Death & Co.,” 295; “Lady Lazarus,” 295, 298, 301; “Medallion,” 299; “Medusa,” 299; “Tulips,” 299; “Two Views of a Cadaver Room,” 298; “Watercolor of Grantchester Meadows,” 296–97
Plato, 19, 56, 64, 261; Cratylus, 36; drama and, 391, 392; Gorgias, 166; music and, 43
Plekhanov, Georgi Valentinovich, 341
Plutarch, 59
Poe, Edgar Allan, 265, 266; Golding and, 290, 291, 293
Poetics (Aristotle), 221, 335, 343
Poetry, 7, 10, 36–54, 80; classical culture and, 8, 19–20, 25; critic’s relation to, 225, 227, 229, 323; documentation as, 388–89; drama and, 31; epic style, 82, 83, 85, 176, 180–81, 387, 389; erotic, 71; graphic arts and, 86, 177; linear perception and, 255, 257; linguistics and, 25–26, 27–28, 89, 270; music and, 28–29, 41–46; myth and, 173–74; political themes in, 305–06, 307–08, 363; rhetoric and, 32–33; science and, 6, 34; silence and, 46–54, 85, 103. See also individual poets
Poincaré, Raymond, 373
Poland, 155–68, 360, 361; anti-Semitism in, 143, 157–58, 160, 162, 165; Nazis in, 100, 105, 106, 156, 157
Politics, 77, 174, 237; historiography and, 84, 85, 110–11, 114, 372–73, 376–77; the humanities and, 4–6, 7, 61, 81, 223, 315, 327; Kafka and, 120–22, 123; language and, 26–27, 34–35, 46, 49, 50–51, 95–109, 115, 123, 253, 282, 361; literary form and, 88, 328; literary orthodoxy and, 305–24, 349, 352–53, 358, 359, 360; nationalism and, 9, 59–60, 63, 97–99, 150, 152; poetry and, 54, 305–06, 307–08, 363; science and, 6–7, 233. See also specific political systems, e.g., Nazism
Politzer, Heinz, 118, 121, 122–23; Franz Kafka, 118
Pollock, Jackson, 23, 25, 253, 347
Poltava, Russia, 365
Polyeucte (Corneille), 391
Pope, Alexander, 9, 56, 62, 216; The Dunciad, 228, 257; Leavis on, 228; McLuhan on, 257; The Rape of the Lock, 62; Shakespeare and, 199, 226
Pornography, 7, 68–77, 81, 388
Portes de la forêt, Les (Wiesel), 164
Portrait of a Lady, The (James), 230
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, A (Joyce), 235, 272
Positivism, 57, 79; Marxist, 341, 381, 382
Possessed, The (Dostoevsky), 237
Pound, Ezra, 42, 62, 67, 226, 327; quoted, 25–26, 222, 316; Cantos, 67, 235; Fascism and, 356; Hugh Selwyn Mauberley, 235; Leavis and, 222, 234, 235, 323; Lukács and, 336
Powell, Anthony, 289
Powys, John Cowper, 60, 236, 289; quoted, 180, 184; The Glastonbury Romance, 236; Wolf Solent, 236
Powys, T. F., 290
Practical Criticism (Richards), 67
Prague, Czechoslovakia, 97, 120, 124, 147
Predictability concept, 18, 19, 20
Priestley, J. B., 319
Prinkipo Island, Turkey, 371
Printing, 50, 53–54, 64, 80–81; American, 288–89; Bible translation and, 189; Blake and, 86; book reviewing and, 325; eighteenth century, 202; German, 96, 110; Kafka and, 119; paperbacks, 30, 82–83, 210, 385; perception modes and, 252, 253–57, 383
Prinz von Homburg (Kleist), 351
Prinzip Hoffnung, Das (Bloch), 90–91, 345, 381
Prolegomena and Homerum (Wolf), 172
Prolegòmeni a un’estetica marxista (Lukács), 342
Prophet Outcast, The (Deutscher), 370, 376
Protestants, Bible translation and, 193–97
Proust, Marcel, 3, 6, 10, 98, 103, 237, 261, 272, 280; eroticism and, 71, 285; as Jew, 146, 147; Kafka and, 354; Marxism and, 314, 316, 336, 353, 357; music and, 44, 46; realism and, 79, 82, 284, 286; World War I and, 388
Proust (Painter), 380
Prufrock and Other Observations (Eliot), 226
Prussian Academy of Arts, 130
Pryce-Jones, Alan, 231
Psalter, 188
Psychology, 76, 83, 173, 174; aesthetics and, 326, 341, 342, 344, 345, 346; anthropology and, 240–41, 245–46, 250; Sartre and, 353; Shakespeare and, 172, 206–07, 208, 209; somatic immortality and, 386–87
Publishing, see Printing
Purdy, James, Cabot Wright Begins, 49
Puritanism, 203, 224, 285; Russian, 308, 336
Pushkin, Aleksandr Sergeyevich, 63, 266, 383; Boris Godunow, 335; Lukács and, 319, 329, 333, 335, 340
Pylos, 175
Pythagoras, 90, 250; harmony concept and, 42, 43, 46, 201
Quakers, 160
Quasi una fantasia (Adorno), 127 n
Quattrocento, 6
Quentin Durward (Scott), 333
Qu’est-que ce la litèrature (Sartre), 65
Rabelais, Francois, Gargantua and Pantagruel, 257
Rabouilleuse, La (Balzac), 71
Racine, Jean, 82, 118, 202; Goldmann on, 312—14; Lowell translation, 212–16; Phèdre, 212–16, 313
Radcliffe, Ann, 327
Radek, Karl B., quoted, 316
Radio, 385
Radioactivity, 27
Rainbow, The (Lawrence), 3
Ramsey, F. P., 19
Ranke, Leopold von, 18
Ransom, John Crowe, 225
Rape of the Lock, The (Pope), 62
Rashomon (film), 284
Rasselas (Johnson), 236
Rationalism, 19, 255, 328, 351; Marxism and, 349, 390–91; moral optimism and, 57, 58; music and, 44, 104; mysticism and, 13–14, 283; poetry and, 310, 311; “super-rationalism,” 245–46, 248; World War II and, 5, 6
Réage, Pauline, Story of O, 73, 74
Realism, 79, 105; naturalism and, 321–22, 332, 334, 341, 344; the novel and, 80, 81, 82, 83–84, 147, 283–84, 331, 387–89; socialist, 308, 318, 319, 329, 332, 341, 359
“Realism and Naturalism” (Asmus), 318
Recherche de l’Absolu, La (Balzac), 292–93
Recherche du temps perdu, A la (Proust), 336
Reinhardt, Max, 147
Reizov, Boris, Balzac the Writer, 317–18
Religion, 354; aesthetics and, 342–43, 344–45, 391. See also God: and see specific faiths
Rembrandt van Rijn, Harmenszoon, 22, 341
Renaissance, 5, 43, 58, 203. See also specific centuries
Renan, Ernest, 87; Vie de Jésus, 172
Rescue, The (Conrad), 282
Revai, Joseph, 319, 320, 338; Literature and Popular Democracy, 319, 338
Revaluation (Leavis), 223, 228
Revelation, quoted, 195–96
Revised Standard Version of the Bible (1946), 193
Riccardo, David, 18–19
Richards, I. A., 57, 65, 226, 326; quoted, 67; Practical Criticism, 67
Richardson, Samuel, 389
Richmond Lecture (Leavis), 233–34, 238
Rieu, E. V., 216
Rilke, Rainer Maria, 28, 61, 89, 162; quoted, 48–49; Benjamin and, 314; Duino Elegies, 28, 97, 98; Lukács and, 336; Malte Laurids Brigge, 314; music and, 42, 45, 98, 250; Sonnets to Orpheus, 45, 89, 98; translation by, 215–16
Rimbaud, Arthur, 27–28, 47, 48, 62; Un Saison en enfer, 47
Ringelblum, Emmanuel, Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto, 161, 388
Rob Roy (Scott), 334
Robespierre, Maximilien, 367, 377
Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 328, 387
Rolland, Romain, 29, 361; Jean Christophe, 272
Rolle, Richard, 188
Roman Orgy (Van Heller), 73
Romanticism, 8, 49, 340, 351; escapist, 332, 334; Finkelstein on, 316–17; of Malaparte, 362; Mérimée and, 262, 263, 264–65; music and, 43–46; Shakespearean criticism and, 199, 205
Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare), 198, 209
Rommel, Erwin, 101
Rosbaud, Hans, 130
Rosenberg, Alfred, 110
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 240
Rousset, David, 164
Royal (British) Air Force, 150, 158
Rühle, Jürgen, Literatur und Revolution, 357–64
Russia, 4, 39, 62, 63, 234; anti-Semitism in, 140, 143, 144, 145, 148, 150, 152, 157, 158, 161, 378; Carmen and, 262; Central Committee, 366, 368; China and, 378; communications theory and, 65, 252; de-Stalinization and, 376–77; Fletcher in, 201; Hungarian uprising and, 337–39, 360; Jewish culture and, 147—48; literary criticism in, 305–24; nationalism of, 116, 119, 148, 153, 339, 352, 358, 359; Nazism and, 100, 101, 107, 359, 375–76; Western influence from, 362–64; World War I and, 98
Russian Realism in World Literature (Lukács), 331
Russian Revolution, 363, 365–66, 373; Churchill and, 371.
Rymer, Thomas, 238
S.S.-Staat (Kogon), 166
Sacher-Masoch, Leopold von, 71
Sacred and the Profane, The (Eliade), 252
Sade, Donatien Alphonse, Marquis de, 69, 71, 73, 74, 122; Durrell and, 285, 286; Justine, 73; 120 Days of Sodom, 69
Sadism, 10, 61; anti-Semitic, 140–54, 155–68; eroticism and, 7, 76, 81; political, 4–5, 99–109, 114, 121, 122
Saint-Exupéry, Antoine de, Vol de Nuit, 388
Saint-Just, Louis Antoine Léon de, 265
Saint-Saëns, Camille, Samson et Dalila, 137
Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroy; Duc de, 372
Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin, 3, 222, 225, 263, 311, 325; on Flaubert, 334; Marxist criticism and, 322, 341, 352
Saintsbury, George, 57, 238, 345
Saison en enfer, Un (Rimbaud), 47
“Sakrales Fragments: Ueber Schoenberg’s Moses und Aron” (Adorno), 127 n
Salammbô (Flaubert), 332, 333, 334
Samson et Dalila (Saint-Saëns), 137
Sand, George, 263
Sandburg, Carl, 316
Sapientia Veterum, De (Bacon), 247
Sappho, 71
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 17–18, 65, 331; Lévi-Strauss and, 239, 240, 244; Marxism of, 312, 353, 359, 362; Qu’est-que ce la littérature, 65
Satie, Erik, 250
Saussure, Ferdinand de, 241
Schaff, Adam, 148
Schelling, Friedrich W. J. von, 330
Scherchen, Hermann, 130
Schiller, Friedrich von, 97, 305, 306, 319; Kabale und Liebe, 305; Lukács on, 311, 334, 335; on technology, 315
Schneider, David M., 242
Schoenberg, Arnold, 98, 127–39, 146, 316; Der Biblische Weg, 129; Erwartung, 130; Four Pieces, 129; Die Glückliche Hand, 130; Die Jakobsleiter, 129, 131; Kol Nidre, 129; language and, 51, 125, 127, 130–31; Modern Psalms, 129; Moses und Aron, 51, 127—39; A Survivor from Warsaw, 129
Schoenberg’s “Moses und Aron” (Wörner), 127 n
Schuldlosen, Die (Broch), 88
Schwarz-Bart, André, The Last of the Just, 165
Schwierige, Der (Hofmannsthal), 50–51
Science: culture and, 6, 34–35, 64, 66, 76, 83, 233, 243–244, 325–26; Elizabethan, 201, 202; Felix Krull and, 274; harmony concept and, 42; industrial processes and, 314–15, 322; linguistics and, 14–16, 17, 31, 64, 242–43, 244, 251–57; literary study and, 57, 326–27, 328, 336; literature of, 84, 85; Lukács on, 342, 343; mathematical dominance of, 14–21; of mythology, 247—49; personal identity and, 386. See also specific branches of science
Score, The (periodical), 127 n
Scott, Walter, 63, 79, 262; The Heart of Midlothian, 333; Lukács on, 329, 333, 334; Quentin Durward, 333; Rob Roy, 334; Waverley Novels, 333
Scroll of Agony: The Warsaw Diary of Chaim Kaplan, 155, 159–64, 167, 168
Scrutiny (periodical), 230, 232
Sculpture, 22–23, 116, 133, 255
Sea Around Us, The (Carson), 389
Sebag, Lucien, Marxismse Structuralisme, 245
Secret Sharer, The (Conrad), 230
Seele und die Formen, Die (Lukács), 342
Seghers, Anna, 353, 359, 362; Der Ausftug der toten Mädchen, 353
Seneca, Hippolytus, 215
Serge, Victor, 148
Seven Against Thebes (Aeschylus), 366
Sewell, Elizabeth, 249, 255; The Orphic Voice, 255
Sex, 10, 68–77; Durrell and, 283, 284–85; Golding and, 293; Mann’s Felix Krull and, 273, 277–78; Plath and, 299
Sexus (Miller), 74
Shakespeare, William, 5, 6, 10, 56, 67, 118, 198–218, 319, 340; Brecht on, 309–10; Comedy of Errors, 201; Coriolanus, 209, 309; Cymbeline, 209–10; Dickens and, 235; Engels and, 306, 322; Hamlet, 10, 198, 202, 204, 207–08; on harmony, 42, 201; Henry IV, 204; Homer and, 182; Humanist tradition and, 17, 66, 350; identity of, 171, 172, 173, 261; King Leer, 5, 198, 208, 209; Jewish culture and, 147; language and, 25, 26, 31, 32, 189, 190, 191, 198, 203–11, 255, 282, 333; Leavis on, 224, 226, 230, 237; Love’s Labour’s Lost, 58–59; Macbeth, 201, 202, 208, 230; McLuhan on, 257; Measure for Measure, 209; The Merchant of Venice, 42, 58–59, 201; A Midsummer Night’s Dream, 209; Othello, 6, 198, 202; Romeo and Juliet, 198, 209; Titus Andronicus, 173; Troilus and Cressida, 201, 209
Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 83
Sholokhov, Mikhail Aleksandrovich, 318, 358
Sidgwick, Henry, quoted, 57
Simenon, Georges, 211
Simplicissimus (Grimmelshausen), 271
Sinclair, Upton, 359
Singer of Tales, The (Lord), 176
Slavonic languages, 125
Sleepwalkers, The (Broch), 88
Smith, Adam, 18
Smollett, Tobias, 271
Snow, C. P., 289; Leavis debate, 231–34, 238; on the two cultures, 16, 17, 233 n
Sobivor concentration camp, 166
Socialism, 153. See also Marxism; Nazism
Sociology: drama and, 391; linguistics and, 64, 241, 244–46, 250, 254–55; privacy and, 76, 255; Sartre and, 353; scientific method and, 245, 326; style and, 18, 19, 84, 85, 322–23, 328. See also Economics
Solomon, King, 183
Song of Exile (Wolfskehl), 51
Sonnets to Orpheus (Rilke), 45, 89, 98
Sophocles, 51, 199, 341; Antigone, 341
Sorrows of Werther, The (Goethe), 5
Sound and the Fury, The (Faulkner), 267
Soviet Literature (periodical), 308, 318, 320
Soviet Union, see Russia
Spain, 63, 145, 203, 262; anti-Semitism in, 148; Schoenberg in, 129–30; Tyndale and, 189
Spanish Civil War, 69
Spark, Muriel, 289
Speiser, Andreas, quoted, 17
“Spelt from Sibyl’s Leaves” (Hopkins), 227
Spender, Stephen, 360
Spenser, Edmund, 9, 32, 38, 42, 56, 203
Spinoza, Baruch de, 20, 126, 146, 340; Ethics, 20
Spire, The (Golding), 289, 290, 291–93
Sprache im technischen Zeitalter (periodical), 95 n
Staiger, Emil, 350
Stalin, Josef, 352, 358; aesthetics and, 344–45, 357, 363–64; anti-Semitism of, 148, 150, 152, 158; Germany and, 148, 340, 359, 367, 375; literary criticism and, 307, 308, 312, 319, 323; Marxism and, 338–39, 344–45, 350, 357, 361; Trotsky and, 365, 367, 368–71, 375–79
Stalingrad, battle of, 101, 376
Steiner, Jean-François, Treblinka, 159; quoted, 155–56, 160, 164–66
Stendhal (Henri Beyle), 6, 9, 76, 78, 350, 383, 392; Balzac on, 327; Blum and, 147; The Charterhouse of Parma, 333; Histoire de la peinture en Italie, 351; Lukács on, 329, 331, 333; Mérimée and, 264–65; realism and, 322, 328, 388
Sternberger, Dolf, Kriterien, 95 n; “Mass/stäbe der Sprachkritik,” 95 n; Aus denm Wörterbuch des Unmenschen, 95 n
Stevens, Wallace, 32–33, 297; “Peter Quince at the Clavier,”32
Stevenson, Robert Louis, 266, 290
Stil, André, Vers le réalisme socialiste, 308
Stockhausen, Karlheinz, 25
Storming of the Redoubt, The (Mérimée), 266
Storz, Gerhard, Aus dem Wörterbuch des Unmenschen, 95 n
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 308
Strauss, Richard, 29, 43, 353; Ariadne auf Naxos, 43; Capriccio, 131; Salome, 29, 137; Schoenberg and, 131, 137
Stravinsky, Igor, 98
Strindberg, Johan August, 345; Moses, 131
Structure and Sentiment (Needham), 242
Structures élémentaires de la parenté, Les (Lévi-Strauss), 241, 242
Studs Lonigan (Farrell), 272
Style, 78–85; archaicisms in, 333–34; baroque, 215, 280–87; continuity in development of, 288–89, 293; in critical writing, 16, 224–25, 327, 335, 336, 338, 345–46, 354–55; cultural influences on, 10, 47, 68 n, 82, 83, 96, 108–09, 177–87, 251–57, 312–13, 321–23, 328, 331–32, 335, 362, 384, 387–89, 390–91, 392; documentary, 165–66, 167, 388–89; economy of, 30–31, 126, 214, 265, 282; erotic, 68–77; Gothic, 297, 300; history and, 18, 79, 83–84, 173, 373, 379–80; mathematics and, 15–21, 87, 88, 89; music and, 29, 43–46, 80, 87, 88–89, 213; new forms, 50, 79, 86–91, 98, 103, 115–17, 388, 389–90; parody, 271–75, 276–77, 291; “Potsdam,” 97; rhetorical, 28, 32–33, 96, 212, 215, 239–40; Soviet censorship of, 308. See also Realism; Romanticism; Symbolism; and see individual writers
Stylites, 13
Styron, William, 289
Süskind, W. E., Aus dem Wörterbuch des Unmenscken, 95 n
Summa theologica (Thomas Aquinas), 14
Supplêment au voyage de Bougainville (Diderot), 240
Suppliants, The (Aeschylus), 391
Survivor from Warsaw, A (Schoenberg), 129
Sweeney Agonistes (Eliot), 59
Swift, Jonathan, 30, 192, 229, 257; A Tale of a Tub, 30, 257
Swinburne, Algernon Charles, 28, 31, 70, 285; Lesbia Brandon, 71
Symbolism: cultural, 242, 243, 245, 246–47; music and, 23, 28–29, 45; poetry and, 28, 39; science and, 20–21, 24, 247. See also Metaphor
Tableaux de Paris (Baudelaire), 88
Tacitus, 30
Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe, 18, 326, 345; determinism of, 57, 310, 322, 341, 352
Tale of a Tub, A (Swift), 30, 257
Tamyras, myth of, 36
Tannhäuser (Wagner), 137
Tantalus, myth of, 37
Tawney, R. H., 221
Technology, see Science
Tedder, Arthur William, 150
Teleny, 73
Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 8, 59, 62, 224
Thackeray, William Makepeace, Henry Esmond, 333; The Virginians, 333
Thaelmann, E., 375
Theodora, Empress of Byzantium, 69
Theogony (Hesiod), 36
Thérèse Philosophe (Montigny), 71
Theresienstadt concentration camp, 150
Theif’s Journal (Genêt), 73
Third International, 374
Thomas, Dylan, 28, 295; Deaths and Entrances, 295
Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 14, 19; Summa theologica, 14
Thomas Münzer (Bloch), 90
Thompson, Wentworth, Of Growth and Form, 16
Thomson, Richard, 192
Three-Penny Opera, The (Brecht), 98, 363
Thus Spake Zarathustra (Nietzsche), 4, 87
Tieck, Ludwig, 43
Tin Drum, The (Grass), 110, 113, 115, 116
Titus Andronicus (Shakespeare), 173
To the Finland Station (Wilson), 225
Toller, Ernst, 359
Tolstoy, Leo, 147, 319, 358; Anna Karenina, 10, 75, 321, 322, 358; eroticism and, 10, 75, 76; Homer and, 179; Lenin on, 310; Lukács on, 307, 311, 321, 329, 345; Shakespeare and, 200; War and Peace, 179
Tom Jones (Fielding), 321
Torberg, Friedrich, 350
Toronto, University of, 65
Totalitarianism, 5, 54, 95 n, 77, 233; aesthetics and, 356–57, 360, 363–64; anti-Semitism and, 148; communications media and, 81; East Germany and, 349; literary style and, 308, 323; nationalism and, 116, 152; sadism and, 68 n, 121; Trotsky and, 366, 377. See also specific totalitarian systems, e.g., Nazism
Tractatus (Wittgenstein), 21, 51, 89, 123, 146; Lévi-Strauss and, 243, 248
Translation, 236, 270–71; Biblical, 188–97; French-English, 212–16; of Homer, 216–18; inter-science, 34; mathematics and, 14–16, 17; music and, 46, 89, 131, 134; of myth, 247; reality-perception and, 65; Shakespeare and, 210; Soviet Russian, 309; volume of, 62
Traveller’s Companion Series, 73
Traversi, D. A., 232
Treblinka (J.F. Steiner), 155–56, 159, 160, 164–66
Treblinka concentration camp, 155—58, 159–61, 163; insurrection, 166–67, 168; survivors, 164, 165
Trial, The (Kafka), 50, 119, 120–21, 267
Trilling, Lionel, 323
Tristan und Isolde (Wagner), 44
Tristes tropiques (Lévi-Strauss), 239, 244, 245–46
Troilus and Cressida (Shakespeare), 201, 209
Trollope, Anthony, 387
Trotsky, Leon, 148, 330, 341, 357, 365–80; on art, 323, 382, 391; History of the Russian Revolution, 371–73; Literature and Revolution, 341, 382; My Life, 371–72
Trotsky, Lyova (Leon), 370–71
Trotsky, Sergei, 370
Trotsky, Zina, 370
Troy, 172, 174, 178–79, 180; the Odyssey and, 175, 181, 184–85, 186–87
Tseretelli, I., 372
Tübingen University, 350
“Tulips” (Plath), 299
Turgenev, Ivan Sergeyevich, 78, 230, 237
Turnell, Martin, 232
Twain, Mark (Samuel Clemens), 316
“Two Views of a Cadaver Room” (Plath), 298
Tyndale, William, 189–91
U.S.A. (Dos Passos), 116
Ukraine, 150, 158, 165, 168, 378
Ulysses (Joyce), 31, 79, 81, 116, 183; Leavis on, 235; Pound on, 222
Unbewältigte Sprache, Die (Klemperer), 95 n
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 308
Understanding Media (McLuhan), 251, 257
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, see Russia
United States of America, 140, 148–49, 164; anti-Semitism in, 144–45; atrocity recognition in, 143–44, 150, 157, 158, 160; Bible translation in, 192, 193; criticism in, 4, 57, 315–17, 324, 327–28; Grass and, 110, 116; language in, 26–27, 60, 63, 197, 237; Leavis and, 232, 233, 254; novel form in, 290; psychoanalytic practice in, 246; publishing in, 80, 288–89; sex in, 77
United States Air Force, 150, 158
United States Central Intelligence Agency, 50
Untertan, Der (H. Mann), 98, 275
Urfé, Honoré d’, L’Astrée, 285
Utopianism, 381–83
Valéry, Paul, 250, 389; quoted, 44–45; Monsieur Teste, 389; “Narcisse,” 45
Van Heller, Marcus, Roman Orgy, 73
Ventre de Paris, Le (Zola), 332
Ventris, Michael, 175
Venus of llle, The (Mérimée), 265
Verdi, Giuseppe, Aïda, 137
Verdun, battle of, 151
Verne, Jules, 79
Vers le réalisme socialiste (Stil), 308
Versailles, Treaty of, 98
Vexierbilder und Miniaturen (Benjamin), 88
Vico, Giovanni Battista, 243, 247, 340, 344
Victor Hugo, essai de critique marxiste (Albouy), 314
Victor-Marie, Comte Hugo (Péguy), 87
Vie de Jésus (Renan), 172
Vienna, Austria, 140, 147, 252, 350
Vilna, Lithuania, 159
Virginians, The (Thackeray), 333
Voix du silence, Les (Malraux), 346
Vol de Nuit (Saint-Exupéry), 388
Volgograd, 376
Voltaire, François Marie Arouet, 5, 265, 350
Vom “Abstammungsnachweis” zum “Zuchtwart,” (Berning), 95 n
Von Lessing bis Thomas Mann (Mayer), 350
Wackenroder, Wilhelm Heinrich, 43
Wagner, Richard, 44–45, 104, 249; Bizet and, 327; Humanist tradition and, 350; Jewish culture and, 147; Lohengrin, 45; Lukács and, 345; Parsifal, 130, 137; Schoenberg and, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 139; Tannhäuser, 137; Tristan und Isolde, 44
Wahlverwandschaften (Goethe), 113
Walser, Robert, 124
War, 4, 7, 50, 52, 153; aesthetic politics and, 315; historical fiction and, 332–33; Homer on, 179–81, 184–85. See also specific wars
War and Peace (Tolstoy), 179
Warsaw, Poland, 100, 105, 161, 168; uprising, 160, 166
“Watercolour of Grantchester Meadows” (Plath), 296–97
Watt (Beckett), 72
Waugh, Evelyn, 289
Waverley Novels (Scott), 333
Webern, Anton von, 48, 137, 346
Webster, John, 215; The Duchess of Malfi, 296
Webster, Noah, 192
Webster, T. B. L., on Homer, 175
Wedgwood, C. V., quoted, 18
Weierstrass, Karl Theodor, 14
Weimar, Germany, 350
Weininger, Otto, 147
Weisman, August, 386
Weiss, Ernst, 359
Weiss, Peter, The Investigation, 95 n
Wellhausen, Julius, 173
Wells, H. G., 79
Werfel, Franz, 102, 103, 118, 147
Wessex, England, 188
West, Rebecca, Black Lamb and Grey Falcon, 389
West Germany, 114, 115, 348, 357; Lukács and, 330 n, 338
Whitman, C. H., on Homer, 173, 177, 183; Homer and the Homeric Tradition, 177
Wider den missverstandenen Realismus (Lukács), 338
Wiechert, Ernst, The Forest of the Dead, 106
Wiese, Benno von, 350
Wiesel, Elie, 140, 163, 164, 168; quoted, 166; Le Chant des morts, 164; La Nuit, 164, 168; Les Portes de le forêt, 164
Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Ulrich von, 172, 173
Wilhelm Meister (Goethe), 271
Williams, Charles, 289
Williams, Tennessee, 10
Wilson, Colin, 231
Wilson, Edmund, 310, 336, 362; critical writing of, 7, 225, 237, 238, 354, 389; Dead Sea Scrolls and, 172; on Pasternak, 358; on tendenz literature, 306; To the Finland Station, 225
Wilson, J. Dover, 204
Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, 146; Laokoon, 341
Wings of the Dove, The (James), 235
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 65, 90, 133, 146, 221; quoted, 89; elective silence and, 21, 24–25, 48, 51, 123, 134, 149; Lévi-Strauss and, 243, 248; Lukács and, 346; Philosophic Investigations, 21; Tractatus, 21, 51, 89, 123, 146
Wörner, Karl H., quoted, 130; Schoenberg’s “Moses und Aron,” 127 n
Wörterbuch des Unmenschen, Aus dem (Sternberger, Storz and Süskind), 95 n
Wolf, Friedrich August, Prolegomena and Homerum, 172
Wolf Solent (Powys), 236
Wolfe, Thomas, Of Time and the River, 116
Wolff, Theodor, 359
Wolfskehl, Karl, Song of Exile, quoted, 51
Women in Love (Lawrence), 230, 234, 237
Word (Lévi-Strauss), 241
Wordsworth, William, “Illustrated Books and Newspapers,” 81; Lyrical Ballads, 81
“Work of Art in the Era of Its Technical Reproducibility, The” (Benjamin), 314–15
World War I, 4, 60, 82, 151, 275; German nationalism and, 97–98; Leavis in, 237; literature of, 388
World War II, 4–5, 6, 52, 82; concentration camp bombing proposals, 150, 158; Germany after, 95–96, 112, 348–49; German views of, 100–01, 107, 108; literature of, 388; Russia and, 309, 376
Wozzeck (Berg), 133
Wrestling Jacob (Strindberg), 131
Wright, Frank Lloyd, 346
Writing (script), 175–76, 177–78; social effects of, 254. See also Printing
Yeats, William Butler, 60, 67, 179, 234; quoted, 202, 255, 369; Deirdre, 369; “Lapis Lazuli,” 179
Yermilov, Vladimir, 320
Young, Wayland, 74
Yudenich, Nikolai, 365
Zarathustra (Nietzsche), 4, 87
Zen, 13
Zhdanov, Andrei Aleksandrovich, 357; on literature, 307, 308, 309, 319, 320, 324, 338
Zillig, W., 127 n
Zinoview, Grigori E., 367
Zionism, 110, 124, 129, 145; nationalism and, 143, 154
Zola, Emile, 79, 81, 147, 275, 293, 331, 340; Engels and, 306, 311, 317, 319, 322; naturalism of, 332, 387; L’Oeuvre, 293; Le Ventre de Paris, 332
Zuckmayer, Carl, 102
Zur Deutschen Klassik und Romantik (Mayer), 350