Chapter 31
“A SIGNIFICANT AND OMINOUS CHANGE”
1. Interview with Tachibana, August 9, 1950.
2. Statement by Tachibana, September 10, 1950.
3. PHA, Part 12, p. 261.
4. Ibid., Part 9, p. 4534.
5. Ibid., Part 2, pp. 886–88.
6. Ibid., p. 904.
7. Ibid., p. 817.
8. Ibid., Part 9, p. 4526.
9. Ibid., p. 4534.
10. Ibid., pp. 4563–64.
11. Ibid., pp. 4594–95.
12. Ibid., Part 29, p. 2454.
13. Ibid., Part 9, pp. 4177, 4194.
14. Ibid., pp. 4195–96.
15. Ibid., Part 4, p. 1725.
16. Ibid., Part 8, p. 3411.
17. Ibid., Part 4, pp. 1748–49.
18. Ibid., pp. 1840–41.
19. Ibid., Part 8, pp. 3390–91.
20. Ibid., p. 3391.
21. Ibid., p. 3405.
22. Ibid., Part 5, p. 2175.
23. Ibid., Part 4, p. 2019.
24. Ibid., Part 33, pp. 883–84.
25. Ibid., Part 33, p. 897.
26. Ibid., Part 5, p. 2177.
27. Ibid., pp. 2175–76.
28. Ibid., Part 4, p. 1922.
29. Ibid., Part 7, pp. 2956–57.
30. Ibid., Part 6, pp. 2542–43.
31. Ibid., Part 2, p. 795.
32. Interview with Yoshikawa, September 11, 1955.
33. PHA, Part 12, p. 262.
34. Interview with Yoshikawa, September 14, 1955.
35. PHA, Part 35, p. 357.
36. Ibid., p. 382.
37. Interview with Yoshikawa, September 10, 1955.
38. PHA, Part 4, p. 1841.
39. Investigation of Un-American Propaganda Activities in the United States, Hearings Before a Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatitives, Seventy-Seventh Congress, First Session, on H. Res. 282, Appendix VI, Report on Japanese Activities, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1942, pp. 1725–26.
40. Interview with Congressman Martin Dies, March 1, 1955 (hereafter Dies).
41. Washington Times-Herald, September 21, 1941.
42. Congressional Record, Vol. 87, Part 7, October 2, 1941, p. 7592.
43. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, October 3, 1941.
44. Interview with Senator Guy M. Gillette, February 19, 1955 (hereafter Gillette).
45. Washington Evening Star, October 11, 1941; Stimson Diary, October 7, 1941.
46. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, October 16, 1941.
47. William Gellerman, Martin Dies (New York, 1944), p. 223.
48. Interviews with Dies, March 1, 1955, and Gillette, February 19, 1955.
49. Rengo Kantai, p. 6.
Chapter 32
“NO MATTER WHAT THE COST”
1. In numerous interviews with Genda and Fuchida, neither could pinpoint the date more precisely.
2. Interview with Fuchida, August 23, 1967. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen No Shinso, pp. 40–49.
3. Interview with Kusaka and Genda, August 23, 1947. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 182.
4. Interview with Yoshioka, September 23, 1949.
5. Interview with Fuchida, August 23, 1967.
6. Shinjuwan Sakusen No Shinso, p. 45.
7. Interview with Fuchida, August 23, 1967.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Shinjuwan Sakusen No Shinso, p. 49.
11. Interview with Fuchida, August 23, 1967.
12. Interview with Kusaka and Genda, August 24, 1947.
13. Interview with Yoshioka, September 22, 1949. This account of the Kanoya meeting is based upon interviews with all those present who survived the war. Hawai Sakusen, p. 109, gives the date as September 29, 1941.
14. Interview with Tsukahara, May 6, 1949.
15. Interview with Genda, April 10, 1950.
16. Interview with Tsukahara, May 14, 1949.
17. Interview with Kusaka, August 27, 1949.
18. Rengo Kantai, p. 4; Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 165.
19. Interviews with Yoshioka, September 21 and 22, 1949.
20. Interview with Genda, April 10, 1950.
21. Interviews with Tsukahara, May 14, 1949; Kusaka, August 27, 1949.
22. Interview with Genda, September 10, 1950.
23. Interview with Kusaka, August 27, 1949.
24. Interview with Yoshioka, September 21, 1949.
25. The exact date of this meeting is difficult to determine. Kusaka recalled it as taking place almost immediately after the Kanoya conference. Hawai Sakusen, p. 109, gives the date as October 3. If the latter is correct, the meeting took place aboard Mutsu because Nagato was under repairs October 2–8, 1941; but Kusaka always spoke to the author of the meeting as being aboard Nagato.
26. Interview with Kusaka, August 25, 1947.
27. Ibid., June 29, 1949.
28. Rengo Kantai, p. 5.
29. Interview with Kusaka, June 29, 1947. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 166.
30. Hawai Sakusen, p. 109.
31. Interview with Kusaka, August 23, 1947.
32. Ibid., June 29, 1947.
33. Rengo Kantai, p. 5.
34. Interview with Kuroshima, May 10, 1948.
35. Interview with Kusaka, August 23, 1947.
36. Interview with Kuroshima, May 10, 1948.
37. Rengo Kantai, pp. 5–6.
Chapter 33
“NOW THE CLOUDS WERE RAISED”
1. Interview with Genda, April 6, 1947. Also Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, p. 202; Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 192; “Higeki Shinjuwan Kogeki,” p. 206. These accounts give conflicting dates. Hawai Sakusen, for example, gives the date as October 7. Genda’s earlier testimony is probably correct.
2. Interviews with Genda, April 6, 1947; Capt. Naohira Sata, November 23, 1947 (hereafter Sata).
3. Interview with Fuchida, May 25, 1947.
4. Ibid.
5. Interview with Watanabe, August 16, 1969.
6. Interviews with Fuchida, May 25 and 27, 1947. Masuda received his appointment on March 25, 1941; all the others on September 1, 1941, except for Kusumoto, who received his on September 15, 1941, and Shimoda, who was not appointed to his post until September 25, 1941.
7. Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 195; interview with Cmdr. Takahisa Amagai, September 14, 1949 (hereafter Amagai).
8. Statement by RADM. Takatsugu Jojima, July 17, 1951 (hereafter Jojima).
9. Interview with Capt. Hisai Shimoda, November 21, 1949 (hereafter Shimoda).
10. Interview with Sata, November 23, 1949.
11. Interview with Amagai, September 14, 1949.
12. Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, pp. 196–97; “Higeki Shinjuwan Kogeki,” p. 206; interviews with Shimoda, November 21, 1949; Genda, April 6, 1947.
13. Interview with Watanabe, April 12, 1948.
14. Interview with Fuchida, May 25, 1947.
15. Interview with Genda, August 24, 1947; Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, pp. 111, 202, 261.
16. Rengo Kantai, pp. 13–14.
17. Interview with Yoshioka, September 23, 1949.
18. Interview with Genda, December 28, 1947.
19. Interview with Fuchida, May 28, 1947.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen No Shinso, pp. 63–64; Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, pp. 213–14.
22. Interviews with Fuchida, May 24 and 27, 1947. See also Shinjuwan Sekusen No Shinso, p. 61.
23. Ibid., May 27, 1947.
24. Interview with Lt. Cmdr. Jinichi Goto, January 31, 1950 (hereafter Goto).
25. Shinjuwan Sakusen No Shinso, p. 53.
26. Ibid., p. 54.
27. Ibid., p. 55.
28. Ibid., pp. 55–56.
29. Ibid., pp. 56–57.
30. Interview with Fuchida, May 24, 1947.
31. Interview with Goto, January 31, 1950.
32. Interview with Fuchida, May 24, 1947.
33. Interview with Matsumura, January 8, 1965.
34. Interview with Fuchida, May 27, 1947.
35. Interview with Matsumura, January 8, 1965.
36. Interview with Amagai, September 14, 1949.
37. Interview with Fuchida, May 28, 1947.
38. Ibid., May 25, 1947.
39. Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, p. 196.
40. Interview with Genda, December 28, 1947.
41. Interview with Fuchida, December 10, 1963.
42. Interview with Genda, December 28, 1947.
43. Interview with Fuchida, May 25, 1947.
44. Interview with Fuchida, July 23, 1948.
45. Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, p. 196.
Chapter 34
“THE POWER, THE PURPOSE AND THE PLAN”
1. Uchida Notes, October 1–4, 1941.
2. Interview with Uchida, April 27, 1951.
3. PHA, Part 12, pp. 46–47.
4. The New York Times, October 2, 1941.
5. Oral Statement, October 2, 1941, Hull Papers, Box 72–73; State Department Memorandum of Conversation, October 2, 1941, Hull Papers, Box 60.
6. Japan’s Decision, pp. 180–81; Complete History, p. 190.
7. PHA, Part 12, p. 54.
8. Complete History, p. 191.
9. Stimson Diary, October 6, 1941.
10. PHA, Part 12, pp. 62–63.
11. Ibid., p. 63.
12. Ten Years in Japan, pp. 455–56.
13. Complete History, pp. 192–93. See also PHA, Part 20, p. 4009: Kido Diary, October 12, 1941. For an excellent account of the Japanese Cabinet crisis, see Tojo and the Coming of the War, pp. 268–309.
14. PHA, Part 12, p. 64.
15. Kido Diary, October 16, 1941. A translation of Konoye’s letter of resignation appears in PHA, Part 20, pp. 4025–26.
16. PHA, Part 20, p. 4011. See also Kido Diary, October 16, 1941; Tojo and the Coming of the War, pp. 291–93.
17. Kido Diary, October 17, 1941.
18. Interview with Watanabe, October 24, 1949.
19. Interview with VADM. Yorio Sawamoto, April 18, 1948 (hereafter Sawamoto). He was vice navy minister under both Oikawa and Shimada.
20. Interview with Tomioka, July 9, 1947.
21. Interviews with RADM. Sokichi Takagi, May 20, 1951 (hereafter Takagi); Sawamoto, April 12, 1949; VADM. Zenshiro Hoshina, June 24, 1951 (hereafter Hoshina).
22. October 23, 1941.
Chapter 35
“PEARL HARBOR WILL BE ATTACKED”
1. Genda’s Analysis.
2. Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 162.
3. Ibid., pp. 162–63; Genda’s Analysis.
4. Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 164.
5. Genda’s Analysis.
6. This account is based primarily on interviews with virtually every surviving ex-naval officer who participated in this exercise. The schedule is based on Hawai Sakusen, p. 112. See also “Higeki Shinjuwan Kogeki,” p. 207.
7. Interview with Kusaka, June 29, 1947; Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 165.
8. Watanabe, who with Kuroshima was primarily responsible for planning and organizing the table maneuvers, estimated that some fifty officers attended. In “Higeki Shinjuwan Kogeki,” p. 207, Genda erroneously dated this event as October 22.
9. Uchida Notes, October 11, 1941.
10. Interview with Shimizu, November 12, 1949.
11. Interviews with Kusaka, December 12, 1947; Genda, June 6, 1947. See also Rengo Kantai, p. 12.
12. Interview with Genda, March 12, 1948; “Higeki Shinjuwan Kogeki,” p. 207.
13. Interview with Shimizu, November 12, 1948.
14. Interview with Kondo, December 11, 1948.
15. Ibid.
16. Interview with Mikawa, January 19, 1949.
17. Hawai Sakusen, p. 113, says that the decision to use midget submarines in the Pearl Harbor operation was made at the Nagato table maneuvers. Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, p. 224, dates the occasion as “early October.”
18. Interview with Arima, November 21, 1948.
19. Interview with Watanabe, October 24, 1949.
20. Interview with Arima, November 21, 1948. Watanabe thought the conference so important that it should be recorded. So, shortly after the war began, he wrote down his recollections, and Yamamoto prepared for him a ten-page report from his own notes. This report was burned during one of the numerous air raids on Tokyo. After the war Watanabe reconstructed the story of the meeting for the author. We discussed the subject for the last time on August 16, 1969.
21. Interviews with Watanabe, October 24, 1949; Mikawa, January 19, 1949.
22. Interviews with Watanabe, October 24, 1949; Kuroshima, May 12, 1948.
23. Interviews with Watanabe, October 24, 1949; Genda, June 2, 1947; Kuroshima, May 12, 1948.
24. Interview with Watanabe, October 24, 1949.
25. Ibid. Also Arima, November 21, 1948.
26. Interviews with Kuroshima, May 12, 1948; Watanabe, October 24, 1949.
27. Interview with Genda, June 2, 1947.
28. Interview with Watanabe, October 24, 1949. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 116.
29. Interview with Tsukahara, May 6, 1949.
30. Interview with Genda, March 12, 1948.
31. Interview with Suzuki, June 12, 1948.
32. Ibid., May 28, 1948.
Chapter 36
“WE SHOULD BE ON GUARD”
1. Stimson Diary, October 16, 1941.
2. The revisionist school ranges from the moderate—that the United States could and should have kept out of World War II—to the extreme—that Roosevelt deliberately incited the Japanese to attack at Pearl Harbor and withheld information from Kimmel and Short to ensure that the Japanese would strike. A few major revisionist works are: Harry Elmer Barnes, ed., Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace (Caldwell, Ida., 1953); Charles A. Beard, President Roosevelt and the Coming of the War 1941 (New Haven, Conn., 1948); John T. Flynn, The Roosevelt Myth (New York, 1948); George Morgenstern, Pearl Harbor: The Story of the Secret War (New York, 1947); Charles C. Tansill, Back Door to War (Chicago, 1952); Robert A. Theobald, The Final Secret of Pearl Harbor (New York, 1954).
3. PHA, Part 11, p. 5419.
4. Ibid., Part 26, p. 295.
5. Ibid., Part 4, p. 1944; Part 16, p. 2214.
6. Ibid., Part 14, p. 1327.
7. Ibid., Part 4, pp. 1945–46.
8. Ibid., Part 14, p. 1359.
9. Ibid., Part 18, p. 3196.
10. Ibid., p. 3197.
11. Ibid., p. 3198.
12. Ibid., Part 5, p. 2147.
13. Ibid., Part 14, p. 1402.
14. Ibid., Part 16, pp. 2215–16.
15. Ibid., Part 14, p. 1403.
16. Ibid., Part 16, p. 2249.
17. Ibid., Part 17, pp. 2478–79.
18. Ibid., Part 16, p. 2249.
19. Ibid., Part 17, p. 2478.
20. Ibid., Part 39, p. 302.
21. Ibid., Part 4, p. 2006.
22. Ibid., Part 16, pp. 2214–15.
23. Ibid., Part 17, p. 2466.
24. Ibid., p. 2467.
25. Ibid., Part 26, p. 235.
26. Ibid., p. 227.
27. Ibid., p. 235.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid., Part 14, p. 1327.
30. Ibid., Part 16, pp. 2249–50.
31. Ibid., p. 2250.
32. Ibid., pp. 2250–51.
33. Stimson attached a copy of this letter to his diary at the appropriate date.
34. Stimson Diary, September 28, 1941.
35. PHA, Part 2, p. 909.
36. Ibid., Part 34, p. 59.
37. Ibid., Part 5, p. 2358.
38. Ibid., Part 2, p. 911.
39. Ibid., Part 34, p. 59.
40. Ibid., Part 14, p. 1403. This is a paraphrase.
41. Ibid., Part 16, p. 2251.
42. Ibid., Part 2, p. 470.
Chapter 37
“AS ONE WITH THE COMBINED FLEET”
1. Unpublished diary of VADM. Matome Ugaki, October 17, 1941 (cited hereafter as Ugaki Diary).
2. Interviews with Genda, June 2, 1947, and March 12, 1948.
3. Interview with Kusaka, May 16, 1948; Uchida Notes, October 17, 1941.
4. Interview with Kusaka, May 16, 1948.
5. Ibid.; also Miyo, August 27, 1955; Kuroshima, May 10, 1948.
6. Rengo Kantai, p. 16.
7. Interview with Kusaka, May 16, 1948.
8. Interviews with Tomioka, August 7, 1947; Kuroshima, May 10, 1948; Miyo, May 30, 1949.
9. Interviews with Tomioka, August 5, 1947; Kuroshima, May 12, 1948; Miyo, May 30, 1949.
10. Interview with Kuroshima, May 12, 1948.
11. Interviews with Miyo, May 30, 1949; Tomioka, August 5, 1947.
12. Interviews with Kuroshima, May 12, 1948; Miyo, May 30, 1949.
13. Interview with Kuroshima, May 10, 1948.
14. Interview with Fukudome, May 4, 1950.
15. Interview with Kuroshima, May 12, 1948.
16. Ibid., May 10, 1948.
17. Interview with Fukudome, May 4, 1950.
18. Interview with Tomioka, July 9, 1947. This was also the general opinion of Fukudome, Miyo, Uchida, and others.
19. Interview with Tomioka, February 25, 1948.
20. Interrogation of Nagano, March 26, 1946, at Sugamo Prison, Tokyo, Far East Mil. Trib., File No. 19.
21. Interview with Fukudome, May 4, 1950.
22. Interview with Kuroshima, August 7, 1947. There has been some discussion on the exact date when Nagano gave his consent. Hawai Sakusen, p. 107, implies that he did so in the latter part of September, following the war games in Tokyo, and ties the Naval General Staff’s approval to the carrier Zuikaku, which became available on September 25. But the testimony of so many officers concerned plus a whole combination of events points to October 19 or 20 as the date of Nagano’s consent.
23. Interviews with Fukudome, May 4, 1950; Kuroshima, May 10, 1948.
24. Interview with Fukudome, May 4, 1950.
25. Ibid., May 19, 1950.
26. Ugaki Diary, October 20, 1941.
27. Uchida Notes, October 21, 1941.
28. Ugaki Diary, October 22, 1941.
29. Ibid.
30. Interview with Watanabe, December 5, 1947.
31. Courtesy of Hori. The following extracts are all from Yamamoto’s letter to Shimada of October 24, 1941.
32. Interview with Fuchida, May 25, 1947.
Chapter 38
“OTHER KIND OF PEOPLE”
1. PHA, Part 12, p. 80.
2. Ibid., p. 81.
3. Nomura Diary, October 22, 1941; see also PHA, Part 12, p. 81.
4. PHA, Part 12, p. 82.
5. For a detailed treatment of these important conferences, see Complete History, pp. 197–200; Japan’s Decision, pp. 185–99.
6. Complete History, p. 200. See also Japan’s Decision, pp. 197–98; PHA, Part 12, pp. 94–95.
7. Interview with Tomioka, August 12, 1947.
8. Ibid.
9. PHA, Part 35, p. 362.
10. Ibid., p. 380.
11. Interviews with Yoshikawa, July 14, 1950, and September 14, 1955.
12. PHA, Part 35, p. 365.
13. Record of Trial of Kuehn, Bernard Julius Otto, CN 226070, Clerk of Court, United States Army, Court of Military Records, Nassif Bldg., Falls Church, Va. pp. 41–57 (cited hereafter as Kuehn Trial). See also PHA, Part 35, pp. 328, 491; Affidavit of Otto Kuehn, January 1, 1942, Doc. No. 6256A (cited hereafter as Kuehn Affidavit).
14. Interviews with Ogawa, March 16, 1949; Capt. Tadao Yokoi, September 29, 1955 (hereafter Yokoi). See also PHA, Part 35, p. 491.
15. Interview with Ogawa, March 16, 1949.
16. Ibid.
17. PHA, Part 35, p. 332.
18. Kuehn Trial, p. 55.
19. Statement by Tachibana, August 9, 1950.
20. PHA, Part 35, p. 332; Kuehn Trial, pp. 112, 120. It seems certain that the following events took place on October 25, 1941, although the testimony is no more exact than a vague recollection of the latter part of October. Kuehn insisted that a Japanese ship was in port, and the only Japanese liner in Honolulu around that date was the Tatuta Maru, which arrived on October 23 and left for San Francisco on the twenty-fourth. Kuehn’s son Eberhard definitely remembered that it was a Saturday, which would make it the twenty-fifth.
21. Kuehn Trial, pp. 112–13; PHA, Part 35, p. 331.
22. PHA, Part 35, p. 331. See also Kuehn Trial, p. 50.
23. Interviews with Yoshikawa, July 15, 1950, and September 11, 1955.
24. Statement by Tachibana, August 9, 1950.
25. Interview with Yoshikawa, September 11, 1955. See also PHA, Part 35, p. 328.
Chapter 39
“BASED ON DECEPTION”
1. Thomas R. Phillips, ed., Roots of Strategy: A Collection of Military Classics (Harrisburg, Pa., 1940), pp. 23, 57 (cited hereafter as Roots of Strategy).
2. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, August 9, 1941. The story of these three ships can be followed in the Japanese, Hawaiian, and U.S. mainland press.
3. PHA, Part 35, p. 198.
4. Interview with and statement by Tachibana, August 9, 1950.
5. Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, pp. 187–88.
6. Interview with Cmdr. Suguru Suzuki, February 12, 1949 (hereafter S. Suzuki). See also Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, p. 188.
7. Interview with Tachibana, August 9, 1950. See also Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, p. 230.
8. Interview with S. Suzuki, February 12, 1949.
9. Suguru Suzuki, Shinjuwan Gunko Kaimetsu (an essay published in a biographical volume on Suzuki’s uncle Admiral Kantaro Suzuki: Doto No Nakano Taiyo), pp. 200–01 (cited hereafter as Suzuki Essay). In an interview with the author on February 12, 1949, Suzuki recalled Capt. Bunjiro Yamaguchi as having conducted this briefing.
10. Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, p. 188.
11. Ladislas Farago, The Broken Seal (New York, 1967), p. 242 (cited hereafter as The Broken Seal). See also PHA, Part 35, p. 400.
12. Interview with and statement by Tachibana, August 9, 1950.
13. Interviews with S. Suzuki, February 12, 1949; Okuda, September 4, 1955.
14. Statement by Tachibana, August 9, 1950.
15. Interview with S. Suzuki, February 12, 1949.
16. Ibid.
17. Suzuki Essay, p. 201.
18. Interview with S. Suzuki, February 12, 1949.
19. Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, p. 230.
20. Interview with S. Suzuki, February 12, 1949.
21. Suzuki Essay, pp. 202–03.
22. Ibid., p. 203.
23. Ibid., p. 206 ff.
24. Ibid., pp. 206–07.
25. Ibid., p. 207.
26. Interview with S. Suzuki, February 12, 1949.
27. Ibid.
28. Interviews with Yoshikawa, July 15, 1950, and with a former member of the Honolulu consulate who wishes to remain anonymous, September 9, 1967.
29. Interviews with Yoshikawa, September 11, 14, 1955.
30. Suzuki Essay, pp. 209, 239.
31. Interview with Yoshikawa, July 15, 1950.
32. Suzuki Essay, p. 219.
33. See, for example, Honolulu Star-Bulletin, November 3, 1941.
34. Interviews with Yoshikawa, September 11, 1955; S. Suzuki, February 12, 1949.
35. Suzuki Essay, pp. 217, 223–24.
36. Ibid., p. 229.
37. Interview with Fuchida, February 27, 1964.
38. Suzuki Essay, pp. 230–31.
39. PHA, Part 35, pp. 342–43, 517, 569.
40. Suzuki Essay, p. 209.
Chapter 40
“IN THE HANDS OF GOD”
1. Interview with Fuchida, February 25, 1964.
2. Shinjuwan Sakusen No Shinso, p. 60.
3. Genda’s Analysis.
4. Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, pp. 186–87.
5. Shinjuwan Sakusen No Shinso, pp. 60–61.
6. Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, p. 206.
7. Ibid., p. 214. See also Hawai Sakusen, pp. 144–45.
8. Interview with Fuchida, March 7, 1953.
9. Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, pp. 215–16. See also Hawai Sakusen, p. 145.
10. Interviews with Fuchida, March 7, 1953; Goto, February 7, 1950. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 221.
11. Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, pp. 204–05; Shinjuwan Sakusen No Shinso, p. 64. See also Hawai Sakusen, p. 139.
12. Interview with Fuchida, May 27, 1947. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen No Shinso, p. 63; Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, pp. 234–35.
13. Rengo Kantai, pp. 8–9.
14. Interview with Kusaka, June 29, 1947.
15. Rengo Kantai, pp. 11–12.
16. Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, pp. 218–19.
17. Interview with Kusaka, June 29, 1947. See also Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, p. 219, Hawai Sakusen, p. 197.
18. Genda’s Analysis.
19. Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, p. 215. See also Hawai Sakusen, p. 145.
20. Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, pp. 219–20.
21. Shinjuwan Sakusen No Shinso, pp. 76–77, 61. See also Hawai Sakusen, p. 145.
22. Ugaki Diary, October 29, 1941; interviews with Fukudome, May 10, 1950; Tomioka, August 12, 1947, and February 25, 1948; Miyo, July 12, 1949; Uchida Notes, October 29, 1941; Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, p. 243.
23. Interview with Miyo, June 21, 1949.
24. Interview with Tomioka, August 12, 1947.
25. Ibid., February 25, 1948.
26. Ugaki Diary, October 29, 1941.
27. Interview with Tomioka, August 12, 1947.
28. Ugaki Diary, October 29, 1941.
29. Ibid., October 30, 1941.
30. Interview with Tomioka, August 12, 1947.
31. Ugaki Diary, October 30, 1941.
Chapter 41
“COMPLETE WAR PREPARATIONS”
1. Ugaki Diary, November 1, 1941.
2. Interview with Hoshina, June 7, 1951; Complete History, p. 206.
3. Japan’s Decision, p. 210.
4. Interview with Hoshina, June 7, 1951.
5. Japan’s Decision, p. 237.
6. Ugaki Diary, November 2, 1941.
7. Uchida Notes, November 2, 1941.
8. Nakahara Diary, November 2, 1941.
9. Hawai Sakusen, p. 203, gives the cited date and place. Recollections of various participants range from November 1 to 5.
10. Interview with Fuchida, July 26, 1947.
11. Genda’s Analysis.
12. Hawai Sakusen, p. 203, gives the date and times. Again, various sources disagree on the dates of the dress rehearsals.
13. Interviews with Fuchida, July 26, 1947; Suzuki, June 12, 1948.
14. Hawai Sakusen, p. 203.
15. Genda’s Analysis; interview with Fuchida, July 26, 1947. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 214.
16. PHA, Part 10, pp. 4674, 4682.
17. Ibid., p. 4687.
18. Interview with Layton, July 22, 1964.
19. PHA, Part 10, p. 4836.
20. Ibid., Part 35, p. 63.
21. Ugaki Diary, November 4, 1941.
22. Interview with Fukudome, May 10, 1950; Ugaki Diary, November 4, 1941.
23. Genda’s Analysis. See also Hawai Sakusen, p. 203.
24. Interview with Fuchida, July 29, 1947.
25. Ugaki Diary, November 4 and 7, 1941.
26. Interview with Kuroshima, May 12, 1948.
27. Ugaki Diary, November 6, 1941.
28. Interview with Fuchida, July 24, 1947.
29. Genda’s Analysis. See also Hawai Sakusen, p. 204.
30. Interview with Watanabe, October 31, 1949.
31. Ugaki Diary, November 7, 1941. The text of Combined Fleet Top Secret Operational Order No. 1 appears in PHA, Part 13, p. 431 ff. See also Hawai Sakusen, pp. 225–26.
32. Interviews with Miyo, July 12 and 28, 1949.
33. Hawai Sakusen, pp. 225–26.
34. Rengo Kantai, p. 20.
35. Ugaki Diary, November 7, 1941.
36. PHA, Part 35, p. 64.
37. Genda’s Analysis. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, pp. 214–16, 221; “Higeki Shinjuwan Kogeki,” pp. 208–09.
38. Ibid.
Chapter 42
“RINGING BELLS AND BANGING DRUMS”
1. PHA, Part 2, pp. 651–52.
2. Ibid., Part 6, p. 2626.
3. Ibid., Part 2, p. 719.
4. Ibid., Part 14, pp. 1051–52.
5. Ibid., pp. 1056–57.
6. Ibid., Part 12, pp. 92–94.
7. Ibid., pp. 95–96.
8. Ibid., pp. 96–97.
9. Ibid., Part 14, p. 1403.
10. Ibid., Part 7, p. 3245.
11. Ibid., Part 12, p. 100.
12. Ibid., Part 14, pp. 1061–62.
13. Ibid., Part 12, p. 104; State Department Memorandum of Conversation, November 7, 1941, Hull Papers, Box 60.
14. PHA, Part 2, p. 429.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid., Part 16, pp. 2219–20.
17. Interview with Ens. Kazuo Sakamaki, October 18, 1947 (hereafter Sakamaki).
18. Interview with RADM. Hanku Sasaki, October 23, 1950 (hereafter H. Sasaki).
19. Hawai Sakusen, pp. 204–05; Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, p. 226.
20. Interview with H. Sasaki, October 23, 1950.
21. Interview with Fuchida, August 27, 1967.
22. Interview with Capt. Tatsuwaka Shibuya, July 3, 1948 (hereafter Shibuya).
23. Hawai Sakusen, p. 198.
24. Interview with Ishiguro, April 6, 1948.
25. Hawai Sakusen, p. 198.
26. PHA, Part 35, p. 66.
27. Interviews with Genda, August 30, 1947; Fuchida, July 27, 1947. See also Hawai Sakusen, p. 198.
28. Interview with Lt. Yuzo Tsukamoto, at the time a fighter pilot aboard Zuikaku, February 15, 1950 (hereafter Tsukamoto).
29. Interview with Genda, June 11, 1947. Because of the date of this order, some Japanese believed that Murata did not work with the torpedomen until that time. However, interviews and documents clearly indicate that he led the torpedo program much earlier than November 10.
30. Interview with Shimizu, November 12, 1948. See also Hawai Sakusen, pp. 185–87.
31. Interviews with Mito, September 25, 1947; Shimizu, November 12, 1948. See also Hawai Sakusen, p. 250.
32. Interviews with Mito, September 25, 1947; Shibuya, August 7, 1949.
33. Interview with Shibuya, August 7, 1949. See also Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, pp. 221–22, 254–57.
34. Courtesy of Hori.
35. Ugaki Diary, November 11–12, 1941.
36. Ibid., November 13, 1941.
37. Interview with Genda, August 29, 1947; Hawai Sakusen, p. 230.
38. Ugaki Diary, November 14, 1941.
39. Hawai Sakusen, p. 231.
40. Interview with Shimizu, November 5, 1948.
41. Ibid., November 12, 1948.
42. Ibid.; statement by H. Sasaki, October 30, 1950. See also Hawai Sakusen, pp. 250–51; Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, pp. 229–30.
43. Ibid.
44. Interviews with Genda, August 30, 1947; Fuchida, July 27, 1947. See also Hawai Sakusen, p. 198.
45. Interview with Fuchida, July 27, 1947; statement by Fuchida, July 28, 1947. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen No Shinso, p. 81.
46. Interview with Fuchida, July 27, 1947.
47. PHA, Part 35, p. 67.
Chapter 43
“I SWEAR TO BE SUCCESSFUL”
1. Japan’s Decision, pp. 247–49.
2. The material concerning this conference is based on interviews with Fukudome, Tomioka, Uchida, and others, as well as Uchida Notes and other materials.
3. PHA, Part 14, pp. 1058–60.
4. Interviews with Shibuya, July 24, 1948, and August 7, 1950. See also Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, pp. 254, 256–57; Hawai Sakusen, p. 204.
5. Interviews with Shibuya, July 24, 1948, and August 7, 1950; Capt. Minoru Yokota, February 23, 1951 (hereafter Yokota). See also Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, p. 257.
6. Ugaki Diary, November 17, 1941.
7. Interview with Watanabe, February 2, 1948.
8. In reconstructing Yamamoto’s remarks which follow, the author has relied principally upon interviews with Kusaka, Genda, Fuchida, Kuroshima, Watanabe, Sasaki, and Ishiguro, as well as Genda’s Analysis. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen No Shinso, p. 83; Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 170.
9. Shinjuwan Sakusen No Shinso, p. 83.
10. Interview with Ishiguro, May 15, 1948.
11. Ugaki Diary, November 17, 1941.
12. Interviews with Ishiguro, May 15, 1958; Amagai, October 5, 1949.
13. Statement by Matsumura, January 19, 1951.
14. Interviews with Ishiguro, May 15, 1958; Amagai, October 5, 1949.
15. Interview with Shimoda, November 21, 1949.
16. Sento Hen, p. 37; Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 131; “Higeki Shinjuwan Kogeki,” p. 210.
17. Interview with Genda, August 30, 1948, Genda’s Analysis. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen No Shinso, pp. 82, 85.
18. Interview with Watanabe, February 2, 1948.
19. Interviews with S. Suzuki, February 19, 1949. See also Suzuki Essay, p. 236.
20. Interviews with S. Suzuki, February 19, 1949; Tachibana, August 9, 1950.
21. The following account of Suzuki’s briefing is based upon interview with him of February 19, 1949, and Suzuki Essay.
22. Interview with S. Suzuki, February 19, 1949; Suzuki Essay, p. 217.
23. Interview with S. Suzuki, February 19, 1949.
24. Suzuki Essay, pp. 234–37.
25. Interview with Tomioka, September 6, 1955.
26. Interviews with Fukudome, May 19, 1950; S. Suzuki, February 19, 1949. See also Suzuki Essay, pp. 209–16.
27. Interview with S. Suzuki, February 19, 1949; Suzuki Essay, pp. 209, 216.
28. Interviews with Fukudome, May 19, 1950; Tomioka, September 6, 1955; S. Suzuki, February 19, 1949.
29. Statement by Tomioka, September 6, 1955.
30. Suzuki Essay, p. 198.
31. Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, pp. 189, 230. See also Hawai Sakusen, p. 251.
32. Interview with H. Sasaki, October 24, 1950.
33. Ibid.; Sakamaki, October 19, 1947. Sakamaki’s testimony concerning these last days in the homeland is virtually identical with Sasaki’s, but he consistently recollected events as taking place one day ahead.
34. Interview with H. Sasaki, October 24, 1950.
35. Ugaki Diary, November 19, 1941; interview with H. Sasaki, October 24, 1950.
36. Interviews with Shibuya, July 24, 1948; Yokota, February 23, 1951.
37. Unpublished diary of RADM. Sadao Chigusa, November 17 and 18, 1941 (cited hereafter as Chigusa Diary).
38. Hawai Sakusen, p. 198; Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 220. Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, p. 215.
39. Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, p. 211.
40. Interview with Fuchida, March 3, 1948.
41. Interview with Cmdr. Naohiro Sata, November 23, 1949 (hereafter Sata). See also Hawai Sakusen, p. 198.
42. Interview with Genda, August 30, 1947; Rengo Kantai, p. 13. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen No Shinso, p. 82.
43. Interview with Genda, August 30, 1947.
44. Interview with Fuchida, February 29, 1948.
45. Interview with Capt. Kijiro Imaizumi, June 29, 1950 (hereafter Imaizumi).
46. Interview with Shibuya, July 24, 1948.
47. Interview with Shimizu, November 20, 1948.
Chapter 44
“A SITUATION FULL OF DYNAMITE”
1. PHA, Part 23, p. 679.
2. Ibid., Part 35, pp. 68–71.
3. Ibid., Part 23, p. 661.
4. Ibid., p. 659.
5. Ibid., p. 664.
6. Ibid., Part 18, p. 3187.
7. Ibid., Part 20, p. 4482.
8. Ibid., Part 22, p. 326; Part 16, pp. 2252–53.
9. Ibid., Part 7, pp. 3241–42. 3348–49; Part 18, pp. 3294, 3301.
10. Ibid., Part 12, pp. 127–29.
11. Ibid., p. 133.
12. Ibid., p. 130.
13. Ibid., p. 262.
14. Ibid., Part 8, pp. 3440–43.
15. Ibid., Part 15, p. 1796.
16. Ibid., p. 1805.
17. Interview with Yoshikawa, September 14, 1955.
18. Ibid., July 14 and 16, 1950.
19. PHA, Part 22, p. 177.
20. Ibid., Part 23, pp. 646–47, 653.
21. Ibid., Part 8, p. 3395.
22. Comments concerning this study which Mr. X prepared for the author (cited hereafter as Mr. X Comments).
23. Interviews with Bicknell, September 7 and 12, 1967.
24. PHA, Part 12, pp. 137–38.
25. Hull Memoirs, Vol. II, pp. 1062–63.
26. State Department Memorandum of Conversation, November 17, 1941, Hull Papers, Box 60.
27. Nomura Diary, November 17, 1941. See also PHA, Part 12, pp. 141–43.
28. State Department Memorandum of Conversation, November 18, 1941, Hull Papers, Box 60.
29. PHA, Part 12, p. 153.
30. Ibid., p. 263.
31. Mr. X Comments.
32. Interview with Bicknell, September 8, 1967.
33. PHA, Part 12, pp. 262–63.
34. Ibid., p. 154.
35. Ibid., p. 155.
36. Ibid., Part 36, p. 33.
37. Ibid., Part 8, p. 3411.
38. Ibid., Report, p. 470.
39. Ibid., p. 471.
40. Ibid., p. 470.
41. Ibid., p. 192.
42. Ibid., Part 12, p. 263.
43. Ibid., Part 35, pp. 70–71.
44. Ibid., Part 15, pp. 1878–79.
45. Ibid., Part 28, p. 870.
46. Ibid., pp. 870–71; interview with Rochefort, September 1, 1964.
47. Ibid., Part 10, p. 4832.
48. Ibid., Part 28, pp. 1496–97.
49. Ibid., p. 1556.
50. Ibid., Part 3, p. 1086.
51. Ibid., Part 12, p. 155.
52. Nomura Diary, November 19, 1941. See also PHA, Part 12, p. 158.
53. PHA, Part 12, p. 159.
54. Ibid., p. 160.
55. Ibid., p. 161.
56. State Department Memorandum of Conversation, November 20, 1941, Hull Papers, Box 60.
57. PHA, Part 2, p. 431.
58. Ibid., Part 11, pp. 5370–71.
Chapter 45
“THINGS ARE AUTOMATICALLY GOING TO HAPPEN”
1. Interview with Imaizumi, June 29, 1950.
2. Interview with S. Suzuki, February 19, 1949.
3. The material concerning Suzuki’s report aboard Akagi is based upon interviews with him, Kusaka, Genda, and Fuchida; also Suzuki Essay.
4. PHA, Part 12, p. 323. These figures do not agree precisely with those given in the Arnold Papers.
5. Ibid. Again, discrepancies exist between these figures and those in the Arnold Papers.
6. Interview with Yoshikawa, September 14, 1955.
7. Interview with Kusaka, May 12, 1949.
8. See, for example, PHA, Part 35, p. 74.
9. Interview with Kusaka, May 12, 1949. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 254.
10. Sokichi Takagi, Yamamoto Isoroku To Yonai Mitsumasa (Tokyo, 1950), p. 85.
11. PHA, Part 12, p. 165.
12. Ibid., Part 2, p. 554.
13. The entire modus vivendi is reprinted in PHA, Report, pp. 35–36. Drafts, correspondence, etc. are reproduced in Part 14, pp. 1084–177.
14. PHA, Part 14, p. 1103.
15. Ibid., p. 1106.
16. For correspondence on this subject, see PHA, Part 14, pp. 1160–61, 1300.
17. PHA, Part 26, pp. 230–31.
18. Ibid., Part 28, pp. 866–67. A copy of the Fourteenth Naval District report is reproduced in Part 15, pp. 1889–91.
19. Ugaki Diary, November 24, 1941.
20. PHA, Part 14, p. 1405.
21. Ibid., Part 12, pp. 263–64.
22. Ibid., Part 11, p. 5418.
23. Stimson Diary, November 25, 1941.
24. Hull Memoirs, Vol. II, p. 1080.
25. PHA, Part 11, p. 5421.
Chapter 46
“WHEREVER IT MIGHT BE FOUND”
1. Interview with Genda, August 31, 1947. Most of the material contained in this chapter is based upon interviews with Genda and Fuchida. Others who contributed are Kusaka, Shibuya, Yoshioka, Sakagami, Ohashi, Suzuki, Ishiguro, Mikawa, Omori, Imaizumi, S. Suzuki, Amagai, Sata, Shimoda, and a number of the pilots. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, pp. 258, 261; “Higeki Shinjuwan Kogeki,” p. 211.
2. Interview with Fuchida, February 29, 1948.
3. Interview with Genda, August 31, 1947.
4. Ibid. This concept of the task force’s turning back if discovered before December 6 is highly controversial and will be discussed later.
5. Ibid.
6. PHA, Part 13, p. 418. Hawai Sakusen, pp. 233–35, differs somewhat from the interpretations given in PHA.
7. Interview with Kusaka, May 12, 1949.
8. PHA, Part 13, p. 421. See also Hawai Sakusen, pp. 233–35.
9. Interview with Genda, August 31, 1947.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Actually the number of interceptors varied with the situation. According to Hawai Sakusen, p. 239, this total may not have exceeded forty-six: twelve planes each from Zuikaku and Shokaku; six each from Soryu and Hiryu; five each from Akagi and Kaga.
14. Interview with Genda, August 31, 1947.
15. Interview with Ishiguro, April 6, 1948.
16. Rengo Kantai, p. 21.
17. Interview with Genda, August 31, 1947.
18. Rengo Kantai, p. 21; interview with Fuchida, February 29, 1948.
19. Interview with Genda, August 31, 1947.
20. Interview with Fuchida, February 29, 1948.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 262.
27. Interviews with Genda, June 11 and August 31, 1947; Fuchida, February 29, 1948.
28. Ibid. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 263.
29. Interview with Fuchida, February 29, 1948.
Chapter 47
“CLEAVE THE ENEMY IN TWO!”
1. The following account of Fuchida’s briefing is based on extensive interviews with him of February 28 and March 3, 1948; April 10, 1949: March 7, 1953; and follow-up interviews. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen No Shinso, pp. 95–114.
2. Interview with Genda, August 29, 1955.
3. Shinjuwan Sakusen No Shinso, pp. 115–16.
4. Chigusa Diary, November 23, 1941.
5. Shinjuwan Sakusen No Shinso, pp. 116–17.
6. Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, pp. 265–66.
7. PHA, Part 13, p. 418.
8. Ibid. This gives the date for Nagumo’s mission orders as November 22. According to Chihaya, Yamamoto issued Combined Fleet Operation Order No. 5 on November 21. Letter, Chihaya to the author, July 5, 1970.
9. Ibid., p. 516.
10. Interviews with Suzuki, June 12, 1948; Ishiguro, May 15, 1948; Cmdr. Seiroku Ito, October 27, 1950 (hereafter Ito).
Chapter 48
“A MATCH FOR ANYTHING AFLOAT”
1. Interview with S. Suzuki, February 19, 1949; Suzuki Essay, p. 210.
2. Chigusa Diary, November 26, 1941.
3. Suzuki Essay, p. 211; interview with Fuchida, August 23, 1967.
4. Interview with Lt. Tomatsu Ema, May 27, 1950 (hereafter Ema).
5. Interview with Chigusa, February 11, 1958.
6. Interview with Amagai, October 5, 1949.
7. Interview with Fuchida, August 23, 1967.
8. Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki, p. 197. Various accounts and authorities differ slightly as to the aircraft strength of the Japanese carriers. Chihaya’s figures quoted in a series of reports which he prepared for the author (cited hereafter as Chihaya Reports) on aircraft aboard the task force carriers are: Akagi sixty-six, Kaga seventy-two, Soryu fifty-seven, Hiryu fifty, Shokaku and Zuikaku sixty-eight each. These figures are probably as nearly correct as possible. Characteristics of Japanese and American vessels compared in this chapter come from the above sources and from Jane’s Fighting Ships, issue of 1942.
9. Interview with Hara, September 6, 1955.
10. Interview with Tomioka, September 6, 1955.
11. Logs of Saratoga, Lexington, and Enterprise. All U.S. ships’ logs cited in this study are in the National Archives, Washington, D.C.
12. Interview with Mikawa, March 5, 1949.
13. For comparisons between Japanese and American torpedoes, see Samuel Eliot Morison, The Rising Sun in the Pacific (Boston, 1948), p. 23 (cited hereafter as Rising Sun in the Pacific); and Morison’s Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions (Boston, Mass., 1949), pp. 191–232 (cited hereafter as Coral Sea).
14. Statement by Capt. Keizo Komura, January 20, 1951 (hereafter Komura).
15. The material concerning Japanese tankers is taken from Chihaya Reports.
16. Daigo Koku Sentai Senji Nisshi (War Diary of the Fifth Carrier Division), December 1941, “Operations and General Matters,” p. 1 (cited hereafter as Fifth Carrier Division Diary).
17. Roots of Strategy, p. 36.
Chapter 49
“THAT WAS THE MONKEY WRENCH”
1. Stimson Diary, November 26, 1941.
2. PHA, Part 2, p. 555.
3. Ibid., p. 685.
4. Ibid., pp. 569, 772.
5. Ibid., Part 12, p. 178.
6. Ibid., pp. 180–91; Nomura Diary, November 26, 1941. The Army translation renders the proposal for a personal presidential message as to be directed to Togo; however, Nomura’s diary makes plain that he sent, and Togo’s memoirs that he received, a suggestion that Roosevelt get in touch with the Emperor.
7. The Cause of Japan, p. 166.
8. State Department Memorandum of Conversation, November 26, 1941, Hull Papers, Box 60; PHA, Part 12, pp. 181–85. The complete oral statement Hull gave to Nomura and Kurusu is reproduced in PHA, Part 19, pp. 3652–55.
9. The Cause of Japan, pp. 176–77.
10. Stimson Diary, November 27, 1941.
11. Hull Memoirs, Vol. II, p. 1080.
12. Stimson Diary, November 27, 1941.
13. PHA, Part 27, p. 167.
14. Stimson Diary, November 27, 1941.
15. PHA, Part 12, pp. 186–88.
16. Ibid., pp. 188–91.
17. Ibid., Part 5, p. 2154; Part 7, p. 2042.
18. Ibid., Part 36, p. 207.
19. Ibid., Part 26, p. 322.
20. Interview with Mollison, April 11, 1961. See also PHA, Part 27, p. 412; Part 28, p. 1497.
21. PHA, Part 6, p. 2519.
22. Ibid., Part 17, p. 2480.
23. Fleet Adm. William F. Halsey, USN, and Lt. Cmdr. J. Bryan III, USNR, Admiral Halsey’s Story (New York, 1947), pp. 73–75 (cited hereafter as Admiral Halsey’s Story); interviews with Smith, December 9, 1962; Davis, January 30, 1962; Ramsey, December 6, 1962.
24. PHA, Part 26, pp. 322–25.
Chapter 50
“TO BE CONSIDERED A WAR WARNING”
1. PHA, Part 7, p. 2980.
2. Ibid., Part 14, p. 1328.
3. Ibid., Part 7, p. 2935.
4. Ibid., p. 3167.
5. Ibid., p. 3048.
6. Ibid., p. 3016.
7. Ibid., Part 27, p. 157.
8. Ibid., Part 10, p. 4943.
9. Ibid., p. 4937.
10. Ibid., Part 27, pp. 155–56; Part 7, p. 3047.
11. Ibid., Part 10, p. 4937.
12. Ibid., Part 27, p. 156.
13. Ibid., Part 10, p. 4938.
14. Ibid., Part 7, p. 3029.
15. Ibid., p. 2943.
16. Ibid., pp. 2946, 3130.
17. Ibid., Part 27, p. 158.
18. Ibid., p. 156.
19. Ibid., Part 7, pp. 2941, 3033, 3035.
20. Ibid., Part 22, p. 35.
21. Ibid., Part 14, p. 1330.
22. Ibid., p. 1329.
23. Ibid., Part 7, p. 3032.
24. Ibid., Part 23, p. 1106; Part 14, pp. 1328–29.
25. Ibid., Part 4, p. 1605.
26. Ibid., Part 2, p. 917.
27. Ibid., Part 3, p. 1419.
28. Ibid., p. 1423.
29. Ibid., Part 23, p. 1106. Gerow did not indicate which of Marshall’s three deputies he consulted, but it probably was Maj. Gen. William Bryden, who attended the 0930 meeting of November 27 with Stimson and Gerow. Bryden was “senior and acting” in Marshall’s absence. Memorandum, Gerow to Chief of Staff, November 28, 1941, Hull Papers, Box 72–73; PHA, Part 27, p. 88; Part 23, p. 1106.
30. PHA, Part 2, pp. 828–31.
31. Ibid., Part 23, p. 1109.
32. Ibid., Part 2, p. 839.
33. Ibid., Part 10, p. 4856; Part 28, p. 1597.
34. Ibid., Part 14, p. 1406.
35. Ibid., Part 10, pp. 4835, 4856, 4866.
36. Interview with Kimmel, November 30, 1963.
37. PHA, Part 36, p. 221; Part 28, p. 1597. Burr told the Army board that Kimmel gave this message to him, but this appears to be in error.
38. Ibid., Part 7, pp. 3026–27.
39. Ibid., p. 3370.
40. Ibid., Part 32, p. 234.
41. Ibid., Part 4, pp. 1916, 2001; Part 26, p. 280.
42. Ibid., Part 4, p. 1947.
43. Ibid., Part 33, p. 814.
44. Ibid., Part 26, p. 295.
45. Ibid., Part 4, p. 1948.
46. Ibid., pp. 1947, 2039.
47. Ibid., pp. 1951, 1956–58.
48. Ibid., Part 18, pp. 2877–41. The Pacific Fleet’s tasks appear on pp. 2889–90.
49. Ibid., Part 4, pp. 1951–52.
50. Ibid., Part 5, p. 2151.
51. Ibid., p. 2125.
52. Ibid., pp. 2149–50.
53. Ibid., p. 2152.
54. Ibid., Part 26, p. 466.
55. Ibid., p. 280.
56. Ibid., Part 32, p. 234.
57. Ibid., pp. 232–33.
58. Ibid., Part 5, p. 2152.
59. Ibid., Part 32, pp. 235–36.
60. Ibid., p. 415.
61. Ibid., p. 220.
62. Ibid., p. 219.
63. Ibid., Part 8, p. 3455.
64. Ibid., p. 3454.
65. Ibid., Part 16, p. 329.
66. Ibid., Part 32, pp. 231–32.
67. Ibid., Part 8, p. 3453.
68. Ibid., Part 39, pp. 63–64.
69. Ibid., Part 29, p. 2075.
70. Ibid., Part 22, pp. 464–65.
71. Ibid., Part 26, p. 25.
72. Ibid., Part 22, p. 464.
73. Ibid., Part 27, pp. 138–40.
74. Ibid., Part 7, p. 2995.
75. Ibid., Report, p. 108.
76. Ibid., Part 11, p. 5429.
77. Ibid., Part 3, pp. 1421–22.
78. Ibid., Part 11, pp. 5429–30.
Chapter 51
“OUR DIPLOMATS WILL HAVE TO BE SACRIFICED”
1. Interview with Davis, January 30, 1963.
2. PHA, Part 8, p. 3535.
3. Ibid., Part 7, pp. 3371–72.
4. Ibid., Part 26, pp. 104–06.
5. Interview with Davis, January 30, 1963.
6. PHA, Part 26, p. 105.
7. Interview with Genda, June 11, 1947. See also Rengo Kantai, p. 22.
8. Interviews with Genda, December 25, 1947; Goto, February 7, 1950.
9. Sento Hen, pp. 50, 42; Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, pp. 269–70; “Higeki Shinjuwan Kogeki,” pp. 211, 246.
10. Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, pp. 241–42.
11. Interviews with Genda, December 25, 1947; Suzuki, June 12, 1948.
12. Interview with Lt. Sadao Yamamoto, March 23, 1950 (hereafter S. Yamamoto); Rengo Kantai, pp. 23–24.
13. The formations discussed here are based on charts in Chigusa’s Diary. See also Hawai Sakusen, p. 266.
14. Rengo Kantai, pp. 23–25. See also Shinjuwan Sakusen No Shinso, p. 128.
15. Ibid., p. 28.
16. Interviews with Kusaka, March 7, 1949; Genda, June 4, 1947.
17. Interview with Kusaka, March 7, 1949.
18. Interview with Fuchida and Chihaya, May 23, 1948.
19. Interview with Goto, February 7, 1950.
20. Interview with Shimoda, February 7, 1949.
21. Interview with Fuchida, March 3, 1948.
22. Stimson Diary, November 28, 1941; PHA, Part 14, p. 1083.
23. Stimson Diary, November 28, 1941.
24. PHA, Part 2, p. 440. See also Hull Memoirs, Vol. II, pp. 1080, 1087.
25. Stimson Diary, November 28, 1941.
26. PHA, Part 12, pp., 264–65.
27. Ibid., Part 35, pp. 383–84.
28. Admiral Halsey’s Story, pp. 75–76.
29. PHA, Part 26, pp. 324, 319, 326.
30. Ibid., Part 2, pp. 834–35.
31. Ibid., Part 29, pp. 2127–34.
32. Ibid., Part 14, p. 1330.
33. Ibid., Part 2, p. 836.
34. Ibid., Part 7, pp. 2936–37.
35. Ibid., Part 2, pp. 877–78.
36. Japan’s Decision, pp. 261–62.
37. Ugaki Diary, November 29, 1941.
Chapter 52
“THE VACANT SEA”
1. PHA, Part 2, p. 441. See also Hull Memoirs, Vol. II, pp. 1089–90.
2. Ibid., Part 12, p. 311.
3. Ibid., p. 263.
4. Kuehn Trial, pp, 3, 5.
5. Interview with Ogawa, April 13, 1949.
6. PHA, Part 35, p. 329.
7. Ibid.
8. Interview with Yoshikawa, September 11, 1955.
9. Interview with Ogawa, April 13, 1949.
10. Interview with Yoshikawa, September 11, 1955.
11. PHA, Part 35, pp. 329–30; Kuehn Trial, pp. 61–62. The former indicated that Kuehn reported twenty destroyers.
12. Ibid., p. 330.
13. Ibid., Part 34, pp. 176–81.
14. Ibid., p. 19.
15. Ibid., p. 57.
16. Ibid., Part 27, pp. 58–59.
17. Ibid., p. 62.
18. Ibid., Part 17, pp. 2631–32.
19. Interview with Tomioka, January 19, 1948.
20. PHA, Part 17, p. 2633.
21. Ibid., p. 2635.
22. Ibid., Part 10, p. 4836.
23. Interview with Yoshioka, September 23, 1949.
24. Interview with Genda, June 6, 1947.
25. Genda’s Analysis, p. 9.
26. Interview with Genda, June 4, 1947.
27. Ibid., November 26, 1949; November 6, 1950.
28. Interviews with Tomioka, November 24 and December 8, 1947.
29. Interview with Fukudome, May 19, 1949.
30. Interviews with Sanagi, August 23 and 25, 1949.
31. Interview with Ishiguro, April 6, 1948.
32. Interviews with Mikawa, January 22, 1949; Genda, December 25, 1947.
33. Interview with Ishiguro, April 6, 1948.
34. PHA, Part 12, pp. 200–02.
35. Ibid., Part 33, p. 860.
36. Ibid., Part 12, p. 204.
37. Ibid., Part 8, p. 3440.
38. Telegram, Churchill to Roosevelt, November 30, 1941, Hull Papers, Box 49.
39. Kido Diary, November 30, 1941.
40. Interview with Watanabe, May 29, 1948.
41. Kido Diary, November 30, 1941; Far East Mil. Trib., Ex. No. 3565.
Chapter 53
“GLORY OR OBLIVION”
1. Interview with Tsukamoto, February 15, 1950.
2. Interview with Shimoda, November 21, 1949.
3. Interviews with Mikawa, January 12 and 22, 1949.
4. Interview with Yokota, February 23, 1951.
5. PHA, Part 13, pp. 650–51.
6. Hawai Sakusen, p. 289.
7. Interview with Sakagami, September 22, 1955.
8. Interview with Ito, October 27, 1950.
9. Interview with Kusaka, March 9, 1949.
10. Interview with Sasaki, July 20, 1949.
11. Ugaki Diary, December 1, 1941.
12. Interview with Watanabe, March 29, 1948.
13. Ugaki Diary, December 1, 1941.
14. Interview with Watanabe, March 29, 1948.
15. Japan’s Decision, p. 283. See also Complete History, pp. 231–34.
16. Interview with Shimizu, November 20, 1948. See also Hawai Sakusen, p. 290.
17. The sources for the Japanese ship movements described in this chapter are two studies which Capt. Toshikazu Ohmae prepared for the author: “Combined Fleet Task Organizations, 7 December 1941” and “The Battle Order of the Japanese Fleet Prior to December 1941, with Dates of Departure and Arrival of Major Units” (cited hereafter as Ohmae Studies). These are in the author’s files.
18. Ohmae Studies; interview with Capt. Iwao Kawai, April 16, 1951 (hereafter Kawai).
19. Interview with Ozawa, December 22, 1948.
20. Ohmae Studies.
21. Ibid.
22. Interviews with Tsukahara, May 6 and 14, 1949.
23. Ohmae Studies.
24. Ohmae’s Report on the Midway Neutralization Unit, in the author’s files; statement by Cmdr. Hiroshi Uwai, skipper of Sazanami, June 15, 1950 (hereafter Uwai).
25. Interview with RADM. Minoru Togo, October 11, 1950 (hereafter Togo).
26. Ohmae Studies.
27. Interview with Cmdr. Inao Otani, June 23, 1950 (hereafter Otani). Otani, a former member of Naval Intelligence, was on Koga’s staff in November 1941.
28. Ugaki Diary, December 1, 1941.
29. Fifth Carrier Division Diary.
30. State Department Memorandum of Conversation, December 1, 1941, Hull Papers, Box 60.
31. PHA, Part 12, pp. 208–09.
32. Hull Memoirs, Vol. II, pp. 1091–92.
33. Tomioka told the author this story several times in the course of some forty interviews during the 1947–1965 period.
Chapter 54
“GREAT UNEASE IN ALL OF OUR MINDS”
1. PHA, Part 33, p. 703.
2. Ibid., Part 26, p. 234.
3. Ibid., Part 17, p. 2636.
4. Ibid., Part 10, p. 4680.
5. Ibid., Part 4, p. 1962.
6. Ibid., p. 1756.
7. Ibid., Part 26, p. 234.
8. Ibid., p. 221.
9. Ibid., Part 10, pp. 4837–38.
10. Ibid., p. 4839.
11. Ibid., Part 36, p. 128.
12. Ibid., Part 10, pp. 4839–40.
13. Ibid., Part 6, pp. 2597–98.
14. Ibid., Part 10, pp. 4841–42.
15. Ibid., Part 6, p. 2523.
16. Ibid., Part 10, p. 4893.
17. Ibid., p. 4838.
18. Ibid., Part 15, pp. 1895–96.
19. Ibid., pp. 1774–1842.
20. Ibid., Part 8, pp. 3384–85.
21. Ibid., Part 35, p. 205.
22. Ibid., p. 401.
23. Ibid., p. 120.
24. Ibid., Part 12, pp. 265–66.
25. Ibid., Part 17, p. 2638.
26. Ibid., Part 9, pp. 4367, 4376.
27. Ibid., Part 35, p. 206.
28. Ibid., p. 44.
29. Ibid., Part 7, p. 3101.
30. Ibid., Part 16, pp. 2253–56.
31. Ibid., Part 12, p. 266.
32. Ibid., Part 9, p. 4375.
33. Ibid., Part 35, p. 472.
34. Ibid., Part 12, pp. 215–16.
35. See, in particular, Osaka Mainichi and Tokyo Nichi Nichi, November 30, 1941; Japan Times and Advertiser, December 6, 1941; Honolulu Advertiser and Honolulu Star-Bulletin, November 24, 1941; Los Angeles Times, November 24 and 26, 1941.
36. Interview with Ohmae, July 3, 1947; Complete History, p. 235.
37. Fifth Carrier Division Diary, December 2, 1941; Dai San Sentai Nisshi (Diary of the Third Battleship Division), December 2, 1941 (cited hereafter as 3d BB Division Diary).
38. Of many translations, the author prefers this one, found in the Preface of Noel F. Busch’s book The Emperor’s Sword: Japan vs. Russia in the Battle of Tsushima (New York, 1969).
39. Ugaki Diary, December 2, 1941.
40. Fifth Carrier Division Diary, December 2, 1941.
Chapter 55
“SURE INDICATION OF WAR”
1. Ugaki Diary, December 3, 1941.
2. Ibid., December 5, 1941.
3. 3d BB Division Diary, December 3, 1941.
4. PHA, Part 4, p. 1676.
5. Fifth Carrier Division Diary.
6. PHA, Part 17, p. 2639.
7. Ibid., Part 35, p. 43.
8. Ibid., p. 30.
9. Ibid., Part 14, p. 1407.
10. Ibid., Part 4, p. 1753.
11. Ibid., p. 2002.
12. Ibid., Part 9, p. 4226.
13. Ibid., p. 4233.
14. Ibid., Part 26, p. 468.
15. Ibid., Part 9, p. 4233.
16. Ibid., Part 5, p. 2131.
17. Ibid., Part 2, pp. 840–41.
18. Ibid., Part 14, p. 1408.
19. Ibid., Part 26, p. 392. See also Part 8, p. 3668.
20. Ibid., Part 10, p. 4842.
21. Ibid., Part 33, p. 833.
22. Ibid., Part 6, pp. 2540–41.
23. Ibid., p. 2764.
24. Ibid., p. 2521.
25. Ibid., Part 22, p. 379.
26. Ibid., Part 26, p. 27.
27. Ibid., Part 32, p. 304.
28. Ibid., Part 27, p. 789.
29. Ibid., Part 6, pp. 2596–97, 2764.
30. Ibid., Part 7, pp. 2956, 2996, 3101, 3105.
31. Ibid., Part 10, p. 5112.
32. Ibid., Part 26, p. 283.
33. Ibid., Part 23, p. 875.
34. Ibid., Part 35, pp. 322–25, 330; Part 12, pp. 267–68; interview with Yoshikawa, September 11, 1955.
35. Ibid., Part 36. pp. 303–04; Part 8, p. 3446.
36. Ibid., Part 36, p. 304; Part 8, p. 3892; Part 9, p. 4171; Mr. X Comments.
37. Ibid., Part 9, p. 4171.
38. Chicago Tribune, December 7, 1966, Special Supplement, p. 6.
39. Harry Elmer Barnes, “Pearl Harbor After a Quarter of a Century,” Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought, Vol. IV (1968), pp. 25, 42. Cited hereafter as “Pearl Harbor After a Quarter of a Century.”
40. PHA, Part 12, p. 267; Part 29, p. 1673; Part 35, p. 330. The clearest version of the full text appears in Part 35, pp. 321–22.
41. Gwen Terasaki, Bridge to the Sun (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1957), pp. 66–69.
Chapter 56
“ANOTHER STRAW IN THE WIND”
1. Japan’s Decision, pp. 284–95; The Cause of Japan, pp. 208–09.
2. PHA, Part 12, pp. 231–32.
3. 3d BB Division Diary, December 4, 1941.
4. Fifth Carrier Division Diary, December 4, 1941.
5. Ibid., December 5, 1941.
6. PHA, Part 11, p. 5433.
7. Stimson Diary, December 4 and 5, 1941.
8. PHA, Part 11, pp. 5284, 5513.
9. Ibid., Part 8, pp. 3388–90, 3412.
10. Ibid., Part 4, p. 1970.
11. Ibid., Part 5, p. 2132.
12. Ibid., Part 8, p. 3417.
13. Ibid., pp. 3413–14.
14. Ibid., p. 3588; Mr. X Comments.
15. PHA, Part 26, p. 283.
16. Ibid., Part 17, p. 2475.
17. Ibid., Part 12, p. 227.
18. Ibid., p. 234.
19. Ibid., Part 9, pp. 4201–02.
20. Ibid., Part 33, p. 860.
21. Ibid., Part 9, p. 4577.
22. Ibid., p. 4202.
23. Ibid., Part 12, p. 236.
24. Interview with Lt. Col. J. Bayard Schindel, August 3, 1956 (hereafter Schindel).
25. PHA, Part 9, p. 5480.
26. Ibid., Part 4, p. 1968.
27. Ibid., Part 10, pp. 4629–30; Part 35, p. 99.
28. Ibid., Part 9, pp. 4521–22.
29. Ibid., Part 8, pp. 3579.
30. Ibid., Part 33, p. 807.
31. Ibid., Part 9, pp. 4225–26.
32. Ibid., p. 4268.
33. Ibid., p. 4520.
34. Ibid., p. 4541
35. Ibid., p. 4543.
36. Ibid., pp. 4347, 4595–96.
37. Ibid., Part 35, pp. 88–89.
38. Ibid., Part 9, p. 4347.
39. Ibid., Part 35, p. 27.
40. Ibid., Part 16, pp. 2311–12; Part 26, p. 219.
41. Ibid., Part 6, p. 2610.
42. Chigusa Diary, December 6, 1941 (December 5, local time).
43. PHA, Part 35, pp. 383, 389.
44. Ibid., Part 26, pp. 342–44.
45. Ibid., pp. 346–48.
46. Ibid., pp. 148–49.
47. PHA, Part 24, p. 1780; Part 7, p. 2996.
48. Ibid., Part 28, pp. 944–45.
49. Ibid., Part 24, p. 1780.
50. Ibid., Part 18, p. 3255.
51. Study, “Submarine Activities in Pearl Harbor,” which Shibuya prepared for the author and which is in the author’s files (cited hereafter as Shibuya Study).
52. Interview with Cleveland Davis, August 8, 1964. On December 5, 1941, he was chief fire control technician aboard Ralph Talbot.
53. Ugaki Diary, December 6, 1941 (December 5, Hawaiian time).
Chapter 57
“ON A KEG OF DYNAMITE”
1. Stimson Diary, December 6, 1941.
2. PHA, Part 14, p. 1246.
3. Ibid., Part 15, pp. 1680–81.
4. Ibid., Part 3, p. 1121.
5. Mr. X Comments; PHA, Part 36, p. 86.
6. PHA, Part 29, pp. 2395–400; Mr. X Comments.
7. PHA, Part 14, p. 1408.
8. Ibid., Part 20, pp. 4528–35.
9. Ibid., Part 12, pp. 238–39; Part 14, p. 1413.
10. Ibid., Part 12, p. 245.
11. Kiyoshi Murata, “‘Treachery’ of Pearl Harbor,” Nippon Times, June 8, 1956, (cited hereafter as “‘Treachery’ of Pearl Harbor”); PHA, Part 14, pp. 1413–15.
12. PHA, Part 14, pp. 1414–15.
13. Ibid. The time of receipt of Parts 9 and 10 is not given in the documentation. The Army decoded them, and the Navy typed them.
14. Ibid., Part 2, p. 900.
15. Ibid., Part 9, pp. 4510, 4513.
16. Ibid., p. 4015.
17. Ibid., Part 4, p. 1761.
18. Ibid., Part 11, p. 5271.
19. Ibid., Part 14, p. 1238.
20. Ibid., pp. 1240–45.
21. Ibid., Part 20, p. 4535.
22. Ugaki Diary, December 7, 1941.
23. 3d BB Division Diary, December 7, 1941; Dai Ichi Suirai Sentai Senji Niishi (War Diary of the First Destroyer Division), December 7, 1941 (cited hereafter as 1st DD Division Diary).
24. Chigusa Diary, December 7, 1941.
25. PHA, Part 6, p. 2728.
26. Log of Monaghan; interview with RADM. William P. Burford, August 18, 1964 (hereafter Burford).
27. Interview with RADM. Herald F. Stout, August 8, 1964 (hereafter Stout).
28. Telephone conversation with Lt. Irvin H. Thesman, August 12, 1964. He was an electrician’s mate first class aboard Oklahoma in December 1941; interview with CWO-4 Edgar B. Beck, August 6, 1964. He was a gunner’s mate second class aboard Oklahoma in December 1941 (hereafter respectively Thesman and Beck).
29. Interview with Lt. Cmdr. B. C. Hesser, August 10, 1964 (hereafter Hesser).
30. Interview with Adm. George A. Rood, July 24, 1964 (hereafter Rood).
31. Interview with RADM. Milo F. Draemel, January 17, 1963 (hereafter Draemel).
32. PHA, Part 23, p. 658.
33. Interview with Layton, July 22, 1964. See also PHA, Part 26, pp. 236–37.
34. PHA, Part 22, pp. 380, 384.
35. Interview with Smith, November 29, 1962.
36. PHA, Part 6, pp. 2569–70.
37. Ibid., pp. 2596, 2579, 2828.
38. Ibid., Part 8, p. 3522.
39. Ibid., Part 6, pp. 2591, 2582–83.
40. Interview with Layton, July 22, 1964; PHA, Part 6, p. 2793.
41. PHA, Part 22, p. 384.
42. Interview with Layton, July 22, 1964.
43. PHA, Part 10, p. 4967; Part 22, p. 191.
44. Ibid., Part 22, p. 178.
45. Ibid., Part 7, p. 3104.
46. Ibid., Part 22, p. 146; Part 10, p. 4987.
47. Ibid., Part 14, p. 1409.
48. Ibid., Part 7, p. 3104.
49. Ibid., Part 22, pp. 160–61.
50. Chigusa Diary, 3d BB Division and 1st DD Division diaries, December 7, 1941.
51. PHA, Part 12, p. 269.
52. Interview with Yoshikawa, July 16, 1950.
53. PHA, Part 12, p. 269.
54. Interviews with Yoshikawa, September 11, 1955; Okuda, August 27, 1955.
55. PHA, Part 9, p. 4582.
56. Ibid., Part 36, pp. 251–52.
57. Mr. X Comments.
Chapter 58
“THIS MEANS WAR”
1. PHA, Part 29, p. 2382; Part 8, p. 3563; Mr. X Comments.
2. PHA, Part 8, pp. 3900–01; Part 33, p. 779; Part 4, p. 1762; Report, p. 219.
3. Letter, Mrs. Alwin Kramer to the author, December 3, 1970.
4. PHA, Part 8, pp. 3901–02.
5. Ibid., Part 10, pp. 4661–69.
6. PHA, Part II, pp. 5543–60.
7. Letter from Mrs. Kramer, op. cit.
8. PHA, Part 8, pp. 3902–03, 3907.
9. Letter from Mrs. Kramer, op. cit.
10. PHA, Part 8, p. 3903; Part 4, pp. 1762–63; Part 11, p. 5272.
11. Ibid., Part 4, p. 1970; Part 9, pp. 4230, 4026–30, 4045; postscript by Captain Kramer to letter from Mrs. Kramer, op. cit.
12. PHA, Part 2, pp. 925–26; Part 9, pp. 4513–16.
13. Ibid., Part 9, pp. 4513–16; Part 3, p. 1110.
14. Interview with Lt. Gen. Truman H. Landon, December 15, 1959 (hereafter Landon).
15. PHA, Part 3, p. 1121.
16. Ibid., Part 27, p. 96; Part 18, p. 2965; Part 22, p. 45.
17. Ibid., Part 2, pp. 569–70, 692–93.
18. IMTFEC Exhibit No. 1225, July 30, 1946, Affidavit of Tateki Shirao; IMTFEC Document No. 2669A, “Extracts from Diary of Shirao, Tateki”; The Undeclared War, pp. 396–97.
19. PHA, Part 2, pp. 693–94.
20. Ibid., Part 35, pp. 274–75.
21. Ibid., Part 31. pp. 3188–89; Part 10, p. 5106.
22. Ibid., Part 10, p. 5108.
23. Ibid., Part 29, p. 1666.
24. Ibid., Part 31, pp. 3188–89.
25. Ibid., Part 10, pp. 4870–71.
26. Ibid., pp. 5099–5100.
27. Ibid., Part 27, p. 738.
28. Ibid., Part 10, p. 5091.
29. Ibid., Part 28, pp. 1542, 1558.
30. Ibid., Part 10, pp. 5091, 5097.
31. Ibid., Part 28, p. 1558; Part 27, p. 738.
32. Ibid., Part 10, p. 5113; interview with Bicknell, September 8, 1967.
33. PHA, Part 28, p. 1542; Part 22, p. 175.
34. Interview with Ogawa, March 2, 1949.
35. Statement by Tachibana, August 9, 1950.
36. 1st DD Division Diary, December 8, 1941.
37. Interview with Yoshikawa, July 16, 1950.
38. PHA, Part 35, p. 390; Part 12, p. 270.
39. Interview with Tomioka, January 26, 1948.
40. 1st DD Division Diary, December 7, 1941.
41. Genda Statement, June 11, 1947.
42. Interview with Genda, June 6, 1947; Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, pp. 271–72.
43. Interview with Fuchida, December 10, 1963.
44. I Attacked Pearl Harbor, pp. 19–21.
45. Interview with Bicknell, September 8, 1967; PHA, Part 18, p. 3015.
46. PHA, Part 22, p. 508.
47. Ibid., p. 565.
48. Interviews with Hesser, August 10, 1964; Lt. Cmdr. Harley F. Smart, August 21, 1964 (hereafter Smart). In 1941 Smart was a lieutenant aboard Vestal.
49. PHA, Part 22, pp. 87, 156; Part 10, p. 4983; interview with Col. and Mrs. Emil Leard, October 17, 1963 (hereafter Leard).
50. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, December 7, 1966.
51. PHA, Part 22, p. 200.
52. Interview with Mollison, January 30, 1963.
53. Interview with Col. Robert H. Dunlop, October 10, 1963 (hereafter Dunlop).
54. Interview with Draemel, January 17, 1963.
55. PHA, Part 6, p. 2826.
56. Interview with Layton, July 22, 1964.
Chapter 59
“THE JAPS ARE PLANNING SOME DEVILTRY”
1. The formation for the high-speed rum is taken from Chigusa Diary. See also Hawai Sakusen, p. 317.
2. 1st DD Division Diary, December 8, 1941.
3. Fifth Carrier Division Diary, December 8, 1941.
4. Interview with Shimoda, November 21, 1949.
5. PHA, Part 37, p. 1299; log of Condor, December 6, 1941; Cabell Phillips, “Ten Years Ago This Friday,” The New York Times Magazine (December 2, 1951), p. 9.
6. Interview with RADM. William W. Outerbridge, September 8, 1970 (hereafter Outerbridge); PHA, Part 37, pp. 1296, 1299, 703; Part 36, pp. 55–56: Part 13, p. 494; log of Ward, December 7, 1941.
7. PHA, Part 8, pp. 3907–08; Part 14, p. 1415.
8. Ibid., Part 12, p. 245; Hull Papers, Box 60.
9. PHA, Part 8, pp. 3907, 3392–93; Part 33, p. 858.
10. Ibid., Part 11, pp. 5273–74.
11. Ibid., Part 8, pp. 3907–08; Part 9, p. 4109.
12. Interview with Schindel, July 14, 1956.
13. PHA, Part 9, pp. 4516, 4523–24; Part 35, p. 98.
14. Ibid., Part 12, p. 248.
15. Ibid., Part 9, pp. 4517, 4527.
16. Ibid., pp. 4571, 4548.
17. Ibid., p. 4534; Part 3, p. 1114.
18. Ibid., Part 9, pp. 4595, 4524.
19. Ibid., p. 4524.
20. Ibid., Part 3, pp. 1108, 1327; Part 11, pp. 5175–76.
21. Stimson Diary, December 7, 1941.
22. Interview with Ema, May 27, 1950.
23. Interview with Sublt. Iyozo Fujita, February 2, 1951 (hereafter Fujita).
24. Interview with Ohashi, November 18, 1949.
25. Interview with Fuchida, December 10, 1963.
26. Mitsuo Fuchida, “I Led the Air Attack Against Pearl Harbor,” ed. Roger Pineau, United States Naval Institute Proceedings (September 1952), p. 945 (cited hereafter as “I Led the Air Attack.”)
27. Interview with Fuchida, December 10, 1963.
28. Ibid.; also Genda, January 26, 1950; “I Led the Air Attack,” p. 956.
29. Interviews with Amagai, October 5, 1949; Matsumura, January 8, 1965; Goto, January 17, 1950.
30. Interview with Genda, December 26, 1947; Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, pp. 272–73.
31. PHA, Part 8, p. 3908.
32. Ibid., pp. 3393–94.
33. Ibid., p. 3910; Part 9, p. 4048.
34. Ibid., Part 8, p. 3909; Part 12, p. 251.
35. Ibid., Part 8, p. 3920; Part 9, pp. 3970–71.
36. Ibid., Part 8, pp. 3909, 3430.
37. Ibid., Part 36, p. 26.
38. Ibid., Part 8, p. 3396.
39. Ibid., Part 9, pp. 4043, 4053; Part 8, pp. 3909, 3912; Part 5, p. 2095; Part 33, pp. 859–60.
40. “‘Treachery’ of Pearl Harbor.”
41. Interview with Genda, November 3, 1950; Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 121.
42. Interviews with Genda, December 12, 1947; Fuchida, December 10, 1963: Amagai, October 5, 1949; Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 121.
43. Statement by Matsumura, January 19, 1951.
44. Interview with Lt. Keizo Ofuchi, January 19, 1950 (hereafter Ofuchi).
45. Interviews with Genda, December 28, 1947, and November 3, 1950; Hawai Sakusen, p. 332.
46. Interviews with Ofuchi, January 19, 1950; Fuchida, December 10, 1963; Ema, May 27, 1950.
47. Interviews with Genda, December 27, 1947; Amagai, October 4, 1949; Fuchida, December 10, 1963.
48. Interview with Genda, December 28, 1947.
49. Interview with Fujita, February 2, 1951.
50. Interviews with Ofuchi, January 19, 1950; Genda, December 29, 1947; Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 264.
51. Statement by Lt. Saburo Shindo, January 17, 1951 (hereafter Shindo).
52. Interviews with Genda, December 28, 1947; Fuchida, December 10, 1963; Amagai, October 12, 1949; Shinjuwan Sakusen Kaikoroku, p. 262. Some discrepancies exist concerning the number of planes which participated. The figures used in this study came from Genda, Fuchida, other airmen, Chihaya, and Hawai Sakusen.
53. Interview with Genda, December 28, 1947; Rengo Kantai, p. 34.
Chapter 60
“AN AWFUL URGENCY”
1. Interview with Sakamaki, October 19, 1947; I Attacked Pearl Harbor, pp. 36–38.
2. PHA, Part 2, p. 933.
3. Ibid., Part 9, pp. 4517–18, 4552–53: Part 14, p. 1410.
4. Ibid., Part 29, p. 2309; Part 9, p. 4518.
5. Ibid., Part 14, p. 1410.
6. Ibid., Part 9, p. 4518; Part 15, p. 1633.
7. Ibid., Part 5, p. 2132.
8. Ibid., Part 14, p. 1410.
9. Ibid., Part 5, p. 2133.
10. Ibid., Part 9, p. 4519.
11. Ibid., Part 2, p. 931; Part 33, p. 882; Part 29, p. 2313.
12. Ibid., Part 34, p. 32; Part 23, p. 1105.
13. Ibid., Part 9, p. 4519.
14. Ibid., Part 14, p. 1334.
15. Ibid., Part 9, p. 4519.
16. Ibid., p. 4555; Part 14, p. 1411.
17. Ibid., Part 15, p. 1640.
18. Ibid., Part 34, p. 33; Part 27, pp. 109, 114; Part 23, p. 1103.
19. Interview with Capt. Lawrence C. Grannis, July 24, 1963 (hereafter Grannis); log of Antares, December 7, 1941.
20. Interview with Outerbridge, September 8, 1970; PHA, Part 36, pp. 56–57; log of Ward, December 7, 1941; Report of W. W. Outerbridge, December 13, 1941, DD139/A16–3/(759), Classified Operational Archives Branch, Naval History Division, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, D.C.
21. PHA, Part 36, p. 57; Part 37, p. 704.
22. Ibid., Part 23, pp. 1035–37.
23. Ibid., Part 26, pp. 203–09.
24. Ibid., Part 32, p. 444; interview with Ramsey, December 6, 1962.
25. PHA, Part 26, pp. 209–10; interview with Kimmel, December 1, 1963.
26. PHA, Part 23, pp. 1125, 1193.
27. Ibid., Part 23, pp. 1051–52, 1038.
28. Ibid., Part 22, p. 499.
29. Ibid., Part 28, p. 1554.