Chapter 1
1. E. Franklin Frazier, Black Bourgeoisie, 195.
Chapter 3
1. Jessie Carney Smith, “J. Ernest Wilkins,” in Notable Black American Men.
2. W. Sherman Savage, History of Lincoln University, 134–35.
3. J. Ernest Wilkins, “Toastmaster's Address,” presented during Lincoln University Founders' Day Celebration, Lincoln University, Jefferson City, 1941.
4. Ibid.
5. Arnold G. Parks, Lincoln University, 1920–1970, 89.
6. Wilkins, “Toastmaster's Address.”
7. “Mann Loses Suit When Jury Verdict Favors Mrs. Spang,” University of Illinois Daily Illini (Urbana-Champaign), November 19, 1927.
8. Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, A Short Chronicle of Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity—A Brief History, at http://www.kappaalphapsi1911.com/fraternity/history.asp, accessed February 21, 2009.
9. “J. Ernest Wilkins,” Who's Who in America, 1952–1953.
10. Michael Washington and Cheryl Nunez, “Education, Racial Uplift and the Rise of the Greek-Letter Tradition,” in African American Fraternities and Sororities: The Legacy and Vision, ed. Tamara L. Brown, Gregory S. Parks, and Clerenda M. Phillips, 139.
11. Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, A Short Chronicle.
12. Chad Williams, “Battle Scarred: World War I, African American Officers, and the Fight for Racial Equality,” Africana Heritage 8 (2008): 8–9.
13. Molly Billings, “The Influenza Pandemic of 1918,” Human Virology at Stanford, at http://virus.stanford.edu/uda/, accessed February 21, 2009.
14. “A Chronology of African American Military Service,” at http://www.AfricanAmericans.com/MilitaryChronology3.htm, accessed February 21, 2009.
15. Ibid.
16. Eric Lawson and Jane Lawson, “Black Yankee: An Interview with Thomas Davis, First World War Veteran,” at http://worldwarI.com/sfdavis, accessed February 21, 2009; Smith, “J. Ernest Wilkins.”
17. Williams, “Battle Scarred,” 8–9.
18. Roi Ottley, “See Wilkins' Post New Aid to Race,” Chicago Tribune, May 2, 1954.
19. J. Hockley Smiley, “Mrs. Jack Johnson Laid to Rest Saturday, Thousands See Funeral,” Chicago Defender, September 21, 1912.
Chapter 4
1. University of Chicago Registrar, “College Transcript for J. Ernest Wilkins Jr.”
2. Laranita Dougas, telephone interview, December 18, 2008.
3. Constance Wilkins, telephone interview, June 15, 2008.
4. Ibid.
5. Dougas interview.
Chapter 5
1. http://www.HeritageQuest.com., accessed May 23, 2007
2. Evangeline Roberts, “Old Harvard Grad Speaks at Bethesda,” Chicago Defender, October 29, 1927.
3. “The First Sermon of the Rev. Bird Wilkins,” Chicago Tribune, April 18, 1887.
4. “A Dissenting Colored Baptist,” Chicago Tribune, September 16, 1887.
5. Roberts, “Old Harvard Grad.”
6. “Hold Funeral Services for Rev. J. D. Wilkins,” Chicago Defender, August 20, 1938; “Rev. J. B. Wilkins of St. Louis, Yale Graduate, Buried,” St. Louis Argus, August 12, 1938.
7. Roberts, “Old Harvard Grad.”
8. “William Wilkins,” U.S. Census for Lafayette County, Mississippi, 1870.
9. “John Wilkins,” ibid.
10. Joel Williamson, William Faulkner and Southern History, 109.
11. “W. H. Wilkins,” U.S. Census for Lafayette County, Mississippi, 1860.
12. Evelyn Crocker, “Slave Records of Lafayette County MS,” MsGenWeb Project, at http://www.theusgenweb.org/ms/lafayette/slave_records.html, accessed February 21, 2009.
13. Don H. Doyle, Faulkner's County: The Historical Roots of Yoknapatawpha, 132–33.
14. Ibid, 132.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid., 128–29.
17. Ibid., 134.
18. George P. Rawick, Jan Hillegas, and Ken Lawrence, The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography, 10:1925–31.
19. Doyle, Faulkner's County, 226.
20. Heather Williams, Self-Taught: African-American Education in Slavery and Freedom, 205, 18.
21. Roberts, “Old Harvard Grad.”
22. Doyle, Faulkner's County, 269–70.
23. Edward Mayes, History of Education in Mississippi, U.S. Bureau of Education, 1899, at http://books.google.com/books?id=MRycAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edward+mayes&source=gbs_book.
24. Hollis Crowder, personal interview, January 8, 2009.
25. Anne Percy, The Early History of Oxford, Mississippi, 116–17.
26. Roberts, “Old Harvard Grad.”
27. Doyle, Faulkner's County, 147.
28. Ibid., 284.
29. “Wilkins Is Persecuted: The Pastor of Liberty Church in Hard Lines,” Chicago Tribune, January 6, 1888.
30. Doyle, Faulkner's County, 268.
Chapter 6
1. J. B. Wilkins deposit records, Memphis branch, Freedman's Bank Records, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
2. Joan Hassell, ed., Memphis, 1800–1900, 3:24, 22.
3. Ibid., 27, 24.
4. Bobby L. Lovett, “Beale Street,” Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture.
5. Williams, Self-Taught, 94.
6. Ibid., 36.
7. James W. Garner, Reconstruction in Mississippi, 359.
8. Williams, Self-Taught, 110–41.
9. Ibid., 161.
10. “J. B. Wilkins,” Memphis City Directory, 1874.
11. J. B. Wilkins deposit records, Memphis branch, Freedman's Bank Records, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
12. Anne S. Butler, “Black Fraternal and Benevolent Societies in Nineteenth-Century America,” 74–78.
13. Bobby L. Lovett, The African-American History of Nashville, Tennessee, 1780–1930, 112–13.
14. Reginald Washington, “The Freedman's Savings & Trust Company and African American Genealogical Research,” Federal Records and African American History 29 (Summer 1997), at http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1997/summer/freedmanssavings-and-trust.html, accessed February 21, 2009.
15. Hassell, Memphis, 1800–1900, 3:73, 79.
16. J. B. Wilkins and Susie Frierson, marriage certificate, Lafayette County, Mississippi.
17. The Web site was Ancestry.com.
18. Leroy Wilkins, death certificate, February 22, 1952, St. Louis County, Missouri.
19. “J. B. Wilkins,” U.S. Census for Lafayette County, Mississippi, 1880.
20. Crowder interview.
Chapter 7
1. Roberts, “Old Harvard Grad.”
2. Patrick Thompson, History of the Negro Baptists in Mississippi; J. A. Whitted, History of the Negro Baptists of North Carolina; William Hicks, History of Louisiana Negro Baptists from 1804 to 1914.
3. Ethelean Casey (Cayce), “History of the Black People in Farmington,” St. Francois Historical Society Newsletter, June 27, 1984, in Fay Sitzes, ed., “African American History in Farmington.”
4. Missouri Digital Heritage Timeline, at http://www.sos.mo.gov/archives/resources/africanamerican/timeline/, accessed January 20, 2009.
5. St. Francois County Democrat, July 21, 1887, quoted in St. Francois County Historical Society Newsletter, July 2008.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Karen K. Strait, “139-Year-Old Building Here Once Was Center of Activity for Black Community,” Farmington Forum, February 14, 1996, in Sitzes, “African American History in Farmington.”
9. Cayce, “Black People in Farmington.”
10. “Hilliard Douthit,” U.S. Census for St. Francois County, Missouri, 1880; “Colored Churches,” Farmington News, October 14, 1927, in Sitzes, “African American History in Farmington.”
11. “Interview with Ethelean Cayce,” June 27, 1984, St. Francois Historical Society, in Sitzes, African American History in Farmington.
12. “First Sermon of the Rev. Bird Wilkins.”
13. Photo of “Rev. Bird Wilkins,” Cleveland Gazette, November 19, 1887.
14. Doyle, Faulkner's County, 154–56.
15. Thompson, Negro Baptists in Mississippi, 112.
16. Yusef Mgeni cited in Kathleen Cavett and Jill Hope, Voices of Rondo: Oral Histories of Saint Paul's Historic Black Community, 309.
17. Pilgrim Baptist Church, “History,” at http://www.pilgrimbaptistchurch.org/history.htm, accessed January 30, 2008.
18. “Attention,” St Paul Western Appeal, June 27, 1885.
19. “A Defense of Riel,” Christian Recorder, December 10, 1885.
20. Paul Vibert, La nouvelle France catholique.
21. Pilgrim Baptist Church, “History.”
22. “A New Pastor,” Chicago Daily Inter Ocean, April 17, 1887.
Chapter 8
1. “A New Pastor.”
2. “First Sermon of the Rev. Bird Wilkins.”
3. Christopher Robert Reed, Black Chicago's First Century, 1:332.
4. “A Preacher on Sunday Legislation,” City Page, Chicago Tribune, June 14, 1887.
5. Reed, Black Chicago's First Century, 1:241, 243.
6. “A Remarkable Sermon,” Chicago Tribune, August 22, 1887.
7. Reed, Black Chicago's First Century, 1:318–20.
8. “Voice of the People,” Chicago Tribune, August 26, 1887.
9. “Lagniappe,” New Orleans Daily Picayune, September 4, 1887.
10. Reed, Black Chicago's First Century, 1:320.
11. Ibid.
12. “Wilkins Is Persecuted,” Chicago Tribune, January 6, 1888.
13. “Pastor Resigns,” Chicago Daily Inter Ocean, September 16, 1887.
14. “A Dissenting Colored Baptist,” Chicago Tribune, September 17, 1887.
15. Ibid.
16. “Personal,” Philadelphia Christian Recorder, October 13, 1887; “The First African Unitarian Church,” Milwaukee Sentinel, October 10, 1887; “Other Christian Work,” Boston Congregationalist, September 27, 1887.
17. “Rev. Bird Wilkins,” Cleveland Gazette, November 19, 1887.
18. “Wilkins Is Persecuted,” Chicago Tribune, January 6, 1888.
Chapter 9
1. Cayce, “Black People in Farmington.”
2. John B. Wilkins, “Agricultural Machine,” October 18, 1892, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Patent Office, at http://books.google.com/patents?id=2R52AAAAEBAJ&ie=ISO-8859-1, accessed February 21, 2009.
3. “Colored Churches.”
4. “Rev. Bird Wilkins,” in R. L. Polk and Company, Little Rock, Arkansas City Directories, 1893–1898.
5. “Everett Wilkins Draft Registration Card” in Missouri Soldiers' Database: War of 1812–World War I; “Howard Wilkins,” U.S. Social Security Administration Death Index; “Howard R. Wilkins,” U.S. Census for Drew County, Arkansas, 1900 (Bird is now calling himself Howard R. Wilkins, and his children are cited in this census record).
6. “Howard R. Wilkins,” U.S. Census for Drew County, Arkansas, 1900.
7. “Susie Wilkins,” U.S. Census for St. Francois County, Missouri, 1900.
8. David M. Katzman, Seven Days a Week: Women and Domestic Service in Industrializing America, 122.
9. “Hayward R. Wilkins,” U.S. Census for Ashley County, Arkansas, 1910.
10. “Susie Wilkins,” U.S. Census for St. Francois County, Missouri, 1910.
11. Tera Hunter, To 'Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War, 57.
12. Cayce, “Black People in Farmington.”
13. Hunter, To 'Joy My Freedom, 57.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. “Susie Wilkins,” U.S. Census for St. Francois County, Missouri, 1910.
17. “H. B. Wilkins Appointed by St. Louis Mayor,” Chicago Defender, November 27, 1915.
18. J. C. Wright, letter to Carolyn Wilkins, May 8, 2008.
19. J.C. Wright, “Porter Family History, Jeffersonville, In.” (unpublished manuscript). All further quotes in this chapter are from this manuscript.
Chapter 10
1. John A. Wright, Sr., The Ville: St. Louis, 7.
2. Ibid., 7–8.
3. Debra Foster Green, “Just Enough of Everything: The St. Louis Argus, an African American Newspaper and Publishing Company in Its First Decade,” at http://www.hnet.org/~business/bhcweb/publications/BEHonline/2006/greene.pdf 3, accessed February 21, 2009.
4. Ibid.
5. Green, “Just enough of Everything,” 5.
6. Dayse Baker, “Farmington Notes,” St. Louis Argus, November 27, December 17, 1915, and January 7, 1916.
7. Green, “Just Enough of Everything,” 5–6.
8. “The Clarion's Force Royally Entertained,” St. Louis Argus, January 7, 1916.
9. “Rev. J. B. Wilkins of St. Louis.”
10. “Howard B. Wilkins,” Gould's Directory for St. Louis, 1919, 1920.
11. Wright, The Ville, 117–18, 17.
12. Benjamin Israel, “Oldest Black Newspaper in St. Louis on Last Legs,” St. Louis Journalism Review (September 2003), at http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/summary_01993114442_ITM, accessed February 21, 2009.
13. “Howard B. Wilkins,” U.S. Census for St. Louis County, 1920.
14. “Sixteen-Year-Old Linotypist Sets 40,000 Ems in Day,” St. Louis Argus, March 30, 1923.
15. “Our Weekly Sermon,” Chicago Defender, July 2, 1921.
16. Wright, The Ville, 7.
17. “Byrd J. Wilkins,” U.S. Census for St. Louis County, 1920; “Everett H. Wilkins,” Missouri Secretary of State, “Soldiers Database: War of 1812–World War I,” at http://www.sos. mo.gov.archives/soldiers/ accessed October 15, 2007.
18. Constance Wilkins, telephone interview, June 15, 2008.
19. Wright, The Ville, 46.
20. “Took Bonus Checks Out U.S. Mails,” Chicago Defender, October 14, 1922.
21. “Sixteen-Year-Old Linotypist.”
22. Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, Inc., “Laurel Wreath Commission,” at http://www.kappaalphapsi1911.com/committees/laurel_wreath.asp, accessed February 21, 2009.
23. U.S. Department of the Interior National Parks Service, “National Register of Historic Places Registration Form for Antioch Baptist Church,” at www.dnr.mo.gov/shpo/npsnr/99001166.pdf, accessed February 21, 2009.
24. “Antioch Baptist Church Notes,” St. Louis Argus, March 10, 1916.
25. Roberts, “Old Harvard Grad.”
26. Ibid.
27. “Rev. J. D. Wilkins, Minister and Teacher,” Chicago Defender, August 20, 1938.
28. Robert Chadwell Williams, Horace Greeley: Champion of American Freedom.
29. “Rev. J. B. Wilkins of St. Louis.”
Chapter 11
1. Marcus Kirkland, “The Early History of Farmington” (Farmington News Printing Company, 1965), at www.rootsweb.ancestry.com, accessed April 30, 2008.
2. Ibid.
3. Farmington Public Library, ed., Farmington, Missouri: The First 200 Years, 1798–1998,
4. Kirkland, ”Early History,” 1.
5. Bob Schmidt, “1850 St. Francois Co. Mo. Census (Slave Schedules),” in Sitzes, “African American History in Farmington.”
6. Dayse Baker, “Famous Sons and Daughters,” ibid.
7. Wayne Leeman, “Farmington Teacher's 51-Year Career,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 13, 1954, ibid.
8. “Colored Churches.”
9. “Ethelean Casey [Cayce],” Evening Press, August 1998, in Sitzes, “African American History in Farmington.”
10. Cayce, “Black People in Farmington.”
11. “Susie Wilkins,” U.S. Census for St. Francois County Missouri, 1910, 1920, 1930.
12. Cayce, “Black People in Farmington.”
13. Strait, “139–Year-Old Building.”
Chapter 12
1. Fox News Report, WFNX TV, March 21, 2007.
2. “CNN News Report,” September 19, 2007, at http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/09/19/jackson.jena6/index.html, accessed February 21, 2009.
3. Elizabeth Wilkins, personal interview, August 22, 2008.
4. James Montgomery, telephone interview, August 5, 2008.
5. Ibid.
6. J. Ernest Wilkins Jr., telephone interview, December 1995.
7. Elizabeth Wilkins, personal interview, August 22, 2008.
8. Public Broadcasting Service, “The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow,” at http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_birth.html, accessed November 20, 2009.
Chapter 13
1. George N. Leighton, telephone interview, September 20, 2008.
2. “J. Ernest Wilkins,” Encyclopedia of World Methodism, 1960. (Lincoln became a university in 1921.)
3. “J. Ernest Wilkins Dead in Capital,” Chicago Daily News, January 20, 1958.
4. David A. Nichols, A Matter of Justice: Eisenhower and the Beginning of the Civil Rights Revolution, 25.
5. Damon Stetson, “Eisenhower Bids Board Fight Bias,” New York Times, August 20, 1953.
6. Nichols, A Matter of Justice, 35.
7. Ibid., 36.
8. “Atty Wilkins Urges Churches to Insist on Morality in Government,” Chicago Defender, October 31, 1953.
9. Nichols, A Matter of Justice, 38.
10. Robert Frederick Burk, The Eisenhower Administration and Black Civil Rights, 64.
11. “An Excellent Appointment,” New York Times, March 5, 1954.
12. “Three Defense Aides Get Higher Posts,” New York Times, May 4, 1954.
13. Richard Lewis, “Ike's Selection of Wilkins a Heavy Blow at Bias,” Chicago Sun-Times, March 8, 1954.
14. Lewis Lautier, “Cite GOP Error on Wilkins,” Chicago Defender, March 20, 1954.
15. “Abbot Would Be Proud,” Chicago Defender, March 20, 1954; “An Excellent Appointment,” New York Times, March 5, 1954; Leeman, “Teacher's 51-Year Career.”
16. “Labor Post Goes to Negro, First of Race in Sub Cabinet,” New York Times, March 5, 1954.
17. Ulysses Boykin, “The Motor City,” Chicago Defender, April 24, 1954.
18. Burk, Black Civil Rights, 69.
19. Judge Anna Diggs Taylor, letter to author, July 24, 2008.
20. Chicago Defender, June 5, 1954, 10.
21. “Wilkins Stymies Reds at Geneva,” Chicago Defender, June 19, 1954.
22. Michael Krenn, Black Diplomacy: African Americans and the State Department, 1945– 1969, 5.
23. “Wilkins Stymies Reds at Geneva.”
24. Harold Keith, “How About Negro Labor Attys.?” Pittsburgh Courier, June 26, 1954.
25. “‘U.S. Can Serve World’—Wilkins,” Pittsburgh Courier, July 10, 1954.
26. “The Sum of the Whole,” Chicago Defender, July 24, 1954.
27. J. Ernest Wilkins, letter to Lucile Wilkins, November 12, 1954.
28. Burk, Black Civil Rights, 85.
29. E. Frederick Morrow, Black Man in the White House, 258.
30. Burk, Black Civil Rights, 80.
31. Morrow, Black Man in the White House, 201.
32. Burk, Black Civil Rights, 70.
33. “J. Ernest Wilkins in Historic First,” Pittsburgh Courier, August 21, 1954.
34. J. Ernest Wilkins, “New Horizons,” Boule Journal 18, no. 1 (October 1954).
35. A. H. Raskin, “Two Hungarians Ousted by ILO,” New York Times, June 27, 1956.
36. Burk, Black Civil Rights, 73–74.
37. Simeon Booker, “The Last Days of J. Ernest Wilkins,” Ebony Magazine (March 1960): 141
38. Chicago Defender, March 13, 1954.
39. Alan Paton, “The Negro in America Today: South African Novelist Alan Paton Dissects the Racial Situation in the South in the Year of Brown v Board of Education,” at http://www.historymatters.gmu.edu/6337, accessed August 3, 2008.
Chapter 14
1. “The Murder of Emmett Till,” American Experience, at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/till/index.html, accessed February 26, 2008.
2. Ibid.
3. Morrow, Black Man in the White House, 29, 30.
4. Burk, Black Civil Rights, 20.
5. Ibid., 31.
6. Levi Jolley, “Washington News Beat,” Pittsburgh Courier, December 2, 1955.
7. Burk, Black Civil Rights, 153, 154.
8. Ibid., 158.
9. Ibid., 159.
10. Ibid., 160.
11. Morrow, Black Man in the White House, 219 (also 48).
12. Burk, Black Civil Rights, 160–61.
13. Constance Wilkins, telephone interview, June 15, 2008.
14. Harold Keith, “Who's Who in Labor,” Pittsburgh Courier, March 3, 1956.
15. “Jobs for Negro Pushed,” New York Times, April 8, 1956.
16. Henry P. Gudza, “James P. Mitchell: Social Conscience of the Cabinet,” Monthly Labor Review (August 1991), at http://www.dol.gov/search/AdvSearch.aspx?agcoll=&taxonomy=&search_term=James+P.+Mitchell&Image1.x=0&Image1.y=0&Image1=Go&offset=0 2425, accessed February 26, 2009.
17. Rocco Siciliano, Walking on Sand, 122.
18. Rocco Siciliano, telephone interview, September 11, 2008.
19. Siciliano, Walking on Sand, 122.
20. John Gilhooley, memo to Millard Cass, typed at the bottom of a copy of a memo from Gilhooley to J. Ernest Wilkins (hereafter Wilkins), April 6, 1955, James P. Mitchell Papers (hereafter Mitchell Papers).
21. Millard Cass, handwritten notation at bottom of undated memo from Gilhooley to Wilkins; Gilhooley memo to Wilkins, April 13, 1955; James Mitchell, handwritten note on memo to Gilhooley, April 12, 1955, all in Mitchell Papers.
22. Wilkins, “Statement on the Evaluation of the International Labor Programs,” April 20, 1956, ibid.
23. Mitchell, memo to Wilkins, July 7, 1956, ibid.
24. Booker, “Last Days,” 142.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., 143.
27. Burk, Black Civil Rights, 168.
28. Ibid., 171.
29. Morrow, Black Man in the White House, 159.
30. “Wilkins Assails Bigots as against ‘Law, Order,’” Pittsburgh Courier, October 15, 1954.
31. Morrow, Black Man in the White House, 170.
32. Nichols, A Matter of Justice, 206, 205.
33. Burk, Black Civil Rights, 229.
34. Foster Rhea Dulles, The Civil Rights Commission, 1957–1965, 18.
35. Burk, Black Civil Rights, 230.
36. Morrow, Black Man in the White House, 174.
37. Mitchell, letter to Wilkins, March 12, 1958, Mitchell Papers.
38. Notre Dame Alumnus (March 1958): 18.
39. Wilkins memos, 1957, administrative file, Mitchell Papers.
40. Wilkins, “Discrimination in the Field of Employment and Occupation,” April 25, 1958, administrative file, Mitchell Papers.
41. Wilkins, letter to Mitchell, May 9, 1958, ibid.
42. Wilkins, letter to Under Secretary, April 29, 1958, administrative file, ibid.
43. Booker, “Last Days,” 143.
44. Ibid., 142.
45. Ibid., 143.
46. Ibid.
47. Mitchell, draft memo to Dwight D. Eisenhower, July 15, 1958, Mitchell Papers; Morrow, Black Man in the White House, 238.
48. Morrow, Black Man in the White House, 238.
49. Ibid.
50. Booker, “Last Days,” 143.
51. Ibid.
52. Mitchell, draft letter to Eisenhower (undated), Mitchell Papers.
53. Ann Whitman, diary entry for August 5, 1958, Ann Whitman Papers, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.
54. 54. Drew Pearson, “Wilkins Ouster a Racial Setback,” Baltimore Sun, August 18, 1958.
55. Eisenhower, news conference no. 213, August 20, 1958, at http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=11178&st=&st1=, accessed February 21, 2009.
56. Morrow, Black Man in the White House, 238; Eisenhower, news conference no. 213.
57. “Wilkins Told: ‘Quit Little Cabinet Post,’” Pittsburgh Courier, August 25, 1958.
58. “Deny Wilkins ‘Out,’” Pittsburgh Courier, August 30, 1958.
59. “Not for Ill Health,” Baltimore Afro-American, October 4, 1958.
60. Wilkins, letter to Eisenhower, November 6, 1958, and Eisenhower, letter to Wilkins, November 7, 1958, Wilkins administrative file, Eisenhower Papers.
61. “Wilkins Quits; Negro Cabinet Aid,” Chicago Sun-Times, November 9, 1958.
62. “The Dropping of J. Ernest Wilkins,” Pittsburgh Courier, November 22, 1958.
63. G. Herndon, letter to Mitchell, August 22, 1958, Mitchell Papers; Booker, “Last Days,” 141; Smith, “J. Ernest Wilkins.”
64. Mitchell, letter to Herndon, November 29, 1958, Mitchell Papers.
65. Burk, Black Civil Rights, 69.
66. Morrow quoted in ibid., 87.
Chapter 15
1. Burk, Black Civil Rights, 229.
2. “Senate Unit Backs Six for Rights Group,” New York Times, March 4, 1958.
3. Foster Rhea Dulles, The Civil Rights Commission, 1957–1965, 20.
4. Ibid., 19.
5. Ibid., 21.
6. Burk, Black Civil Rights, 232, 204, 231.
7. Dulles, Civil Rights Commission, 28.
8. Mary Frances Berry, And Justice for All: The United States Commission on Civil rights and the Continuing Struggle for Freedom in America (New York: Knopf, 2009), 14.
9. Dulles, Civil Rights Commission, 28, 21; Booker, “Last Days,” 144.
10. Theodore Hesburgh, telephone interview, September 11, 2008; “Civil Rights Commission to Shun Segregated Montgomery Hotels,” New York Times, December 4, 1958.
11. Hesburgh interview.
12. Ibid.
13. Dulles, Civil Rights Commission, 33, 37.
14. Ibid., 35.
15. Ibid., 36.
16. Ibid.
17. Booker, “Last Days,” 144.
18. Dulles, Civil Rights Commission, 37.
19. Ibid.
20. Burk, Black Civil Rights, 234.
21. Dulles, Civil Rights Commission, 39.
22. Burk, Black Civil Rights, 235; Dulles, Civil Rights Commission, 39–40.
23. Burk, Black Civil Rights, 235, 236, 239.
24. Morrow, Black Man in the White House, 299.
25. Ibid., 179, 198.
26. “Downright Deceit,” Amsterdam News, August 2, 1958.
27. Burk, Black Civil Rights, 236.
28. Smith, “J. Ernest Wilkins”; “Wilkins, J. Ernest,” Encyclopedia of World Methodism, 1960.
29. Constance Wilkins interview, June 15, 2008.
30. “J. Ernest Wilkins, Top Mitchell Aide,” Washington Post and Times Herald, January 20, 1959.
31. Booker, “Last Days,” 144.
32. Jim Tipton, “Lincoln Cemetery,” at http://www.findagrave.com/php/famous.php?FScemeteryid=106612&page=cem, accessed February 21, 2009.
Epilogue
1. Vonne Phillips Karraker, email to Carolyn Wilkins, March 5, 2010.
2. Paula Barr, “They Made A Difference: Overcoming Obstacles, Leaving a Mark on County History.” Daily Journal Online, February 26, 2010, at http://www.dailyjournalonline.com/news/local/article_e0cb88fc-ad62-56bd-82ab-443322ffffc9.html Accessed on April 27, 2010.