1 Rydell, The Book Thieves, p. 9, and Ritchie, ‘The Nazi Book-Burning’. For the Institute of Sexual Studies, see Bauer, The Hirschfeld Archives, pp. 78–101.
2 Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four, p. 247.
3 Trump made initial claims about his crowd size at a speech at the CIA Headquarters in Langley, Virginia on 21 January 2017. In his first televised White House interview, also on 21 January 2017, then White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer stated, ‘This was the largest audience to ever witness an inauguration – period – both in person and around the globe.’ A comparison of images of the Mall during the inauguration of Trump and that of Barack Obama in 2009, including those released by Reuters (taken by photographers Lucas Jackson and Stelios Varias), does not back up this claim. Keith Still suggested in an analysis for the New York Times that Trump’s crowd size was about a third of Obama’s (Tim Wallace, Karen Yourish and Troy Griggs, ‘Trump’s Inauguration vs. Obama’s: Comparing the Crowds’, New York Times, 20 January 2017).
Figures also contradict Spicer’s statement. Nielsen reported that 30.6 million viewers tuned in for Friday’s ceremonies, 19 per cent below the 37.8 million viewers who watched in 2009, while the record audience for an inauguration is Ronald Reagan’s, which drew 41.8 million. Lastly, according to WMATA, the Washington area transit authority, 193,000 trips had been taken on the Washington Metro system by 11 a.m. on the day of Trump’s inauguration; at the same time on the day of Obama’s inauguration in 2009 that number was 513,000. Figures for the whole day from opening at 4 a.m. until closing were 570,557 rides on Trump’s inauguration day in 2017 and 1.1 million on Obama’s in 2009. Kellyanne Conway, Counselor to the President, dismissed such evidence as ‘alternative facts’ in a Meet the Press interview with Chuck Todd on NBC, on 22 January 2017. It was later revealed that Trump’s inauguration photos were additionally doctored at his command (Swaine, ‘Trump inauguration photos were edited after he intervened’, Guardian, 6 September 2018). President Trump himself remained preoccupied with the issue on 3 November 2018, tweeting a supporter’s video of a queue at a rally in Montana, with the comment, ‘Landing in Montana now – at least everybody admits that my lines and crowds are far bigger than Barack Obama’s …’ (Source: factba.se/search#%2Bin%@Bmontana)
4 Gentleman, ‘Home Office Destroyed Windrush Landing Cards Says Ex-Staffer’.
5 Subsequent investigations showed that some of the same information was held in different record series in the National Archives; see Wright, et al., ‘Windrush Migrants’.
6 Ovenden, ‘The Windrush Scandal’.
7 For a general introduction see Posner, Archives in the Ancient World, and Pedersén, Archives and Libraries in the Ancient Near East.
8 Metadata is a term used for data that describes other forms of data, typically digital data.
9 See Pedersén, Archives and Libraries in the Ancient Near East, pp. 237–82, and the essays in König, et al., Ancient Libraries.
10 The lists survives in a fragment of papyrus excavated at Oxyrhynchus, and now in the library of Trinity College Dublin; see Hatzimachili, ‘Ashes to Ashes? The Library of Alexandria after 48 BC’, pp. 173–4.
11 Burke, A Social History of Knowledge, p.138; Weiss, ‘Learning from Loss; Digitally-Reconstructing the Trésor des Chartes at the Sainte-Chapelle’, pp. 5–8.
12 Naisbitt, Megatrends, p. 24.
13 Rosenzweig, ‘Scarcity or Abundance?’.
14 Winters and Prescott, ‘Negotiating the Born-Digital’, pp. 391–403
15 On the foundation of the Bodleian see Clapinson, A Brief History of the Bodleian Library. For an introduction to the Bodleian’s collections see Hebron, Marks of Genius and Vaisey, Bodleian Library Treasures.
16 Hansard, House of Commons Debates, 13 March 1850, 109: cc838–50. See the essays in Black and Hoare, Cambridge History of Libraries, III: Part One, and Max, ‘Tory Reaction to the Public Libraries Bill, 1850’, pp. 504–24.
17 Alsop, ‘Suffrage Objects’.
18 Black, ‘The People’s University’, p. 37.
19 Travers, ‘Local Government’.
20 Busby, Eleanor, ‘Nearly 800 Public Libraries Closed Since Austerity Launched in 2010’.
21 Asmal, Asmal, and Roberts, Reconciliation Through Truth, p. 6.
22 Garton Ash, ‘True Confessions’, p. 1.
23 Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Final Report, pp. 201–43.
24 Thomas Jefferson to Isaac Macpherson, 13 August 1813. See Lipscomb and Bergh (eds), The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, 13, pp. 333–5.
1 Although some scholars now doubt whether he actually made the journey.
2 Xenophon, Anabasis, 3.4.7–12.
3 Xenophon’s slightly older predecessor, Herodotus, names the Assyrians when he mentions the sacking of Nineveh (Histories, 1.106). As Xenophon was at least partially acquainted with Herodotus’ work, his ignorance of the Assyrians has puzzled scholars. Xenophon’s detail of the storm, however, is reminiscent of the prophet Nahum’s description of the fall of Nineveh (Nahum 2:6–7), and the later historian Diodorus of Sicily mentioned an oracle stating that no one would be able to capture Nineveh unless first the river turned against it (Diodorus, 21.26.9). The implication, then, is that local memory of the Assyrians had been so successfully expunged by their enemies that he could not identify them as the inhabitants of these once-great cities. See Haupt, ‘Xenophon’s Account of the Fall of Nineveh’, pp. 99–107.
4 Buckingham, Travels in Mesopotamia, II, 211.
5 Rich, Narrative of a Residence in Koordistan, and on the Site of Ancient Nineveh, I, p. 2.
6 Ibid., p. xxii.
7 Lloyd, Foundations in the Dust, p. 9.
8 Ibid., p. 108.
9 Reade, ‘Hormuzd Rassam and His Discoveries’, pp. 39–62.
10 Robson, E., ‘The Clay Tablet Book in Sumer, Assyria, and Babylonia’, p. 74.
11 Layard, Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, pp. 344–5.
12 Ibid., p. 345.
13 Finkel, ‘Ashurbanipal’s Library’. Irving Finkel has done the most work to understand the significance of Ashurbanipal’s library.
14 Ibid., p. 80.
15 Robson, ‘The Clay Tablet Book’, pp. 75–7.
16 Finkel, ‘Ashurbanipal’s Library’, p. 82.
17 Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum 22,1 (BM 25676 = 98-2-16, 730 and BM 25678 = 98-2-16, 732). Translation adapted from Finkel, ‘Ashurbanipal’s Library’, p. 82, and Frame and George, ‘The Royal Libraries of Nineveh’, p. 281.
18 Frame and George, ‘The Royal Libraries of Nineveh’, pp. 265–83.
19 Parpola, ‘Assyrian Library Records’, 4ff.
20 MacGinnis, ‘The Fall of Assyria and the Aftermath of the Empire’, p. 282.
21 See especially ibid.
22 Robson and Stevens, ‘Scholarly Tablet Collections in First-Millennium Assyria and Babylonia, c.700–200 BCE’, p. 335.
23 Posner, Archives in the Ancient World, p. 56; Pedersén, Archives and Libraries in the Ancient Near East, pp. 241–4.
1 Bagnall, ‘Alexandria: Library of Dreams’, p. 349.
2 Strabo, Geography, 17.1.8, quoted in Hatzimichali, ‘Ashes to Ashes? The Library of Alexandria after 48 BC’, p. 170, n.7.
3 McKenzie, Gibson and Reyes, ‘Reconstructing the Serapeum in Alexandria’, pp. 79–81.
4 Ammianus Marcellinus, History, 22.16.12.
5 Roger Bagnall makes the most convincing argument on this point. Bagnall, ‘Alexandria: Library of Dreams’, pp. 351–6, with discussion of the sources.
6 Quoted in Rajak, Translation and Survival, p. 45. For a translation of the full passage see McKenzie, Gibson and Reyes, ‘Reconstructing the Serapeum in Alexandria’, pp. 104–5.
7 Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, 8.3.20; Bagnall, ‘Alexandria: Library of Dreams’, p. 357.
8 Ammianus Marcellinus, History, 22.16.13, quoted in Barnes, ‘Cloistered Bookworms in the Chicken-Coop of the Muses’, p. 71.
9 Dio Cassius, Roman History, 42.38, quoted in Casson, Libraries in the Ancient World, p. 46.
10 This is most vividly recounted by Gibbon, in Decline and Fall, III, pp. 284–5.
11 Ibid., p. 83.
12 Bagnall, ‘Cloistered Bookworms in the Chicken-Coop of the Muses’, pp. 71–2; Jacob, ‘Fragments of a History of Ancient Libraries’, p. 65.
13 McKenzie, Gibson and Reyes, ‘Reconstructing the Serapeum in Alexandria’, pp. 86, 98–9. The date of the 181 CE fire is given by Jerome in his version of Eusebius’ Chronicle (see McKenzie, Gibson and Reyes, p. 86, with references). The Christian writer Tertullian, writing in 197 CE, describes seeing the books of the Septuagint in the library in the Serapeum (Apologeticum, 18.8); this is the first reference to a library there. As he was writing so soon after the fire of 181 CE, this might suggest that the fire did not destroy the library. Dio (Roman History Epitome, 79.7.3) reports a fire in 217 CE, that miraculously did not damage the temple.
14 Aurelian’s destruction of the Broucheion (royal quarter) is narrated by Ammianus Marcellinus, History, 22.16.15.
15 Gibbon, Decline and Fall, III, p. 285.
16 Ibid., pp. 284–5.
17 On this fire and Galen’s account, see Tucci, ‘Galen’s Storeroom, Rome’s Libraries, and the Fire of A.D. 192’.
18 Plutarch, Aemilius Paulus 28.6, recounts the seizure of the library. See Affleck, ‘Priests, Patrons, and Playwrights’, pp. 124–6.
19 Houston, ‘The Non-Philodemus Book Collection in the Villa of the Papyri’, p. 183.
20 Posner, Archives in the Ancient World, pp. 71–2.
21 Strabo, Geography, 13.1.54; Coqueugniot, ‘Where Was the Royal Library of Pergamum?’, p. 109.
22 Bagnall, ‘Alexandria: Library of Dreams’, p. 352.
23 Casson, Libraries in the Ancient World, pp. 52–3.
24 Hatzimichali, ‘Ashes to Ashes?’, p. 173.
25 MacLeod, ‘Introduction: Alexandria in History and Myth’, p. 4.
26 See Pfeiffer, Politics, Patronage and the Transmission of Knowledge; Burnett, ‘The Coherence of the Arabic-Latin Translation Program in Toledo in the Twelfth Century’; Gutas, Greek Thought, Arabic Culture.
27 The image is reproduced in Clark, J. W., The Care of Books, p. 41.
28 Reynolds and Wilson, Scribes & Scholars, pp. 81–3.
29 Ibid., p. 54.
30 Breay and Story (eds), Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms, pp. 126–9.
31 This is discussed further in chapter 8. See also Stroumsa, ‘Between “Canon” and Library in Medieval Jewish Philosophical Thought’.
32 Bloom, Paper Before Print, pp. 48–9.
33 Ibid., pp. 119–21.
34 Cited in Biran, ‘Libraries, Books and Transmission of Knowledge in Ilkhanid Baghdad’, pp. 467–8.
35 See Hirschler, Medieval Damascus, and Hirschler, The Written Word in the Medieval Arabic Lands; Biran, ‘Libraries, Books and Transmission of Knowledge in Ilkhanid Baghdad’.
36 Thomson, ‘Identifiable Books from the Pre-Conquest Library of Malmesbury Abbey’; Gameson, The Earliest Books of Canterbury Cathedral: Manuscripts and Fragments to c.1200; Lapidge, The Anglo-Saxon Library, Chapter 2, ‘Vanished libraries of Anglo-Saxon England’.
37 Meehan, The Book of Kells, p. 20.
38 Gameson, ‘From Vindolanda to Domesday’, pp. 8–9.
39 Ganz, ‘Anglo-Saxon England’, pp. 93–108.
40 Ibid., p. 103.
41 Bodley, The Life of Sir Thomas Bodley, sig. A2v.
1 Leland, De uiris illustribus, p. xxii.
2 Ibid., p. liii.
3 Harris, O., ‘Motheaten’, p. 472. Harrison, The Description of Britain (1587), p. 63, quoted in Harrison and Edelen, The Description of England, p. 4.
4 Bodleian, MS. Top. Gen. c. 3, p. 203. Leland’s entire journey has been reconstructed in Leland, De uiris illustribus, pp. lxi–xcv.
5 The medieval library has been analysed in great detail by Bruce Barker-Benfield, St Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury.
6 Leland, De uiris illustribus, pp. 67, 69.
7 Ibid., pp. 315, 321.
8 Ibid., p. 66.
9 Ibid., p. 386.
10 The shelf-mark in the Bodleian today is MS. Auct.F.4.32.
11 See the entry in the Bodleian’s online catalogue Medieval Manuscripts in Oxford Libraries, http://medieval.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/catalog/manuscript_675 (Accessed: 29 February 2020)
12 There is a moving account in Knowles, The Religious Orders in England, pp. 348–9.
13 Ibid., p. 381.
14 Wood, History and Antiquities of the University of Oxford, 1, p. 141.
15 Dixon, ‘Sense of the Past in Reformation Germany’, pp. 184–6.
16 Leland, The laboryouse journey, sig. Bi.
17 See Ker, Pastedowns in Oxford Bindings; Pearson, Oxford Bookbinding 1500–1640.
18 See Watson, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Medieval Manuscripts of All Souls College Oxford, pp. 28–30; Ker, Pastedowns in Oxford Bindings, p. xi.
19 Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars, pp. 181–3.
20 Carley, ‘The Dispersal of the Monastic Libraries’, pp. 284–7.
21 Watson, ‘Thomas Allen of Oxford’, p. 287.
22 Ovenden, ‘The Manuscript Library of Lord William Howard of Naworth’, p. 306.
23 The manuscript is now in the British Library, MS. Royal 1.A.xviii, see Libraries of King Henry VIII, p. xlv.
24 The manuscript is now in the British Library, MS. Royal 2.C.x, see Libraries of King Henry VIII, p. xxxix.
25 Libraries of King Henry VIII, pp. xliii–xlvi.
26 Quoted in Leland, The Itinerary of John Leland, II, p. 148.
27 The largest group of manuscripts to leave these shores were the 250 manuscripts from Dominican houses that were sent to Cardinal Cervini in Rome and are now in the Vatican Library. See Ker, ‘Cardinal Cervini’s Manuscripts from the Cambridge Friars’; Carley, ‘John Leland and the Contents of English Pre-Dissolution Libraries: The Cambridge Friars’, pp. 90–100.
28 This account of John Leland relies on the awesome scholarship of James Carley. Leland, The laboryouse journey, sig. Biiiv.
29 Leland, De uiris illustribus, p. xxiv.
30 Ibid., p. xliii.
31 Wood, The Life of Anthony à Wood from 1632 to 1672, written by himself, p. 107.
32 The best account is Vincent, N., The Magna Carta.
33 Ovenden, ‘The Libraries of the Antiquaries’, p. 528.
1 Quoted by Philip, The Bodleian Library in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, pp. 2–3.
2 Ker, ‘Oxford College Libraries before 1500’, pp. 301–2.
3 Parkes, ‘The Provision of Books’, pp. 431–44, 456–7.
4 The history of the medieval libraries of Oxford is best told by Parkes, ‘The Provision of Books’ and Ker, ‘Oxford College Libraries before 1500’.
5 See Rundle, ‘Habits of Manuscript-Collecting: The Dispersals of the Library of Humfrey, Duke of Gloucester’, pp. 106–16; Duke Humfrey’s Library & the Divinity School, 1488–1988, p. 46.
6 See Duke Humfrey’s Library & the Divinity School, 1488–1988.
7 Personal communication from Dr David Rundle.
8 Quoted in Duke Humfrey’s Library & the Divinity School, 1488–1988, p. 123.
9 Ibid., pp. 18–49.
10 The most recent account of Bodley’s early life is Goldring, Nicholas Hilliard, pp. 40–59.
11 Bodley, The Life of Sir Thomas Bodley, p. 15.
12 Letters of Sir Thomas Bodley to the University, pp. 4–5.
13 Peterson, The Kelmscott Press, pp. 45–7.
14 This effectively meant that all books published in England would come to the library, as the Company had a near monopoly on printing and publishing. The story is best told by Barnard, ‘Politics, Profits and Idealism’.
15 See Clapinson, A Brief History of the Bodleian Library, pp. 20–2.
16 Reproduced in Burke, A Social History of Knowledge, pp. 104–5.
17 Naudé, Advice on Establishing a Library, pp. 17, 67–8.
18 Bodley, Reliquiae Bodleianae, p. 61.
19 Ovenden, ‘Catalogues of the Bodleian Library and Other Collections’, p. 282.
20 Southern, ‘From Schools to University’, p. 29.
21 Slack, ‘Government and Information in Seventeenth-Century England’, p. 38.
22 Tyacke, ‘Archives in a Wider World’, p. 216.
23 Ovenden, ‘Scipio le Squyer’.
24 Slack, ‘Government and Information in Seventeenth-Century England’, pp. 42–3, quoting John Graunt.
25 Slack, The Invention of Improvement, pp. 116–20.
26 Buck, ‘Seventeenth-Century Political Arithmetic’, p. 71.
27 Pepys, The Diary of Samuel Pepys, 5, p. 142.
28 Webster, The Great Instauration, p. 194.
29 Rozenberg, ‘Magna Carta in the Modern Age’.
30 Prest, William Blackstone, p. 165.
31 This is a much-quoted passage, here taken from Ovenden, ‘The Libraries of the Antiquaries’, p. 528.
32 Bepler, ‘The Herzog August Library in Wolfenbüttel’, p. 18.
33 Quoted by Philip, The Bodleian Library in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, pp. 6–7.
1 Gleig, A Narrative of the Campaigns of the British Army at Washington and New Orleans, p. 128.
2 Ibid., pp. 127, 134.
3 Madison, The Papers of James Madison, 1, p. 269.
4 Ostrowski, Books, Maps, and Politics, pp. 39–72.
5 Ibid., pp. 12–14.
6 See Beales and Green, ‘Libraries and Their Users’; Carpenter, ‘Libraries’; Ostrowski, Books, Maps, and Politics, pp. 14–19.
7 Quoted in Johnston, History of the Library of Congress, p. 23.
8 Ibid., p. 19.
9 McKitterick, Cambridge University Library, pp. 418–19; Ostrowski, Books, Maps, and Politics, pp. 44–5.
10 Quoted in Johnston, History of the Library of Congress, p. 38.
11 Ibid., p. 517.
12 Fleming, et al., History of the Book in Canada, p. 313.
13 Vogel, ‘“Mr Madison Will Have to Put on His Armor”’, pp. 144–5.
14 The story is told in Johnston, History of the Library of Congress, pp. 65–6. For Caldwell, see Allen C. Clark, ‘Sketch of Elias Boudinot Caldwell’, p. 208.
15 Gleig, A Narrative of the Campaigns of the British Army at Washington and New Orleans, p. 129.
16 Thanks to the suggestion of John Y. Cole, Jane Aikin very generously shared the drafts of her new history of the Library of Congress with me.
17 Gleig, A Narrative of the Campaigns of the British Army at Washington and New Orleans, p. 132.
18 Ibid., p. 124. Rosenbach’s gift is recounted in the Annual Report of the Librarian of Congress for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1940, p. 202. Rosenbach himself tells the story of the book in A Book Hunter’s Holiday, pp. 145–6.
19 Quoted in Johnston, History of the Library of Congress, pp. 69–71.
20 Ibid., p. 71.
21 Ostrowski, Books, Maps, and Politics, pp. 74–8.
22 Ibid., p. 75.
23 Quoted in Johnston, History of the Library of Congress, pp. 86, 90.
24 Ibid., p. 97.
25 Ibid., p. 168.
26 Fox, Trinity College Library Dublin, pp. 90, 121; McKitterick, Cambridge University Library, p. 152; Harris, P. R., A History of the British Museum Library, p. 47.
27 Ostrowski, Books, Maps, and Politics, pp. 81–3.
28 Johnston, History of the Library of Congress, p. 154.
29 Conaway, America’s Library, p. 68.
1 MacCulloch, Thomas Cromwell, pp. 1–3.
2 Quoted in Krevans, ‘Bookburning and the Poetic Deathbed: The Legacy of Virgil’, p. 198.
3 Letter to Thomas Love Peacock, 10 August 1821. Letters of Percy Bysshe Shelley (ed. F. L. Jones), II, p. 330.
4 Frederick Locker-Lampson, ‘Tennyson on the Romantic Poets’, pp. 175–6.
5 The best overview of John Murray the firm is the great Humphrey Carpenter’s The Seven Lives of John Murray.
6 Carpenter, Seven Lives, pp. 128–9.
7 Hobhouse’s journal, British Library Add. MS 56548 ff. 73v-87v, transcribed by Peter Cochran and quoted in ibid., p. 132.
8 Journal of Thomas Moore, (ed.) W. S. Dowden, II, p. 731 (15 May 1824), quoted in Carpenter, Seven Lives, p. 132.
9 My account of the burning is drawn from Carpenter’s synthesis of the various sources in Seven Lives, pp. 128–48, and from Fiona MacCarthy’s Byron: Life and Legend, pp. 539–43.
10 Quoted in Balint, Kafka’s Last Trial, p. 128.
11 Stach, Kafka, pp. 542–3.
12 Ibid., p. 642.
13 Ibid., pp. 402–3.
14 Ibid., pp. 475–6.
15 Murray, Kafka, pp. 39–43.
16 Balint, Kafka’s Last Trial, p. 135.
1 Coppens, et al., Leuven University Library 1425–2000, p. 160. He was executed by a German firing squad for writing this note.
2 J. de le Court, Recueil des ordonnances des Pays-Bas autrichiens. Troisième série: 1700–1794, pp. 276–7.
3 Coppens, et al., Leuven University Library 1425–2000, pp. 52–5, 73–4.
4 The best account of the library is in Leuven University Library 1425–2000.
5 ‘A Crime Against the World’, Daily Mail, 31 August 1914, p. 4.
6 Toynbee, The German Terror in Belgium, p. 116; La Croix, 30 August 1914.
7 Schivelbusch, Die Bibliothek von Löwen, pp. 27–31.
8 Ibid., pp. 27–8.
9 Ibid., pp. 36–9.
10 Coppens, et al., Leuven University Library 1425–2000, p. 190.
11 Mercier, Pastoral Letter of His Eminence Cardinal Mercier, pp. 1–2.
12 Illustrated London News, 30 July 1921.
13 Guppy, The Reconstitution of the Library of the University of Louvain, p. 19.
14 Proctor, ‘The Louvain Library’, pp. 156–63.
15 Ibid., pp. 163–6.
16 ‘Nazis Charge, British Set Fire to Library’, New York Times, 27 June 1940, p. 12.
17 ‘Librarian of Louvain Tells of War Losses’, New York Times, 17 April 1941, p. 1.
18 ‘News Reel Shows Nazi Bombing’, Daily Mail, 28 May 1940, p. 3.
19 Schivelbusch, Die Bibliothek von Löwen, p. 19.
1 Rose, ‘Introduction’, p. 1.
2 The story of the Cairo Geniza is brilliantly told by Adina Hoffman and Peter Cole in Sacred Trash. See pp. 12–16 for the phenomenon of the genizah more generally.
3 The original text of the letter is in the Helen Keller Archive, held by the American Foundation for the Blind. It is available online at: https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK02-B210-F03-001&e=-------en-20--1--txt--------3-7-6-5-3--------------0-1 (Accessed: 10 April 2020) (Accessed: 10 April 2020)
4 ‘Mr H. G. Wells on Germany’, The Times, 22 September 1933, p. 14.
5 von Merveldt, ‘Books Cannot Be Killed By Fire’, pp. 523–7.
6 Ibid., p. 528. The collections of the American Library of Banned Books are now preserved in the Library of the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York.
7 Hill, ‘The Nazi Attack on “Un-German Literature”’.
8 Ibid., p. 32.
9 Ibid., pp. 12–14.
10 Lustig, ‘Who Are to Be the Successors of European Jewry?’, p. 523.
11 Piper, Alfred Rosenberg, pp. 462–508.
12 Sutter, ‘The Lost Jewish Libraries of Vilna’, pp. 220–3.
13 Hill, ‘The Nazi Attack on “Un-German Literature”’, pp. 29–32.
14 Steinweis, Studying the Jew, pp. 115–16.
15 Ibid., p. 117.
16 Matthäus, ‘Nazi Genocides’, pp. 167–73.
17 van Boxel, ‘Robert Bellarmine Reads Rashi: Rabbinic Bible Commentaries and the Burning of the Talmud’, pp. 121–3.
18 Grendler, The Roman Inquisition and the Venetian Press, 1540–1605, pp. 93–102.
19 Beit-Arié, Hebrew Manuscripts of East and West, pp. 9–10.
20 Shamir, ‘Johannes Pfefferkorn and the Dual Form of the Confiscation Campaign’.
21 Goodman, A History of Judaism, p. 440.
22 Kuznitz, YIVO and the Making of Modern Jewish Culture, p. 3.
23 Ibid., p. 18; Fishman, ‘Embers Plucked from the Fire’, pp. 66–8.
24 Kuznitz, YIVO and the Making of Modern Jewish Culture, p. 51.
25 Goodman, A History of Judaism, pp. 387–9.
26 For the account of the Paper Brigade in Vilna, I am indebted to the scholarship, generosity and advice of David Fishman; Fishman, The Book Smugglers, pp. 13–22.
27 Ibid., p. 17.
28 The history of the Strashun is brilliantly told in Dan Rabinowitz, The Lost Library.
29 Sutter, ‘The Lost Jewish Libraries of Vilna’, p. 224.
30 Fishman, The Book Smugglers, p. 21.
31 Kuznitz, YIVO and the Making of Modern Jewish Culture, pp. 73–6.
32 Ibid., pp. 182–5.
33 The account is detailed in Sutter, ‘The Lost Jewish Libraries of Vilna’, pp. 224–5 and Fishman, The Book Smugglers, pp. 25–30.
34 Fishman, The Book Smugglers, pp. 55, 61–3, 71.
35 Fishman, ‘Embers Plucked from the Fire’, pp. 69–70.
36 Ibid., p. 69.
37 Sutter, ‘The Lost Jewish Libraries of Vilna’, p. 228.
38 Fishman, ‘Embers Plucked from the Fire’, p. 70.
39 Ibid., p. 71; Fishman, The Book Smugglers, p. 97.
40 Fishman, The Book Smugglers, p. 114.
41 The history of the Vilna Ghetto Library is told by Dina Abramowicz herself in ‘The Library in the Vilna Ghetto’, and by Herman Kruk, ‘Library and Reading Room in the Vilna Ghetto, Strashun Street 6’.
42 In New York, YIVO was one of the first organisations to bring word of the unfolding catastrophe to the American public, publishing an account of the Warsaw Ghetto in 1940, and a brochure on the ghetto uprising four years later.
43 Roskies (ed.), Voices from the Warsaw Ghetto, pp. 62–3.
44 Ibid., p. xxv.
45 Quoted in Fishman, The Book Smugglers, pp. 138–9.
46 Ibid., pp. 65 (biographical details), 140.
47 Ibid., pp. 145–52; Fishman, ‘Embers Plucked from the Fire’, p. 73.
48 The best account in English is told in Fishman, The Book Smugglers, pp. 244–8, but the story deserves to be told in even greater depth.
49 Goodman, A History of Judaism, pp. 387–9.
50 https://vilnacollections.yivo.org/Discovery-Press-Release
51 The process of returning looted books and documents has been extensively studied, most notably by Harvard scholar Patricia Kennedy Grimsted. Her article ‘The Postwar Fate of Einsatztab Reichsleiter Rosenberg Archival and Library Plunder, and the Dispersal of ERR Records’ is a good place to start.
52 The visitor was Lucy Dawidowicz, quoted in Gallas, ‘Das Leichenhaus der Bücher’: Kulturrestitution und jüdisches Geschichtsdenken nach 1945, pp. 11–14.
53 Ibid., pp. 60–4; Lustig, ‘Who Are to Be the Successors of European Jewry?’, p. 537.
54 Esterow, ‘The Hunt for the Nazi Loot Still Sitting on Library Shelves’.
55 Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945–1 October 1946, 1, pp. 293–6, 11, pp. 493, 585.
1 Larkin, Letters to Monica (22 May 1964), p. 335.
2 Larkin, ‘A Neglected Responsibility’, p. 99.
3 Motion, Philip Larkin, pp. xv–xviii.
4 Ibid., p. 522.
5 Ibid., pp. 522, 552.
6 Larkin, Letters to Monica, pp. 278–83.
7 Larkin, Selected Letters of Philip Larkin, p. 600.
8 Selections of which have been printed as Philip Larkin, Letters Home 1936–1977.
9 Bate, Ted Hughes, p. 385.
10 Brain, ‘Sylvia Plath’s Letters and Journals’, p. 141. Sylvia Plath’s archive is now dispersed among several repositories in North America: the Mortimer Rare Book Collection at Neilsen Library of Smith College (Plath’s alma mater), the Lilly Library which is the special collections library of the University of Indiana in Bloomington, and some materials that are held within the major tranche of the Ted Hughes Archive held at the Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. Most of the Plath journals are among the Plath Papers in Smith College, and they have been meticulously edited by Karen Kukil, the former Archivist at Smith.
11 See Frieda Hughes’s introduction to the restored edition of Plath’s collection Ariel (2004). In a letter to Andrew Motion, Ted Hughes wrote:
The main problem with S.P.’s biographers is that they fail … to realise that the most interesting and dramatic part of S.P.’s life is only ½ S.P. – the other ½ is me. They can caricature and remake S.P. in the image of their foolish fantasies, and get away with it – and assume, in their brainless way, that it’s perfectly O.K. to give me the same treatment. Apparently forgetting that I’m still here, to check, and that I’ve no intention of feeding myself to their digestions and submitting myself to their reconstitution, if I can help it. (Quoted in Malcolm, The Silent Woman, p. 201.)
12 Plath, Journals of Sylvia Plath, p. xi.
13 Brain, ‘Sylvia Plath’s Letters and Journals’, p. 144. These journals were published in 2000 by Karen Kukil in her edition of The Unabridged Journals of Sylvia Plath: 1950–1962. It was a prodigious feat of scholarship, as the journals were highly miscellaneous in nature. Some were in the form of bound or spiral-bound notebooks, some typed or written on individual sheets of paper, some of them just scraps, and many difficult to date.
14 Ted Hughes, Winter Pollen.
15 Erica Wagner, ‘Ted Hughes Archive Opened at Emory University’, The Times, 10 April 2000, consulted in the version at http://ericawagner.co.uk/ted-hughess-archive-opened-at-emory-university/ (Accessed: 10 November 2019)
16 Cited by Brain, ‘Sylvia Plath’s Letters and Journals’, p. 154.
17 Bate, Ted Hughes, pp. 305–6.
18 Read, Letters of Ted Hughes, pp. 366–7.
19 Brain, ‘Sylvia Plath’s Letters and Journals’, p. 152.
1 Kalender, ‘In Memoriam: Aida (Fadila) Buturovic (1959–1992)’, p. 73.
2 Riedlmayer, ‘Convivencia Under Fire’, p. 274.
3 Quoted in Huseinovic and Arbutina, ‘Burned Library Symbolizes Multiethnic Sarajevo’.
4 Donia, Sarajevo, pp. 72, 314.
5 The best summary of the political, religious and cultural background to the events described in this chapter can be found in Noel Malcolm, Bosnia, pp. 213–33.
6 Dunford, Yugoslavia: The Rough Guide, p. vii.
7 Quoted in ibid., p. 257.
8 For an overview of the richness of libraries and archives of Bosnia see Riedlmayer, ‘Convivencia Under Fire’; Riedlmayer, ‘The Bosnian Manuscript Ingathering Project’; and Stipcević, ‘The Oriental Books and Libraries in Bosnia during the War, 1992–1994’.
9 Schork, ‘Jewel of a City Destroyed by Fire’, p. 10.
10 ‘Jewel of a City Destroyed by Fire’ ran the headline in The Times on 27 August by Kurt Schork, although only on page ten of the newspaper. A larger piece by Roger Boyes, ‘This is Cultural Genocide’, on 28 August, eventually uncovered the broader implications of the attack.
11 Riedlmayer, ‘Convivencia Under Fire’, pp. 289–90.
12 Malcolm, ‘Preface’, in Koller and Karpat (eds), Ottoman Bosnia, p. vii.
13 Riedlmayer, Destruction of Cultural Heritage in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1992–1996, p. 18.
14 Riedlmayer, ‘Convivencia Under Fire’, p. 274.
15 Riedlmayer, ‘Crimes of War, Crimes of Peace’, p. 114.
16 Riedlmayer, ‘Convivencia Under Fire’, p. 276
17 Walasek, ‘Domains of Restoration’, p. 72.
18 Ibid., p. 212.
19 Riedlmayer, ‘Convivencia Under Fire’, p. 274.
20 Riedlmayer, ‘Foundations of the Ottoman Period in the Balkan Wars of the 1990s’, p. 91.
21 Walasek, ‘Cultural Heritage, the Search for Justice, and Human Rights’, p. 313.
22 Personal communication, August 2019.
23 See Walasek, ‘Cultural Heritage, the Search for Justice, and Human Rights’.
24 The Prosecutor vs. Ratko Mladić: ‘Prosecution Submission of the Fourth Amended Indictment and Schedule of Incidents’.
25 Quoted by Riedlmayer, ‘Convivencia Under Fire’, p. 274.
26 Ibid., p. 276.
27 Ibid., p. 288.
28 Sambandan, ‘The Story of the Jaffna Public Library’.
29 Wheen, ‘The Burning of Paradise’.
30 Moldrich, ‘Tamils Accuse Police of Cultural Genocide’.
31 Sahner, ‘Yemen’s Threatened Cultural Heritage’.
32 Riedlmayer, ‘The Bosnian Manuscript Ingathering Project’.
33 Ahmed, ‘Saving Yemen’s Heritage’; Schmidtke, ‘The History of Zaydī Studies’, p. 189.
1 See especially the Savoy and Sarr Report on the Restitution of African Cultural Heritage.
2 The best accounts are Purcell, ‘Warfare and Collection-Building’, and Pogson, ‘A Grand Inquisitor and His Books’.
3 Philip, The Bodleian Library in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, pp. 9–10.
4 Ovenden, ‘Catalogues of the Bodleian Library and Other Collections’, p. 283.
5 Mittler (ed.), Bibliotheca Palatina, p. 459.
6 Engelhart, ‘How Britain Might Have Deliberately Concealed Evidence of Imperial Crimes’.
7 See Banton, ‘Record-Keeping for Good Governance and Accountability in the Colonial Office’, pp. 76–81.
8 Hampshire, ‘“Apply the Flame More Searingly”’, p. 337.
9 W. J. Watts, Ministry of External Defence, to Private Secretary to High Commissioner, July 1956, folio 2, FCO 141/7524, National Archives; see Hampshire, p. 337.
10 Hampshire, ‘“Apply the Flame More Searingly”’, p. 340.
11 Ibid., p. 341.
12 Anderson, ‘Deceit, Denial, and the Discovery of Kenya’s “Migrated Archive”’, p. 143.
13 Ibid., p. 146.
14 Karabinos, ‘Displaced Archives, Displaced History’, p. 279.
15 Archives nationales d’outre-mer: History, http://archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr/anom/en/Presentation/Historique.html (Accessed: 28 February 2020)
16 Shepard, ‘“Of Sovereignty”’, pp. 871–2.
17 McDougall, A History of Algeria, pp. 224–31.
18 Shepard, ‘“Of Sovereignty”’, pp. 875–6.
19 Ibid., p. 873.
20 Chifamba, ‘Rhodesian Army Secrets Kept Safe in the UK’.
21 Matthies, The Siege of Magdala, p. 129.
22 This was led by Dr Mai Musié, now the Bodleian’s Public Engagement Manager.
23 Gnisci (ed.), Treasures of Ethiopia and Eritrea in the Bodleian Library.
1 Große and Sengewald, ‘Der chronologische Ablauf der Ereignisse am 4. Dezember 1989’.
2 This account relies heavily on the work of Joseph Sassoon, especially his magisterial Saddam Hussein’s Ba’ath Party.
3 See Sassoon, ‘The East German Ministry for State Security and Iraq, 1968–1989’, and Dimitrov and Sassoon, ‘State Security, Information, and Repression’.
4 Sassoon, ‘The East German Ministry for State Security and Iraq, 1968–1989’, p. 7.
5 Tripp, A History of Iraq, pp. 239–45.
6 See the Hoover Institution Archival Finding Aid, Register of the Hiz.b al-Ba’th al-’Arabī al-Ishtirākī in Iraq [Ba’th Arab Socialist Party of Iraq] Records, http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c84j0cg3 (Accessed: 3 June 2019)
7 Quoted in Makiya, Republic of Fear, p. 22.
8 I am grateful to Kanan Makiya for giving me the time to interview him at length.
9 Filkins, ‘Regrets Only?’.
10 Roberts recounts this period, and the discovery of the archives in an interview: Stephen Talbot, ‘Saddam’s Road to Hell’, 24 January 2006, https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/iraq501/audio_index.html (Accessed: 24 November 2019)
11 Gellman and Randal, ‘U.S. to Airlift Archive of Atrocities out of Iraq’.
12 See Montgomery, ‘The Iraqi Secret Police Files’, pp. 77–9.
13 A transcript of the interview of Kanan Makiya by Bill Moyers, PBS: Now Special Edition, 17 March 2003, https://www.pbs.org/now/transcript/transcript031703_full.html (Accessed: 17 March 2019). See also Filkins, ‘Regrets Only?’.
14 Gravois, ‘A Tug of War for Iraq’s Memory’.
15 Burkeman, ‘Ancient Archive Lost in Baghdad Library Blaze’, Guardian, 15 April 2003.
16 Salam Pax: The Baghdad Blogger, 19 March 2003, https://salampax.wordpress.com/page/22/ (Accessed: 17 March 2019); Tripp, A History of Iraq, pp. 267–76.
17 Makiya, ‘A Model for Post-Saddam Iraq’, p. 5.
18 Gravois, ‘A Tug of War for Iraq’s Memory’.
19 The exact size of the archive is subject to varying accounts, one statement from the Society of American Archivists, quoting the IMF website in April 2008, describes the archive as being 3 million pages: https://www2.archivists.org/statements/acasaa-joint-statement-on-iraqi-records (Accessed: 28 February 2020)
20 Montgomery, ‘Immortality in the Secret Police Files’, pp. 316–17.
21 Quoted by Caswell, ‘“Thank You Very Much, Now Give Them Back”’, p. 231.
22 Montgomery, ‘The Iraqi Secret Police Files’, pp. 69–99.
23 Montgomery and Brill, ‘The Ghosts of Past Wars Live on in a Critical Archive’.
24 Interview with Kanan Makiya, June 2019.
25 Makiya, ‘A Personal Note’, p. 317.
26 Garton Ash, ‘Trials, Purges and History Lessons’, in History of the Present, p. 294.
27 Gauck, ‘State Security Files’, p. 72.
28 Tucker and Brand, ‘Acquisition and Unethical Use of Documents Removed from Iraq by New York Times Journalist Rukmini Callimachi’.
1 Rosenzweig, ‘Scarcity or Abundance?’.
2 Desjardins, ‘What Happens in an Internet Minute in 2019’.
3 Halvarsson, ‘Over 20 Years of Digitization at the Bodleian Libraries’.
4 See Binns, et al., ‘Third Party Tracking in the Mobile Ecosystem’.
5 Garton Ash, Free Speech, p. 47.
6 See especially Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism.
7 Hern, ‘Flickr to Delete Millions of Photos as it Reduces Allowance for Free Users’.
8 Hill, E., ‘Silicon Valley Can’t Be Trusted with Our History’.
9 For more examples see SalahEldeen and Nelson, ‘Losing My Revolution’.
10 Bruns, ‘The Library of Congress Twitter Archive’.
11 This grouping includes the Bodleian, the British Library, the National Libraries of Scotland and Wales, Cambridge University Library and the Library of Trinity College Dublin.
12 See Feather, Publishing, Piracy and Politics.
13 In the spirit of full disclosure I should reveal that as Bodley’s Librarian I am part of the governance structure of this whole system, sitting on the Legal Deposit Directors Group, and on the Joint Committee for Legal Deposit (alongside the other library directors and representatives of the publishing industry). Since 2014 I have also chaired the group charged with the implementation of the whole system of digital legal deposit.
14 I am particularly grateful to Andy Jackson at the British Library for sharing his deep knowledge and expertise in web archiving with me.
15 Zittrain, Albert and Lessig, ‘Perma’, pp. 88–99.
16 ‘Internet Archive is Suffering from a DDoS attack’; Jeong, ‘Anti-ISIS Hacktivists are Attacking the Internet Archive’.
17 As cited on https://factba.se/trump (Accessed: 28 February 2020)
18 ‘The White House. Memorandum for All Personnel …’.
19 McClanahan, ‘Trump and the Demise of the Presidential Records Honor System’.
20 The relevant websites can be found at: https://factba.se/ and http://trumptwitterarchive.com/
21 Sherwood, ‘Led By Donkeys Reveal Their Faces at Last’.
22 Wright, O., ‘Lobbying Company Tried to Wipe Out “Wife Beater” Beer References’.
23 Riley-Smith, ‘Expenses and Sex Scandal Deleted from MPs’ Wikipedia Pages by Computers Inside Parliament’.
24 Woodward, ‘Huge Number of Maine Public Records Have Likely Been Destroyed’.
25 Murgia, ‘Microsoft Quietly Deletes Largest Public Face Recognition Data Set’.
26 Harvey, https://megapixels.cc/; Vincent, ‘Transgender YouTubers had Their Videos Grabbed to Train Facial Recognition Software’.
27 Coulter and Shubber, ‘Equifax to Pay almost $800m in US Settlement Over Data Breach’.
28 https://twitter.com/carolecadwalla/status/1166486817882947586?s=20 (Accessed: 28 August 2019)
29 Moran, ‘Is Your Facebook Account an Archive of the Future?’.
30 Quoted in Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism, p. 191.
31 Ibid., pp. 351–2.
32 https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/30/most-americans-especially-millennials-say-libraries-can-help-them-find-reliable-trustworthy-information/ (Accessed: 29 February 2020)
33 Perhaps through amending laws such as (in the UK) either the Public Records Act 1958, or the Public Libraries and Museums Act 1964.
34 Ovenden, ‘Virtual Memory’.
35 Sir Nigel Shadbolt has argued elsewhere for a different approach to web governance which he describes as ‘Architectures for Autonomy’.
36 I am grateful to Sir Nigel Shadbolt for this suggestion.
1 See Wood, Life and Times of Anthony Wood, Antiquary, of Oxford, 1632–1695, I, p. 319.
2 Philip, The Bodleian Library, pp. 42–3.
3 The request is still preserved: MS. Clarendon 91, fol. 18.
4 This act of defiance would later inspire a moving passage in Philip Pullman’s novel La Belle Sauvage (2017), where the Librarian of the Bodleian in Pullman’s fictional world refused to give up the Alethiometer to the Consistorial Court of Discipline, even to the point of facing a firing squad: ‘The Librarian refused, saying that he had not taken up his office in order to give away the contents of the library, and that he had a sacred duty to conserve and protect them for scholarship.’ Pullman, La Belle Sauvage, pp. 62–3.
5 The copy of the 1645 edition of Milton’s Poems with his personal dedication to Rous is now shelf-marked: Arch.G.e.44(1). See also Achinstein, Citizen Milton, pp. 5–7.
6 Derrida, Archive Fever, p. 4.
7 The phrase was coined by Lorcan Dempsey, ‘The Service Turn …’ http://orweblog.oclc.org/The-service-turn/ (Accessed: 5 January 2020)
8 Klinenberg, Palaces for the People, p. 32.
9 Naudé, Advice on Establishing a Library, p. 63.
10 Alston, ‘Statement on Visit to the United Kingdom’.
11 See Ovenden, ‘Catalogues of the Bodleian Library’.
12 For more information see: https://www.clockss.org
13 Letters of Sir Thomas Bodley to the University of Oxford 1598–1611, p. 4.
14 Kenosi, ‘Preserving and Accessing the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission Records’.
15 Ojo, ‘National Archives in a “Very Sorry State”’.
16 Koslowski, ‘National Archives May Not Survive Unless Funding Doubles, Warns Council’.
17 Ibid.
18 See Ovenden, ‘Virtual Memory’ and ‘We Must Fight to Preserve Digital Information’.
1 CIPFA Annual Library Survey, 2017–18.
2 Labbé, et al., ‘The Longest Homogeneous Series of Grape Harvest Dates’.
3 Mill, On Liberty, p. 47.
4 Hamilton, ‘The Learned Press’, pp. 406–7; Carter, A History of the Oxford University Press, pp. 240–3.
5 Doyle, ‘Imminent Threat to Guatemala’s Historical Archive of the National Police’.
6 Aston, ‘Muniment Rooms’, p. 235.
7 Gauck and Fry, ‘Dealing with a Stasi Past’, pp. 279–80; Maddrell, ‘The Revolution Made Law’, p. 153.
8 With the exception of the Foreign Ministry files. Garton Ash argues that this was because they would reveal ‘sycophantic conversations’ between the leaders of East and West Germany, and that as a result, ‘west German politicians have thus fearlessly spared nobody – except themselves’. Garton Ash, ‘Trials, Purges and History Lessons’, in History of the Present, p. 309.
9 Gauck and Fry, ‘Dealing with a Stasi Past’, p. 281.
10 Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four, p. 178.
11 ‘Time to Press Ahead with Archive Law’.
12 Hopf, et al., ‘Fake Science and the Knowledge Crisis’, p. 4.
13 Quoted in Hampshire, ‘“Apply the Flame More Searingly”’, p. 343.
14 Savoy and Sarr, Report on the Restitution of African Cultural Heritage, pp. 42–3.