able-bodied, as undeserving, 4–5
abortion
and authoritative public policy, 167, 181
black feminism and, 91
conservative opposition to, 165
achievement motive, 11
active-benefit systems, 195
adaptive role, of culture of poverty, 12–13, 22
ADC. See Aid to Dependent Children
ADD. See American Dream Demonstration
Addams, Jane, 121
advanced marginality, 256–263, 273
AFDC. See Aid to Families with Dependent Children
Affluent Society, The (Galbraith), 104, 115
Affordable Health Care Act (2012), 136
AFQT. See Armed Forces Qualification Test
African Americans
anti-poverty programs and, 17–18
class stratification among, 212–214
cycle of poverty and, 19, 20–21
family disintegration and, 19–20
housing segregation and, 21
matriarchal family structure, 20–23, 63–64
migration of southern blacks, 104, 106–107, 121, 140, 158, 165, 210–211
political leadership among, 118–119
rejection of cultural poverty explanations, 23, 60
shortcomings of research on, 22–23, 61–62
and the underclass, 208
as undeserving, 2
women’s poverty and, 86
“Afristocracy,” 229
Afro-American Association, 72
AFSCME. See American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees
Aguiar, Gretchen, 119
Aid to Dependent Children (ADC), 8, 86, 89
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 63, 86, 89, 135, 140, 145, 186, 195, 197–199
Alinsky, Saul, 132
All Our Kin (Stack), 64
Al Qaeda, 167
America in Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible (Thernstrom and Thernstrom), 213
American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 67
“American apartheid,” 161
American Apartheid (Massey and Denton), 242–243
American Assn. for the Promotion of Social Science, 31
American Dream Demonstration (ADD), 253
American Enterprise Institute, 166
American Eugenics Society, 38
American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (AFSCME), 133
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (2009), 236–237
American Sociological Association, 219
America’s Failed $5.4 Trillion War on Poverty (Rector and Lauber), 198
Amnesty International USA, 267
amoral familism, categorization of poor and, 24–25
Anarchy, the State, and Utopia (Nozick), 170, 173–174
Anderson, Martin, 169
Anderson Consulting, 200
An End to Poverty (Jones), 168
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 57, 67, 239–240
Annie E. Casey Foundation, 243
anti-communism, 167
anti-socialism, 167
anti-union legislation, 274
Appalachian poverty, 17
Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT), 42–43
asset-building programs, 253–255
Assets@21 conference, 253
Assets and the Poor (Sherraden), 252–253
Association for Enterprise Opportunity, 252
As the Seed is Sown (OEO Report), 129
Atlanta Project, 243
Atlantic Philanthropies, 267
Austin Project, 243
authoritative approach to poverty, 167, 170, 173, 177, 181, 183–185, 187, 189
Back of the Yards Neighborhood Councils, 132
Battle for Welfare Rights, The (Kornbluh), 94–95
Bauman, Robert, 110
Baxter, Ellen, 231
behaviorism, culture of poverty and, 10–12
Bell Curve, The (Herrnstein and Murray), 41–44, 47
Bernstein, Nina, 199
Beyond Entitlement: The Social Obligations of Citizenship (Mead), 181–187
Beyond Human Nature: How Culture and Experience Shape the Human Mind (Prinz), 49
Bigart, Homer, 105
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 253
Binet, Alfred, 34
biological approaches to categorization
cognitive abilities and, 40–44
effect on public policy, 36–38
eugenic theory, 7, 32–34, 37–38
failure of compensatory education, 38–40
hereditarians vs. environmentalists, 7, 29–30, 32–36, 38, 269
immigration restriction based on, 34–36
nurture vs. nature, 38
persistence of optimism, 31–32
as response to institutional failure, 29–31
Birmingham civil rights campaign, 107
black capitalism, 80
black feminism
care-giving occupations and, 99–100
challenges faced by, 97
distinctive patterns of oppression, 93–94
emergence of, 90
vs. white feminism, 84
black liberation movement, 69–70
black mortality, 228
Black Power movement, 72–73, 82, 83
Black Underclass (Glasgow), 207
Black Women’s Liberation Caucus, 90
Black Women’s Liberation Organization, 90
Bloom, Jack, 72
Bloomberg, Michael, 150, 254–255
Boris, Eileen, 99
Bourdieu, Pierre, 256
Brandeis conference (1973), 105–106
Brown v. Board of Education (1954), 229
Buck v. Bell (1925), 37
Bureau of the Budget, 104, 105, 112, 125
Burke, Lee, 139
Burke, Vincent, 139
Burroughs, Charles, 6
Burt, Cyril, 40
Callahan v. Carey (1979), 231
Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, 46
Cannon, William, 105, 112, 125
capability deprivation, 188
capitalism
and colonial model of poverty, 72–73, 80
Gilder’s views on, 171
legitimization of categorization by, 2–3, 6–7
Capron, William, 106, 107–108, 111, 124, 125
Caring For America: Home Health Workers in the Shadow of the Welfare State (Boris and Klein), 99
Carlson, Michelle C., 48
Carmichael, Stokely, 68, 72–73
Carnegie Corporation, 32
cash assistance programs, 135
categorization of the poor
and African American families
female dominance in, 21
housing segregation and, 21–22
rejection of cultural poverty explanations, 23, 60
shortcomings of research, 22–23, 61–62
biological approaches to
cognitive abilities and, 40–44
effect on public policy, 36–38
eugenic theory, 7, 32–34, 37–38
failure of compensatory education, 38–40
hereditarians vs. environmentalists, 7, 29–30, 32–36, 38
immigration restriction based on, 34–36
nurture vs. nature, 38
persistence of optimism, 31–32
as response to institutional failure, 29–31
cultural approaches to
conservatism and, 23–24, 28–29
cultural deprivation and, 15–16, 23, 27–28
effect on public policy, 27
failure of anti-poverty programs, 28
lower-class culture, 11, 25–26, 28
relative deprivation and, 27
culture of poverty
appropriation by conservatives, 14–15
dependency and, 16
effect on public policy, 15–16
justification by capitalists, 16–17
key features of, 13
lack of protest and, 17
modernization theory and, 11–12, 24
persistence of, 210
origins of
exclusion of the able-bodied, 4–5, 276
justification by capitalists, 6–7
persistence of moral classification, 8–9
poor as a moral condition, 6
poor vs. paupers, 5–8, 13–14, 29, 33, 89
pre-20th century views on, 3–4
punitive public policy and, 7–8, 86, 138
social obligation and, 4
as problem of persons, 2–3, 29, 56, 163, 269
stigmatization of labels, 2
usefulness to capitalist political economy, 2–3
varied identities of, 1–2, 201–202
Catholic bishops’ 1986 pastoral letter, 191–194
Cato Institute, 166
CCTs. See Conditional Cash Transfers
CDC. See Community Development Corporations
CEA. See Council of Economic Advisors
Cell, John, 16
Center for Economic and Social Rights, 267
CETA. See Comprehensive Employment and Training Act
CGAP. See Consultative Group to Assist the Poor
Challenge to Affluence (Myrdal), 115
Channing, Walter, 6
Charity Organization Society, 277
Chicago Areas Project, 120
Chicago Initiative, 243
Chicago school of urban sociology, 241–242, 256
Chicago Urban Poverty and Family Life Project, 214
child care tax credits, 87
Child Development Group of Mississippi, 110
Child Life Studies Branch, 62
Children’s Bureau Division of Research, 62, 86
Children’s Defense Fund, 211
children’s poverty
in African American communities, 21–22
Earned Income Tax Credit and, 138
education for culturally deprived, 15–16
and matriarchal family structure, 222–223
pre-natal care and, 147
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 240
citizenship
Civil Rights Act (1964), 18, 69, 108, 248
civil rights movement
1966 Mississippi march, 72
and Community Action Programs, 147
nurture vs. nature and, 38
rejection of cultural poverty explanations, 60–61
as struggle against poverty, 69–70
support of structural diagnosis of poverty, 115
classification of the poor. See also categorization of the poor, inadequacy of, 2
class stratification, 25, 212. See also “underclass”
Cleveland Demonstration Project, 105
Clinton, Bill, 194, 197–199, 250–251
Clinton administration, 138, 200, 264
Cloward, Richard, 88, 104–109, 120–122, 131–132, 139, 148, 274
cognitive abilities, categorization of poor and, 40–44
Cohen, Henry, 125
COINTELPRO. See Counterintelligence Program
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 32
Cold War-induced concepts, 10–12, 16, 51, 86, 152
Collins, Patricia Hill, 92, 94, 97–99, 101
Colombis, Alessio, 51
colonial model of poverty
applied to American ghettos, 75–76, 77–78
and conventional economic theories, 74–75
Cruse on, 73
discrimination and, 79
justification of, 56
neocolonialism and, 78
sanctioned by American social science, 50–51
spatialization of poverty and, 82–83
Coming Apart (Murray), 223–224
Committee on the Urban Underclass, 217–218, 220–221
community action
alternative models of, 132–134
importance in anti-poverty programs, 121–125
motherist politics and, 129–130
political implications of, 125–127
requirement for anti-poverty funds, 103
Community Action Programs, 110, 119, 126–129, 147, 243, 274
Community Action Workbook (1965), 123
Community Chest, 125
Community Development Corporations (CDC), 245–247
Community Planning and Action Program, 219
Community Reinvestment Act (1975), 246
Community Services Administration, 145
Community Work Experience Programs (CWEP), 196
compensatory education, failure of, 38–40
“Competitive Advantage of the Inner City, The” (Porter), 250–251
comprehensive community initiatives (CPAPs), 243–244, 270
Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA), 147
concentration effects, 242
Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs), 254–255
Condorcet, Marquis de, 168
congregational-community model, 133
Congressional Budget Office, 200
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 60, 72
conservatism
author’s definition of, xii
categorization of poor and, 23–24, 28–29
and culture of poverty, 10–11, 14–15
minimum income plans and, 137, 139
conservative Christians, 165
conservative perspective
1980s conservative ascendance, 163–168
assault on the welfare state, 168–187
failure of liberal social welfare supporters, 187–194
Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP), 252
Contract with America, 187
CORE. See Congress of Racial Equality
Core City Neighborhoods, 243
Cosby, Bill, 229
Council of Economic Advisors (CEA), 102, 104, 106, 107, 113–116, 118
Counterintelligence Program (COINTELPRO), 97
CPAPs. See comprehensive community initiatives
Crenshaw, Kimberly, 98
cultural approaches to categorization
conservatism and, 23–24, 28–29
cultural deprivation and, 15–16, 23, 27–28
effect on public policy, 27
failure of anti-poverty programs, 28
lower-class culture, 11, 25–26, 28
relative deprivation and, 27
cultural deprivation, categorization of poor and, 15–16, 23, 27–28
culture, definition of concept, 57, 58–59
culture of poverty
adopted by the War on Poverty, 118
appropriation by conservatives, 14–15
dependency and, 16
effect on public policy, 15–16
ethnographic models of, 151
justification by capitalists, 16–17
key features of, 13
lack of protest and, 17
modernization theory and, 11–12, 24
new generation of research on, 56–59
CWEP. See Community Work Experience Programs
cycle of poverty
and African American families, 18–20, 20–21
factors contributing to, 114
and structural diagnosis of poverty, 207
Dahrendorf, Ralf, 189
Dandrige v. Williams (1970), 142
Danziger, Sheldon, 212
Dark Ghetto (Clark), 18
Dauber, Michele, 232
Davidson, Chandler, 52
Davidson, Leonard, 53
Davis, Martha, 266
Declining Significance of Race, The (Wilson), 212
Deficit Reduction Act (2005), 224
Delinquency and Opportunity (Cloward and Ohlin), 120–122, 125
delinquent subcultures, 106, 120–121
Democracy and the Welfare State (Gutmann), 189–190
Democratic Party, 104
demoralization of the poor, 171–172
Department of Agriculture food budget, 148–149
Department of Health and Human Services, 145
Department of Labor, 106, 111, 117–118
dependency theory
and colonial model of poverty, 74–75
and culture of poverty, 16
and disintegration of families, 19
lack of research on, 155
deprivation, 188
desegregation, 164
deserving poor, children and widows as, 3, 168–169, 269
Devine, Edward T., 277
differential exploitation, 78–79
disadvantage, essence of, 271–272
discover of abundance, 3
discrimination
of arbitrary distinctions, 1
colonial model of poverty and, 79
distributive justice, 143–144, 148, 173–175, 190
domestic colonialism, 75
“domestic Marshal Plan,” 115
Donovan, Charles A., 223
Dorothy Gautreaux v. Chicago Housing Authority (CHA), 248
Dreier, Peter, 162
Du Bois, W. E. B., 226
DuBois Institute, 67
Dudley Street Neighborhood Initiative, 243
Duncan, Arne, 245
Dworkin, Ronald, 188, 193, 265
Dyson, Michael Eric, 229
Early Periodic Screening and Diagnostic Testing, 130
Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), 87, 100–101, 138, 146, 179
Economic Justice for All, 191–194
Economic Opportunity Act, 103, 108, 112, 113, 120, 126, 246
Edelman, Marian Wright, 88, 211
Edelman, Peter, 200, 222–223, 263–265
Ehrenreich, Barbara, 201
EITC. See Earned Income Tax Credit
Electronic Data Systems, 200
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965), 120, 147
Elizabethan poor law, 4
Elkins, Stanley, 16
Empowerment Zones, 250–251, 270
Enterprise Foundation, 246
Enterprise Zones, 250–251, 270
entitlements, 89, 174–175, 181, 199
environmental theories of poverty, 38. See also hereditarians vs. environmentalists
Epigenetics Revolution, The (Carey), 45
epigenetic theory, categorization of poor and, 44–49
equality, as defined by Mead, 182
equality principle, rejection by liberals, 188
Erickson, David J., 247
Estabrook, Arthur, 37
Eugenics Record Office at Cold Spring, 34, 37
eugenic theory, categorization of poor and, 31–34, 37–38
Europeanization of America, 223
exploitation
and colonial model of poverty, 78–79
justification by culture of poverty, 17
Fairbanks, Robert P., II, 259–261
Fair Housing Act (1968), 163
familial disintegration of African American families, 19–20
families
dysfunction as reason for poverty, 3
kin networks as, 64
Lewis’s theory on, 13
Family Assistance Plan, 136–137, 139, 169
family planning, 91
Family Support Act (1988), 197
Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac, 247
Feeble-Mindedness: Its Causes and Consequences (Goddard), 35
female dominance. See matriarchal family structure feminism, 88–89, 171. See also black feminism feminization of poverty, 87–89
Finch, Robert, 139
Foley, Roger, 96
food stamp program, 87, 130, 135–136, 137, 140, 146
Ford Foundation, 106, 243, 246, 253, 267
Fourteenth Amendment, 188
Frank, Andre Gunder, 74
Freedom is Not Enough (Patterson), 221
Freedom Summer campaign (1964), 110
Full Employment Act (1961), 117
“functioning” society, 181–182
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 104, 115, 118
Galton, Francis, 32
Gautreaux Project, 248
General Assistance, 164
gentrification, 160–161, 230, 260
Gephart, Martha, 211
Geronimus, Arline, 228
Gilder, George, 170–173, 176, 182, 188
Gilens, Martin, 198
Goering, John, 249
Goldberg, Arthur, 117
Goldberg V. Kelly (1970), 141
Gold Coast and the Slum, The (Zorbaugh), 241
Goldstein, Alyosha, 121
Gordon, Linda, 92
Gottschalk, Peter, 212
Gould, Stephen Jay, 35
Gray Areas program, 243
Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect (Sampson), 242–243
Great Recession, 147, 187, 255
Great Society. See also War on Poverty
colonial model of poverty in, 76–77
conservative perspective on, 167
hereditarians vs. environmentalists and, 38
intellectual legacy of, 148–155
Johnson’s University of Michigan speech, 109–110
Model Cities programs, 76–77, 243
programs included under, 103
urban redevelopment and, 163
workfare and, 196
Green, Laurie B., 110
Greene, Edith, 127 “green ghettos,” 158
Gross National Product, 179
guaranteed income. See minimum income
Guardians of the Poor, 6
Gurman, Herbert, 65
Gutmann, Amy, 189
Guy-Sheftall, Beverly, 93
Hacker, Andrew, 213
Hackett, David, 108–109, 111, 122
Hammett, William, 177
Handlin, Oscar, 16
Harlem Children’s Zone (HCZ), 244–245, 270
Harold and Phyllis example, 179
Harrington, Michael, ix–x, 15, 17, 52, 104, 115, 169–170
Harris, Donald, 78
Harvey, David, 256
Hazirjian, Lisa Gayle, 109–110, 129, 134
HCZ. See Harlem Children’s Zone
Head Start program. See Operation Head Start
Heckman, James, 47
Heineman Commission, 137–138, 148
hereditarians vs. environmentalists categorization of poor and, 7, 29–30, 32–36, 38, 269
rejection of hereditary causes, 114
Heritage Foundation, 166, 198, 201, 223
Hershberg, Theodore, 65
Hills v. Gautreaux (1976), 248
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 37
Holzer, Harry J., 227
home health care workers, 99–100
homeless
Callahan case and, 231
as a category of poor, 233
cohort effect, 234
contemporary version of, 233–234
as deserving poor, 232
new face of, 237
Obama administration and, 235–236
visibility of, 230–231, 237–238
Homelessness Prevention and Rapid Rehousing Program (HPRRP), 236
Honkala, Cheri, 95
Hopper, Kim, 231
House Ways and Means Committee, 136–137
Housing Act (1964), 162
Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 231, 236–237, 248–249
housing segregation, and African American families, 21–22, 66
Howe, Samuel Gridley, 30
How It Works: Recovering Citizens in Post-Welfare Philadelphia (Fairbanks), 259
“How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement” (Jensen), 38
HPRRP. See Homelessness Prevention and Rapid Rehousing Program
HUD. See Housing and Urban Development
human rights, 192
Human Rights Movement, 204
Human Rights Watch, 266
Hunter, Robert, 7
“hypersegration,” 161
IAF. See Industrial Areas Foundation
ICIC. See Initiative for a Competitive Inner City
IDAs. See Individual Development Accounts
“Identity, Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color” (Crenshaw), 98
Illegal Immigration and Immigrant Responsibility Act (1996), 238
immigrants
anti-immigrant sentiment, 240
eligibility for benefits of, 238–239
helplessness of, 16
impact of on American economy, 239–240
persistent poverty among, 239
settlement provisions for, 4
immigration restriction
categorization of poor and, 34–36
immoral behavior, as reason for poverty, 3, 6–7
imperialism, justification by culture of poverty, 16–17
inadequate skills, as reason for poverty, 3
income supplements. See minimum income
individual deficiencies, as reason for poverty, 3
Individual Development Accounts (IDAs), 253
individualism, 192
Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF), 132, 133, 134
Inequality by Design (Fischer), 42–44
inherited deficiencies, as reason for poverty, 3, 39–40
Initiative for a Competitive Inner City (ICIC), 251
Institute for Research on Poverty, 151–152
institutional failure, categorization of poor and, 29–31
intellectual potential, lack of, as reason for poverty, 3
intelligence tests, 34–36, 39–43
internal colonialism, 77–84, 270
intuitionism, 144
Irish immigrants, helplessness of, 16
irony of optimism, 3
Is Bill Cosby Right (Or Has The Black Middle Class Lost Its Mind?)(Dyson), 229
Jaffe, Frederick, 53
Javits, Jacob, 246
Jaynes, Gerald, 211
JEHT Foundation, 267
Jencks, Christopher, 64, 178–179, 242
Job Corps, 106, 111–112, 119, 147
Johnson, Lyndon B.
creation of Heineman Commission, 137
effect of Moynihan’s report on, 18
Fair Housing Act (1968), 163
focus on individual behavior over job creation, 118–119
Howard University speech, 17, 60
launches “unconditional war on poverty,” 102–103, 110–111, 112–113
reasoning behind War on Poverty, 107
vision for Great Society, 109–110
Johnson administration, 59–61, 111, 117, 118, 124, 137
Jones, Gareth Stedman, 168, 232
Jordan, Amy, 110
justice, Rawls’ principles of, 144
Justice-for-Janitors, 274
Kallikak Family: A Study in Feeble-Mindedness, The (Goddard), 35
Kamin, Leon, 40
Katznelson, Ira, 134
Kellogg, J. H., 37
Kemp, Jack, 170
Kennedy, Joan Taylor, 177
Kennedy, John F., ix, 102–108, 111, 112, 163, 264
Kennedy, Robert, 246
Kennedy administration
anti-poverty efforts of, 111
anti-unemployment programs of, 118
community action in, 124
focus on Appalachian poverty, 17
minimum income plan, 137
stance on civil rights, 107
Killing the Black Body (Roberts), 91
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 60, 70–72, 108, 110
kin networks, 64
Klein, Jennifer, 99
Krackhardt, David, 53
Labor Department, 104
labor-force attachment, 195
last of the immigrants thesis, 26–27, 29, 66, 121
Lauber, William, 198
Lawson, Matthew P., 165
laziness, as reason for poverty, 3
Legal Services Corporation, 141, 147
Lewis, Oscar, 12–15, 23, 28, 52, 62–63, 105, 120–121
liberalism
1960s perspective on poverty, 114–116
author’s definition of, xi–xii
failure to support anti-poverty programs, 167–168, 187–194
futility of liberal reform, 24–25
individualism and, 192
poverty research and, 154
Lieberson, Stanley, 215
Liebow, Elliot, 53
Lipset, Seymour Martin, 11
LISC. See Local Initiatives Support Corporation
Living Wage Movement, 133, 271
Living Wage Resource Center, 133–134
Lloyd, Richard, 259
Local Initiatives Support Corporation (LISC), 246
Losing Ground (Murray), 41, 44, 170, 176–180
lower-class culture, categorization of poor and, 11, 25–26, 28
Macdonald, Dwight, 104
Making of the Second Ghetto (Hirsch), 258–259
male poverty
as undeserving condition, 9
Manhattan Institute, 177
Mann, Horace, 29
Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation (MDRC), 197, 209, 219, 254
Manpower programs, 112
March on Washington, 107
market-oriented models
and abolition of entitlements, 199
criticisms of, 188, 189–190, 193–194
four strategies of, 275
minimum income plans and, 138–139
and social welfare, 148
stressed by conservative politics, 166–167
marriage initiatives, 224
Marshal, T. H., 189
Marton, William P., 212
Massachusetts Board of State Charities, 29–31
Massey, Douglas, 67, 161, 242–243, 257
matriarchal family structure
among African Americans, 20–23, 63–64
among Whites, 62
feminization of poverty and, 87–89
in Montegrano, Italy, 26
reported increase in, 62, 87–88
maximum feasible participation, 105
Mayer, Susan, 242
McGovern, George, 140
McKissick, Floyd, 60
McNamara, Robert, 152
MDG. See Millennium Development Goals
MDRC. See Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation
Mead, Lawrence, 180–189, 192–194, 198–199, 201
Mead, Margaret, 11
Measuring America: How Economic Growth Came to Define American Greatness in the Late Twentieth Century (Yarrow), 116
Medicare/Medicaid, 87, 136, 140, 146–147, 170, 238
Memphis Area Project, 110
Mendel, Gregor, 32
men’s poverty
compared to women’s poverty, 87–88
male-centered discourse and, 88–89
social insurance vs. public assistance and, 89
Mertz Gilmore, 267
Metcalf, Ralph H., Jr., 77
Mexican immigrants, as undeserving, 2, 8–9
Meyerson, Harold, 15
Mhone, Guy C. Z., 80
Michelman, Frank, 188–189, 265
microfinance programs, 251–253
Millennium Declaration (2000), 265–266
Millennium Development Goals (MDG), 266, 272
Miller, Walter, 52
minimum income, 71, 90, 136–139, 153, 169, 188–189, 271
Minow, Martha, 233
Misery and Its Causes (Devine), 277
mobility studies, 153
Mobilization for Youth program, 103, 120, 122, 126
mobilization of the poor, 130–132, 141, 262
Model Cities programs, 76–77, 243, 270
modernization theory, culture of poverty and, 11–12, 24
Montegrano, Italy, 24
Moral Basis of a Backward Society, The (Banfield), 24–29
moral decay, 167
moral definition of poverty
moral hazard, xii, 1, 268. See also work disincentives moral therapy, 29
More Than Just Race (Wilson), 57
Morrison, Toni, 94
Moving-to-Opportunity Program, 241, 248–249, 270
Moving to Opportunity: The Story of an American Experiment to Fight Ghetto poverty (Briggs), 249
Moynihan, Daniel P., 18–23, 28, 52, 59–68, 78, 91, 106, 139, 151, 208–209, 220–221, 226
Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality, 218
Murray, Charles, 40–44, 170, 176–180, 181–182, 188, 198, 201, 219–220, 223–224
Murray, Pauli, 94
Myrdal, Gunnar, 115
n Achievement motivation, 11, 16
Nathan, Richard, 197
National Academy of Sciences, 40, 46, 150
National Black Feminist Organization (NBFO), 93
National Council on Economic Opportunity, 127
National Governors Association, 196–197
national health insurance, 136
National Intelligence Test, 36
National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty, 238, 266
National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience of Youth (NLYS), 42–43
national minimum income. See minimum income National Welfare Rights Organization (NWRO), 95, 96, 129, 139
National Youth Corps, 106
“Nation Apart, A” (U.S. News and World Report article), 206–207
naturism theories, 49
Nazi sterilization laws, 37–38
NBFO. See National Black Feminist Organization
negative income tax, 125, 137–138, 145, 271
Negro Family: The Case for National Action, The (Moynihan), 18–23, 59–68, 151, 220–221
Neighborhood and Family Initiative, 243
neoclassical economic theories, 116, 153
neocolonialism, 78
neuro-epigenetics. See epigenetic theory
New American Foundation, 252–253
New Futures Initiative, 243
New Markets Initiative, 250–251
New Politics of Poverty: The Non-Working Poor in America (Mead), 186–187
“New Property, The” (Reich), 142–143
New York State Department of Social Services v. Dublino (1973), 142
Nickeled and Dimed (Ehrenreich), 201
Nixon, Richard M., 136–137, 139, 169
Nixon administration, Moynihan’s report to, 18–23, 28, 59–68
Nkrumah, Kwame, 78
NLYS. See National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience of Youth
North Carolina Eugenics Commission, 91–92
Nowak, Jeremy, 247
Nozick, Robert, 170, 173–176, 182, 190, 192, 204, 255
nurture vs. nature, categorization of poor and, 38
NWRO. See National Welfare Rights Organization
O’Connor, Alice, 10–11, 115–116, 122, 217–219, 243
O’Dell, J. H., 77
OEO. See Office of Economic Opportunity
Office of Church and Race, 64–65
Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), 103, 111–112, 119, 126–129, 145, 148, 149, 153, 246
Office of Management and Budget, 176
Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation, 152
Office of Policy Planning and Research, 18
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 152
Ohlin, Lloyd, 104–105, 106, 120–122, 124
One Nation, Underprivileged: Why American Poverty Affects Us All (Rank), 201–202, 263
Open Society Institute, 267
Operation Head Start, 16, 103, 112, 119, 147
optimism, categorization of poor and, 31–32
Origins of the Urban Crisis (Sugrue), 258–259
Orleck, Annelise, 95–96, 101, 109–110, 129, 134
Orshansky, Mollie, 148–149, 153, 271
Orshansky index, 148–149, 153, 271
Other America, The (Harrington), 15, 17, 104, 115
out-migration, 158
out-of-wedlock births
and authoritative public policy, 181
decline in, 222
encouraged by welfare, 165, 178
“epidemic” of, 67
Europeanization of America and, 223
and The Family Support Act, 197–199
inherited deficiencies and, 41
in Moynihan’s report, 19, 61–63
and the “underclass,” 205, 207–208, 210, 215, 221–222
Pacific Institute for Community Organizing (PICO), 132–133
Padfield, Harlan, 53
Page, Max, 241
Paine, Thomas, 168
Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 153
Parsons, Frank, 76
passivity, culture of poverty and, 10–11, 13, 15–17, 52
patriarchal family structure, 22–23
Patterson, Orlando, 56
PCJD. See President’s Committee on Juvenile Delinquency
Peace Corp, 95
Peace Corps, 103
Pearl, Raymond, 33
Pearson, Karl, 32
Pearson, Robert, 211
People’s Organization, 132
Percheski, Christine, 223, 224
Perkins Institute for the Blind, 30
permissive social policy, 181–183
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, The, 199
Phillips, Kevin, 165
PICO. See Pacific Institute for Community Organizing
PICO National Network, 132–133
Piven, Frances Fox, 88, 107–109, 125–126, 131–132, 139, 148, 274
Polgar, Steven, 53
political economy of poverty, 168–169, 272–273
politics of liberation
and culture of poverty, 10–11, 50–59
internal colonialism and, 68–84
poor laws, 4
Poor People’s Economic and Human Rights Campaign, 267
Poor People’s Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail (Piven and Cloward), 131, 148
Popkin, Susan J., 249
Portes, Alejhandro, 51
poverty. See also urban poverty
four degrees of, 27
fundamental causes of, 264–265
male-centered discourse and, 88–89
permanent vs. transitory, 153–154
poor vs. paupers, 5–8, 13–14, 29, 33, 89
as problem of markets, 250–255
as problem of persons, xii, 2–3, 29, 56, 163, 269
as problem of place, xii, 157, 163, 240–249, 270
as problem of resources, 56, 271
Poverty (Hunter), 7
Poverty Amid Plenty: The American Paradox, 137
poverty discourse
capacity to work and, 195, 216,
categorization of the poor and, 201
ethical lapse in, 272
focus on family and culture, 208
historic preoccupations of, 216
importance of culture to, 58
and internal colonialism, 73–74, 82–83
and minimum income, 138
relation to public policy, x–xi
and the “underclass,” 211
poverty indexes
inadequacy of, 150
Orshansky index, 148–149, 153, 271
political motivation behind, 150
Poverty Knowledge (O’Connor), 10–11, 115
poverty research
effect on public policy, 154, 219
influence on social science methods, 153–154
longitudinal data sets and, 153
structural diagnosis based on, 113–115
structure and culture in, 56–58
President’s Committee on Juvenile Delinquency (PCJD), 103, 104, 105, 108, 111, 120, 122
Prinz, Jesse J., 49
Private Lives, Public Spaces (Baxter and Hopper), 231
private morality, stressed by conservative politics, 166–167
Progressivism
biology and reform in, 31
discover of abundance, 3
moral depravity vs. exploitation, 7
rediscovered in War on Poverty, 105
Promise Neighborhoods, 245
property, Reich’s definition of, 142–143
Protestant Council of the City of New York, 64–65
Protestant theology, 7
public assistance, vs. social insurance, 8, 89
public policy
categorization of poor and, 8, 27, 36–38, 42
and culture of poverty, 15–16, 56
effect of Operation Life on, 95–96
effect of poverty research on, 154, 219
effect of social science on, 151
effect on colonial model of poverty, 84
punitive aspects of, 7–8, 86, 138
welfare reform and, 148
Public Welfare Amendments (1962), 135
Public Welfare Foundation, 267
Pyler v. Doe (1982), 238
Quigley, William P., 133
Race Betterment Foundation, 37
race prejudice, categorization of poor and, 26–27
race suicide, 33
racism
persistence of, 213
Rainwater, Lee, 19, 22, 59, 207
Rank, Mark Robert, 201–202, 263, 265
Rawls, John, 143–145, 148, 173–175, 190, 204, 255
Reagan, Ronald, 44, 102, 145, 164, 250–251
Reagan administration, 88–89, 169–170, 173, 177, 179–180, 198, 231, 246
Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution (Harvey), 256
Rector, Robert, 198
redistributive social welfare programs, 135. See also distributive justice Regulating the Poor (Piven and Cloward), 148
rehabilitation, failure of, 29–30
Reich, Charles, 142–143, 148, 176, 204, 255, 265
relative deprivation, cultural approaches to categorization and, 27
“Revolutionary Nationalism and the Afro-American” (Cruse), 73
Reynolds, James, 34
Ricketts, Erol R., 212
Righteous Dopefiend (Bourgois), 260
Riis, Jacob, 241
Rockefeller Foundation, 203, 217, 219, 243
Rodman, Hyman, 53
Romney, Mitt, 263
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 8, 133
Roosevelt administration, 8, 131
Rosenbaum, James E., 248
Rosenblatt, Rand, 141
Rouse, James, 246
Rousseau, Ann Marie, 231
Rubinowitz, Leonard S., 248
Ruggles, Patricia, 212
rural poverty, 17
Rweyemamu, Justinian, 74
Ryan, William, 62
Sachs, Jeffrey, 266
Sampson, Robert, 67, 239–240, 242–243
Sanborn, Frank, 31
Sandtown-Winchester, 243
Sanger, Margaret, 33
Savings for Education, Entrepreneurship, and Downpayment (SEED), 253
Sawhill, Isabel V., 212
scarcity, as reason for poverty, 3
Scheur, James, 246
Schonberg, Jeff, 260
SCLC. See Southern Christian Leadership Conference
SEED. See Savings for Education, Entrepreneurship, and Downpayment
Seeman, Teresa E., 48
Self, Robert O., 72
Sen, Amartya, 84, 188, 271–272
Senate Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs, 140
Seplaki, Christopher L., 48
settlement house movement, 121
settlement provisions, 4
Shapiro, Thomas, 253
Shapiro v. Thompson(1970), 141
Shino, Mark, 266
Shipler, David, 201
Shockley, William, 40
Shopping Bag Ladies (Rousseau), 231
Shriver, Sargent, 103, 107, 111–112, 118, 123–124, 152
Singer, Audrey, 239
single mothers, as undeserving, 1–2, 8–9
SIP. See Special Impact Program
slavery
and African American’s sense of family, 65
effect on African American society, 19–20, 22
eliminating vestiges of, 189
helplessness situation of, 16
and internal colonialism, 77–78
Small Business Administration, 250–251
Smiley, Tavis, 263
Smith, James, 166
SNCC. See Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
social Darwinism
social insurance vs. public assistance, 8, 89
socialism, culture of poverty and, 13–14
social isolation, 51, 215–218, 242
Social Justice and the City, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (Harvey), 256
social obligation, xii, 4, 192–193
Social Science Research Council (SSRC), 203, 211, 212–220, 217
Social Security system, 8, 86–87, 89, 104, 137, 146
social structure, interaction with culture, 57
social welfare programs, increased public spending on, 135–136
Sorenson, Theodore, 117
So Rich, So Poor: Why It’s So Hard to End Poverty in America (Edelman), 263–265
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 72
Southern Poverty Law Center, 267
Soviet Union, 167
Sparer, Edward, 265
spatialization of poverty, 82–83, 159–160, 162
Special Impact Program (SIP), 246
Spheres of Justice (Walzer), 190–191
Springer, Kimberly, 94
SSI. See Supplemental Security Income
SSRC. See Social Science Research Council
SSRC Committee on the Urban Underclass, 217–218, 220–221
Stack, Carol, 64
State of the Union address (1964), 112
Steensland, Brian, 136
sterilization laws, 36–38, 91–93 “Sterilization of BLACK Women is Common in the U.S.” (Triple Jeopardy), 91
Stern, William, 35
Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act (1987), 231
Stigler, George, 138
Stoddard, Lothrop, 38
“Strategic Plan to Prevent and End Homelessness,” 234
structural diagnosis of poverty
Bourgois’ view on, 260
conservative perspective on, 164
Hunter’s view on, 7
urban poverty and, 156
Wacquant’s view on, 257
War on Poverty and, 103, 113–119
welfare reform and, 200
West’s view on, 226
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 72, 90
subcultures, 18–19, 54–55, 106, 120–121
subsidiarity, 193
suburbanization, 159–160, 164–165
super-exploitation, 79
Supplemental Poverty Measure, 150
Supplemental Security Income (SSI), 136–137, 146, 199
Surdna Foundation, 243
Tabb, William, 77
Taliban, 167
Tally’s Corner (Liebow), 53
TANF. See Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
tangle of pathology, 18. See also cycle of poverty
Target Area Demonstration Program, 243
teenage pregnancy, reported increase in, 61–62, 67–68
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), 100, 142, 199–202, 238
“Theory of Justice, A”(Rawls), 143–145, 173
Thernstrom, Abigail, 213
Thernstrom, Stephan, 213
Third World Women’s Alliance (TWWA), 90, 97
Title II of Economic Opportunity Act, 103
Tolnay, Stuart, 65
Total Action Against Poverty, 128
trickle-down effect, 74
triple jeopardy, 98
Triple Jeopardy (TWWA newsletter), 90–91, 94, 101
Truly Disadvantaged, The (Wilson), 56, 212, 214–215, 242–243
Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal (Hacker), 213
TWWA. See Third World Women’s Alliance
“underclass”
size of, 212
Underclass, The (Auletta), 208–209
undeserving poor
African Americans as, 2
finite resources and, xii
as genetically inferior, 40–41
males as, 9
substance abusers as, 1
unmarried women as, 1–2, 8–9, 86
women of color as, 2
vs. the working poor, 3
unemployment/underemployment of African American males, 20, 22, 63, 213–215, 227–228
in economic expansion, 74
in Great Depression, 8
as major source of instability, 18
minimum income plans and, 137–138
as root of poverty, 113–114, 201, 271
UNESCO, 266
Union of Radical Political Economists (URPE), 83
US Conference of Mayors, 126–127, 236–237
US Human Rights Fund, 267
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), 265–266
Upward Bound, 147
Urban Institute, 219
Urban Outcasts: A Comparative Sociology of Advanced Marginality (Wacquant), 256
urban poverty
African American families and, 220–225
as African American issue, 17
economic segregation and, 162
industrial decline and, 157–158
migration/immigration and, 158–159
migration of southern African Americans and, 106–107
as problem of markets, 250–255
racial segregation and, 161–162, 163
urban redevelopment and, 162–163
urban riots, 60–61, 69, 72, 126, 207
URPE. See Union of Radical Political Economists
utilitarianism, 145
value stretch, 53
Vergara, Camilo Jose, 158
Voting Rights Act (1965), 69
Wagner Act (1935), 274
Walker, Alice, 92
War on Drugs, 260
War on Poverty
achievements of, ix–x, 146–147
Community Action Programs and, 121–130, 243, 274
conservative perspective on, 167
decline in poverty during, 102
economic discipline of, 151
focus areas, 103
hereditarians vs. environmentalists and, 38
hostility to, 126
intellectual legacy of, 148–155
Memphis Area Project, 110
opportunity and action basis of, 119–135
and relative deprivation, 27
service-based strategy of, 113–119, 136
social welfare programs and, 135–145
urban redevelopment and, 163
visiting housekeeper program, 99
War on Poverty: A New Grassroots History, The (Orleck and Hazirjian), 109–110
Watts riots, 60–61, 69, 72, 207
Wealth and Poverty (Gilder), 170–173
Weir, Margaret, 118
Weisman, August, 32
welfare establishment, rejection of Moynihan Report, 61
welfare programs. See also Aid to Dependent Children
colonial model of poverty and, 76–77
conservative assault on, 168–187
as “permissive,” 181
as a right, 63, 94–97, 140–141, 188–189
social insurance vs. public assistance and, 89
welfare reform, 8–9, 137, 139, 148, 167, 194–202
Welfare Reform Bill (1996), 186, 194, 200–201, 221, 224, 264
Welfare: The Political Economy of Welfare Reform in the United States (Anderson), 169
welfare-to-work, 195
Why Americans Hate Welfare (Gilens), 198
WIC. See Women, Infants and Children
widows
as deserving poor, 3, 85–86, 168–169
Social Security benefits for, 86–87
Will, George, 221
Williams, Rhonda Y., 101
Wilson, E. O., 40
Wilson, William Julius, 56, 203, 212–220, 242–243, 256, 257
WIN. See Work Incentive Program Winant, Howard, 77, 81
Wolfe, Alan, 116
Women, Infants and Children (WIC), 130
women’s poverty
behaviorism and, 11
Community Action Programs and, 129–130
compared to men’s poverty, 87–88
politics of liberation and, 84–89
social insurance vs. public assistance and, 89
women of color as undeserving, 2
work disincentives, fallacy of, 153, 179
workfare
failure of, 196
Family Support Act (1988), 197–198
inception of, 137
punitive concept of, 196
Workfare States (Peck), 194–195
work-first welfare reform, 195
Work Incentive Program (WIN), 195–196
working poor, vs. the undeserving poor, 3
Working Poor, The (Shipler), 201
World War II, 8
Wuthnow, Robert, 165
Wyman v. Tames (1971), 142
xenophobic nativism, 240
Yarmolinsky, Adam, 107–109, 117, 123–124
Yarrow, Andrew L., 116