Equations to Remember

(9.1) Percent composition by mass:

(9.2) Mole fraction:

(9.3) Molarity:

(9.4) Molality:

(9.5) Dilution formula: M_iV_i = M_fV_f

(9.6) Solubility product constant: K_sp = [Aⁿ⁺]^m[B^m−]ⁿ

(9.7) Ion product: IP = [Aⁿ⁺]^m[B^m−]ⁿ

(9.8) Raoult’s law (vapor pressure depression): P_A = X_AP_A^°

(9.9) Boiling point elevation: ΔT_b = iK_bm

(9.10) Freezing point depression: ΔT_f = iK_fm

(9.11) Osmotic pressure: ∏ = iMRT