Aaron, Saint
’Abdullah bin Muhammad
’Abdu’r-Razzaq bin Ishaq
Abhara
abolition of slavery
Aboriginal Australians
Abu Bakr bin Uman al-Lamtuni
Abyssinia
Aceh
Achaemenids
Adam, Bishop of Bremen
Aden
Adulis
Aegean
palace life in
Aeschylus
Afghanistan
harvesting in
Africa
access to Indian Ocean from
as “dark continent,”
effects of slave trade on
in 1490s
grasslands in
highland civilizations in
ship wreckage off
tropical lowlands in
see also East Africa; Sahel; West
Africa; specific places
African masks
agriculture
in Arabia
in Benin
in China
deforestation and
in desert areas
in Egypt
in Ethiopia
gathering vs.
in grasslands
of Greeks
of Inca
in Indus Valley
intensive, early
intensive, industrialization compared
with
Khmer state and
of Kimam
in Mesopotamia
mound
in New Guinea
in North American woodlands
in rain forest
as religious response
slash-and-burn
swampland
in Tibet
Ah Cacau, King of Tikal
Ahmad ibn Ibrahim
Ahuizotl
Ahura Mazda
airplanes
Akenzua I, oba of Benin
Akkad, Akkadians
Akrotiri
Aksum
Alaska:
Nakaciuq (Bladder Festival) in
U.S. acquisition of
Aleut
Alexander the Great
Alexandria
lighthouse of
Alfred, King
Algeria
Ali
al-Idrisi
Ali Ghadj, King of Bornu
’Ali ibn-al Marshushi
Allchin, Bridget
Allchin, Raymond
alluvial soils in drying climates
advantages of
archetypes of
early intensifiers of agriculture in
see also great river valleys
al-Maghli
al-Mansur, Ahmad
al-Masudi
Almoravids
alphabet, Phoenician
Altai Shan
Altan Khan
Altin
Amalia (Marmol)
Amalia Effect
Amazing Grace
Amazon rain forest
Amazon River
Amazons, myth of
amber
American Revolution
Amsterdam
Amun, oracle of
Anatolia
Anaximander
Andalusia
Andaman Islands
Andes
diversity of
highland civilization in
Angkor
agriculture of
temple plan for
Angkor Thom
Angkor Wat
Angola, slave trade in
animals:
gods as
humans compared with
as sacrifice
see also specific animals
Annam
Antarctica
anthropology
Antigone (Sophocles)
Antigua
Antipater of Sidon
Anuradhapura
Anuta
Anyang
Aquinas, Saint Thomas
Arabia
maritime civilization of
Sabaeans of
Arabian Desert
Arabian Sea
Arabic language
Arabs
Islam’s transformation of
maritime
Marsh
science of
Tibet’s collaboration with
trade of
Araucanos
architecture:
American
of Arctic peoples
of Atlantic civilization
of Battamaliba
of Benin
of Borobudur
of catalhuyuk
of Chaco culture
of Chola
of Easter Island
of Ethiopia
Gothic
of Gozo
of Greeks
imitation of trees in
of Inca predecessors
of Jenne
of Jericho
of Khmer
of Kimam
in Las Vegas
longhouses
of Mali
of Malta
of Maya
of Nupe
of Phoenix
Arctic
in Finnish tradition of scholarship
New World
Old World
Arctic Circle
Arctic Ocean
Ardashir, King of Persia
Argentina
novel in
pampa in
Arikara
Aristeas of Proconnesus
Aristophanes
Aristotle
Boethius’s use of
Renaissance and
Arizona
see also Phoenix, Ariz.
Armadillo (Boyd)
Armenia, Armenians
art
American
of Aztecs
of Benin
cave paintings
Chinese
of Chola
of Deccan
Dutch
Egyptian
of Ethiopia
as expression of power vs. liberty
Futurist
Greek
Harappan
Hindu
of Inca
Indian
industrialization and
Japanese
Khmer
landscape painting
of Malta
maritime
of Maya
of Minoan Crete
of Moche
of Nazca
Olmec
Phoenician
“primitive” influence on
realism in
Renaissance
Roman
Russian
in Sahara
Sasanian
of Teotihuacan
Tibetan
Venetian
of Vikings
wild men in
Artemis of Ephesus, temple of
Arthur, King
Ashurbanipal
Asia
Islamic preponderance in
migration to Americas from
see also Southeast Asia;specific places
Assyrians
astrolabes
astronomy
Atahualpa, ransom of
Athens
Atlantic alliance
Atlantic civilizations
commercial benefits as impetus of
crises and renewals of
European origins of
imperial phase of
making of
and power of culture
as reflection of Europe
replacement of
slavery and
technological strand in
unprecedented aspect of
see also Western civilization
Atlantic Ocean
currents in
edge of,see Rimland
as narrow, belief in
significance of Vasco da Gama’s voy-
age for
travel times for
winds in
Attenborough, Sir David
At the Mountains of Madness (Love-
craft)
Attila
Augustine, Saint
Aum Shinrikyo cult
Australia
Aboriginals of
Avalokitesvara
Avars
Awga
Ayacucho Valley
Azerbaijan
Azores
Aztecs
cultural context of
in 1490s
highland civilization of
Inca compared with
loose hegemony of
Spanish conquest of
structural weakness of
trade of
tribute for
Babur, Emperor of India
Babylon
Hanging Garden of
Bacon, Roger
Baeda Maryam
Bagby, Philip
Bagehot, Walter
Baghdad
Bagratids
Bahrain
Bahrey
Balbus, Cornelius
Balkans
ball court of Chichen Itza
ball game, pre-Hispanic
Baltic Sea
Baluchistan
Bank, Ted, II
Bao He
Baptists
Barbados
barbarism, barbarians
of forest
highlanders as
of Mongols
Roman empire and
Barbosa, Duarte
Barcelona
Bardarsson, Ivar
barley
Barnhouse, temple complex at
Barros, Jo„o de
Bar Sauma, Rabban
Barth, Heinrich
Baruya
Basic Problems, Principles and Methods
(Sorokin)
Basques
Batavia
Battamaliba
Bayezid I, Ottoman Sultan
Bayezid II, Ottoman Sultan
“Beaker Folk,”
beans
Aztec use of
beavers
Becket, Saint Thomas
Bede
Bedouin
Begho
Bell, Clive
Belvedere Apollo
Bengal
Renaissance in
Bengal, Bay of
Benin
Bergen
Bergson, Henri
Bernard, Saint
Bernard the Wise
Bessemer, Sir Henry
Bessemer process
Bhutan
Biarmians
Bible
biological warfare
bird life, birds:
of Easter Island
of Hirta
homing
Birthplace of the Winds (Bank)
birth rates, increase in
Biscay, Bay of
Bisch, Jorgen
black blood, myth of
blacks
European image of
free
see also slaves, slave trade
Black Sea
Blake, William
Blanco, Pedro
Blue Rider group
Blunden, Edmund
Boas, Franz
boats,see ships and boats
Bockstoce, John
Boeotia
Boethius
bog peoples
Bon
Bonampak
Boniface, Saint
Book of Odes
Book of Songs, The (Waley)
Book of the Wonders of India, The
(Buzurg ibn Shahriyar)
books:
burning of
of Maya
Borneo
Bornu
Borobudur
Bosi, R.
Bosnia
Boston, Mass., Irish in
bow and arrow
Bowie, Jim
Boyd, William
brain, evolution of
Brancusi, Constantin
of Benin
Brattahlid
Braudel, Fernand
Brazil
Amazon in
“first-contact” program in
slavery in
Brazil Current
Bremen
bridges, Inca
Bristol
Brittany
underground tombs in
Brodgar, stone circles of
BrokenSpears , The (Leon-Portilla)
bronze
of Benin
in China
Bronze Age
Brougham, Henry
Brow, James
Brown, D. M.
Brudevaelte
Brunel, Isambard Kingdom
Bryce, James
bSod-nams rGya-mtsho, Third Dalai
Lama
Buddha
Buddhism, Buddhists
in China
in Indonesia
Jataka and
of Khmer
in Maldives
in Tibet
trade and
Buenos Aires
buffalo
Buffon, Georges-Louis
Bugis
Bulgars
bull-sacrifice rites
Buondelmonti, Cristoforo
Bure
Burma
Burney, Fanny
Burton, Sir Richard
Burundi
Bury, R. G.
Bushmen
butter ceremony
Buzurg ibn Shahriyar
Byang-chub rGyal-mtshan
Byblos
Byron, George Gordon, Lord
Byzantium
Venice’s relationship with
Cabet, …tienne
Cabot, John
Cabot, Sebastian
cacao, chocolate
Cacapol (“Attila of the Pampa”)
Cadiz
Caedmon
Caesar, Julius
Caesar andCleopatra (Shaw)
Caesar’s Palace
Cahokia
Cajamarca, highlands of
calendars:
of Celts
of Maya
Calicut
California
Callimachu
Calvinists
Cambay, Gulf of
Cambodia,see Angkor; Khmer
Cambridge History of Japan, The
(Brown)
camels
Cameo (Ghyssaert)
Canada
Canary Islands, Canary Islanders
pre-Hispanic
Cangapol (“el Bravo”)
capitalism
of Greeks
religion and
Caracol
Caractacus
Caranqui
caravans
Caria
Caribbean
caribou, hunting of
Carl of Rosenmold, Duke
Carlyle, Thomas
Caroline Islands
Carolingian Renaissancey
caramba River
Carthage
Carvajal, Gaspar de
Casas Grandes
Castren, Matthias Alexander
Catalan Atlas
Catalans
catalhuyuk
Catherwood, Frederick
Cato
cattle
Cauac Sky, King of Quirigua
caves
paintings in
cayonu
Celtic peoples
Roman relationship with
Central Asia
see also specific places
ceremonial centers:
on Easter Island
of Khmer
of Mound Builders
of Olmec
of Tula
see also temples
Chaco Canyon, roads in
Chaco culture
Chad, Lake
Chadwick, Edwin
“chain of being,”
“challenge and response,” doctrine of
Champa
Chan Chan
Ch’ang-ch’un
Chares
chariots, charioteers
Charlemagne
Charles VIII, King of France
Chartres
Chasing the Monsoon (Frater)
Chatham Islands
Chavín de Huantar
chemical warfare
Cheng Chih-lung
Cheng Ho
Cheops, Pharaoh of Egypt
Chephren, Pharaoh of Egypt
Cheyenne
Chicago, Ill., sewage disposal system of
Chichen Itza
Ch’ien-lung Emperor
Childe, V. Gordon
Chile
chilies
Chimu, Chimor kingdom
China
agriculture in
Christendom as viewed by
continuity of civilization in
as cradle
cultural revolutions in
dethronement of
diffusion of science and technology
of
Dutch as viewed by
expansion of
forests as viewed in
in 1490s
Funan relations with
Great Wall of
Indonesian relations with
Indus Valley compared with
Islam in
Japanese conflict with, in 1890s
life of Ou-yang Hsiu in
maritime efforts of
Mongol conquest of
novel in
origins of metallurgy in
Plumb’s study of
Roman empire compared with
Russian frontier of
silk roads and
Srivijaya’s relations with
Tibetan relations with
trade of
as “world order,”
writing system of
Yellow River Valley in
see also Confucians, Confucianism;
Fukien;specific dynasties
China Seas
see also South China Sea
Ch’in dynasty
Chinese language
Chiripa
chivalry
Chola
Cholulteca
Chopin, Frederic
Chou dynasty
Chou Ta-kuan
Christianity, Christendom
in China
China compared with
Chola compared with
deforestation and
in Ethiopia
fear of trees in
in Greenland
Islam vs.
Mali’s image in
Mongols and
Nestorian
paganism compared with
Polish-Moldavian conflict and
in Roman empire
in Scandinavia
slavery and
as “world order,”
Christie, Agatha
Chuan-cho
Ch’u-fu, Literary Pavilion in
Chukchi
Chumnunga
Church of Santa Anastasia
Church of Sant’Ambrogio
Church of San Vitale
Chu’u-fei
Chu Yu-t’ang, Emperor of China
Cibola
Cistercians
cities:
as criterion of civilization
degradation of
independence of
lost
post-agrarian
slums of
see also specific cities
civic community
civility (politesse )
civilization:
Amalia Effect and
checklist of
coining of term
misleading effects of chronological
approach to
mortality of
personal attitude of author toward
as process
ranking of
of scale, resource requirements of
traditional usage of
true
unity of
see also environmental approach to
the comparative history of civili-
zation;specific topics
civilization, definition of:
author’s
idiosyncratic
misuses of
recent
usual understanding for
civilization studies, since World War I,
review of
civilizing ingredient
Clairvaux
Clark, Kenneth
class systems
in Indus Valley
in Malta
in Minoan Crete
zimbabwes and
Clement VI, Pope
Cobo, Bernabe
Cochabamba Valley
Coen, Jan Pieterszoon
Cola, King of Chola
Cold War
Coleos of Samos
Coligny, calendar buried at
Collingwood, R. G.
Cologne
Colombia
Colorado
Colossus of Rhode
Columbus, Christopher
Atlantic crossing of (1492)
Atlantic crossing of (1493)
chivalry of
marine chart of
narrow Atlantic as belief of
ships of
Columella
Comanches
comic-strip books
communications:
Atlantic civilization and
across deserts
Diamond on
Mongol peace and
communists, communism
Comoros
compass
sun
Confucians, Confucianism
seaborne venturing as viewed by
Confucius
Congo
Congress, U.S.
Consolation of Philosophy, The
(Boethius)
Constantine, Roman Emperor
Constantinople
Cook, James
coolies
Cooper, James Fenimore
Copan
copper
in Africa
Corinth
corn,see maize
Cornelis, H. C.
Cornwall
Coromandel Coast
Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de
Cortes, Hernan
cotton
Aztec need for
Courland, Duchy of
Coward, Noel
Coxinga
Cracow
Crete
Minoan
Crimea
Croesus, King of Lydia
Crops and Man (Harlan)
Crow
Cuauhtitlan
culture:
civilization as “destiny” of
mass agriculture explained by
original
power of, in making of Atlantic civi-
lization
use of word
culture wholes
Curl Nose, King of Tikal
currents, in Atlantic Ocean
Cuzco
Cycladic Islands
Cyrus the Great, King of Persia
Dahomey
slave trade in
Dalai Lamas
Darius I, King of Persia
dark ages:
in Africa
of Andean civilization
of Arabs
Bronze Age crisis and
of Easter Island
in Greek culture
Darwin, Charles
Darwinism
dates
Davis, John
Davis, Lindsey
Davit, Negus of Ethiopia
Dawada
Dayaks
Dead Mongol Pass
De Agricultura (Columella)
Debussy, Claude
Decay and Restoration of Civilization
The (Schweitzer)
Deccan
deforestation
in Europe
fear of trees and
of Malta
in New World vs. Old World
de la Cerda, Luis
Delhi
Delphi
Delwaide, Jacobus
Demanet, Father
democracy
demographic balance, shift in
demons, desert
Denmark
De Pauw, Corneille
Description of the Northern Peoples
(Magnus)
desert
Arabs associated with
Bushmen in
communication across
defined
Egyptian view of
ice deserts compared with
as kind of sea
lack of greatness in
see also ice, ice deserts
development, pattern of, rejection of
Devil’s Island
dGe-lugs-pa
dhows
Diamond, Jared
Dias, Bartolomeu
Dias, Henrique
diet:
of Aleuts
of Aztecs
of Bushmen
of Inc
in Indus Valley
of Kimam
of Lake Texcoco communities
of Mongols
of North American Woodlands peo-
ple
oforan laut
of Plains Indians
see also agriculture; food;specific
foods
diffusionism
great river valleys and
Dilmun
Diogenes
disease
Aleuts decimated by
in Benin
industrialization and
intensive agriculture and
malaria
Native Americans and
slavery and
unconquered
Diu
Djoser
Dobe-/Du/da
dogs:
burial of
hunting and
of Sami
of Thule
Doldrums
domino theory
Donner, Kai
Dore, Gustave
drinking rites
Druids
drums, magic
Dungeness, Jarman’s garden in
Durameau
Durkheim, …mile
Dutch East India Company
Dvoria Anton
East Africa
islands off
trade in
Yao country in
see also Ethiopia; Mweno Mutapa
Easter Island
monumental sculpture of
Ebla archives of
ecological disaster, threat of
ecological imperialism
ecology:
deep
historical
economic history
economics, economic systems:
communist
as criterion for civilization
globalization and
of slavery
in Songhay
in transformation of grasslands
of zimbabwes
see also capitalism
ecosystems
denial of
Ecuador
Ecuadorean Indians
Edsin Gol
Egypt
in
Mongol’s repulsed by
Egypt, ancient
China compared with
dethronement of
Ethiopia as viewed by
Greeks influenced by
Indus Valley compared with
Malta compared with
outsiders as viewed by
Phoenicians and
pyramids of
Romans in
science of
unification of
Eiffel, Gustave
Eight-Deer Tiger Claw
eighteenth century, civility (politesse ) in
El Dorado, last legend of
Elias, Norbert
Eliot, T. S.
El Nino
Encyclopedie
England,see Great Britain
Enkidu
Enlightenment
Enlil
Enonteki
environment:
in Argentina
civilization as type of relationship to
effects of Western civilization on
glutinous
overexploitation of
tolerance limits and
see also specific environments
environmental approach to the
comparative history of civilizations
conditioning vs. “determination” in
defined
invention of labels in
limitations of
reasons for use of
Ephesus, temple of Artemis of
epics:
ofGilgamesh
of Homer
Eretria
Erik the Red
Erskine, Rachel (“Lady Grange”)
Eskender, negus of Ethiopia
Eskimos,see Inuit
Esmeralda, maroon kingdom at
“Etchings of a Whaling Cruise”
(Melville)
Ethiopia
Christianity in
in
highlands of
trade of
Etruscans
Euboea
Euphrates River
Eurasian steppe
Mongol imperialism and
Mongol roads and
Sahel compared with
Euripides
Europe, Europeans
blacks as viewed by
bog peoples in
Copper Age Southeastern
deforestation in
eighteenth-century
industrialization of
Inuit competition with
maritime advantage of
migrationist fallacy and
pluralism in
supposed superiority of
in temperate forests vs. other
environments
writing in
see also specific places
European Union
Evans, Arthur
Evelyn, John
Even
evolution
change vs.
Ezana, King of Aksum
Ezekiel
Fahsien
Failaka
Farini, G. A.
Farkas, Sandor Boloni
farming,see agriculture
“Fayum portraits,”
feasting
feelgood society
Ferdinand, King of Spain
Fergana, Arab-Tibetan conquest of
Ferrer, Jaume
Fez
Fezzan
Finnish tradition of Arctic scholarship
fire
of Dutch
oforan laut
5 –Reed
Flanders, Michael
floating gardens,”
floods, flooding
in China
of Nile
of Tigris
Florida, Spanish in
“Flower Wars,”
Fogg, Wayne
food
in Mogadishu
on ships
surplus
see also agriculture; diet;specific
foods
Foote, P.
forests
barbarism of
of Lebanon
postglacial,see postglacial forests
see also deforestation; rain forests
Forster, E. M.
Fourier, Charles
frame-first construction methods
France
cave paintings in
in
imperialism of
slave trade of
see also Paris
Francis, Saint
Franciscans
Franks
Frater, Alexander
Frazer, Sir James
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
Frederik Hendrik Island (Kolepom and
Dolak)
French Revolution
Freud, Sigmund
Fritz, Samuel
Frobisher, Martin
“frontier effect,”
Fuegians
Fukien
maritime interests of
Fulani
Funan
furnaces, blast
fur trade
future shock
Futurism
Gades (modern Cadiz)
Galactic Museum-Keepers
Galicia, Galicians
Galla
Gama, Vasco da
chivalry of
diminishing significance of
importance of voyage
potential initiative in empire-building
and long-range commerce in era
of
present state of the world and
ships of
Gambia River
Gandhi, Mohandas K.
Ganges Valley
Gao
Garamantes
Gaskell, Elizabeth C.
gathering
Gaudí, Antonio
Gaul
Romans in
Gebre-Menfas-Qeddus
Ge’ez language
Gelele, King of Dahomey
genetic engineering
Genghis Khan
Genoese
Georgia (Eastern Hemisphere)
Bagratids of
Georgia (state), Mound Builders in
ger (Mongol tent dwelling)
Gerald of Wales
Germany
Charlemagne’s conquering of
deforestation in
forests in
Nazi
Roman relations with
Gerrha
Gesta Arthuri
Geyl, Pieter
Ghana
Ghyssaert, Peter
Gila River Valley
Gilbert, Martin
Gilgamesh , epic of
Gilgamesh, King
Giza, pyramids of
Glang-dar-ma, King of Tibet
Glasgow
globalization
Gobi Desert
Godwyn, Morgan
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von
Gojam
gold
in Africa
of Khmer
in New Guinea
in Peru
trade in
Golden Bough, The (Frazer)
Good Hope, Cape of
Gothenburg
Gothic Revival
Gothic style
Goths
Gozo
grains
cultivated vs. wild
nomad use of
see also specific grains
Grammaire des civilisations (Braudel)
Granada
“granary impulse,”
grasslands
of Great Plains
location of
of Sahel
of steppes,see Eurasian steppe
graves and tombs
of Aleuts
of “Beaker Folk,”
in Brittany
in Cahokia
of Celts
in China
in Egypt
in Ethiopia
of Greeks
in Indus Valley
of Maya
of Moche
of Muhammad Touray
in Mycenae
of North American woodlands
people
of Olmec
Roman
of Sami
at Skateholm
of steppe
in Tibet
in Ur
in Varna
Great Britain
Benin’s relationship with
chivalry in
in Gujarat
imperialism of
industrialization in
Irish as viewed by
in Lhasa
nature vs. culture in
Polynesians in
slavery in colonies of
in slave trade
small-island mentality of
Viking contribution to
Great Depression
Great Plains
Great Pyramid of Cheops
great river valleys
in China
Nile
and refutation of diffusionism
see also Indus Valley; Mesopotamia
Great Wall
Great Wave Off Kanagawa (Hokusai)
Great Zimbabwe
Greece
Greece, ancient
Athens in
Atlantic civilization and
Boeotia in
Celtic relationship with
continuity vs. discontinuity in
deforestation in
Egypt and
Ethiopia as viewed by
Five Wonders of antiquity of
global spread of legacy of
Hanging Garden described by
as maritime society
Mycenean influence on
overseas
Persia’s relationship with
philosophy in
in Western Europe
Greek language
Greenland
Norse in
wiping out of colony in
Guatemala
Maya of
Gudea
Guiana
guides:
of Coronado
desert
Guinea, Gulf of
Gujarat
Jain influence in
Malik Ayaz in
Virji Vora in
Gulf Stream
gunpowder
guns
Guthrie, W. K. C.
Guyana
Guyot de Provins
Gyer-spungs
Habsburgs
Hadramaut
Hainan
Haiti
Hamilton, George
Hammurabi, King of Babylon
Han dynasty
Hanging Garden of Babylon
Hans, King of Denmark
Harappa, Harappans
Harlan, Jack R.
Harrington, Philip
Harun ar-Rashid
Hatshepsut, Queen of Egypt
Hausa
Hawaiian Islands
Hawihuh
Hayan Wuruk, King
Hazlitt, William
headhunters
heads, sculpture:
of Benin
Olmec
Hedin, Sven
Hemon
Henry VII, King of England
Henry the Navigator, Prince
Heracles
Heraclitus
Herbord
Herculaneum
herding
of Mongols
see also ranching, ranches
Herjulfsson, Bjarni
Herodotus
heroes:
Gilgamesh
Mesoamerican
of Western civilization
herring
Hesiod
Hideyoshi
highland civilizations
classification of
extinction of
lowland origins of
Mweno Mutapa
New Guinea
of New World
of Old World
Olmec compared with
overlooking trans-Eurasian trade
route
highlands, highlanders
advantages of
as barbarians
Maya of
Hinduism
capitalism and
in Chola
in Indonesia
Khmer and
“Hippopotamus Song, The,”
Hiroshima
Hirta
Hiru
Hispaniola
Historia del Nuevo Mundo (Cobo)
historical ecology
history:
economic
as historical ecology
as “humane” discipline
as humane vs. “scientific” pursuit
lack of repetition of
randomness of
total
as tra
“History of Civilisation” series (Parry,
ed.)
History of Human Societies, The
(Plumb, ed.)
History ofJamaica (Long)
Hitler, Adolf
Hittites
Hochkulturen
Hodges, William
Hohokam
Hokusai
Hollow Men, The (Eliot)
Homer
homosexuality
Honduras
Hong Kong
Hoover, Herbert
Hopkins, Gerard Manley
Horace
Hormuz
horses
camels compared with
of Great Plains
of steppe
Viking
hospitals, Khmer
Hou Chi (“the Ruler of Millet”)
Hsie Ch’iao
Hsuan-tsang
Huan, Lord
Huanca
Huancayo
Huari
Huayna Capac
Huexotzinca
Hui-te-Rangiroa
human being, terms for
humanism
Hundred Schools
Hungary
Hung Mai
Huns
hunting, hunters
in art
black blood and
dogs and
as elite privilege
magic and
of Sami
of Shang kings
on steppe
Huntington, Ellsworth
Huntington, Samuel
Huron
Huron: Comedie, Le
Huronophilia
Hussein, Saddam
Hyksos rulers
Hylestad
Ibbitt, William
Ibn-amir Hajib
Ibn Battuta
in Indian Ocean
Ibn Hawkal
Ibn Jubayr
Ibn Khaldun
Ibn Majid
Ibn Tashfin, Yusuf
Ibn Tughluq
ice, ice deserts
followers of
sand deserts compared with
see also Arctic; Greenland
Iceland
discovery of
Newfoundland compared with
sagas of
I-Ching
Ife
Iliad (Homer)
Illinois
Ilongot
Imhotep, Pharaoh of Egypt
imperialism
Atlantic-side position and
British
of Chola
in Eurasian steppe
European justification of
Greek
Greek and Roman legacy and
Indian Ocean and
of Mongols
Ottoman
Russian
in Sahel
of Sioux
Inca
Aztec compared with
central control exerted by
in
predecessors of
protowriting of
roads of
seaborne expeditions of
Spanish conquest of
structural weakness of
India
ancient Greece compared with
Buddhism disseminated from
Chola in
in
Gujarat in
Ibn Battuta in
Islam in
maritime
origins of
Portuguese in
Renaissance in
traditional world perspective of
Indian Ocean
access problems for
Atlantic Ocean compared with
Fukienese in
as Islamic Lake
Japanese in
Mediterranean compared with
monsoons in
Portuguese in
precocity of, as zone of long-range
navigation and cultural exchange
trade across
travel times for
individualism
Indochina
Indonesia
Indra
Indus River
industrialization
mass agriculture compared with
Indus Valley
China compared with
consistency of design in
end of civilization in
language of
origins of India and
Yellow River compared with
inferiority:
of floodplain dwellers
innate, E. Huntington’s views on
migrationist fallacy and
see also racism
Influence of Sea Power upon History
The (Mahan)
In Praise of Shadows (Junichiro)
European competition with
intelligence:
artificial
civilization and
Inuit
Inyanga
Iran:
highland civilization in
Tibet compared with
Iraq
Ireland, Irish
English contempt for
Irminger Current
iron
Iron Age
Iroquois
irrigation systems
in China
in desert
in Egypt
intensive agriculture and
in Yemen
Isidore of Seville
Islam, Muslims
Aristotle and
Christianity vs.
in Ethiopia
in Maldives
monuments of paganism and
in Sahel
Sufis
as threat to Roman empire
as “world order,”
Istanbul
Italy
Charles VIII in
city government in
French Revolution and
Greeks in
imperialism of
Ostrogothic
Renaissance in
I T’ing-kao
I Tsung, Emperor of China
Ivan the Great, Tsar of Russia
ivory
Iximche
Iyasus Mo’a
Jackson, Frederick George
Jacob, Duke of Courland
jade
jaguars
in Olmec art
Jainism
James, William
Jamshid
Jamtland
Japan
Aum Shinrikyo cult in
China’s conflict with, in
1890s
China’s influence on
firearms abandoned in
in 1490s
Fukienese in
maritime
Mongols and
Japan Current
Japanese language
Jarman, Derek, garden of
Jataka
Java
Borobudur in
Kingdom of the Mountain and the
Empire of the Southern Seas in
Jayavarman VII, King of Khmer
Jefferson, Thomas
Jenne (Jenne-Jeno)
Jericho
Jerome, Saint
Jesuits
Jews, Judaism
Jibril
Jiddah
Jívaro
John of Piano Carpini
Johnson, Anthony
Johnson, Robert
Johnson, Samuel
Jo-Khang, portraits at
Jo-nang-pa movement
Jonathan Corncob
Jordan River
Jordan Valley
Journey to the Western Isles of Scotland
(Johnson)
Jubutsu
Julian, Roman Emperor
jungle,see rain forest
Junichiro, Tanizaki
Jurimagua
Justinian, Roman Emperor
Kaifeng
Kalahari Desert
Kaleb, King
Kalmar Union
Kamehameha
kangaroos
Kano
Karakorum
Kaskaskia
Kaverippumppattinam
Kazan
Kensai Jochin
Kentucky , slave mutiny on
Kenya
Kerowagi
Khara Khoto (Etsina)
Khitans
Khmer
Maya compared with
see also Angkor
Khmer Rouge
Khnum, Temple of
Khoikhoi
Khokhlac-Novocherkask
Khri-sron-Ide-brtsan, Emperor of Tibet
Kilwa
Kimam
Kingdom of the Mountain and the
Empire of the Southern Seas
Kingsley, Charles
Kiowa
Kipling, Rudyard
Kirgiz
Knights Hospitaller
Knossos
Koke Khota
kola nuts
Korea
Fukienese in
Japan’s relations with
Kosovo
Kossuth, Lajos
Koumbi-Saleh
Kroeber, A. L.
Kublai Khan
Kul-Oba, royal tomb at
Kulottunga I, King of Chola
Kultur
Kumbun monastery, butter ceremony
at
Kuntur Wasi
Kupe
Kutchi
Kyoto
labor, labor force:
division of
Inca use of
for Lalibela churches
preindustrial vs. industrial
for pyramid building
slave
Ladakh
La Florida
Lagash
Lahontan, Baron de (Louis-Armand de
Lom d’Arce)
Lalibela
Lalibela, King
Landscape and Memory (Schama)
landscape painting
language
Frederick II’s experiments with
terms for human being in
see also specific languages
La Perouse, Comte de (Jean Francois
de Galaup)
Lapps, The (Bosi)
Las Vegas, Nev.
Latin Christendom,see Christianity
Christendom
Latin language
Lattimore, Owen
La Venta
La Venta culture,see Olmec
Leahy, Michael
Leaves of Grass (Whitman)
Lebanon
Lee Boo
Leeghwater, Jan Adriaenszoon
legal systems
of Khmer
Leo Africanus
Leonardo da Vinci
Leon-Portilla, M.
Lepenski Vir
Lhasa
liberalism
Libya
Li Chang
Lima, slave population in
Lindbergh, Charles
Li Po
Li Tan
literature:
abolitionist
of classical India
Egyptian
Futurist
Greek
of Iceland
industrialization and
of Indus Valley
Japanese
Maghribi
maritime
medieval
Mesopotamian
oral tradition in
Phoenician
Tibetan
travel
see also novels; poetry; short stories
Lithuania
logic, Aristotle’s formulation of rules of
London
museums in
Long, Edward
longhouses
Lorenzetti, Ambrogio
Lothal
Loti, Pierre
Lotus bleu, Le (Herge)
Louis, Saint
Louis XIV, King of France
Loutherbourg, Philippe Jacques de
Lovecraft, H. P.
lowlands, tropical,see tropical lowlands
Lowry, Lawrence Stephen
Luce, Henry R.
Lugard, Sir Frederick
Lunda
Lutherans
Macao, Macanese
Macaulay, Thomas Babington
McCartney, Paul
Macedonia
MacNeish, Richard
Madagascar
“Mad Dogs and Englishmen” (Coward)
Madeira
Maduru Oya
Magan, kingdom of
Magdeburg
Magellan, Ferdinand
Maghribi communities, seafaring and
magic
of Arctic peoples
hunting
Taoism and
Magnus, John
Magnus, Olaus
Magyars
Mahan, A. T.
Mahavamsa , The
Mahavira
Maitrakanyoka
maize
in Amazon
of Aztecs
of Inca
of Inca predecessors
Mayan use of
in North American woodlands
Majaharo
Majapahit
Majorca, Majorcans
Malacca
malaria
Malaspina, Alessandro
Malaya
Malaysia,oran laut of
Maldive Islands
Mali
Malik Ayaz
Mallia
Malocello, Lanzarotto
Malta
Mamallapuram
Mamluks
Manchu dynasty
Manchuria
Manchurian incident (1931)
mandate of heaven
Mande
Mandingo
Manila
Chinese in
manioc
Mankweni
man-nature dichotomy
Manohara, Prince
Mansa Musa
Mansa Sulayman
Manuel I, King of Portugal
Maori
Mao Tse-tung
mapi fern
Maragha
Marajo Island
Marchinbar Island
Mar Denha
marine charts
maritime civilizations,see seaboard
civilizations
Markland
Marmol, Jorge
maroons
marriage, as Chinese diplomacy
Marshall, Laura
Marshall Islands
Martell, Pere
Martínez, Joan
Martinez Hernandez, Joel
Martin of Tours, Saint
Marx, Karl
Marxism
Mar Yaballaha
Masirah
masks
African
Iroquois
jaguar
Massachusetts
Massawa
Masson, Charles
Mataka, Chief
Mataram
mathematics
Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary
Maui
Mausoleum of Halicarnassus
Mausolus
Mauss, Marcel
Mawken,see oran laut
Maya
books of
collapse of
of highlands
Khmer compared with
lost cities of
Palenque and
of tropical lowlands
writing system of
Mayapan
Mayflower
Mead, Margaret
Meas Howe, tomb at
Mecca, pilgrimages to
Mediterranean
amber trade and
Celtic peoples in
deforestation in
Greek trade in
Indian Ocean compared with
Islam in
Minoan Crete in
Ottoman Turks in
Phoenicians in, see Phoenicians
Phoenicia
Romans in
travel times for
Venice’s role in
Mehmed I, Ottoman Sultan
Meket-ra
Mekong River
Melanesia
Melilla
Melville, Herman
Memphis
Mendelssohn, Felix
Menelik II, Emperor of Ethiopia
Menes, Pharaoh of Egypt
Mesoamerica
highland civilization of
see also Aztecs; Olmec
Mesopotamia
China compared with
Indus Valley compared with
Persia’s relations with
spread of
Messina, Straits of
metallurgy
in China
New Guinea’s lack of
in Oman
see also specific metals
Metara
Mexico
Cortes’s conquest of
slaves in
see also Aztecs; Olmec
Mexico City
Micronesia
chivalry in
fear of forests in
Inuit vs. Europeans in
legends of
nautical technology in
role of Mongol roads in
Venice in
migrationist fallacy, self-deceptions and
migrations
Indo-European
to New World
to Rimland
of Sami
Milan
millet
in China
in Sahel
Miloševic¥, Slobodan
Milton, John
Ming dynasty
Mingoe
Minoan Crete
Mississippi Valley, Mound Builders of
Mithras
Mixtec
Moche
Moche Valley
Mogadishu
Mohawk
Mohenjo Daro
Moldavia, Poland’s conflict with
“Molemo Canaqua” (“Muslim Pilot”)
Mombasa
Monboddo, Lord
Mongka Khan
Mongols
domestic arrangements of
imperialism of
peace of
seafaring interests of
taming of
Tibetan relations with
Monophysite heresy
monsoons:
in Indian Ocean
in Southeast Asia
Monsoon Seas (Villiers)
Monte Alban
Montenegro
Morocco
Moscow
Mound Builders, Mississippi
mounds, mound-building:
agricultural
of New World civilizations
Mountains of Rasselas, The (Packenham)
Muhammad
Muhammad Touray, Emperor of Songhay
Mumford, Lewis
Mundigak
Munducur Indians
Munster, Sebastian
Muqaddimah, The (Ibn Khaldun)
Murasaki Shikibu
Muscovy, in 1490 s
music, American
Mussolini, Benito
Mwene Mutapa
Mycenean civilization
Indus Valley compared with
tombs of
Mycerinus, Pharaoh of Egypt
Mysterious Mr. Quin, The (Christie)
myths and legends:
of Aleut
of Amazons
aquatic
of black blood
of Chola’s founding
of ecological sensibilities of Native
Americans
of Eden
of El Dorado
Indian Ocean in
of Japan
of John Smith
of New Zealand’s discovery
of noble savage
of origin
of Prester John
about rain forest
of Roman empire
Vasco da Gama in
Nabham, G. P.
Nabopolassar
Nagapattinam
Nagara-Kertagama (Winada-Propanca)
Nakaciuq
Namazga
Name of the Rose, The (Eco)
Napoleon I, Emperor of France
Napo River
Narasimha
Naregu
Narrative of Various Journeys in
Balochistan, Afghanistan and the
Panjab (Masson)
Natchez
nationalism, Filipino
Native Americans
effects of disease on
myth of ecological sensibilities of
revival of consciousness of
in Virginia
see also specific peoples
NATO
nature:
Amalia Effect and
catalhuyuk’s relationship with
Egyptian views on
revenge of
savagery and
Taoist view of
Naucratis
Nazca
Nazis, Nazism
Near East
see also specific places
Nebuchadnezzar II, King of Babylon
Needham, Joseph
Negri, Francesco
Nemi, Lake
Nenets
Nepal
Nestorian Christians
Netherlands
in Gujarat
maritime civilization of
in slave trade
Neubauer, John
New Deal
New England
as seaboard civilization
Newfoundland
New Guinea
highland
New Guinea Goldfields Corporation
New Mexico
New World
Arctic of
first sighting of
food distributed from
highland civilizations of
see also specific places
New Zealand
North Island of
Ngoni
Niani
Nicholas IV, Pope
Nicholas V, Pope
Nifont, Bishop
Nigeria
Niger River
Nile River
flooding of
as highway
Ning-kuo
Nintu
Ni Pi-chu’ang
noble savages
Bushmen as
Huron and
myth of
Polynesians as
Noli me tangere (Rizal)
nomadism, nomadic societies
controlled
Dawada compared with
grain use of
on Great Plains
of Sahara
of steppe
noncivilizations, superior survival of
Nordic Europe
Noril’sk
Normans
Norse
in Greenland
North America
Cabot’s voyage to (1497)
English colonies in
Icelanders in
Norse in
Russian outposts in
slavery in
see also specific places
North American woodlands
civilization by the evergreen frontier
in
early civilizations of
North Pole
North Sea
Northumbrian Renaissance
Norway
novels
Argentine
Chinese
Novgorod
Nubia
nuclear war
Nupe
Nyasa, Lake
Nyatsimka Mutota
Oaxaca, Monte Alban in
Ob River
oceanic civilization
Indian Ocean as Muslim lake and
precocity of Indian Ocean and
rise of
Vasco da Gama’s voyage and
see also Atlantic civilizations
oceans, cultural transmissions and
Odes (Horace)
Odyssey (Homer)
Oedipus the King (Sophocles)
oil, offshore
oil lamps
Okino-shima, shrine of
Oklahoma
Olafsson, Thorstein
Old World:
Arctic of
highland civilizations of
see also specific places
Olivercrona, Knut
olives
olivewood
Olmec (La Venta culture)
agriculture of
ceremonial centers of
mounds of
as progenitors of Mesoamerican
civilization
Olympia, statue of Zeus of
Olympic games
Omagua
Omaha
Omai, “Prince”
Ongons
optics
oracles:
of Amun
at Delphi
in Shang dynasty
oral tradition, in literature
Orangwoks
oran laut (sea people; Mawken)
Oresteia (Aeschylus)
origin myths, Sami
Origins of Civilization, The (Wolfson Lectures)
Orkneys
Ormond, “Mongo John”
Ortega y Gasset, Jose
Oslo Ship Museum
Ostrogothic Italy
Ostyak
Othere
Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor
Otto of Bamberg, Bishop
Otto of Freising
Ottoman Turks
in 1490 s
sea power of
Ottonian Renaissance
Outer Hebrides
outsiders:
deforestation by
importance of
terms for
Ou-yang Hsiu
Ovid
Ovonramwen, Oba
Owen, Robert
oxen
Pacal of Palenque
Pacific civilization
Pacific Ocean
Inca expeditions in
wind system in
Packenham, T.
Pagan
paganism:
Christianity compared with
Ethiopia vs.
forest associated with
Greek
Islam vs.
in Srivijaya
Pai-ling Miao
Pakistan
Palembang
Palenque
Palestine
Palmares
palm-nut
palm oil
pampa
Panama, Isthmus of
pandanus nuts
P’an-lung-ch’eng
Pan-po
Pantarkes
Papago
paper
Paris
Paris, University of
Parry, John
Parthenon
Parthians
Passage to India , A (Forster)
Paul, Saint
Payne, Francis
Peacock, Thomas Love
Pechora
Peloponnese
penal colonies
pepper trade
Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
Persepolis
Perses
Persia
Arab civilization and
Christendom as viewed by
decline of
Ethiopia compared with
Rabban Bar Sauma in
Roman empire vs.
Zoroaster in
Persian Gulf
Persian language
Peru
desert civilization in
slaves in
Spanish conquest of
see also Inca
Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia
Petrarch
Petronius
Phaistos
pharmacopoeia, Aleut
Pharos, lighthouse of Alexandria at
Pheidias
Philadelphia, Pa.
Philadelphus, King of Egypt
Philip II, King of Spain
Philip of Macedon
Philippines, influence of Renaissance
on
philosophy:
American
Greek
Phnom Penh
Phoenicians, Phoenicia
colonies of
near eradication of
trade of
writing system of
Phoenix, Ariz.
Picasso, Pablo
Picaud, Aimery
pigs, in New Guinea
pilgrims, pilgrimages:
guides for
to Mecca
Pinzon, Martin
pirates
of Chola
of Gujarat
in Japan
Malay
Turkish
Pitcairn Island
Plato
Boethius’s use of
metaphysics of
politics of
Platter, Thomas
Pliny
Plumb, Sir Jack
Pocahontas
Poe, Edgar Allen
Poetics (Aristotle)
poetry:
Chinese
Japan in
of Maya
Tibetan
Verona praised in
of Winada-Propanca
see also epics
Pokkelky
Poland, Poles
Moldavia’s conflict with
politics, political system:
American
of Atlantic civilization
of Aztecs
of Chaco culture
in China
failure of
of Hohokam
of Inca
of Indus Valley
of Moche
of Plato
of Sumer
of Vikings
zimbabwes and
Polo, Marco
Polybius
Polynesia, Polynesians
Polynesia, Polynesians,continued
in Hawaii and Easter Island
navigation of
Vikings compared with
Pomerania
Popocatepetl, volcano of
population growth:
in China
in Greece
intensive agriculture and
population shifts vs.
“Portolan charts,”
Porto Santo
Portugal, Portuguese
Atlantic coast of
Atlantic voyages of
chivalry in
Dutch relations with
in Ethiopia
free blacks and
in India
Mali’s decline and
Mweno Mutapa defended against
in Providence
ships of
slavery and
Vasco da Gama’s significance for
postglacial forests
fear of
Postl, Karl
potatoes
of Inca
pottery
Powhatan
Pragmatism (James)
Prairie, The (Cooper)
pregnancy, foods forbidden in
Prester John, legend of
primitivism, primitives
archetypal
mountain people as
romantic
Prince, Mary
printing press
Pripet Marshes
process, concept of
progress
failure of
as illusory
industrialization and
renunciation of nature and
sequences of
tradition as foundation of
Tukhachevsky’s views on
Protestant Reformation
Protestants
Proto-Indo-European
Providence, R.I.:
ice rink in
Portuguese in
Psalms
Pskov
Ptolemy I, King of Egypt
Pueblo
Pueraria lobata
Punt, land of
Puritans
Pustozersk
Puszcza Jodlowa (Zeromski)
Pylos
pyramids:
Egyptian
in Mesoamerica
Pythagoras
Qa’it Bey, Sultan of Egypt
Quakers
Quebec
Queneau, R.
“Quesqui Nahuamacehualme
Tiztoqueh?” (Martinez Hernandez)
Quigley, Carroll
quinoa
Quirigua
Quispaguanca
Quito
Quivira
Quran
slavery and
Rahnama
railways
Rain Forest Crunch
rain forests
Amazon
lost civilization in
Maya in
myths about
Rajendra, King of Chola
Raleigh, Sir Walter
Ral-pa-can, King of Tibet
Ramacandra Kaulacara
Rameses II, Pharaoh of Egypt Rameses III, Pharaoh of Egypt
Ramsay, James
ranching, ranches
Raratonga
Rasselas (Johnson)
Ravenna
realism, in art
Redin
Red Sea
reindeer
religion:
black
capitalism and
mass agriculture explained by
see also specific religions
Renaissance
Carolingian
in India
Italian
Northumbrian
Ottonian
reservation system, Iroquois and
Revillagigedo group
Reynolds, Sir Joshua
Rhodes, Colossus of
rice
in China
in Japan
of Khmer
in Southeast Asia
Riegel, A.
Rift Valley
rigging, for ships
Rigveda
Rimland
climatic zones of
early phase of
migrants to
use of term
Rizal, Jose
roads and routes:
of Achaemenids
in Chaco Canyon
desert
of Inca
in Japan
Mongol
silk
Robert of Molesme
Rolfe, John
Roman Catholicism
art and
in Venice
romanticism
Rome, Roman empire
Atlantic civilization and
barbarians and
Caractacus in
Celtic relationship with
China compared with
Christianity in
collapse of
deforestation and
Egypt and
Ethiopian relationship with
global spread of legacy of
Forum in
Greek influence on
independence of
Ottoman Turks compared with
Persia vs.
Phoenicians and
runes and
as seaboard civilization
rongorongo tablets
Roosevelt, Franklin D.
rosary, devotion of
Rosenthal, F.
Ross, John
Roswitha of Gandersheim
Roy, Raja Rammohun
Rozwi
rubber
runic writing
Russia, Russians
Aleuts and
China’s frontier with
conquest of Siberia by
maritime efforts of
Pacific empire of
Samoyeds as viewed by
Vikings in
Rustum Shah
Rwanda
rye
Ryukyu Islands, Fukien’s tribute from
Sabaeans
sacrifice:
animal
of god
human
Safavids
Safont, Guillem
Sagard, Father
sago palm
Sahara Desert
limits of civilization in
routes across
Sahel
Ghana empire in
grasslands of
imperialists of
Islam in
Mali empire in
Songhay empire in
steppe compared with
unrealized potential for cultural
cross-fertilization in
Sailendra dynasty
Saint Augustine
Salarich, Jaume
salt
Salt River
Samarkand
Samoa
Samoyeds (Sami)
burials of
Finnish scholarship about
migration north of
as noble savages
origin myths of
reindeer herding of
Russian denigration of
San Agustín
Sand, George
sandstorms
Sang-gye Gyamtsho
San Jose de Moro
San Lorenzo
Sanlucar
Sanskrit language
Santiago de Compostela
guide for pilgrims to
Santillana del Mar
S„o Paulo
Sapur I, King of Persia
Sardinia
Sargon of Akkad
Sarmatians
Sasanians
Sa-skya
Satrunjaya
Savaatii, Abbot
savagery, savages
noble
Spanish view of
Sawyer, Edward B., Jr.
Saxo Grammaticus
Saxony
Scandinavia
Netherlands compared with
seaboard civilization of
see also Samoyeds;specific places
Schama, S.
Schweitzer, Albert
science
American
Arab
Chinese, diffusion of
Egyptian
failure of
of Greeks
Western
Science and Civilisation in China
(Needham)
Scillies
Scotland
Scythians
“Sea, The” (Byron)
seaboard civilizations
defined
Greek and Roman
identification of
in maritime Asia
maritime Netherlands
nature of
oran laut
Scandinavia
on small islands,see small-island civilizations
see also Phoenicians, Phoenicia
seals, hunting of
“Sea Peoples,”
seeds, replacement of
Sei Shonagon
self-congratulation, diffusionist illusion
and
Semenov, Pietr
Senate, Venetian
“Sending the Esteemed Master Li to
Quanzhou” (Bao He)
Seneca
Senegal River
Sennacherib
Serbia
settled life, as criterion of civilization
Seven Wonders of the World
Colossus of Rhodes
Hanging Garden of Babylon
lighthouse of Alexandria
Mausoleum of Halicarnassus
pyramids
temple of Artemis of Ephesus
Zeus of Olympia
sexuality, sex
of Khmer
in Samoa
in Tahiti
Shakespeare, William
shamans
oracles compared with
Shams al-Din
Shang dynasty
civilization checklist for
lives and duties of kings in
Shaw, George Bernard
sheep
Shield Jaguar
Shih Huang Ti
shipbuilding
ships and boats:
dhows
food stores on
of Norse
oforan laut
steam power and
umiaks
water on
Shirazi sultans
Shoa
short stories:
horror
of Wagner
Shortughal
shrimp, salt-lake
Siam
Siberia
Russia’s conquest of
Greeks in
Sierra Leone
Sigismund I, Grand Duke of Lithuania
and King of Poland
Sigismund II, King
Sikandar Lodi, Sultan of Delhi
Sikkim
silk roads
silver
as currency
Silves, Diogo de
Simon, John
Singapore
Sinhala
Sinkiang
Sioux
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Sirwar Khan, Nawab
Skara Brae
Skateholm, burials at
Skelton, Elizabeth “Mammy,”
Skorba
Skudelev
slash-and-burn
slaves, slave trade
Atlantic civilization and
Benin and
Bushmen
in classical era
reproductive failure of
runaway,see maroons
Tuareg use of
in Virginia
Slavic peoples
slums
small-island civilizations
of Aleut
category of
Easter Island
Hawaii
Maldives
Malta
Minoan Crete
sea’s shaping of
see also Venice
small islands:
without maritime culture
mentality of
poverty and insecurity of
wealth of
smallpox
Smiles, Samuel
Smith, Adam
Smith, Dodie
Smith, John
Smoking Frog, King of Uaxactun
Social and Cultural Dynamics
(Sorokin)
socialism
society:
change in
use of word
sociobiologists:
civilization as viewed by
progress as viewed by
Socrates
soils:
deforestation and
of highlands
of Mekong Delta
in rain forest
see also alluvial soils in drying climates
Sokoto
Solomid dynasty
Solon
Somalia
Song dynasty
Songhay
in 1490s
Soninke
Sonni Ali
Sonoran Desert
Sontay
Sophocles
Sorokin, P. A.
Sostratus of Cnidus
South Africa
South China Sea
Southeast Asia
China’s influence on
islands of
oran laut of
rice in
seaboard civilizations of
ese also Khmer;specific places
South Sea Islands
Soviet Union
soybeans
Spain, Spaniards
in Amazon
Atlantic coast of
cave paintings in
chivalry in
conquistadores of
in Easter Island
in 1490s
in Florida
free blacks and
in Great Plains
Greeks in
Gulf Stream discovered by
Islam in
Maya and
Netherlands compared with
in Peru
Philip II’s death and
Renaissance influence in empire of
Romans in
Spanish America:
independence of
political culture of
see also specific places
Spartans
Spengler, Oswald
spice trade
Spiro
squash
Sredny Stog
Sri Lanka
“Lion Kingdom” of
Srindavarman, King
Srivijaya
Srong-brtsan-sgam-po, King of Tibet
stage, phases or cycles template for civilization
states
steam power
Stein, Aurel
stelae:
in Ethiopia
in Fukien
at Ta Promh
Stengess, stone circles of
Stephen of Ustyug
Stephens, John Lloyd
steppe,see Eurasian steppe
stirrup, invention of
Stoics
Stone Age
Stonehenge
Stormy Sky, King of Tikal
Strabo
Sudan
Sudebnik
Suez
Suez Canal
Sufis
sugar cane
in New Guinea
Suger, Abbot of St.-Denis
Sulawesi
Sulayman
Sullivan, Louis
Su-lu
Sumatra
Sumer
political system in
writing system of
Sumerian language
Sundiata
Sung dynasty
Superfund sites
superiority:
human, notion of
superiority,continued
Western, collapse of belief in
of Western Europe
Supreme Court, Swedish
surgery, Aleut
survival of the fittest
Suryavarman II, King of Khmer
Susa
sustainable-forest exploitation
swamps
in New Guinea
Swan, Donald
Sweden
imperialism of
Protestantism in
Supreme Court of
sweet potatoes
in New Guinea
Polynesians and
Syria
Szechwan
Tabasco
taboos:
of Bushmen
pregnancy
tree-felling and
Tacitus
Taghaza
Tahiti
Taiwan
Takla Haymanyot, Saint
Takla Makan
“Tale of the Hollow Tree,”
Tana
Tan-fu
Tanganyika
Tang dynasty
Tanjore
Taoism
Ta Promh, stela at
taro
Tartaria
Tarxien
Tarzan myth
Tasmania, Tasmanians
taxation
in China
in Egypt
see also tribute
Taz
technology
abandonment of
of Arctic peoples
of Bushmen
Chinese
Chinese, diffusion of
of Dutch
of Inca
of Iroquois
military
nautical
of New Guinea
ocean-spanning
of pyramid building
of Sami
of small islands
of steppe region
of Vikings
of Western civilization
zimbabwes and
temples:
in Chola
of Greeks
Hindu
Inca
Jain
of Khnum
Tenochtitlan
Teotihuacan
Ternate
Tertullian
Tetzacoalco
Texcoco, Lake
Thailand, Thais
Thaj
thalassocratic civilizations
Thales
Thebes
Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths
Thera
Thesiger, Wilfred
Thirst Veld
Thomas of Wrocl†aw, Bishop
Thoreau, Henry David
“Thou Art Indeed Just, Lord” (Hopkins)
Thule
Tiahuanaco
Tibet, Tibetans
Buddhism in
China’s relations with
divine kingship in
as highland civilization
Iran compared with
Mongol influence in
natural-life kingship in
rival reputations of
Tidore
Tien Shan
Tigris River
Tikal
Timaeus (Plato)
Timbuktu
Titicaca, Lake
Tlaxcalteca
tobacco
Tobago
Tocqueville, Alexis de
“To Helen” (Poe)
tolerance limits
tombs,see graves and tombs
Torgut
Tosa Diary, The
Toxandria
Toynbee, Arnold J.
trade
of Arabs
Aztec
of Benin
of catalhuyuk
of Celts
of China
of Chola
Dutch
of Ethiopia
of Fukien
fur
global
gold
in grasslands
Greek
of Gujarat
across Indian Ocean
of Khmer
language spread by
in Maldives
in New Guinea
pepper
of Phoenicians
of Roman empire
Scandinavian
slave,see slaves, slave trade
of small islands
of steppelanders
of Sumatra
trans-Eurasian
of Venice
tragedies, Greek
trans-Saharan routes
trees, sacred
Tregance, Louis
tribute
for Aztecs
for Hayan Wuruk
for Inca
for Ivan the Great
for Persian kings
from Ryukyu Islands to Fukien
for Shang dynasty
Zeker Ba’l’s refusal to pay
tropical lowlands
Amazon rain forest in
Frederik Hendrik Island
Khmer civilization of
Maya of
Olmec of
swamps in
Trundholm
Tsodilo (“Slippery”) Hills
Tsong-kha-pa
Tsou-hsin
Tsu Chia
Tuareg
Tukhachevsky, Mikhail
Tula
tundra
hostility of
see also Arctic
Tun-huang
Tupac Yupanqui
Tupaia
Turfan
Turkestan
Turkey, Turks
Iran’s relations with
see also Ottoman Turks
Turkmenia
Turner, J. M. W.
turtle meat
turtle shells
Tuscarora
Tututepec
typhoons
Tyre
Tziquite
Uaxactun
Udayadityavarman II, King of Khmer
Uganda
Uighurs
Ukranians
Ulf-Krakason, Gunnbjorn
Ultima Thule
umiaks
Unamuno, Miguel de
United Provinces
United States:
Alaska acquired by
as Atlantic civilization
cultural influence of
imperialism of
independence of
Midwest in
Northwest in
Southwest in
Superfund sites in
Upanishads
Ur
Urartians
urban revolution, as criterion of civilization
Urdaneta, Andres de
Ur-Nammu
Uruk
Usuman dan Fodio
Uxmal
Valerian, Roman Emperor
Valery, Paul
Valkeap‰‰, Nils
Vancouver, George
van der Post, Laurens
van Herberstein, Sigmund
Van Loon’s Geography
varea
Varna
vehicles, wheeled,see chariots, charioteers
Veneti
Venezuela
Venice
ceremony of marrying city to sea in
Ottoman Turks vs.
Veracruz
Verona
Viaggio setentrionale (Negri)
Vieira, Antonio de
Vieira, Jo„o Fernandes
Vietnam
as seaboard civilization
Vietnam War
Vikings
Villiers, Alan
Vilnius
Virgil
Virginia, Atlantic civilization in
Virji Vora
Visigoths
Vitruvius
Vivaldi brothers
Vivekananda, Swami
Vol d’Icare, Le (Queneau)
Volney, C. F.
Voltaire
Volta Valley
Vsevolod, Prince
Wagner, Erica
Wahgi Valley
Wahhabi
Waigatz
Walata
Walden or Life in the Woods (Thoreau)
Wales
Waley, A.
walruses, hunting of
Wang An-shih
Wang Yan-bin
Wang Yuan-ling
Wanika
Waq-waq navigators
warfare, warriors:
Amazon myth and
Aztec
biological and chemical
civilizational
Inca
in Indus Valley
jihad
of Mali
in New Guinea
nuclear
pre-Hispanic ball game and
in Sahel
slave trade and
of steppe
of Tibet
Tuareg
in twentieth century
warrior-kings, Maya
“War Song of Dinas Pawr” (Peacock)
water:
on desert routes
in Kalahari
of Malta
on ships
Sinhalese management of
see also irrigation systems
wati cult
wealth gap
weather, Huntington’s views on
Weber, Alfred
Weber, Max
Weberian social theory
Weinamun
welfare systems
Wellard, James
Wessex
West Africa
Courland’s interests in
see also specific places
Western civilization
defined
limits and limitations of
revenge of nature and
self-threatened menace to
West Indies, slavery in
whales, hunting of
wheat
in China
in grasslands
White, Walter Grainge
Whitehead, Alfred North
White Lotus movement
Whitman, Walt
Wild Child of Aveyron
Wilde, Oscar
wild men
William of Orange, King of England
William of Rubruck, Friar
Winada-Propanca
Winchester, Simon
Winding Road
windmills
winds:
easterlies
monsoons
trade
westerlies
Wolfson Lectures
women:
in Almoravid world
Bushmen
Khmer
Maya
Mongol
Tuareg
Wood, John Turtle
Woolworth Building
Works and Days (Hesiod)
“world orders,” use of term
World War I
World War II
Wright, Frank Lloyd
Wright brothers
writing systems
in China
as criterion for civilization
of Druids
of Easter Island
in Greece
Harappan
in India
invention of
of Maya
Minoan
oldest
of Phoenicians
problems in defining of
runic
Sumerian
of Tuareg
of Zapotecs
Wu Ting
Wu Wei
Wuyang
Wyckoff, Elizabeth
Xerxes, King of Persia
Xochimilco
Yahuar-Cocha, Lake
yam
Yamato
Yangtze River
Yangtze Valley
Yao country
Yared the deacon
Yaxchilan
Yax Pac, King
Yearsley, Ann
Yeha
Yekuno Amlak, King
Yellow Emperor
Yellow River
Yellow River Valley
Yemen
Yimrihane Krestos, King
Younghusband, Francis
Yucatan, Maya of
Yum-bu-bla-sgang, portraits at
Yunfa, King of Gobi
Yung-lo Emperor
Yupik,see Inuit
Yu the Great
Zafari
Zagwe
Zakros
Zambezi River
Zanzibar
Zapotecs
Zara-Ya’qob, negus of Ethiopia
Zaynab al-Nafzawiya
Zeila
Zeno, Saint
Zeromski, Stefan
Zeus of Olympia
Zhou Wei
ziggurats
zimbabwes
see also Great Zimbabwe
Ziqwala
Zivilisation
Zoe, Tsarina of Russia
Zong , slaves drowned on
Zoroaster
Zoroastrianism
Zosima
Zumbi, King of Palmares