Index

• Abbey, Edward, 84

• Abbott, Tony, 37
• Activism. See also Radical environmentalists and organizations
  • age of ecology and, 139
  • dangers of, 89–90
  • Goldman Environmental Prize recipients, 85–89
  • Lasn’s Adbusters, 42–44
  • marches, rallies, and protests, role of, 82–85
• Adang, Long, 95
• Adbusters, 42–44, 141–142
• Advertising
  • Adbusters, 42–44, 141–142
  • Bounty, 48
  • “Don’t Buy This Jacket” campaign (Patagonia), 44–45
  • Procter & Gamble’s “Golden Sleep” campaign in China, 46–47, 70
  • sales growth, quest for, 48–49
  • sustainability claims alongside, 42
• Age of ecology, 139–140
• Agrawal, Ramesh, 86
• Aingimea, James, 39
• Almiranta (ship), 22
• Al Qaeda, 145
• Amazon.com, 132
• Andreas, Daniel, 109
• Aneityum, 24, 157–158n4
• Animal Liberation Front (ALF), 107–109
• Anthropocene, 19, 139–141, 143
• Apple, 49, 51, 55
• “Arctic Home Campaign
• Arctic pollution, 60–61
• Arctic Sunrise and the “Arctic 30
• Asháninka Center of the Ene River (CARE), 87
• Asia Pulp & Paper (APP), 118–120
• Audoa, Tony, 35–36
• Australia
  • Curtis Island, 35, 161–162n5
  • indigenous depopulation in, 25–26
  • Nauru and, 27, 34, 35, 38
  • refugee detention center on Nauru, 36, 37–38
• Awareness raising, 84

• Bailey, Ronald, 144
• Ban Ki-moon, 82
• Banking, offshore, 35–36, 37
• Bank of America, 136
• Barbie (Mattel), 48–49
• Beachcombers on Nauru, 32
• Bermudez, Belmonte, 157n2
• Bernstein, Steven, 4
• Biodiversity loss in tropical rainforests, 59
• Black Friday, 52
• Borneo, 91–98
• Bougainville, Louis-Antoine de, 23
• Brand shaming. See Shame campaigns
• Braungart, Michael, 144
• Brazil, 85–86, 168n12
• Breakthrough Institute, 143
• British colonialism, 31–32
• British Phosphate Commissioners, 34
• Bruno Manser Fonds, 96
• Buendía Mestoquiari, Ruth, 86–87
• Buffett, Warren, 51–52
• “Buy Nothing Day” campaign, 43, 52, 146

• Canada and Greenpeace, 103
• Capitalism. See also Consumption; Corporate social responsibility (CSR); Environmentalism of the rich; Globalization
  • Adbusters and, 43
  • cooperation with, 9, 14
  • distorting and assimilating power of, 76, 99–100
  • Earth First! and, 107
  • ELF and, 108
  • as frame of today’s world, 150
  • globalization of, 1, 54–55, 144
  • growth as core need of, 49–50
• Capitana (ship), 22–23
• Carbon emissions, 59–60, 168n13
• CARE (Asháninka Center of the Ene River), 87
• Cargill, 135
• Carson, Rachel, 70, 90
• Cause marketing, 132–133
• Celebrities, 105, 181n4
• CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), 68–69
• Charles, Prince of Wales, 93, 181n4
• Chávez, Hugo, 56
• Chechehets, 26
• Chemical industry, 60, 135. See also Experimentation, technological and chemical
• Chhattisgarh, India, 86
• China, 46–47, 49, 70, 98
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 68–69
• Chouinard, Yvon, 44
• Climate change, global
  • deforestation and, 59–60, 168n13
  • models of, 61
  • as “threat
• Climate Summit (2014, New York), 82
• Coal consumption, 124–125
• Coca-Cola, 45, 55, 132, 133–135
• Coercive conservation, 147
• Colonialism and imperialism. See also Nauru
  • depopulation from, 23, 25–26
  • globalization and, 28–30
  • in New Hebrides/Vanuatu, 23–25
  • Queirós at Espiritu Santo and, 20–23
  • social and environmental impacts of, 26–28
• Columbus, Christopher, 23, 25, 28
• Conference of the Parties for the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, 83
• Conservation International, 96, 128, 135–136
• Consumer Goods Forum, 122
• Consumer safety, 64–66, 69
• Consumption. See also Advertising; Shame campaigns
  • corporate sustainability and, 46
  • “eco-consumerism,” 4, 123–125
  • ecological footprint of, 57–61
  • globalization of Western-style consumerism, 55–57
  • human history of, 54
  • individuals, significance of
  • trends in, 53–54
  • unsustainability of, 54–57
• Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 129, 131
• Cook, James, 23
• Cook, Timothy D., 51
• Corporate partnerships
  • Conservation International and, 135–136
  • effectiveness of, 137
  • Environmental Defense Fund and, 136–137
  • The Nature Conservancy and, 135
  • trend of, 127–128
  • WWF and, 127, 132–135
• Corporate philanthropy, 51–52
• Corporate social responsibility (CSR). See also Experimentation, technological and chemical
  • Adbusters and, 42–44
  • as aspect of environmentalism of the rich, 4
  • economy of growth, 49–50
  • overview, 41–42
  • Procter & Gamble’s Pampers in China, 46–48
  • responsibility and sustainability claims, 44–46
  • sales growth efforts, 48–49
  • wealth inequality and, 50–52
• “Corporate sustainability,” 71, 146–147
• Costello, Carol, 52, 53, 150
• Crimes, environmental, 63
• Crosby, Alfred W., 158n2
• Curtis Island, Australia, 35, 161–162n5

• Daimler, 50
• Daly, Herman, 70
• Davis, Wade, 91
• Debt and globalization, 28–29
• Debt-for-nature swaps, 131
• Deforestation. See Tropical deforestation
• Depopulation from colonialism, 23, 25–26
• Development and WWF, 130
• Diaz, Cameron, 181n4
• DiCaprio, Leonardo, 181n4
• Disease, colonialism and, 23, 25–26
• Domtar Corp., 127
• “Don’t Buy This Jacket” campaign, 44–45
• Dow Chemical, 135
• Dressel, Holly, 2
• Dr. Seuss, 84
• D’Sa, Desmond, 87
• Duncan, W. A., 156–157n2
• Dupont
  • Freon and, 67
  • leaded gasoline and, 64–66
  • Teflon and PFCs, 68–69

• Earth Day, 84
• Earth First!, 107, 108, 181n6
• Earthforce Environmental Society, 104–105
• Earth Liberation Front (ELF), 107–109
• Eco-business, 4, 5, 41–42, 46, 143. See also Corporate social responsibility (CSR)
• Eco-consumerism. See also Consumption; Shame campaigns
  • as aspect of environmentalism of the rich, 4
  • corporate sustainability and, 71
  • ecological footprint and, 114
  • effectiveness of, 123–125
  • Greenpeace and, 8, 111
  • power of, 123–125
• Ecological footprint analysis, 57–61, 144–145
• Ecology, age of, 139–140
• Eco-modernists, 143–144
• Economic development and WWF, 130
• Eco-pragmatism, 143–144
• Eco-terrorism, 107–109. See also Radical environmentalists and organizations
• Edsall, David, 65, 66
• Ehrlich, Paul, 70
• Electricity consumption, 124
• Electronic waste, 60
• Elegant, Simon, 95
• Ellis, Albert, 33
• Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 76
• Energy consumption, 124–125
• Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), 79, 136–137
• Environmentalism. See also Activism; Radical environmentalists and organizations
  • civil society and, 82–85
  • crisis in, 1–2, 4, 140–141
  • diversity of, 6–8, 76–78
  • dynamics of, 78–81
  • gains of, 1–3, 81, 140
  • global, as creation of the West, 75–76
  • as “movement of movements,” 6–7, 154n7
  • pro-industry critics of, 70–71
  • radicals vs. reformers, 77
• “Environmentalism of the poor,” 7–8, 145
• Environmentalism of the rich
  • appeal of, 142–144
  • core goals of, 5
  • defining aspects and features of, 4–6, 7–8
  • limits of, 141, 144–147
  • resistance and, 141–142
  • significance of individuals and consumption, 148–152
• Environmental Protection Agency, US (EPA), 69
• Environmental Watch on North Caucasus, 88
• Environmental Working Group, 171n12
• “Environment,” as term, 172n2
• Espiritu Santo, 20–23
• Ethyl Gas Corporation, 65
• Ethyl gasoline, 64–66
• Evers, Marianne, 37–38
• EXOR Group, 50
• Experimentation, technological and chemical
  • antienvironmentalism and preventing precaution, 70–71
  • corporate risk-taking and the precautionary principle, 63–64
  • Freon and CFCs, 67–68
  • leaded gasoline, 64–66
  • sugar substitutes, 69
  • Teflon and PFCs, 68–69
• Extinctions, 58–59
• Extremists. See Radical environmentalists and organizations

• Facebook, 28, 51, 117, 118, 120
• FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), 108–109
• Fearn, John, 31
• Financial power, concentration of
• Fleming, Alejandro, 56–57
• Footprint, ecological, 57–61
• Forbes Billionaires List, 51, 52
• Ford, 50
• Foreman, Dave, 107, 181n6
• Forest Peoples Programme, 122
• Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), 97, 128, 131, 143
• Forest Trends, 128
• The Forest Trust, 121
• Fowles, John, 84
• Fracking (hydraulic fracturing), 89
• Friends of the Earth, 8, 79, 96
• Fuck for Forest, 96

• Gap, 127
• Garbage, global spread of, 60
• Gasoline, leaded, 64–66, 70
• Gates, Bill, 51–52
• Gazaryan, Suren, 88
• Gazprom, 114–115
• General Motors (GM), 50, 64–66, 67
• German colonialism, 26–27, 32–33
• Global environmentalism. See Environmentalism
• Global Footprint Network, 61
• Globalization
  • capitalist growth and, 49–50
  • external debt crisis, 28–29
  • impacts of, 28–29
  • imperialism and colonialism as historical context of, 28–30
  • Westernization, undercurrent of, 30
  • of Western-style consumerism, 55–56
• Global Roundtable for Sustainable Beef, 97, 128, 132
• Global Witness, 96, 98
• Golden Agri-Resources, 120–121
• “Golden Sleep” campaign (Procter & Gamble), 46–47, 70
• Goldman Environmental Prize, 85–89
• Gonzalez de Leza, Gaspar, 157n2
• Goodall, Jane, 82, 100, 101–102, 110
• Gore, Al, 82, 93, 181n4
• Government sustainability polices, 5–6, 140
• Green Belt Movement (Kenya), 85
• Greenbury, Aida, 119–120
• Greenpeace
  • Arctic Sunrise campaign and the Arctic 30 mindbomb, 114–116
  • Barbie packaging campaign (Mattel), 118–120
  • Captain Paul Watson and, 104, 106
  • diversity within, 8
  • eco-consumerism and, 111
  • “forest-friendly” and “nonforest-friendly” companies lists, 121–122
  • growth and reach of, 79
  • Hunter’s “mindbombing” and “eco-warriors
  • influence of, 113–114
  • organizational structure, income, and budget, 117
  • palm oil campaign (Nestlé and Procter & Gamble), 120–122
  • Palm Oil Innovation Group (POIG) and, 122
  • Patrick Moore and, 103–104, 106
  • Rainbow Warrior, 103–104, 108
  • rainforests and, 96
  • social media and, 117–118
• Gross domestic product (GDP), 49
• Growth, 48–50, 54–55
• Guha, Ramachandra, 7

• Hailes, Julia, 123
• Hamilton, Alice, 65
• Hansen, James, 61
• Harris, William, 32
• Hayes, Randy, 94
• Hazardous waste, 60
• Head & Shoulders shampoo, 121
• Helu, Carlos Slim, 51
• Henderson, Yandell, 66
• Hill, Julia Butterfly, 110
• Hogg, Chris, 121
• Hooper, Daniel “Swampy
• Howard, Frank, 65
• Hughes, Helen, 36–37
• Hunter, Bob, 113
• Huron, 26
• Huxley, Julian, 128
• Hydraulic fracturing (fracking), 89

• Imperialism, ecological, 19. See also Colonialism and imperialism
• India, 86
• Indigenous peoples, epidemics and depopulation among, 24–26. See also Colonialism and imperialism
• Individuals, significance of, 148–152
• Indonesia, 88–89, 98–99, 118
• Industrial Revolution, 54
• Inequality and concentration of wealth, 29, 50–52
• Informal Anarchist Federation, 109
• International Fund for Animal Welfare, 181n4
• International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, 116
• Iroquois, 26
• Isdell, Neville, 134
• Iturbe, Juan de, 156n2

• Japan, 34, 98
• Jarboe, James, 108
• Jones, John, 32

• Kelly, Petra, 102
• Kent, Muhtar, 133–134
• Kenya, 85
• Kettering, Charles, 65
• KFC, 55, 119
• Kit Kat chocolate bars, 120–121
• Krause, Erik, 65
• “Kung Fu Panda” Happy Meals, 136
• Kuroda, Yoichi, 102

• Lasn, Kalle, 42–44, 48, 52, 53, 107, 150
• Leaded gasoline, 64–66, 70
• Lego, 119
• Leuser Ecosystem, Sumatra, 88
• Liberia, 86
• The Limits to Growth (Club of Rome), 70, 84
• Logging. See Tropical deforestation
• Lomborg, Bjørn, 70
• Long-chain PFCs, 69
• Lovejoy, Thomas, 131

• Maathai, Wangari, 85
• Maduro, Nicolás, 56
• Magellan, Ferdinand, 23, 25
• Mahathir, Mohamad, 94
• Maitar, Bustar, 121
• Malaysia
  • palm oil production, 98–99
  • Sarawak, Borneo, and tropical deforestation, 91–98
• Malnutrition, 29
• Maniates, Michael, 149
• Manser, Bruno, 90, 91–100, 107
• Marine Stewardship Council, 128, 142–143
• Markam, Clements, 157n2
• Marketing. See Advertising
• Martinez-Alier, Joan, 7
• Mattel, 48–49, 53, 118–120, 165n8
• McArthur, Norma, 157n4
• McDonald’s, 45, 55, 136
• McDonough, William, 144
• McLeish, Kathy, 38
• McMillon, Doug, 41
• McNeill, J. R., 54, 66
• Medvedev, Dimitry, 88
• Mendes, Chico, 85
• Midgley, Thomas, Jr., 64–67
• Militant environmentalists. See Radical environmentalists and organizations
• “Million Dollar Panda” awards (WWF), 127
• Mindbombing. See Shame campaigns
• Missionaries, 23–24
• Money laundering, 36
• Monsanto, 43
• Montreal Protocol, 147
• Moore, Patrick, 102–104, 119
• Morges Manifesto (WWF), 128–129, 133
• Mowat, Farley, 84, 105
• Muir, John, 76
• Murray, Tom, 136–137

• Nah, Melai, 95
• Naidoo, Kumi, 115, 117
• Narain, Sunita, 2
• Native Americans, 26
• Natural Resources Defense Council, 79, 181n4
• The Nature Conservancy, 79, 128, 135
• Nauru
  • Australian detention center on, 36, 37–38
  • beachcombers, violence, and civil war, 32–33
  • colonization of, 26–27, 32–34
  • early history of, 31
  • economic crash, 36, 38
  • independence, 34–35
  • named “Pleasant Island” by Fearn
  • offshore banking, 35–37
  • phosphate mining, 33–35, 36, 37
  • pre-contact life on, 31, 39
• Nestlé, 48, 120–121
• New Hebrides (later Vanuatu), 23–25, 157–158n4
• New York, fracking ordinances in, 89
• New York Declaration on Forests, 45, 99, 122
• NGOs (nongovernmental organizations)
  • corporate partnerships, 127–137
  • diversity of local chapters, 8
  • global environmentalism and, 75–76
  • growth of, 78–79
  • Nestlé and, 121
  • for tropical rainforests, 96–97
• Nike, 45, 55
• Nixon, Rob, 7
• Nonviolence, 110
• Nordhaus, Ted, 2, 143

• Obama, Barack, 3, 82–83
• Occupy Movement, 43, 110, 142
• Oceans, crisis in, 59
• Ochoa de Bilbao, Juan, 21
• Offshore banking, 35–36, 37
• Oil and gas companies, 49–50
• Ozone layer, 58, 67, 81, 147

• Pacific Phosphate Company, 33
• Palm oil
  • Greenpeace campaign, 120–122
  • Malaysian and Indonesian production of, 98–99
  • Rainforest Action Network and other shame campaigns, 185n8
  • Sumatra plantations, 88–89
• Palm Oil Innovation Group (POIG)
• Pampers, 46–48, 70
• Parmalee, H. C., 65
• Patagonia, 41, 44–45
• Patriot Act (US), 37
• Patterson, Clair, 66
• Pedersen, Charles J., 70
• Peluso, Nancy, 147
• Penan people of Borneo, 91–95
• People’s Climate March (2014), 82
• Perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs), 68–69, 171n12
• Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), 69
• Peru, 86–87
• Pesticides, 90
• Philanthropy, corporate, 51–52
• Philip Morris, 43, 48
• Phosphate mining on Nauru, 33–35, 36, 37
• Plastic grocery bags, 124
• Plastic production, 124
• “Pleasant Island.” See Nauru
• Plunkett, Roy J., 68
• Pollution, 60–61, 69
• Population, human
  • depopulation from colonialism, 23, 25–26, 157n4
  • trends in, 1
• Populations of species, crashes of, 59
• Porter Novelli, 47
• Postcolonialism, 27
• Prado y Tovar, Don Diego de, 21, 22, 156n2
• Precautionary principle, 63–64, 71
• Procter & Gamble
  • Bounty advertising, 48
  • “Golden Sleep” campaign (Pampers in China), 46–47, 70
  • Head & Shoulders shampoo and Greenpeace palm oil campaign, 121
• Putin, Vladimir, 88, 115, 116

• Queirós, Captain Pedro Fernandes de, 20–24, 28, 148, 156n2

• Radical environmentalists and organizations. See also Activism
  • ALF, ELF, and eco-terrorism or ecotage, 107–109
  • Captain Paul Watson and Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, 104–106
  • diversity and divisions, 102, 107
  • Jane Goodall, 101–102
  • nonviolence and, 109–111
  • Patrick Moore and Greenpeace, 102–104
• Radkau, Joachim, 139
• Rainbow Warrior (ship), 103–104, 108
• Rainforest Action Network, 94, 96, 122
• Rainforest activism, 85–86, 90. See also Tropical deforestation
• Rainforest Alliance, 97, 128
• Rainforest Rescue Network, 96
• REDD (“reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation”) campaign, UN, 185n9
• Redford, Robert, 181n4
• Rees, Bill, 57
• Rewilding Institute, 181n6
• Rhone, Rosamond Dobson, 33
• Risk-taking, corporate, 63–64
• Roberts, Carter, 133
• Roundtable on Responsible Soy (RTRS), 97, 128, 132
• Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), 97, 121, 122, 128, 132
• Roy, Arundhati, 84
• Rubin, Rebecca Jeanette, 109
• Russia, 88, 114–116

• Safety, consumer, 64–66, 69
• Samsung, 42, 50
• Sarawak, Borneo, 91–98
• Schultz, Howard, 51
• Schumacher, E. F., 148
• Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 181n4
• Scott, Peter, 128–129
• Seafood, sustainable, 131–132
• Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, 105–106
• Seligmann, Peter, 136
• Shame campaigns
  • Barbie packaging, 118–120
  • effectiveness of, 122–125
  • Head & Shoulders and palm oil, 121
  • Kit Kat bar and palm oil, 120–121
  • other palm oil campaigns, 185n8
  • plastic grocery bags, 124
• Sheen, Martin, 181n4
• Shellenberger, Michael, 2, 143
• Short-chain PFCs, 69
• Siakor, Silas Kpanan’Ayoung, 86
• Sierra Club, 79
• Silent Spring (Carson), 70, 90
• Silva, Marina, 85–86
• Sinar Mas, 118, 120
• Slottje, David, 89
• Slottje, Helen, 89
• Small Is Beautiful (Schumacher), 148
• Smallpox epidemics, 25–26
• Smoking and tobacco, 29
• Snow Hunter (ship), 31
• Social media. See also Shame campaigns
  • Facebook, 28, 51, 117, 118, 120
  • Greenpeace shame campaigns, 13, 117–123
  • influence of, 113, 122
  • limits of, 146
  • Procter & Gamble’s Pampers in China campaign and, 47
  • Twitter, 28, 43, 117, 118, 120
• Sony, 49
• South Africa, 87
• South Durban Community Environmental Alliance, 87
• Spanish colonialism, 20–23
• Spriggs, Matthew, 157–n4
• Starbucks, 51
• Steinbeck, John, 84
• Steinberg, Paul, 150
• Stewart, Jon, 84
• Sugar substitutes, 69
• Sumatran Rhino, 88
• Supply chains, impacts concealed by, 56
• Sustainability. See also Corporate social responsibility (CSR)
  • assumptions of sustainable development, 5
  • “corporate,” 71, 146–147
  • environmentalism’s failure on, 3
  • inequality and global sustainability, 51–52
  • progress toward global sustainability, 149–152
  • as value, 151
• Sustainability Apparel Coalition, 45
• Sustainable Development Institute (Liberia), 86
• Suzuki, David, 2, 3
• Switzerland, 109

• Taib Mahmud, Tan Sri Abdul, 91, 93
• Taylor, Charles, 86
• Technological invention. See Experimentation, technological and chemical
• Teflon, 68–69
• Thom, Graham, 37
• Thoreau, Henry David, 76
• 3M, 135
• Tobacco and smoking, 29
• Tongamalo, Manoa, 35
• Torquemada, Juan de, 157n2
• Torres, Luís Vaez de, 20, 22
• Toyota, 49, 50
• Tropical deforestation
  • activist movements and NGOs
  • Brazil’s actions on, 168n12
  • carbon emissions and, 59–60, 168n13
  • causes of, 98–99
  • ecological footprint and, 59
  • initiatives and declarations on, 99
  • rate of, 99, 179n10
  • Sarawak, Borneo, and Manser’s activism, 95–98
  • shame campaigns and, 123
  • world attention to, 93
• Tropical rainforests, activism in, 85–86, 90
• Twitter, 28, 43, 117, 118, 120

• UN Climate Summit (2014), 45
• UN Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD), Rio de Janeiro, 2012 (Rio+20), 83
• UN REDD campaign, 185n9
• USA Patriot Act, 37
• US gross domestic product, 49

• Vanuatu (previously New Hebrides), 23–25, 157–158n4
• Veblen, Thorstein, 54
• Venezuela, 56–57
• Volkswagen, 50

• Wackernagel, Mathis, 57
• Walmart
  • APP and, 119
  • revenue growth, 50
  • sustainability initiatives, 41, 44–45
  • waste from, 143
  • worldwide growth of, 56
• Wapner, Paul, 15, 78
• Water resources, 57, 60
• Watson, Captain Paul, 104–106
• Wealth, concentration of, 29, 50–52
• Westernization
  • global environmentalism as creation of the West, 75–76
  • globalization of Western-style consumerism, 55–57
  • as undercurrent in globalization, 30
• Who Rules the Earth? (Steinberg), 150
• Willcox, Peter, 116
• Wilmar International, 122
• Winthrop, John, 26
• Woods, Tiger, 43
• “World civic politics
• World Social Forum, 141
• World War II, 27, 34, 54
• WWF
  • Coca Cola partnership, 133–135
  • DiCaprio and, 181n4
  • diversity within local chapters, 8
  • growth and reach of, 79
  • history of, 128–130
  • “Million Dollar Panda” awards, 127
  • Morges Manifesto, 128–129, 133
  • Palm Oil Innovation Group (POIG) and, 122
  • projects and programs, 130–133
  • rainforests and, 96

• Zuckerberg, Mark, 51