1. Jasmine Dumile (@MFDOOM), “Begin all things by giving thanks to THE ALL!,” Instagram caption, December 31, 2020, accessed December 31, 2020, instagram.com/p/CJefkDalNYo/?igshid=jojfrkanfmdb.
2. Jordan Moreau and Andrew Barker, “Rapper MF DOOM Dies at 49,” Variety, December 31, 2020.
3. Ryan O’Connor, “MF DOOM: Rap’s Greatest Comic Book Villain” Clocked In Magazine, Medium, January 4, 2021.
4. Adam Davidson, “In Memoriam: MF DOOM, the Closest Companion I Never Met,” in Atwood Magazine, February 18, 2021.
5. Metal Fist Terrorist, “MF DOOM—In depth interview with Benji B,” YouTube video, January 20, 2014, youtu.be/JkIBbC9-MPM?si=lkG1-_T8MH3_b7qn.
6. Jockey Slut, “The Man in the Iron Mask,” in Jockey Slut, June 8, 2004.
7. David Ma, “Solid Gold Telephone: An Interview with MF DOOM,” Passion of the Weiss, January 9, 2019.
8. Ma, “Solid Gold Telephone.”
9. Ta-Nehisi Coates, “The Mask of DOOM: A Nonconformist Rapper’s Second Act,” New Yorker, September 14, 2009.
10. Metal Fist Terrorist, “MF DOOM” video.
11. Ediction UK, “MF DOOM Interview,” YouTube video, September 8, 2014, youtu.be/b6En7HoD94s.
12. Ediction UK, “MF DOOM Interview” video.
1. DOCtAKH, “KMD-MF DOOM Way: Ceremony and Celebration,” YouTube video, August 3, 2021, 0:00–1:00, youtu.be/1h-ziPSMUQ8.
2. DOCtAKH, “KMD-MF DOOM.”
3. Noah Yoo, “Untangling MF DOOM’s Lifelong Struggle with the US Immigration System,” Pitchfork, June 22, 2021.
4. Yoo, “Untangling MF DOOM’s.”
5. Ta-Nehisi Coates, “The Mask of DOOM: A Nonconformist Rapper’s Second Act,” New Yorker, September 14, 2009.
6. Red Bull Music Academy, “MF DOOM: Interview with the Masked Villain,” YouTube video, May 14, 2015, youtu.be/JGu0ao_rdAk.
7. Red Bull Music Academy, “MF DOOM: Interview” video.
8. Peter Agoston, “Episode 100—DOOM,” May 16, 2003, in The House List, podcast.
9. Red Bull Music Academy, “MF DOOM: Interview” video.
10. Red Bull Music Academy, “MF DOOM: Interview” video.
11. Luke Fox, “The Mask of DOOM,” Exclaim!, January 5, 2021.
12. Hua Hsu, “Mask of Sorrow,” The Wire, March 1, 2005.
1. Luke Fox, “Mask Off with MF DOOM,” Exclaim!, January 4, 2021.
2. Fox, “Mask Off.”
3. Brian Coleman, Check the Technique, Volume 2: More Liner Notes for Hip-Hop Junkies (Everett, MA: Wax Facts Press, 2014), 282.
4. Coleman, Check the Technique, 283–284.
5. KMD interview, Hip-Hop Connection, October 1, 1991.
6. Red Bull Music Academy, “MF DOOM: Interview with the Masked Villain,” YouTube video, May 14, 2015, youtu.be/JGu0ao_rdAk.
7. Chris Wilder, “I’m Is God,” The Source, August 1991.
1. Brian Coleman, Check the Technique, Volume 2: More Liner Notes for Hip-Hop Junkies (Everett, MA: Wax Facts Press, 2014), 285.
2. Hugo Lunny, MF DOOM interview, MVRemix, April 29, 2002.
3. Red Bull Music Academy, “MF DOOM: Interview with the Masked Villain,” YouTube video, May 14, 2015, youtu.be/JGu0ao_rdAk.
4. Andrew Mason, “Behind the Mask,” Wax Poetics, December 8, 2020.
5. Andrew Nosnitsky, “CM Fam,” in Frank 151: Chapter 48—DOOM, January 2012.
6. Nosnitsky, “CM Fam.”
7. 24/7HH, “Del the Funky Homosapien—Meeting KMD and Relationship with MF DOOM (24/7HH Exclusive),” YouTube video, August 10, 2016, youtu.be/-bOUikKFlJI.
8. Coleman, Check the Technique, 286–287.
9. Coleman, Check the Technique, 297.
10. Coleman, Check the Technique, 287.
1. Jerry M. Levin, op-ed, Wall Street Journal, July 3, 1992.
2. Mike Heck, “Ice-T Speaks Out on Censorship, Cop Killer, Leaving Warner Bros., and More,” The ROC, October 13, 2007.
3. Cage interview, Rap Worlds Forum, March 22, 2007.
4. Cage interview, Rap Worlds Forum.
5. Kinetta Powell-Dumile, “In Memory of Subroc,” The Source, July 1993.
6. Kurious Jorge, “Everything’s Changed,” 2021, in Did I Ever Tell You the One About … MF DOOM, podcast.
7. Jorge, “Everything’s Changed.”
8. Brian Coleman, Check the Technique, Volume 2: More Liner Notes for Hip-Hop Junkies (Everett, MA: Wax Facts Press, 2014), 288–289.
9. 24/7HH, “Del the Funky Homosapien, Meeting KMD and Relationship with MF DOOM (24/7HH Exclusive),” YouTube video, August 10, 2016, youtu.be/bOUikKFlJI.
10. Big Benn Klingon, “Everything’s Changed,” 2021, in Did I Ever Tell You the One About … MF DOOM, podcast.
11. Red Bull Music Academy, “MF DOOM: Interview with the Masked Villain,” YouTube video, May 14, 2015, youtu.be/JGu0ao_rdAk.
12. Coleman, Check the Technique, 291–292.
13. Jon Shecter, “Corporate Hysteria,” editorial, The Source, June 1994.
14. Coleman, Check the Technique, 291.
15. Shecter, “Corporate Hysteria.”
16. Havelock Nelson, Billboard, April 16, 1994.
17. Coleman, Check the Technique, 289–290.
18. Coleman, Check the Technique, 293.
19. Shecter, “Corporate Hysteria.”
20. Coleman, Check the Technique, 292.
21. Ronin Ro, “Life After Death,” The Source, June 1994.
22. Ro, “Life After Death.”
1. Cecil Brown, Stagolee Shot Billy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), 24.
2. “Beyond Good and Evil: Rapper MF DOOM’s New Works of Hip-Hop Fiction Reinvent the Hero Principle for the Modern Age,” Phoenix New Times, July 24, 2003.
3. “Beyond Good,” Phoenix New Times.
4. Hua Hsu, “Mask of Sorrow,” The Wire, March 1, 2005.
5. Hsu, “Mask of Sorrow.”
6. Joseph Campbell with Bill Moyers, The Power of Myth (New York: Doubleday Books, 1988), 99.
7. Bradford W. Wright, Comic Book Nation: The Transformation of Youth Culture in America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 28.
8. Wright, Comic Book Nation, 203.
9. Douglas Wolk, All of the Marvels: A Journey to the Ends of the Biggest Story Ever Told (New York: Penguin Press, 2021), 55.
10. Wolk, All of the Marvels, 56.
11. Neil Drumming, “The Nerd Behind the Mask” Village Voice, August 21, 2001.
1. David Kalat, A Critical History and Filmography of Toho’s Godzilla Series (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2010), 4–5.
2. Kalat, A Critical History, 81.
3. “Beyond Good and Evil: Rapper MF DOOM’s New Works of Hip-Hop Fiction Reinvent the Hero Principle for the Modern Age,” Phoenix New Times, July 24, 2003.
4. “Beyond Good,” Phoenix New Times.
5. “Beyond Good,” Phoenix New Times.
6. Hua Hsu, “Mask of Sorrow,” The Wire, March 1, 2005.
7. Andrew Mason, “Behind the Mask,” Wax Poetics, December 8, 2020.
8. Hugo Lunny, MF DOOM interview, MVRemix, April 29, 2002.
9. Mason, “Behind the Mask.”
10. Mason, “Behind the Mask.”
11. Alex Rosado, “The Many Face of DOOM,” Impose Magazine, September 2003.
12. Christopher R. Weingarten, “Three Faces of DOOM,” College Music Journal, September 2003.
1. Susan J. Palmer, “The Ansaaru Allah Community,” in The Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements (Boston: Brill Publishers, 2021), 700.
2. Adam Heimlich, “Black Egypt: A Visit to Tama-Re,” NY Press, November 8, 2000.
3. James McNally, “Confessions of a Mask,” Hip-Hop Connection UK, June 10, 2004.
4. Gabriel Warburg, Islam, Sectarianism, and Politics in Sudan since the Mahdiyya, (University of Wisconsin Press, 2003), 171–175.
5. Ruby S. Garnett, Soul Sacrifice: One Story of Many (Bloomington, IN: Author House, 2011), 112.
6. Palmer, “Ansaaru Allah Community,” 718.
7. Garnett, Soul Sacrifice, 19.
8. Palmer, “Ansaaru Allah Community,” 719.
9. Heimlich, “Black Egypt.”
10. Garnett, Soul Sacrifice, 129.
1. Andrew Nosnitsky, “CM Fam,” in Frank 151: Chapter 48—DOOM, January 2012.
2. Kurious Jorge, “Everything’s Changed,” 2021, in Did I Ever Tell You the One About … MF DOOM, podcast.
3. Kurious Jorge, “Everything’s Changed.”
4. Jon Caramanica, “How Zev Love X Became MF Doom,” January 23, 2021, in Popcast, podcast, New York Times.
5. Caramanica, “How Zev.”
6. Caramanica, “How Zev.”
7. Caramanica, “How Zev.”
1. Bobbito Garcia, “How Zev Love X Became MF Doom,” January 7, 2021, in Popcast, podcast, New York Times.
2. Peter Agoston, “Episode 100—DOOM,” May 16, 2003, in The House List, podcast.
3. Alex Pappademus, “Imminent DOOM,” Spin, December 1, 2004.
4. Peter Agoston, “Episode 75—Lord Scotch 79/KEO X-Men,” 2018, in The House List, podcast.
5. Blake Lethem, “Everything’s Changed,” January 2021, in Did I Ever Tell You the One About … MF DOOM, podcast.
6. Lethem, “Everything’s Changed.”
7. Lethem, “Everything’s Changed.”
8. Andrew Mason, “Behind the Mask,” Wax Poetics, December 8, 2020.
9. David Ma, “Solid Gold Telephone: An Interview with MF DOOM,” Nerdtorious.com, January 2, 2019.
10. Mason, “Behind the Mask.”
11. Luke Fox, “Mask Off with MF DOOM,” Exclaim!, January 4, 2021.
12. Ta-Nehisi Coates, “The Mask of DOOM: A Nonconformist Rapper’s Second Act,” New Yorker, September 14, 2009.
13. Mason, “Behind the Mask.”
1. Matt Horowitz, “Shadows of Tomorrow: Nice & Nasty Vaz Speaks about MF DOOM’s Early Career & Booking His First ‘Secret’ Show (The Witzard Interview),” The Witzard, January 20, 2021, thewitzard.blogspot.com/2021/01/shadows-of-tomorrow-nice-nasty-vaz.html.
2. Drew Fortune, “The Unknowable MF DOOM,” Vulture, January 28, 2021.
3. Fortune, “Unknowable MF DOOM.”
4. Phillip Mlynar, “The Nuyorcan Poets Club, A DIY Hip-Hop Incubator,” Red Bull Music Academy, November 7, 2018, daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2018/11/nuyorican-poets-cafe-feature.
1. Robert Greene, The 48 Laws of Power (New York: Penguin Books, 2000).
2. Red Bull Music Academy, “MF DOOM: Interview with the Masked Villain,” YouTube video, May 14, 2015, youtu.be/JGu0ao_rdAk.
3. Red Bull Music Academy, “MF DOOM: Interview” video.
4. Red Bull Music Academy, “MF DOOM: Interview” video.
5. Peter Agoston, “Episode 100—DOOM,” May 16, 2003, in The House List, podcast.
6. Robert Christgau, “Consumer Guide,” Village Voice, August 7, 2001.
7. Christgau, “Consumer Guide.”
8. Bobbito Garcia, “How Zev Love X Became MF Doom,” January 7, 2021, in Popcast, podcast, New York Times.
9. Adam Bhala Lough, “Adventures with the Supervillain,” in Frank 151: Chapter 48—DOOM, January 2012.
1. Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, The Villainy of Doctor Doom (Marvel Enterprises, 1999), 11.
1. Red Bull Music Academy, “MF DOOM: Interview with the Masked Villain,” YouTube video, May 14, 2015, youtu.be/JGu0ao_rdAk.
2. Red Bull Music Academy, “MF DOOM: Interview” video.
3. Peter Agoston, “Episode 100—DOOM,” May 16, 2003, in The House List, podcast.
4. Agoston, “Episode 100—DOOM.”
5. Red Bull Music Academy, “MF DOOM: Interview” video.
1. Red Bull Music Academy, “MF DOOM: Interview with the Masked Villain,” YouTube video, May 14, 2015, youtu.be/JGu0ao_rdAk.
2. Ediction UK, “MF DOOM Interview,” YouTube video, September 8, 2014, youtu.be/b6En7HoD94s.
3. Alex Rosado, “The Many Face of DOOM,” Impose Magazine, September 2003.
4. Rosado, “The Many Face.”
5. Rosado, “The Many Face.”
6. Red Bull Music Academy, “MF DOOM: Interview” video.
7. Rosado, “The Many Face.”
8. MF DOOM interview, “MF DOOM Becomes the Vaudeville Villain,” Day to Day, NPR, October 1, 2003.
9. Rollie Pemberton, “Vaudeville Villain/Viktor Vaughn Review,” Pitchfork, September 15, 2003.
1. Rollie Pemberton and Nick Sylvester, “Madvillain/Madvillainy Review,” Pitchfork, March 25, 2004.
2. Village Voice.
3. J-23, “Madvillain-Madvillainy,” Hip-Hop DX, March 15, 2004.
4. Madvillain review, Mojo, June 2004, 114.
5. Madvillain review, Q Magazine, July 2004, 116.
6. The Needle Drop, March 2004.
7. Jeff Weiss, “Searching for Tomorrow: The Story of Madlib and DOOM’s Madvillainy,” Pitchfork, August 12, 2014.
8. Peter Agoston, “Episode 69—Count Bass D,” 2018, in The House List, podcast.
9. Agoston, “Episode 69—Count Bass D.”
10. Jason Newman, “Madvillain Exec Egon Remembers MF DOOM,” Rolling Stone, March 17, 2021.
11. “The Man in the Iron Mask,” Jockey Slut, June 8, 2004.
12. Luke Fox, “Mask Off with MF DOOM,” Exclaim!, January 4, 2021.
13. Red Bull Music Academy, “MF DOOM: Interview with the Masked Villain,” YouTube video, May 14, 2015, youtu.be/JGu0ao_rdAk.
14. Red Bull Music Academy, “MF DOOM: Interview” video.
15. Fox, “Mask Off.”
16. Miranda Jane, “Mad Lib,” Mass Appeal, 2001.
17. Will Hagle, Madvillainy (New York: Bloomsbury Publishing Inc, 2023), 111.
18. Egon Alapatt, “Blunted on Beats: Madvillain Interview,” Wax Poetics, February 8, 2004.
19. Alapatt, “Blunted on Beats.”
20. Fox, “Mask Off.”
21. Will Gottsegen, “Madvillainy at 15: MF DOOM on the Legacy of His Classic Collaboration,” Spin, March 25, 2019.
22. Gottsegen, “Madvillainy at 15.”
23. Alapatt, “Blunted on Beats.”
24. Weiss, “Searching for Tomorrow.”
25. Gottsegen, “Madvillainy at 15.”
26. Brett Rollins, “The Story Behind Madvillain’s Madvillainy (2004) with Jeff Jank,” Ego Trip, December 11, 2011, archived at stonesthrow.com/news/uncovered-madvillainy.
27. Fox, “Mask Off.”
28. Gottsegen, “Madvillainy at 15.”
29. Gottsegen, “Madvillainy at 15.”
30. Gottsegen, “Madvillainy at 15.”
31. Hagle, Madvillainy, 116.
32. Weiss, “Searching for Tomorrow.”
1. Shawn Setaro, “Rhymesayers at 20: An Oral History,” Forbes, November 30, 2015.
2. Setaro, “Rhymesayers at 20.”
3. Victoria Hernandez, “Rhymesayers CEO Brent ‘Siddiq’ Sayers Details Turning Down Interscope Offer from Jimmy Iovine,” Hip-Hop DX, December 4, 2015.
4. Kwanele Sosibo, “Forever Dope: Stahhr on Lessons from DOOM,” Mail & Guardian (South Africa), January 8, 2021.
5. Jaelani Turner-Williams, “Impending DOOM: ‘Mm . . Food’ Warned You 15 Years Ago,” Complex.com, November 15, 2019, complex.com/pigeons-and-planes/a/jaelanitw/mf-doom-mm-food-anniversary.
6. Sosibo, “Forever Dope.”
7. Sosibo, “Forever Dope.”
8. Turner-Williams, “Impending DOOM.”
9. Turner-Williams, “Impending DOOM.”
10. Sosibo, “Forever Dope.”
11. Sosibo, “Forever Dope.”
12. Luke Fox, “Mask Off with MF DOOM,” Exclaim!, January 4, 2021.
13. XXL Staff, “DOOM Shares the Stories Behind Ten of His Best Verses,” XXL, October 13, 2013.
14. Turner-Williams, “Impending DOOM.”
15. Turner-Williams, “Impending DOOM.”
16. XXL Staff, “DOOM Shares.”
17. Fox, “Mask Off.”
1. Brian Hiatt, “Danger Mouse,” Rolling Stone, May 1, 2008.
2. “Danger Mouse Interview, Pt. 1,” UCLA Magazine, August 11, 2009.
3. XXL Staff, “DOOM Shares the Stories Behind Ten of His Best Verses,” XXL, October 13, 2013.
4. XXL Staff, “DOOM Shares.”
5. “Review of The Mouse and the Mask,” Entertainment Weekly, October 14, 2005, p. 152.
6. Peter Macia, “The Mouse and the Mask: Review,” Pitchfork, October 11, 2005.
7. Keith Harris, “DangerDOOM: The Mouse and The Mask,” Spin, October 6, 2005.
8. Danger Mouse, interviewed by Steven Soderbergh, in Interview, November 29, 2008.
1. Red Bull Music Academy, “MF DOOM: Interview with the Masked Villain,” YouTube video, May 14, 2015, youtu.be/JGu0ao_rdAk.
2. David Downs, “Reclusive Rapper DOOM Talks New LP ‘Born Like This’ and Responds to Fan Rage,” Rolling Stone, March 23, 2009.
3. Red Bull Music Academy, “MF DOOM: Interview” video.
4. John Dodge, “The Fantastic Four Just Gave Hope to Doctor DOOM’s Most Devious Creations,” CBR, December 11, 2022, cbr.com/fantastic-four-doombot-doctor-doom-marvel.
5. Courtney Brown, “Remembering MF DOOM: A Personal Story,” The Source, February 5, 2021.
6. Ben Westhoff, “From Madvillain to Milli Vanilli,” The Village Voice, August 28, 2007.
7. Ben Westhoff, “Suspended Disbelief Dissed: MF DOOM,” Creative Loafing, January 8, 2008.
8. Andrew Noz, “DOOM: Shadows on the Sun,” Hip-Hop DX, April 13, 2009.
9. David Ma, “Solid Gold Telephone: An Interview with MF DOOM,” Nerdtorious.com, January 2, 2019.
10. Red Bull Music Academy, “MF DOOM: Interview” video.
11. Noz, “DOOM: Shadows.”
12. Ma, “Solid Gold Telephone.”
13. Noz, “DOOM: Shadows.”
14. Ma, “Solid Gold Telephone.”
15. Noz, “DOOM: Shadows.”
16. Noz, “DOOM: Shadows.”
17. Nate Patrin, “Born Like This Review,” Pitchfork, April 6, 2009.
1. XXL Staff, “DOOM Shares the Stories Behind Ten of His Best Verses,” XXL, October 13, 2013.
2. David Kane, “DOOM Interview,” Bonafide, issue 6, 2012.
3. Kidd Future, “The Futurist: Bishop Nehru’s Got the Juice,” The Boombox, August 16, 2013.
4. Jaap van der Doelen, “Behind the Scenes of MF DOOM’s New Adult Swim Project,” Mass Appeal, August 14, 2017.
5. Rob Hakimian, “Czarface Reveals New DOOM Collab Album, Super What?,” Beats Per Minute, May 5, 2021.
1. Rhian Daly, “Busta Rhymes Pays Tribute to MF DOOM,” NME, January 3, 2021.
2. Daly, “Busta Rhymes Pays.”
3. Janet Lee, “Rapper MF DOOM Remembered by Musicians, ‘May Your Sound Inspire Music Forever,’” Variety, December 31, 2020.
4. Rob Conlon, “Supervillain in Leeds, Operation: DOOMSDAY,” Square Ball Magazine, February 25, 2022.
5. Conlon, “Supervillain in Leeds.”
6. Andrew Robinson, “Heartbroken Wife of Famous Musician Has Unanswered Question after Sudden Death in Leeds,” LeedsLive, July 4, 2023.
7. Robinson, “Heartbroken Wife.”
8. Andrew Robinson, “Leeds Hospital Says Sorry after Famous Musician Died from ‘Rare’ Reaction to Drug,” LeedsLive, July 6, 2023.
1. Ta-Nehisi Coates, “The Mask of DOOM: A Nonconformist Rapper’s Second Act,” New Yorker, September 14, 2009.
2. Brendan Dunne, “MF DOOM and the SB Dunk: How Nike Captured the Supervillain,” Complex, February 1, 2021.
3. Darragh MacManus, “The Sneakers of MF DOOM,” Welcome Blog, September 21, 2021.
4. Simon Woods, “RIP MF DOOM: Remembering the Nash Money Sneaker Speakers,” Sneaker Freaker, June 1, 2021.
5. Will Gottsegen, “Just in Time for Halloween: Rapper MF DOOM Auctioning NFT Masks,” Decrypt, October 19, 2020.