Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World. Golden Press, New York.
Bond, J. 1971. Birds of the West Indies, 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
Brisson, M.-J. 1760. Ornithologie. 6 vols. Bauch, Paris.
Davis, L. I. 1972. A Field Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Central America. University of Texas Press, Austin.
de Schauensee, R. M. 1966. The Species of Birds of South America. Livingston Publishing, Narberth, Pa.
de Schauensee, R. M., and W. H. Phelps. 1978. A Guide to the Birds of Venezuela. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Elliot, D. G. 1878. A classification and synopsis of the Trochilidae. Smithsonian Institution, Contributions to Knowledge 317:1–277.
ffrench, R. 1991. A Guide to the Birds of Trinidad and Tobago, 2nd ed. Livingston Publishing, Wynnewood, Pa.
Godfrey, W. E. 1986. The Birds of Canada, 2nd ed. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
Gould, J. 1849–61. A Monograph of the Trochilidae, or Family of Hummingbirds. Taylor and Francis, London. (Second ed. and supplements 1880–85). Reprinted (1990) as a single volume and in slightly reduced format, as Hummingbirds, Wellfleet Press, Secaucus, N.J.
Gray, G. R. 1861–71. Hand-list of Genera and Species of Birds, Distinguishing Those Contained in the British Museum. Richard and John Taylor, London.
Greenewalt, C. H. 1960a. Hummingbirds. Doubleday and the American Museum of Natural History, Garden City.
Grzimek, B., ed. 1972. Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia, vol. 8. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
Haverschmidt, F. 1968. Birds of Surinam. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh.
Howell, S.N.G., and S. Webb. 1995. A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford University Press, New York.
Land, H. 1970. Birds of Guatemala. Livingston Publishing, Narberth, Pa.
Peters, J. L. 1945. Check-List of Birds of the World, vol. 5. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Peterson, R. T., and E. L. Chalif. 1973. A Field Guide to Mexican Birds. Houghton, Mifflin, Boston.
Ridgley, R. S., and J. W. Gwynne, Jr. 1989. A Guide to the Birds of Panama, rev. ed. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Ridgway, R. 1890. The hummingbirds. Report of the U.S. National Museum for 1890, pp. 253–383.
Ridgway, R. 1911. The birds of North and Middle America. Part V. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 50:1–859.
Rutgers, A. 1972. Birds of South America. Illustrations from the Lithographs of John Gould. St. Martin’s Press, New York. (Includes reproductions of 80 hummingbird plates.)
Scheithauer, W. 1967. Hummingbirds. Thomas Y. Crowell, New York.
Sick, H. 1993. Birds in Brazil. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
Skutch, A. F. 1973. The Life of the Hummingbird. Crown, New York.
Smithe, F. B., and R. A. Paynter. 1963. Birds of Tikal. Natural History Press, Garden City, N.Y.
Stiles, F. G., and A. F. Skutch. 1989. A Guide to the Birds of Costa Rica. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
Thompson, A. L. 1974. A New Dictionary of Birds. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Aldrich, E. C. 1945. Nesting of the Allen hummingbird. Condor 47:137–148.
——. 1956. Pterylography and molt of the Allen hummingbird. Condor 58:121–133.
American Ornithologists’ Union (AOU). 1957. Check-List of North American Birds, 5th ed. Lord Baltimore Press, Baltimore.
——. 1983. Check-list of North American Birds, 6th ed. Allen Press, Lawrence, Kan.
——. 1995. 40th supplement to the American Ornithologists’ Union Check-list of North American birds, Auk 112:819–830.
Anderson, J. O., and G. Monson. 1981. Berylline hummingbirds nest in Arizona. Continental Birdlife 2:56–61.
Arizmendi, M. del C., and J. F. Ornelas. 1990. Hummingbirds and their floral resources in a dry tropical forest in Mexico. Biotropica 22:172–180.
Armitage, K. B. 1955. Territorial behavior in fall migrant rufous hummingbirds. Condor 57:239–240.
Arriaga, L., R. Rodriguez-Estrella, and A. Ortega-Rubio. 1990. Endemic hummingbirds and madrones of Baja: are they mutually dependent? Southwest. Nat. 35:76–79.
Austin, D. V. 1975. Bird flowers in the eastern United States. Florida Sci. 38:1–12.
Austin, G. T. 1970. Interspecific territoriality of migrant calliope and resident broad-tailed hummingbirds. Condor 72:234.
Baepler, D. H. 1962. The avifauna of the Soloma region in Huehuetenango, Guatemala. Condor 64:140–153.
Bailey, A. M. 1927. Notes on the birds of southeastern Alaska. Auk 44:351–367.
——. 1974. Second nesting of broad-tailed hummingbirds. Condor 76:350.
Bailey, A. M., and R. J. Niedrach. 1965. Birds of Colorado. 2 vols. Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver.
Bailey, F. M. 1928. Birds of New Mexico. New Mexico Department of Fish and Game, Santa Fe.
Bakus, G. J. 1962. Early nesting of the Costa hummingbird in southern California. Condor 64:438–439.
Baldridge, F. A. 1983. Plumage characteristics of juvenal black-chinned hummingbirds. Condor 85:102–105.
Baltosser, W. H. 1986. Nesting success and productivity of hummingbirds in southeastern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona. Wils. Bull. 98:353–367.
——. 1987. Age, species and sex determination of four North American hummingbirds. N. Am. Bird Bander 12:151–166.
——. 1989a. Costa’s hummingbird: its distribution and status. West. Birds 20:41–62.
——. 1989b. Nectar availability and habitat selection by hummingbirds in Guadeloupe Canyon. Wils. Bull. 101:559–578.
——. 1994. Age and sex determination in the calliope hummingbird. West. Birds 25:104–109.
——. and P. Scott. 1996. Costa’s hummingbird (Calypte costae). In The Birds of North America, No. 25 (A. Pool, P. Stettenheim, and F. Gill, eds.). Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.
Banks, R. C. 1990. Taxonomic status of the coquette hummingbird of Guerrero, Mexico. Auk 107:191–192.
Banks, R. C., and N. K. Johnson. 1961. A review of North American hybrid hummingbirds. Condor 63:3–28.
Baptista, L. F., and M. Matsui. 1979. The source of the dive-noise of the Anna’s hummingbird. Condor 81:87–89.
Barash, D. P. 1972. Lek behavior in the broad-tailed hummingbird. Wilson Bull. 82:202–203.
Barbour, R. 1943. Cuban ornithology. Mem. Nuttall Ornithol. Club 9:1–129.
Baumgartner, F. M. 1981. To hold a hummingbird. Bird Watcher’s Digest 3(3):18–21.
——. and A. M. Baumgartner. 1992. Oklahoma Bird Life, Oklahoma University Press, Norman.
Behnke-Pederson, M. 1972. Kolibrien, vol. 1. Aage Poulsen, Skibby, Denmark.
Bendire, C. E. 1895. Life histories of North American birds. U.S. Natl. Mus. Spec. Bull. 3.
Bené, F. 1947. The feeding and related behavior of hummingbirds with special reference to the black-chin, Archilochus alexandri (Bourcier and Mulsant). Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 9:395–478.
Bent, A. C. 1940. Life histories of North American cuckoos, goatsuckers, hummingbirds and their allies. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 176:1–506.
Berlioz, J. 1932. Notes critiques sur quelques Trochilidés du British Museum. Oiseau (N.S.) 2:530–534.
——. 1944. La Vie des Colibris. Histoires Naturelles, Paris.
——. 1965. Note critique sur les Trochilidés des genres Timolia et Augasma. Oiseau 35:1–8.
Binford, L. C. 1985. Re-evaluation of the “hybrid” hummingbird Cynanthus sordidus x C. latirostris from Mexico. Condor 87:148–150.
——. 1989. A distributional survey of the birds of the Mexican state of Oaxaca. Ornith. Monogr. No. 43.
Blair, F., A. Blair, P. Brodkorp, F. Cagle, and G. Moore. 1968. Vertebrates of the United States, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Bonhote, J. L. 1903. On a collection of birds from the northern islands of the Bahamas group. Ibis 8(1):273–315.
Borrero, J. I. 1965. Notas sobre el comportamiento del colibri coli-rojo (Amazilia tzacatl) y el mielero (Coereba flaveola), en Colombia. El Hornero 10:247–250.
——. 1975. Notas sobre el comportamiento reproductivo de Amazilia tzacatl. Ardeola 21:933–943.
Bowmaker, J. K. 1988. Avian colour vision and the environment. Acta 19th Cong. Int. Orn., Ottawa 12184–12194. (UV vision in hummingbirds.)
Brandt, H. 1951. Arizona and Its Bird Life. Bird Research Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio.
Brewster, W. 1902. Birds of the Cape region of Lower California. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. (Harvard University) 41:1–240.
Brown, J. H., and M. A. Bowers, 1985. Community organization in hummingbirds’ relationship between morphology and ecology. Auk 102:1–69.
Brown, J. H., W. A. Calder, and A. Kodric-Brown. 1978. Correlates and consequences of body size in nectar-feeding birds. Am. Zool. 18:687–700.
Brown, J. H., and A. Kodric-Brown. 1979. Convergence, competition and mimicry in a temperate community of hummingbird-pollinated flowers. Ecology 60:1022–1035.
Brudenell-Bruce, P.G.C. 1975. The Birds of New Providence and the Bahama Islands. Taplinger Publishing, New York.
Brunton, D. F., S. Andrews, and D. G. Paton. 1979. Nesting of the calliope hummingbird in Kananskis Provincial Park, Alberta. Can. Field-Nat. 93:449–451.
Butler, A. G. 1932. (Exhibition of a hybrid hummingbird, Damophila amabilis x Amazilia tzacatl). Bull. Br. Ornithol. Club 47:134.
Calder, W. A. 1971. Temperature relationships and mating of the calliope hummingbird. Condor 73:314–321.
——. 1973. Microhabitat selection during nesting of hummingbirds in the Rocky Mountains. Ecology 54:127–134.
——. 1976. Energy crisis of the hummingbird. Nat. Hist. 85(3):24–29.
——. 1993. Rufous hummingbird. In The Birds of North America, No. 53 (A. Pool, P. Stettenheim, and F. Gill, eds.). Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.
——. and L. L. Calder. 1992. Broad-tailed hummingbird. In The Birds of North America, No. 16 (A. Pool, P. Stettenheim, and F. Gill, eds.). Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.
——. and ——. 1994. Calliope hummingbird. In The Birds of North America, No. 135 (A. Pool, P. Stettenheim, and F. Gill, eds.). Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.
——. and E. G. Jones. 1989. Implications of recapture data for migration of the rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus) in the Rocky Mountains. Auk 106:488–489.
——., N. M. Waser, S. M. Hiebert, D. W. Inouye, and S. Miller. 1983. Site fidelity, longevity, and population dynamics of broad-tailed hummingbirds: a ten-year study. Oecologia 56:357–364.
Carpenter, F. L. 1976. Ecology and evolution of an Andean hummingbird (Oreotrochilus estella). Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool. 106:1–74.
Carriker, M. A., Jr. 1910. An annotated list of the birds of Costa Rica, including Cocos Island. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 6:314–915.
Carroll, S. P., and L. Moore. 1993. Hummingbirds take their vitamins. Anim. Behav. 46:817–820.
Chapman, F. M. 1902. Notes on birds and mammals observed near Trinidad, Cuba, with remarks on the origin of West Indian bird life. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 4:279–330.
Chase, V. C., and P. H. Raven. 1975. Evolutionary and ecological relationships between Aquilegia formosa and A. pubescens (Ranunculaceae), two perennial plants. Evolution 29:474–486.
Clench, M. H., and R. C. Leberman. 1978. Weights of 151 species of Pennsylvania birds analyzed by month, age, and sex. Bull. Carnegie Mus. Nat. Hist. (5):1–87.
Clyde, D. P. 1972. Anna’s hummingbird in adult male plumage feeds nestling. Condor 74:102.
Cogswell, H. L. 1949. Alternate care of two nests in the black-chinned hummingbird. Condor 51:176–178.
Cohn, J. M. W. 1968. The convergent flight mechanisms of swifts (Apodi) and hummingbirds (Trochili) (Aves). Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Colwell, R. K. 1985. Stowaways on the Hummingbird Express. Nat. Hist. 94(7):56–63.
Colwell, R. K. 1995. Effects of nectar consumption by the hummingbird flower mite Proctolaeleps kirmsi on nectar availability in Hamelia patens. Biotropica 27:206–217.
Colwell, R. K., B. J. Betts, P. Bunnell, F. L. Carpenter, and P. Feinsinger. 1974. Competition for the nectar of Centropogon valerii by the hummingbird Colibri thalassinus and the flower-pecker Diglossa plumbea, and its evolutionary implications. Condor 76:447–452.
Conway, A. E., and S. R. Drennan. 1979. Rufous hummingbirds in eastern North America. Am. Birds 33:130–132.
Cook, R. E. 1969. Variation in species density of North American birds. Syst. Zool. 18:63–84.
Cottam, C., and P. Knappen. 1939. Food of some uncommon North American birds. Auk 49:479–481.
Davis, T. A. W. 1958. The displays and nests of three forest hummingbirds. Ibis 100:31–39.
de Schauensee, R. M. 1964. The Birds of Colombia and Adjacent Areas of South and Central America. Livingston Publishing, Narberth, Pa.
——. 1967. Eriocnemis mirabilis, a new species of hummingbird from Colombia. Not. Nat. 402:1–2.
Demaree, S. R. 1970. Nest-building, incubation period and fledging in the black-chinned hummingbird. Wilson Bull. 82:225.
Des Granges, J. L. 1979. Organization of a tropical nectar feeding bird guild in a variable environment. Living Bird 17:199–236.
Diamond, A. W. 1973. Habitats and feeding stations of St. Lucia forest birds. Ibis 115:313–329.
Dickey, D. R., and A. J. van Rossem. 1938. The birds of El Salvador. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Ser. 23:1–609.
Dorst, R. 1962. Nouvelle recherches biologiques sur les Trochilidés des haut Andes péruviennes (Oreotrochilus estella). Oiseau 32:95–126.
Dubois, A. D. 1938. Observations at a rufous hummingbird’s nest. Auk 55:629–641.
Dunning, J. B., Jr. (ed.). 1993. CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses. C.R.C. Press, Baton Rouge, La.
Edgarton, H. E., R. J. Niedrach, and W. van Riper. 1951. Freezing the flight of hummingbirds. Nat. Geogr. 100:245–261.
Edwards, E. P. 1973. A Field Guide to the Birds of Mexico. E. P. Edwards, Sweet Briar, Va.
Edwards, E. P., and R. E. Tashian. 1959. Avifauna of the Catemaco Basin of southern Veracruz, Mexico. Condor 61:325–337.
Eisenmann, E. 1955. The species of Middle American birds. Trans. Linnaean Soc. N.Y. 7:1–127.
Elgar, R. J. 1980. Observations on the display of the blue-tailed emerald. Avic. Mag. 86:147–150.
English, T. S. 1928. A diary of the nesting of Microlyssa exilis, the crested hummingbird of Montserrat, West Indies. Ibis (12th series) 4:13–16.
——. 1934. Notes on a nest of Microlyssa exilis. Ibis (13th series) 4:838.
Escalante-Pliego, P., and A. T. Peterson. 1992. Geographic variation and species limits in middle American woodnymphs (Thalurania). Wils. Bull. 104:205–219.
Feinsinger, P. 1976. Organization of a tropical group of nectarivorous birds. Ecol. Monogr. 46:257–291.
Feinsinger, P., and R. W. Colwell. 1978. Community organization among neo-tropical nectar-feeding birds. Am. Zool. 18:779–795.
Fitzpatrick, A. 1966. My friend rufous. Fla. Nat. 39:35–38, 54.
Fitzpatrick, J. W., D. E. Willard, and J. W., Terborgh. 1979. A new species of hummingbird from Peru. Wilson Bull. 91:177–186.
Foster, W. L., and J. Tate, Jr. 1966. The activities and coactions of animals at sapsucker trees. Living Bird 5:87–114.
Fox, R. P. 1954. Plumages and territorial behavior of the lucifer hummingbird in the Chisos Mountains, Texas. Auk 71:465–466.
Fraga, R. M. 1989. Interactions between nectarivorous birds and Aphelandra sinclariana in Panama. J. Trop. Ecol. 6:19–26.
Friedmann, H., L. Griscom, and R. T. Moore. 1950. Distributional check-list of the birds of Mexico. Part 2. Pacific Coast Avifauna (29):1–436.
Gass, C. L. 1979. Territory regulation, tenure and migration in rufous hummingbirds. Can. J. Zool. 57:914–923.
Gass, C. L., G. Angehr, and J. Centra. 1976. Regulation of food supply by feeding territoriality in the rufous hummingbird. Can. J. Zool. 54:2046–2054.
Gaunt, S. L. L., L. F. Baptista, J. E. Sanchez, and D. Hernandez. 1994. Song learning as evidenced from song sharing in two hummingbird species (Colibri coruscans and C. thalassinus). Auk 111:87–103.
Gill, F. B., A. L. Mark, and R. T. Ray. 1982. Competition between hermit hummingbirds Phaethorninae and insects for nectar in a Costa Rican rain forest. Ibis 124:44–49.
Goldsmith, T. H. 1980. Hummingbirds see near ultraviolet light. Science 207:786–788.
Grant, K. A., and V. Grant. 1968. Hummingbirds and Their Flowers. Columbia University Press, New York.
Grant, V. 1952. Isolation and hybridization between Aquilegia formosa and A. pubescens. Aliso 2:341–360.
Grantsau, R. 1968. Uma nova espécie de Phaethornis (Aves, Trochilidae). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 22 (article 7):57–59.
——. 1969. Uma nova espécie Threnetes (Aves, Trochilidae). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 22 (article 23):246–249.
Graves, G. R. 1980. A new species of metaltail hummingbird from northern Peru. Wilson Bull. 92:1–7.
Greenewalt, C. 1960b. The hummingbirds. Nat. Geogr. 118:658–679.
——. 1962. Dimensional relationships for flying animals. Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 144:1–46.
Grinnell, J., and A. H. Miller. 1944. The distribution of birds of California. Pacific Coast Avifauna. (21):1–608.
Gruson, E. S. 1972. Words for Birds. Quadrangle Press, New York.
Hartman, F. A. 1954. Cardiac and pectoral muscles of Trochilidae. Auk 71:467–469.
Hauser, D. C., and N. Currie, Jr. 1966. Hummingbird survives through December in North Carolina. Auk 83:138–139.
Hering, L. 1947. Courtship and mating of broad-tailed hummingbird in Colorado. Condor 49:126.
Hinklemann, C. 1988. Comments on some recently described species of hermit hummingbirds. Bull. Brit. Orn. Club: 108:159–169.
Hinman, D. A. 1928. Habits of the ruby-throated hummingbird. Auk 45:504M–505.
Horvath, O. H. 1964. Seasonal differences in rufous hummingbird nest height and their relation to nest climate. Ecology 45:235–241.
Howell, S. N. G. 1993a. Taxonomy and distribution of the hummingbird genus Chlorostilbon in Mexico and northern Central America. Euphonia 2:25–27.
——. 1993b. A taxonomic review of the green-fronted hummingbird. Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club 113:179–187.
——. and S. Webb. 1989. Notes on the Honduran emerald. Wils. Bull. 101:642–643.
Howell, T. R., and W. R. Dawson. 1954. Nest temperatures and attentiveness in the Anna hummingbird. Condor 56:93–96.
Hubbard, J. P. 1978. Revised Check-List of the Birds of New Mexico. New Mexico Ornithological Society Publication No. 6, Albuquerque.
Hutto, R. L. 1985. Habitat distribution of migrant landbird species in western Mexico. In Neotropical Ornithology, pp. 221–239 (P. A. Buckley, M. S. Foster, E. S. Morton, R. S. Ridgley, and F. G. Buckley, eds.). Ornithological Monograph No. 36. American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.
Ingels, J. 1976. Observations on some hummingbirds of Martinique. Avic. Mag. 82:98–100.
James, R. L. 1948. Some hummingbird flowers east of the Mississippi. Castenea 13:97–109.
Jobling, J. A. 1991. A Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. Oxford University Press, New York.
Johnsgard, P. A. 1994. Arena Birds: Sexual Selection and Behavior. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
Johnson, A. W. 1967. The Birds of Chile and Adjacent Regions of Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru, vol. 2. Platt Establecimientos Graficos, Buenos Aires.
Kelly, J. W. 1955. History of the nesting of an Anna hummingbird. Condor 57:347–353.
Kobbe, W. H. 1900. The rufous hummingbirds of Cape Disappointment. Auk 17:8–15.
Kodric-Brown, A., and J. H. Brown. 1978. Influence of economics, interspecific competition, and sexual dimorphism on territoriality of migrant rufous hummingbirds. Ecology 59:285–296.
Kuban, J. F., and R. L. Neill. 1980. Feeding ecology of hummingbirds in the highlands of the Chiso Mountains, Texas. Condor 82:180–185.
Lack, D. 1973. The number of species of hummingbirds in the West Indies. Evolution 27:326–327.
Lack, D. 1976. Island Biology, Illustrated by the Land Birds of Jamaica. Blackwell, Oxford.
Lamb, C. C. 1925. Observations on the Xantus hummingbird. Condor 14:32–40.
Lasiewski, R. C. 1962. Energetics of migrating hummingbirds. Condor 64:324.
——. 1964. Body temperature, heart and breathing rate, and evaporative water loss in hummingbirds. Physiol. Zool. 37:212–223.
Lasiewski, R. C., W. W. Weathers, and M. H. Bernstein. 1967. Physiological responses of the giant hummingbird, Patagonia gigas. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 23:797–813.
Leberman, R. C. 1972. Identify, sex, and age it. Key to age and sex determination of ruby-throated hummingbirds in autumn. Inl. Bird-Banding News 44:197–202.
Leck, C. F. 1973. Dominance relationships in nectar-feeding birds at St. Croix. Auk 90:431–432.
Legg, K., and F. A. Pitelka. 1956. Ecological overlap of Anna and Allen hummingbirds nesting at Santa Cruz, California. Condor 58:393–405.
Lesson, R. P. 1829. Histoirie Naturelle des Oiseau-Mouches. Arthus Bertrand, Paris.
——. 1830–31. Histoirie Naturelle de Colibris. Arthus Bertrand, Paris.
——. 1832. Les Trochilidées on les Colibris et les Oiseaux-Mouches. Arthus Bertrand, Paris.
Levy, S. H. 1958. A possible United States breeding area for the violet-crowned hummingbird. Auk 75:350.
Ligon, J. S. 1961. New Mexico Birds and Where to Find Them. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
Linneaus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae. Regnum Animale. (10th ed. tomus I.) L. Salvii, Holminae.
Lodge, G. E. 1896. Notes on some West-Indian hummingbirds. Ibis 2(7th ser.):495–519.
Lowery, G. H., Jr. 1974. Louisiana Birds, 3rd ed. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge.
Lyerly, S. B., B. F. Riess, and S. Ross. 1950. Color preference in the Mexican violet-eared hummingbird. Colibri t. thalassinus (Swainson). Behaviour 2:237–248.
Lynch, J. F. 1985. Distribution of overwintering Neotropical migrants in the Yucatan Peninsula. II. Use of native and human-modified habitats. In Neotropical Ornithology, pp. 178–195 (P. A. Buckley, M. S. Foster, E. S. Morton, R. S. Ridgley, and F. G. Buckley, eds.). Ornithological Monograph No. 36. American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.
Lynch, J., and P. L. Ames. 1970. A new hybrid hummingbird, Archilochus alexandri x Selasphorus sasin. Condor 72:209–212.
Lyon, D. L. 1973. Territorial and feeding activity of broad-tailed hummingbirds (Selasphorus platycercus) in Iris missouriensis. Condor 75:346–349.
——. 1976. A montane hummingbird territorial system in Oaxaca, Mexico. Wilson Bull. 88:280–299.
Lyon,, D. L., J. Crandall, and M. McKone. 1977. A test of the adaptiveness of interspecific territoriality in the blue-throated hummingbird Auk 94:448–454.
MacMillen, R. E., and F. L. Carpenter. 1977. Daily energy costs and body weight in nectarivorous birds. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Comp. Physiol. 56:439–441.
Marshall, J. T. 1957. Birds of pine-oak woodland in southern Arizona and adjacent Mexico. Pacific Coast Avifauna 32:1–125.
Martin, A., and A. Musy. 1959. La Vie des Colibris. Editions Delachaux et Niestlé, Neuchétel, Switzerland.
Mayr, E., and L. L. Short, Jr. 1970. Species taxa of North American birds: a contribution to comparative systematics. Publ. Nuttall Ornithol. Club 9:1–127.
Miller, A. H., and R. C. Stebbins. 1964. The Lives of Desert Animals in Joshua Tree National Monument. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Miller, J. R. 1978. Notes on birds of San Salvador Island (Watlings), the Bahamas. Auk 95:281–288.
Miller, R. S., and R. E. Miller. 1971. Feeding activity and color preference of ruby-throated hummingbirds. Condor 73:309–313.
Miller, S. J., and D. W. Inouye. 1983. Role of the wing whistle in the territorial behavior of male broad-tailed hummingbirds. Anim. Behav. 31:689–700.
Mirsky, E. N. 1976. Song divergence in hummingbird and junco populations on Guadalupe Island. Condor 78:230–235.
Mobbs, A. J. 1971. Stretching attitudes in hummingbirds. Avic. Mag. 77:231.
——. 1973. Scratching and preening postures in hummingbirds. Avic. Mag. 79:200–204.
——. 1979. Methods used by the Trochilidae when capturing insects. Avic. Mag. 85:26–30.
Monroe, B. L., Jr. 1968. A distributional study of the birds of British Honduras. Am. Ornithol. Union Monogr. 7.
Montgomerie, R. D. 1979. The energetics of foraging and competition in some Mexican hummingbirds. Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, Montreal.
——. 1984. Nectar extraction by hummingbirds: Response to different floral characters. Oecologia 63:229–236.
Moore, R. T. 1939a. Habits of the white-eared hummingbird in northern Mexico. Auk 56:442–445.
——. 1939b. The Arizona broad-billed hummingbird. Auk 56:313–319.
——. 1947. Habits of male hummingbirds near their nests. Wilson Bull. 59:21–25.
Morony, J. J., Jr., W. J. Bock, and J. Ferrand, Jr. 1975. Reference List of the Birds of the World. American Museum of Natural History, New York.
Morrison, P. 1962. Modification of body temperature by activity in Brazilian hummingbirds. Condor 64:315–323.
Nelson, R. C. 1970. An additional nesting record for the lucifer hummingbird in the United States. Southwest. Nat. 1:513–515.
Newfield, N. L. 1996. Piecing together the hummingbird puzzle. Living Bird 15(2):16–21.
Nickell, W. P. 1948. Alternate care of two nests by a ruby-throated hummingbird. Wilson Bull. 60:242–243.
Norris, E. A., C. E. Connell, and D. W. Johnston. 1957. Notes on fall plumages, weights and fat condition in the ruby-throated hummingbird. Wilson Bull. 69:155–163.
Northrop, J. I. 1891. The birds of Andros Island, Bahamas. Auk 8:64–80.
Oberholser, H. C. 1974. The Bird Life of Texas. (Ed. E. B. Kincaid.) 2 vols. University of Texas Press, Austin.
Olrog, C. C. 1963. Lista y Distribución de las Aves Argentinas. Instituto Miguel Lillo, Tucumán.
——. 1968. Las Aves Sudamericanas, vol. 1. Instituto Miguel Lillo, Tucumán.
Oniki, Y. 1970. Nesting behavior of reddish hermits (Phaethornis ruber) and occurrence of wasp cells in nests. Auk 87:720–728.
Ornelas, J. F. 1987. Rediscovery of the rufous-crested coquette (Lophornis delattrei brachylopha) in Guerrero, Mexico. Wils. Bull. 99:719–721.
Orr, R. T. 1939. Observations on the nesting of the Allen hummingbird. Condor 41:17–24.
Ortiz-Crespo, F. I. 1974. The giant hummingbird Patagonia gigas in Ecuador. Ibis 116:347–359.
Owre, O. T. 1976. Bahama woodstar in Florida: first specimen for continental North America. Auk 93:837–838.
Paynter, R. J., Jr. 1955. The ornithogeography of the Yucatán Peninsula. Bull. Peabody Mus. (9):1–347.
Pearson, O. P. 1954. The daily energy requirements of a wild Anna hummingbird. Condor 56:317–322.
——. 1960. Speed of the Allen hummingbird while diving. Condor 62:403.
Phillips, A. R. 1964. Notas sistematicas sobre aves Mexicanas. III. Rev. Soc. Mex. Hist. Nat. 25:217–242.
——. 1966. Further systematic notes on Mexican birds. Bull. Brit. Orn. Club 86:86–94, 103–112, 125–131, 148–159.
——. 1975. The migration of Allen’s and other hummingbirds. Condor 77:196–205.
Phillips, A. R., J. Marshall, and G. Monson. 1964. Birds of Arizona. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
Primack, R. B., and H. F. Howe. 1975. Interference competition between a hummingbird Amazilia tzacatl and skipper butterflies (Hesperiidae). Biotropica 7:55–58.
Pickens, A. L. 1927. Unique method of pollination by the ruby-throat. Auk 44:14–17.
——. 1930. Favorite colors of hummingbirds. Auk 47:346–352.
——. 1944. Seasonal territory studies of ruby-throats. Auk 61:88–92.
Pickens, A. L., and L. P. Garrison. 1931. Two-year record of the ruby-throat’s visits to a garden. Auk 48:532–537.
Pitelka, F. A. 1942. Territoriality and related problems in North American hummingbirds. Condor 44:189–204.
——. 1951a. Breeding seasons of hummingbirds near Santa Barbara, California. Condor 53:198–201.
——. 1951b. Ecologic overlap and interspecific strife in breeding populations of Anna and Allen hummingbirds. Ecology 32:641–661.
Poley, D. 1976. Kolibris. Neue Brehm-Bücherei 484. A. Ziemsen Verlag, Wittenberg Lutherstadt.
Powers, D. R. 1991. Diurnal variation in mass, metabolic rate and respiratory quotient in Anna’s and Costa’s hummingbirds. Physiological Zoology 64:850–870.
Powers, D. R., and K. N. Nagy. 1988. Field metabolic rate and food consumption by free-living Anna’s hummingbirds (Calypte anna). Physiological Zoology 61:500–506.
Pulich, W. M., and W. M. Pulich, Jr. 1963. The nesting of the lucifer hummingbird in the United States. Auk 80:370–371.
Pyke, G. H. 1980. The foraging behaviour of Australian honeyeaters: a review and some comparisons with hummingbirds. Aust. J. Ecol. 5:343–369.
Rising, J. D. 1965. Notes on behavioral responses of the blue-throated hummingbird. Condor 67:352–354.
Robertson, W. B., Jr. 1962. Observations on the birds of St. John, Virgin Islands. Auk 79:44–76.
Rowley, J. S. 1962. Nesting of the birds of Morelos, Mexico. Condor 64:253–272.
——. 1966. Breeding records of birds of the Sierra Madre del Sur, Oaxaca, Mexico. Proc. West. Found. Vertebr. Zool. 1:107–203.
——. 1984. Breeding records of some land birds in Oaxaca, Mexico. Proc. West. Found. Vert. Zool. 2:74–224.
Rowley, J. S., and R. Orr. 1964. A new hummingbird from southern Mexico. Condor 66:81–83.
Ruschi, O. 1965. [Position assumed by the female during incubation and the warming of the young in Trochilidae.] Bol. Mus. Biol. Prof. Mello Leitão (48):1–3.
——. 1967. Some observations on the migration of hummingbirds in Brazil. Bol. Mus. Biol. Prof. Mello-Leitão 28:1–5. (In Portuguese.)
——. 1979. Les Aves do Brasil. Kosmos, Sao Paolo.
Russell, S. M. 1964. A distributional study of the birds of British Honduras. Am. Ornithol. Union Monogr. 1:1–195.
——., J. C. Barlow, and D. W. Lamm. 1979. Status of some birds on Isla San Andres and Isla Providencia, Colombia. Condor 81:98–100.
Russell, S. M., and D. W. Lamm. 1978. Notes on the distribution of the birds in Sonora, Mexico. Wilson Bull. 90:123–130.
Sargent, R., and M. Sargent. 1996. Spring ruby-throated migration. Netlines (Newsletter of Hummer / Bird Study Group, Clay, Ala.) 3(1):5–6.
Schäfer, E. 1952. Sobre la biologie de Colibri coruscans. Bol. Soc. Venez. Cienc. Nat. 15:153–162.
Schaldach, W. J. 1963. The avifauna of Colima and adjacent Jalisco, Mexico. Proc. West. Found. Vertebr. Zool. 1:1–100.
Schmidt-Marloh, D., and K. L. Schuchmann. 1980. Zur Biologie des Blauen Veilchenohr-Kolibris. Bonn. Zool. Beitr. 31:61–77.
Schuchmann, F. L. 1979. Okologie und Ethologie des Anna-Kolibris (Calypte anna). Natur Mus. 109:149–155.
Schuchmann, K. L., D. Schmidt-Marloh, and H. Bell. 1979. Energetische Untersuchengen bei einer tropischen Kolibriart (Amazilia tzacatl). J. Ornithol. 120:78–85.
Scott, P. E. 1994. Lucifer hummingbird. In The Birds of North America, No. 134 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.
Selander, R. K. 1966. Sexual dimorphism and differential niche utilization in birds. Condor 68:113–151.
Short, L. L., Jr., and A. R. Phillips. 1966. More hybrid hummingbirds from the United States. Auk 83:253–265.
Sibley, C. G., and B. L. Monroe, Jr. 1990. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.
Simon, E. 1921. Histoire Naturelle des Trochilidae (Synopsis et Catalogue). Mulo, Paris.
Skutch, A. F. 1931. The life history of Reiffer’s hummingbird (Amazilia tzacatl tzacatl) in Panama and Honduras. Auk 48:481–500.
——. 1951. Life history of Longuemare’s hermit hummingbird. Ibis 93:180–195.
——. 1952. Scarlet passion flower. Nat. Mag. 45:523–525, 550.
——. 1961. Life history of the white-crested coquette hummingbird. Wils. Bull. 73:5–10.
——. 1964. Life histories of hermit hummingbirds. Auk 81:5–26.
——. 1967. Life histories of Central American highland birds. Nuttall Ornithol. Soc. Publ. 7:1–213.
——. 1972. Studies of tropical American birds. Nuttall Ornithol. Soc. Publ. 10:1–228.
——. 1976. Parent Birds and Their Young. University of Texas Press, Austin.
——. 1981. New studies of tropical American birds. Publ. Nuttall Ornithol. Club 19:37–58.
Slud, P. 1964. The birds of Costa Rica: distribution and ecology. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 128:1–430.
Smith, G.T.C. 1949. A high altitude hummingbird on the Volcano Cotapaxi. Ibis 111:17–22.
Smith, W. K., S. W. Roberts, and P. C. Miller. 1974. Calculating the nocturnal energy expenditure of a incubating Anna’s hummingbird. Condor 76:176–183.
Snow, B. K. 1974. Lek behavior and breeding of Guy’s hermit hummingbird, Phaethornis guy. Ibis 116:278–297.
Snow, B. K., and D. W. Snow. 1972. Feeding niches of hummingbirds in a Trinidad valley. J. Anim. Ecol. 41:471–485.
Snow, D. W. 1968. The singing assemblies of little hermits. Living Bird 7:47–55.
Snow, D. W., and B. K. Snow. 1980. Relationships between hummingbirds and flowers in the Andes of Colombia. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Zool. Ser. 38:105–139.
Snyder, D. E. 1966. The Birds of Guyana. Peabody Museum, Salem, Mass.
Sprunt, A., Jr. 1954. Florida Bird Life. Coward-McCann, New York.
Stewart, R. E. 1975. Breeding Birds of North Dakota. Tri-College Center for Environmental Studies, Fargo, N.D.
Stiles, F. G. 1971. On the field identification of California hummingbirds. Calif. Birds 2:41–54.
——. 1972a. Age and sex determination in rufous and Allen hummingbirds. Condor 74:25–32.
——. 1972b. Food supply and the annual cycle of the Anna hummingbird. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 97:1–109.
——. 1975. Ecology, flowering phenology, and hummingbird pollination of some Costa Rica Heliconia species. Ecology 56:285–301.
——. 1976. Taste preferences, color preferences, and flower choice in hummingbirds. Condor 78:10–26.
——. 1978. Ecological and evolutionary implications of bird pollination. American Zool. 18:715–727.
——. 1979. Notes on the natural history of Heliconia in Costa Rica. Brenesia 15(suppl.): 194–210.
——. 1980. The annual cycle in a tropical wet forest community. Ibis 122:322–343.
——. 1982. Aggressive and courtship displays of the male Anna’s hummingbird. Condor 84:208–225.
——. 1985. Seasonal patterns and coevolution in the hummingbird-flower community of a Costa Rica subtropical forest. In Neotropical Ornithology, pp. 757–787 (P. A. Buckley, M. S. Foster, E. S. Morton, R. S. Ridgley, and F. G. Buckley, eds.). Ornithological Monograph No. 36. American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.
——. 1995. Behavioral, ecological and morphological correlates of foraging for arthropods by the hummingbirds of a tropical wet forest. Condor 97:853–878.
Stiles, F. G., and L. L. Wolf. 1970. Hummingbird territoriality at a tropical flowering tree. Auk 87:67–91.
——. 1979. Ecology and evolution of lek mating behavior in the long-tailed hermit hummingbird. Amer. Ornithol. Union Monogr. 27:1–78.
Straw, R. M. 1956. Floral isolation in Penstemon. Am. Nat. 90:47–53.
Sutton, G. M., and T. D. Burleigh. 1940. Birds of Tamazunchale, San Luis Potosi. Wilson Bull. 52:221–233.
Sutton, G. M., and O. S. Pettingill. 1942. Birds of the Gomez Farias region, southeastern Tamaulipas. Auk 59:1–34.
Tamm, S., D. P. Armstrong, and Z. J. Toose. 1989. Display behavior of the male calliope hummingbird during the breeding season. Condor 91:272–279.
Tiebout, H. M., III. 1993. Mechanisms of competition in tropical hummingbirds: metabolic costs for losers and winners. Ecology 74:405–418.
Todd, W.E.C. 1942. List of hummingbirds in the collection of the Carnegie Museum. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 29:271–370.
Toledo, V. M. 1974. Observations on the relationship between hummingbirds and Erythrina spp. Lloydia. 37:482–487.
Toops, C. 1992. Hummingbirds: Jewels in Flight. Voyaguer Press, Stillwater, Minn.
Trousdale, B. 1954. Copulation of Anna hummingbird. Condor 56:110.
True, D. 1993. Hummingbirds of North America: Attraction, Feeding, and Photographing. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
True, D. 1996. Mighty mite. Birder’s World 10(2):26–29.
Tyrrell, R. A., and E. Q. Tyrrell. 1984. Hummingbirds: Their Life and Behavior. Crown Publishers, New York.
van der Pijl, L., and C. H. Dodson, 1966. Orchid Flowers: Their Pollination and Evolution. University of Miami Press, Coral Gables.
van Rossem, A. J. 1945. A distribution survey of the birds of Sonora, Mexico. Occas. Pap. Mus. of Zool. La. State Univ. (21):1–379.
Wagner, H. O. 1945. Notes on the life history of the Mexican violet-ear. Wilson Bull. 57:165–187.
——. 1946a. Food and feeding habitats of Mexican hummingbirds. Wilson Bull. 58:69–93.
——. 1946b. Observaciones sobre la vida de Calothorax lucifer. An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Auton. Mex. 17:289–299.
——. 1948. Die Balz des Kolibris Selasphorus platycercus. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. Oekol. Geogr. Tiere 77:267–278.
——. 1952. Bietrage zur Biologie des Blaukehlkolibris Lampornis clemenciae (Lesson). Veroeff. Mus. Bremen, Reihe A Band 2:5–44.
——. 1954. Versuch einer Analyse der Kolibribalz. Z. Tierpsychol. 11:182–212.
——. 1959. Bietrag zum Verhalten des Weissohrkolibris (Hylocharis leucotis Vieill.). Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik Oekologie und Geographie der Tiere 86:253–302.
Waser, N. M. 1976. Food supply and nest timing of broad-tailed hummingbirds in the Rocky Mountains. Condor 78:133–135.
——. 1978. Competition for hummingbird pollination and sequential flowering in two Colorado wildflowers. Ecology 59:934–944.
Waser, N. M., and D. W. Inouye. 1977. Implications of recaptures of broad-tailed hummingbirds banded in Colorado. Auk 94:393–395.
Wauer, R. H. 1973. Birds of Big Bend National Park and Vicinity. University of Texas Press, Austin.
Wells, S., and L. F. Baptista. 1979. Displays and morphology of an Anna x Allen hummingbird hybrid. Wilson Bull. 91:524–532.
Wells, S., R. A. Bradley, and L. F. Baptista. 1978. Hybridization in Calypte hummingbirds. Auk 95:537–549.
Welter, W. A. 1935. Nesting habits of ruby-throated hummingbird. Auk 52:88–89.
Welty, C. 1975. The Life of Birds, 2nd ed. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Weske, J. S., and J. W. Terborgh. 1977. Phaethornis koepkeae, a new species of hummingbird from Peru. Condor 79:143–147.
Wetmore, A. 1946. New birds from Colombia. Smithson. Misc. Collect. 106(16):1–14.
——. 1953. Further additions to the birds of Panama and Colombia. Smithson. Misc. Collect. 122(8):1–12.
——. 1963. Additions to records of birds known from the Republic of Panama. Smithson. Misc. Collect. 145(6):1–11.
——. 1968. The birds of the Republic of Panamá. Smithson. Misc. Collect. 150, pt. 2.
Wetmore, A., and W. H. Phelps, Jr. 1956. Further additions to the list of birds of Venezuela. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 69:1–10.
Weydemeyer, W. 1927. Notes on the location and construction of the nest of the calliope hummingbird. Condor 29:19–24.
——. 1971. Injured calliope hummingbird lifted by another. Auk 88:431.
Weymouth, R. D., R. C. Lasiewski, and A. J. Berger. 1964. The tongue apparatus in hummingbirds. Acta Anat. 58:252–270.
Whittle, C. L. 1937. A study of hummingbird behavior during a nesting season. Bird-Banding 8:170–173.
Wilbur, S. R. 1987. Birds of Baja California. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Wiley, R. H. 1971. Song groups in a singing assembly of little hermits. Condor 73:28–35.
Williamson, F. 1957. Hybrids of the Anna and Allen hummingbirds. Condor 59:118–123.
Winker, K., M. A. Ramos, J. H. Rappole, and D. W. Warner. 1992. A note on Campylopterus excellens in southern Veracruz, with a guide to sexing captured individuals. J. Field Ornith. 63:339–43.
Witzeman, J. 1979. Plain-capped starthroats in the United States. Continental Birdlife 1:1–3.
Wolf, L. 1964. Nesting of the fork-tailed emerald in Oaxaca, Mexico. Condor 66:51–55.
Wolf, L., and F. R. Hainsworth. 1971. Environmental influence on regulated body temperatures in torpid hummingbirds. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 41:167–173.
Wolf, L., and F. G. Stiles. 1970. Evolution of pair cooperation in a tropical hummingbird. Evolution 24:759–773.
Wolf, L., F. G. Stiles, and F. R. Hainsworth. 1976. Ecological organization of a tropical, highland hummingbird community. J. Anim. Ecol. 45:349–379.
Woods, R. S. 1927. The hummingbirds of California. Auk 44:297–318.
Wyman, L. E. 1920. Notes on the calliope hummingbird. Condor 22:206–207.
Zimmer, J. T. 1950–53. Studies on Peruvian birds, nos. 55-63. Am. Mus. Novit. 1449, 1450, 1463, 1475, 1513, 1540, 1595, 1604.
Zimmerman, D. A. 1973. Range expansion of Anna’s hummingbird. Am. Birds 27:827–835.
Zimmerman, D. A., and S. H. Levy. 1960. Violet-crowned hummingbird nesting in Arizona and New Mexico. Auk 77:470.
Zusi, R. L. 1980. On the subfamilies of hummingbirds. Abstract of paper presented at 98th meeting, American Ornithologists’ Union, Fort Collins, Colorado, 11–15 August 1980.