Chapter 1 – The Money for the Revolution
1. A. V. Lunacharsky. Siyauchshii dorogoi genii. Speech delivered on January 21, 1929, at a formal assembly commemorating the fifth anniversary of Lenin’s death. Transcript in Dialog (M.) 1995, No 3, p. 66.
2. Ya rad, chto pomog razvalit’ vsemoguchshii KGB. Interview by Stanislav Levchenko with Oleg Kalugin in Novoe Russkoe Slovo, April 26, 1996, p. 12.
3. Hoover Institution at Stanford University, B. I. Nicolaevsky’s collection (hereafter Nicolaevsky’s collection), box 392, folder 4. V. Zenzinov. Stranichka iz istorii rannego bol’shevizma.
4. Letter from Lenin to A. I. Rykov from February 25, 1911, in V. Lenin, Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 34, p. 389.
5. Nicolaevsky’s collection, N. Valentinov-Volsky collection, box 4. L. Dan correspondence. Letter from L. Dan to N. Valentinov-Volsky, May 1, 1961, p. 2.
6. N. Valentinov-Volsky. Maloznakomyi Lenin. Paris, 1972, pp. 82–84, 88.
7. Interview conducted by Yuri Felshtinsky with O. A. Kavelina, granddaughter of Anna Timofeyevna Karpova, née Morozova, sister of Savva Timofeyevich Morozov.
8. T. P. Morozova. Zagadochnaya smert’ Savvy Morozova. — Otechestvo. Regional Almanac. M., Profizdat, 1997, p. 243.
9. Ibid, p. 238.
10. M. Ardov, B. Ardov, A. Batalov. Legendarnaya Ordynka. Collection of Memoirs. Inapress. SPb, 1995, p. 211.
11. N. Dumova. Moskovskie metsenaty. M., Molodaya gvardiya, 1992, pp. 139–141, 143, 144, 146, 148, 150–152.
12. Russkie pisateli 1800—1917. Biographical Dictionary, vol. 1. M., 1992, p. 649.
13. Lenin, V. The Complete Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 5, pp. 369–370.
14. Nicolaevsky’s collection, box 392, folder 4. V. Zenzinov. Stranichka iz istorii rannego bol’shevizma.
15. N. Valentinov-Volsky. Maloznakomyi Lenin, p. 107; N. Dumova. Moskovskie metsenaty, p. 161; B. Nicolaevsky. Tainye stranitsy istorii. M., 1995, p. 12; Protokoly pyatogo s’esda RSDRP. Published by Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute, M., 1935, p. 631.
16. T. P. Morozova. Zagadochnaya smert’ Savvy Morozova, p. 245.
17. N. Dumova. Moskovskie metsenaty, p. 162.
18. Bol’shaya sovetskaya entsiklopediya, 1st ed., vol. 62, p. 556.
19. Vospominaniya A. I. Rykova — Izvestiya, October 2, 1918, p. 2.
20. N. Valentinov-Volsky. Maloznakomyi Lenin, pp. 109–110.
21. Nicolaevsky’s collection, box 392, folder 4. V. Zenzinov. Stranichka iz istorii rannego bol’shevizma.
22. V. Voitinsky. Gody pobed i porazhenii, vol. 2. Berlin, 1924, p. 103.
23. L. Martov. Spasiteli ili uprazdniteli? Paris, 1911, pp. 20–21.
24. See S. Shesternin. Realizatsiya nasledstva posle N. P. Shimidta i moi vstrechi s Leninym. — in Staryi bol’shevik, vol. 5 (8). M., 1933, p. 153.
25. Ibid, p. 155.
26. U. Kamenev. Dve partii. L., 1924, p. 184; N. Valentinov-Volsky. Maloznakomyi Lenin, p. 116.
27. U. Kamenev. Dve partii. With V. Lenin’s preface. Published Rabochaya Gazeta, Paris, 1911.
28. N. Valentinov-Volsky. Maloznakomyi Lenin, p. 117. In Kamenev’s pamphlet, for reasons of secrecy Andrikanis is referred to as “Z.” Valentinov-Volsky changed “Z” to “Andrikanis “ to make the text easier to read.
29. See L. Martov. Spasiteli ili uprazdniteli?
30. Ibid, pp. 20–21.
31. N. Valentinov-Volsky. Maloznakomyi Lenin, p. 102.
32. See S. Shesternin. Realizatsiya nasledstva posle N. P. Shimidta i moi vstrechi s Leninym, p. 155.
33. Nicolaevsky’s collection, box 392, folder 4. V. Zenzinov. Stranichka iz istorii rannego bol’shevizma.
34. Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 34, p. 345.
35. See Em. Yaroslavsky. Ocherki po istorii VKP(b), vol. 1. M., 1937, p. 204.
36. See N. Valentinov-Volsky. Maloznakomyi Lenin, pp. 118–120.
37. Nicolaevsky’s collection, box 786, folder 6; box 475, folder 8; B. I. Nicolaevsky to V. L. Burtsev, June 6, 1931, p. 1.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. Nicolaevsky’s collection, box 475, folder 8. Burtsev to Nicolaevsky, June 10, 1931, p. 2.
41. V. Halveg. Vozvrachshenie Lenina v Rossiu v 1917 godu. M., Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenoya, 1990; Germaniya i russkie revolutsionery v gody pervoi mirivoi voiny.—in: B. Nicolaevsky. Tainye stranitsy istorii, pp. 238-390.
42. D. Pavlov, C. Petrov. Polkovnik Akasi i osvoboditel’noe dvizhenie v Rossii (1904–1905.)—Istoriya SSSR, 1990, No 6, p. 53.
43. Ibid, p. 58.
44. V. Bonch-Bruevich. Collected Works, vol. 2. M., 1961, p. 329.
45. Record of G. A. Aleksinsky’s conversation in Geneva, 1915—International Review of Social History (Amsterdam), 1981, vol. 26, No 3, p. 347. Published by Samuel Baron.
46. D. Pavlov, C. Petrov. Polkovnik Akasi…, pp. 54, 62–63, 65–66, 71.
Chapter 2 - The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
1. Quote from: Izvestiya TsK KPSS, January 1989, No 1, p. 233.
2. Velikaya Oktyabrskaya cotsialisticheskaya revolutsiya. Encyclopedia. M., 1987, pp. 464–465.
3. V. Baumgart, Brest-Litovsk and the “Reasonable” Peace Treaty with the West. — In: Versailess — St. Germaim—Trianon. Umbrich in Europa vor funfzig Jahren. R. Oldenbourg, Munchen und Wien, 1971, s. 60.
4. Trotsky’s archive, Houghton Library, Harvard University, bMs Russ 13. T-3742.
5. L. Trotsky. O Lenine. Materialy dlya biografa. M., 1924, pp. 78-79.
6. Ibid, p. 79.
7. Nicolaevsky’s collection, box 198, folder 23, sheet 12.
8. L. Trotsky. Stalinskaya shkola falsifikatsii. Berlin, Granit, 1932, p. 39.
9. Sed’moi ekstrennyi s’ezd RKP(b). March, 1918. Transcript, M., 1962, p. 111.
10. L. Trotsky. O Lenine, pp. 82–83.
11. Trotsky’s archive. Kommunisticheskaya oppozitsiya v SSSR, 1923–1927, vol. 1. M., 1990, pp. 138–139.
12. M. Maiorov. Borba Sovetskoi Rossii za vyhod iz imperialisticheskoi voiny. M., 1959, p. 210; A. Chubaryan. Brestskii mir. M., Nauka, 1964, pp. 140–141.
13. M. Maiorov. Borba Sovetskoi Rossii, p. 211; A. Chubaryan. Brestskii mir, p. 141.
14. M. Maiorov. Bor’ba Sovetskoi Rossii, p. 211.
15. V. Lenin. The Complete Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 35, p. 332.
16. Trotsky’s archive, T-3742; O. Chernin. Brest-Litovsk —Grani, No 153, 1989, p. 173.
17. General Hoffmann. Voina upuchshennyh vozmozhnostei. GIZ, Moscow-Leningrad., 1925, p. 186; Trotsky’s archive, T-3742. P. Frelih. K istorii germanskoi revolutsii, vol 1, p. 225.
18. O. Chernin. Brest-Litovsk, p. 173.
19. Trotsky’s archive, T-3742. L. Stupochenko — Proletarskaya revolutsiya, 1923, book. 4, pp. 97–98.
20. G. Zinoviev. Collected Works, vol. 7. L., 1925, part. 1, pp. 499–500.
21. A. Chubaryan. Brestskii mir, pp. 220–221.
22. Trotsky’s archive, T-3742.
23. Dokumenty vneshnei politiki SSSR, vol. I. M., 1959, p. 106; L’Allemagne et les problèmes de la paix pendant la premiere guerre mondiale. Documents extraits des archives de l’Office allemand des Affairs étrangères, pub. Et ann. Par A. Scherer et J. Grunewald. Liv. III. De la revolution Sovietiquea la paix de Brest-Litovsk (9 Novembre 1917 — Mars 1918). Paris, 1976, doc. No 263, February 19, 1918. Bussche’s telegram to the German emabassy in Vienna.
24. G. Orlov. Brest-Litovskii mir I den’ osnovaniya Krasnoi armii. — Russkaya mysl, March 25, 1958.
25. February 21, 1918. Schüler’s telegram to the German foreign ministry. — Germany and the Revolution in Russia, 1915–1918: Documents from the Archives of the German Foreign Ministry by Z. A. B. Zeman. Oxford University Press, London, 1958, doc. No 278.
26. Sotsial-demokrat, February 20, 1918, No 28.
27. 27 Protokoly Tsentral’nogo komiteta RSDRP(b). August 1917–February 1918. M., GIZ, 1958, pp. 211–212.
28. Ibid, pp. 212–213.
29. Ibid, p. 215.
30. K. Sverdlova. Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov. M., 1976, pp. 312–313.
31. Ibid, p. 314.
32. Protokoly Tsentral’nogo komiteta RSDRP(b), pp. 219–228.
33. Dokumenty vneshnei politiki SSSR, vol. 1, p. 119.
34. V. Lenin. Collected Works, 4th ed., vol. 27, p. 57.
35. Sed’moi ekstrennyi s’ezd RKP(b). March 1918. Transcript. M., 1962, p. 235.
36. Ibid, p. 191.
37. Ibid, p. 192.
38. Protokoly s’esdov i konfrentsii Vserossiiskoi kommunisticheskoi partii (b). Sed’moi s’ezd. March 1918. Editors D. Kin and V. Sorokin. M.–L., 1928, p. 4.
39. G. Rauch. A History of Soviet Russia, 6th edition, New York, 1976, p. 76; A. Chubaryan. Brestskii mir, pp. 189–190; Trudy I Bserossiiskogo s’esda Covetov narodnogo hozyaistba. May 26–June 4, 1918. (Transcript), M., 1918, p. 15. K. Radek’s speech.
40. Sed’moi ekstrennyi s’ezd RKP(b), pp. 33–50.
41. Ibid, pp. 41–44.
42. Ibid, pp. 49–51.
43. Ibid, pp. 57–61.
44. Ibid, p. 76.
45. Ibid, pp. 88–89.
46. Ibid, pp. 77–78.
47. Trotsky’s archive, T-3742; L. Trotsky. Sovetskaya respublika i kapitalisticheskii mir, vol. 17, part 1, p. 138. Speech at the Seventh Congress of the Russian Communist Party.
48. Sed’moi ekstrennyi s’ezd RKP(b), pp. 65–69, 71–72.
49. Ibid, pp. 101–103.
50. Ibid, p. 109.
51. Ibid, pp. 110–114.
52. Ibid, pp. 123–124.
53. Ibid, pp. 125–126.
54. Ibid, p. 127.
55. Perepiska sekretariata TsK RSDRP(b) s mestnymi partiinymi organizatsiyami. March-July, 1918. Collected documents, vol. 3. M., 1967, p. 32.
56. Ibid, p. 136.
57. G. Zinoviev. Collected Works, vol. 7, part. 1, p. 511.
58. Eleven issues of Kommunist did come out. The newspaper was shut down on March 19 (Protokoly s’esdov i konfrentsii, p. 258).
59. On April 20, Bukharin, Radek, Smirnov, and Obolensky (Osinsky) began publishing Kommunist as a weekly journal in Moscow, but only four issues came out, and in June the journal was shut down.
60. G. Zinoviev. Collected Works, vol. 7, part. 1, p. 535.
61. Sed’moi ekstrennyi s’ezd RKP(b), pp. 65–69, 71–72.
62. Nicolaevsky’s collection, box 157, folder 2. V. [G. ] Kolokoltsev [Ukrainian minister of agriculture from May 15 to October 19, 1918], A Brief Account of Agrarian Issues in Ukraine during the Hetman Government from May 1, 1918, until December 15, 1918, p. 1.
63. Nicolaevsky’s collection, box 157, folder 3. Kievskaya mysl, No 64, April 29, 1918. Lesser Rada session of April 27, prime minister’s speech.
64. Dokumenty germanskogo posla v Moskve Mirbaha. Publication by S. Drabkina. — Voprosy istorii. 1971, No 9, pp. 123-124; I. Gorokhov, L. Zamyatin, I. Zemskov. G. V. Chcherin — diplomat leninskoi shkoly. 2th ed. Editor A. Gromyko. M., 1974, p. 87.
65. Deyatelnost’ Tsentral’nogo komiteta partii v dokumentah (sobytiya i fakty). — Izvestiya TsK KPSS, 1989, No 4, pp. 148–149.
66. Pravda, May 24, 1918, No 101. The letter was written on May 22; V. Lenin, 5th ed., vol. 36, p. 375–376.
67. Deyatelnost’ Tsentral’nogo komiteta partii v dokumentah, p. 150.
68. J. Vacietis. Iulskoe vosstanie v Moskve 6 i 7 iulya 1918 g. — Pamyat’, vol. 2. M., 1977—Paris, 1979, p. 43.
69. G. Solomon. Sredi krasnyh vozhdei, vol.1. Paris, 1930, p. 85.
70. Protokoly zasedanii VTsIK IV cozyva. (Transcript.) M., 1920, pp. 376, 388.
71. Karl von Botmer. S grafom Mirbahom v Moskve. M., 1996, p. 64. Note from June 13, 1918.
72. Soobchsheniya s severa. — Golos Kieva, No 54, June 21, 1918.
73. Nicolaevsky’s collection, box 18, folder 1. Transcript of foreign policy report from the conference [of the Kadets in Yekaterinodar?], May 14, 1918, pp. 8–10. The author is not named.
74. A. Izmailovich. Posleoktyabrskie oshibki. M., Revolutsionnyi sotsializm 1918, p. 13.
75. I. Steinberg. Pochemu my protiv Brestskogo mira. [Why We Are Against the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]. M., Revolutsionnyi sotsializm, 1918, pp. 26–27.
76. B. Kamkov. Dve taktiki. M., Revolutsionnyi sotsializm, 1918, pp. 27–28.
77. I. Steinberg. Pochemu my protiv Brestskogo mira, p. 15.
78. Ibid, pp. 24–25.
79. Ibid, p. 27.
80. B. Kamkov. Dve taktiki, pp. 28–29.
81. I. Steinberg. Pochemu my protiv Brestskogo mira, p. 12.
82. A. Izmailovich. Posleoktyabrskie oshibki, p. 13.
83. General Hoffmann. Voina upuchshennyh vozmozhnostei, p. 194.
84. Trudy I Bserossiiskogo s’esda Covetov narodnogo hozyaistba, pp. 15–16.
85. L. Trotsky. O Lenine, pp. 88–89.
86. Deyatelnost’ Tsentral’nogo komiteta partii v dokumentah, p. 142.
87. The transcripts of Central Committee meetings from May 6 and 10 have not been found (Ibid, p. 141; V. Anikeev. Deyatelnost’ TsK RSDRP(b) v 1917–1918 godah. M., 1974, p. 268).
88. V. Lenin, vol. 36, pp. 322–326, 608; Deyatelnost’ Tsentral’nogo komiteta partii v dokumentah, p. 142.
89. V. Anikeev. Deyatelnost’ TsK RSDRP(b) p. 271; Deyatelnost’ Tsentral’nogo komiteta partii v dokumentah, p. 155, note 8.
90. Deyatelnost’ Tsentral’nogo komiteta partii v dokumentah, pp. 146–148.
91. Ibid.
92. Ibid, p. 140.
93. V. Anikeev. Deyatelnost’ TsK RSDRP(b) p. 263.
94. Ibid.
95. General Hoffmann. Voina upuchshennyh vozmozhnostei, pp. 199–200.
96. Quote from: B. Nicolaevsky. Tainye stranitsy istorii. M., 1995, p. 385. Riezler’s report from June 4, 1918.
97. Dokumenty germanskogo posla v Moskve Mirbaha, p. 125.
98. Nicolaevsky archive, box 18, folder 1. Transcript of foreign policy report at conference from May 14, 1918.
99. B. Nicolaevsky. Tainye stranitsy istorii, pp. 384–386.
100. Lenin, V. The Complete Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 36, pp. 483–486.
101. Ibid, pp. 493, 495, 497.
102. Sed’moi ekstrennyi s’ezd RKP(b), p. 63.
103. Protokoly zasedanii VTsIK IV cozyva. Transcript, M., 1920, p. 171.
104. J. Vacietis. Iulskoe vosstanie v Moskve 6 i 7 iulya, pp. 24, 25.
Chapter 3 - The Assassination of Count Mirbach and the Destruction of the Left SR Party
1. Krasnaya kniga Cheka, vol. 1., 2nd ed., annotated. M., Politizdat, 1989. The first edition of the book came out in 1920 and was immediately confiscated. Until its reissue in 1989, historians could use only the typewritten manuscript of the book, preserved on microfilm in major American archives.
2. K. Gusev. Krah partii eserov. M, 1963, pp. 193–194; I. Mints. God 1918-i. M., 1982, pp. 408–409.
3. Krasnaya kniga Cheka, pp. 185–186.
4. Ibid, pp. 295–298, 308.
5. M. Spiridonova. Prosh Prosh’yan. K. biografii Prosh’yana. — Katorga i ssylka, book 9. M., 1924.
6. V. Lenin. Pamyati Prosh’yana. — Pravda, December 10, 1918.
7. Krasnaya kniga Cheka, pp. 295–309.
8. Krasnaya kniga Cheka, p. 264.
9. M. Iroshnikov. Sozdanie sovetskogo tsentralnogo gosudarstvennogo apparata. Sovet narodnyh komissarov I narodnye komissariaty, oktyabr 1917 — yanvar 1918 g. 2nd ed. L., 1967, p. 73.
10. According to the address directory Ves Petrograd na 1916 god, in 1916 Baron Roman Romanovich Mirbach resided at Furshtadskaya St., 9, and served as a special assignments clerk at the Main Directory of His Imperial Majesty’s Chancellery founded by the Empress Maria (Ves Petrograd na 1916 god. St. Petersburg directory of names and addresses, published in 1923, edited by A. Shashkovsky, p. 448). Roman Mirbach’s subsequent history cannot be traced; he is not mentioned in post-Revolutionary directories. Katkov does indicate in his article that “according to rumors, the nephew of the German ambassador” lived in France; but these were only unverified rumors.
11. Krasnaya kniga Cheka, p. 197.
12. Ibid, p. 198.
13. Ibid, p. 200.
14. Ibid.
15. G. Solomon. Sredi krasnyh vozhdei, vol.1. Paris, 1930, p. 81. Reissued in Moscow in 1995 (in 2nd ed., p. 55).
16. Quote from: L. Spirin. Krah odnoi avantury (Myatezh levyh eserov v Moskve 6-7 iulya 1918 g.), M., 1971, p. 75.
17. Krasnaya kniga Cheka, p. 297.
18. N. Mandelstam. Vospominaniya. New York, 1970, pp. 112–113.
19. Iz istorii Vserossiiskoq Chrezvychainoi komissii (Cheka) (1917–1921). Collection of documents, M., 1958, p. 154.
20. Krasnaya kniga Cheka, pp. 264, 183, 261.
21. N. Mandelstam. Vospominaniya, p. 113.
22. Iz istorii Cheka, pp. 151–154. By agreement with the German government, the ChK had no right to arrest German embassy workers (even if they were Soviet citizens) without the embassy’s approval. Dzerzhinsky did not have time to receive an answer to his request.
23. Krasnaya kniga Cheka, p. 261.
24. M. Geller, A. Nekrich. Utopiya u vlasti. 2nd ed., 1986, p. 69. Chapter written by M. Geller.
25. For a more detailed account, see Yu. Felshtinsky. Bolsheviki i levye esery. Oktyabr 1917, iul 1918. Na puti k odnopartiinoi diktature. Paris, 1985, pp. 164–257; Yu. Felshtinsky. Krushenie mirivoi revolutsii. Brestskii mir. Oktyabr 1917 — noyabr 1918. M., Terra, 1992, pp. 432–512.
26. G. Solomon. Sredi krasnyh vozhdei, p. 83 (2nd ed.: pp. 56–57).
27. D. Karmaikl. Trotskii. Jerusalem, 1980, p. 143.
28. O. Kuusinen. Before and After Stalin. M., 1974, p. 36–37.
29. L. Spirin. Klassy i partii v grazhdanskoi voine v Rossii. 1917–1920. M., 1968, p. 29, 174.
30. Karl von Botmer. S grafom Mirbahom v Moskve. M., 1996, p. 80.
31. V. Bonch-Bruevich. Vospominaniya o Lenine. 2nd ed. M., 1969, p. 299.
32. See F. Dzerzhinsky. Izbrannye stat’i i rechi. M., 1947, p. 112, editor’s note.
33. L. Trotsky. O Lenine. Materialy dlya biografa. M., 1924, p. 117.
34. Ibid., p. 118.
35. Ibid.
36. “Mitleid” and “Beileid” mean “compassion” and “condolence,” respectively.
37. L. Trotsky. O Lenine, pp. 118–119.
38. F. Dzerzhinsky. Izbrannye stat’i i rechi, p. 112, note; K. Sverdlova. Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov. M., 1976, p. 362.
39. P. Malkov. Zapiski komendanta Kremlya. M., 1967, pp. 208, 209; L. Spirin. Krah odnoi avantury, p. 40; B. Toman. Za svobodnuu Rossiu, za svobodnuu Latviu... M., 1976, p. 180.
40. Zapiski Instituta Lenina, vol. 3. M., 1928, p. 42; V. Lenin. The Complete Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 50, p. 112–113.
41. Subsequently a note was added to the extensive instructions sent to the district Soviets of Moscow pertaining to the destruction of the Left SR Party: “The present announcement is not subject to publication as yet, but is intended only for internal use.” (Krasnaya kniga Cheka, p. 243).
42. L. Spirin. Krah odnoi avantury p. 14.
43. This deleted line has not received due attention from historians. It appears only in one edition of Lenin’s writings: Zapiski Instituta Lenina, vol. 3, p. 42.
44. Krasnaya kniga Cheka, p. 195.
45. Iz istorii Vserossiiskoq Chrezvychainoi komissii (Cheka) (1917–1921), p. 155.
46. Krasnaya kniga Cheka, pp. 195–196.
47. V. Bonch-Bruevich. Vospominaniya o Lenine, p. 303–304.
48. G. Hilger, A. Meyer. The Incompatible Allies. A Memoir-History of Soviet German Relations 1918–1941. New York, 1953, p. 7.
49. Krasnaya kniga Cheka, p. 271.
50. S. Tikhomolov. Vosem let s Dzerzhinskim. In: O Felikse Edmundoviche Dzerzhinskom. Vospominaniya, stat’i, ocherki sovremennikov. M., 1977, p. 139.
51. V. Bonch-Bruevich. Vospominaniya o Lenine, p. 309.
52. Krasnaya kniga Cheka, p. 271.
53. L. Spirin. Krah odnoi avantury, p. 15.
54. Izvestiya VtsIK, July, 1918.
55. Ibid, July 14, 1918.
56. Ya. Peters. Vospominaniya o rabote Cheka v pervyi god revolutsii — Byloe, No 2, 1933 (Paris), pp. 107–108; Krasnaya kniga Cheka, pp. 261–262.
57. Ibid.
58. Prozhektor, No 27 (145), 1928, p. 12. July 6—In the Bolshoi Theater (under the byline “E.”).
59. K. Sverdlova. Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov. M., p. 361; Ya. Peters. Vospominaniya o rabote Cheka v pervyi god revolutsii, pp. 107–108.
60. Prozhektor, No 27 (145), 1928, p. 12. July 6—In the Bolshoi Theater (under the byline “E.”).
61. K. Gusev. Krah partii eserov, p. 207; Prozhektor, No 27 (145), 1928, p. 12.
62. F. Dzerzhinsky. Izbrannye stat’i i rechi, p. 113.
63. F. Dzerzhinsky. Izbrannye proizvedeniya v dvuh tomah, vol. 1. M., 1957, pp. 268–269; Ibid, vol. 1. 2nd ed., 1967, pp. 264–265.
64. Krasnaya kniga Cheka, p. 286.
65. Ibid, p. 301.
66. M. Spiridonova. Otkrytoe pis’mo Tsentralnomu komitetu partii bolshevikov. — Grani, 1986, No 139, p. 194.
67. F. Dzerzhinsky. Izbrannye stat’i i rechi, p. 116.
68. Krasnaya kniga Cheka, pp. 271–172.
69. Ibid, pp. 209–210.
70. Ibid, p. 263.
71. Izvestiya VtsIK, July 8, 1918.
72. Krasnaya kniga Cheka, pp. 265, 272, 266.
73. J. Vacietis. Iulskoe vosstanie v Moskve 6 i 7 iulya 1918 g. — Pamyat’, vol. 2. M., 1977—Paris, 1979, pp. 27–28.
74. S. Dalinsky. — Pamyat’, No 2, p. 79.
75. J. Vacietis. Iulskoe vosstanie v Moskve, p. 32.
76. Krasnaya kniga Cheka, p. 237.
77. L. Spirin. Krah odnoi avantury, p. 66.
78. B. Toman. Za svobodnuu Rossiu, za svobodnuu Latviu..., pp. 183–184.
79. J. Vacietis. Iulskoe vosstanie v Moskve, p. 38. Perhaps it was because of this that on August 30, 1918, he proposed to Trotsky to shoot Vacietis (The Trotsky Papers 1917–1922, vol. 1. Hague, 1964, p. 116). But Vacietis was saved by the assassination attempt against Lenin, which took place on the same day; and the idea of shooting him was forgotten. Only in 1937 did Stalin execute Lenin’s sentence—by executing Vacietis.
80. According to the report of the Moscow regional military commissariat from July 11, 1918.
81. P. Malkov. Zapiski komendanta Kremlya, p. 211.
82. Uprochenie sovetskoi vlasti v Moskve i Moskovskoi gubernii. M., 1958, p. 142.
83. Dekrety sovetskoi vlasti, vol. 2. M., 1959, pp. 536–537.
84. Uprochenie sovetskoi vlasti v Moskve i Moskovskoi gubernii, p. 142.
85. L. Spirin. Krah odnoi avantury, p. 53.
86. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, No 5, 1989, pp. 145, 146. The document is in Sverdlov’s handwriting.
87. L. Spirin. Krah odnoi avantury, p. 54.
88. Quote from: D. Karmaikl. Trotskii, p. 43.
89. Stenograficheskii otchet Pyatogo Vserossiiskogo s’ezda Sovetov. M., 1918, p. 209.
90. Ya. Sverdlov. Izbrannye proizvedeniya, vol. 2. M., 1959, p. 246.
91. RSFSR. VtsIK. Sozyv V. Transcript. M., 1919, pp. 57, 58, 61, 62.
92. Quote from: Yu. Shestak. Taktika bolshevikov po otnosheniu k partii levyh eserov i otkolovshimsya ot nee partiyam “revolutsionnyh kommunistov” i “narodnikov-kommunistov”. M., 1971, p. 101.
93. Pravda, July 8, 1918, No 139.
94. V. Bonch-Bruevich. Vospominaniya o Lenine, p. 316.
95. Izvestiya VtsIK, July 8, 1918, No. 141.
96. Ya. Peters. Vospominaniya o rabote Cheka v pervyi god revolutsii, p.110. On August 22, 1918, Dzerzhinsky was reinstated as head of the Cheka. (See: V borbe za pobedu Oktyabrya. Collected articles. M., 1957, pp. 297–298.)
97. V. Bonch-Bruevich. Vospominaniya o Lenine, p. 316.
98. Ya. Peters. Vospominaniya o rabote Cheka v pervyi god revolutsii, p.109.
99. L. Spirin. Krah odnoi avantury, p. 79.
100. Steinberg I. In Workshop of the Revolution, London, Gollancz, 1955, p. 222.
101. G. Solomon. Sredi krasnyh vozhdei, pp. 82–83. Alexandrovich’s testimony was not published by the Soviet Chekists. However, there is every reason to believe that his testimony, as well as Spiridonova’s testimony, published in Krasnaya kniga Cheka, was forwarded to the Germans in Berlin. This is indicated by the fact that Spiridonova’s testimony, as it appears in Krasnaya kniga Cheka, is preceded by the word “Berlin.” In the new, 1989 edition, on p. 268, this word was removed by the editors, but it appears in the manuscript of Krasnaya kniga Cheka preserved in the Hoover Institution’s archives, and on the microfilm copy of this manuscript preserved in the Harvard University library. (p. 319 of the copy). The fact that some kind of testimony by Alexandrovich and Spiridonova was forwarded to Berlin at the time follows from a document stored in the Trotsky archive (Trotsky’s archive, T-564). Also, Spiridonova’s testimony begins with paragraph “b.” Paragraph “a” was not pubished by the Chekists (see p. 319 of the copy).
102. M. Spiridonova. Otkrytoe pis’mo Tsentralnomu komitetu partii bolshevikov, p. 194.
103. Dostoevsky has a wonderful description of the state that Lenin must have been in at that time in the episode in which Raskolnikov returns to the scene of his crime: “He walked, looking at the ground. Suddenly, someone seemed to whisper something in his ear. He lifted his head and saw that he was standing at that house, at the very gate.... An overwhelming and unexplainable desire drew him. He entered the house, passed through the whole gateway, then into the first entrance on the right, and began climbing the familiar stairs.... For some reason, he had imagined that he would find everything exactly as it had been before... perhaps even the corpses on the same spots on the floor. But now: bare walls, no furniture; strange! He walked up to the window and sat down on the windowsill.”
104. N. Krupskaya. Pereezd Il’icha v Moskvu i pervye mesyatsy ego raboty v Moskve. — In: Vospominaniya o Vladimire Il’iche Lenine, vol. 2. M., 1957, pp. 192–193. Soviet historians have offered very convincing explanations of Lenin’s behavior. For example, the editors of the book Lenin v Moskve [Lenin in Moscow] write: “After the defeat of the Left SR rebellion in Moscow, Vladimir Ilyich went to inspect the Morozov mansion, which had been the Left SRs headquarters. According to the memoirs of N. K. Krupskaya, Vladimir Ilyich became interested in finding out why the SRs had chosen this house for their headquarters and how they had organized its defense” (Lenin v Moskve, M., 1957, pp. 61–62.) But the Left SRs did not “choose” the Morozov mansion—it was here that Popov’s unit was quartered. And no defense had been “organized.” Lenin was drawn to the mansion because he wanted to see the results of his actions. Lenin’s visit to the mansion took place in such secrecy that not even the soliders who were guarding the approaches to the mansion knew about it. And they were so suprised by the appearance of a car heading toward the mansion in the evening hours that they opened fire on Lenin’s vehicle (M. Ulyanova. O Lenine. M., 1969, p. 128).
105. RSFSR. VtsIK. Sozyv V. Transcript, pp. 89–90. From Chicherin’s speech. The fact that Blumkin would not be arrested was very hard to believe. Even many years later, a French newspaper confidently claimed in an article on Blumkin that after the assassination of Mirbach, Blumkin had been “arrested and put in prison” (article by Ya. Blumkin in: La Lutte Ouvrière, June 12, 1936, No 1, p. 1). It was difficult even to suppose that this had not been the case.
106. Kreml za reshetkoi (Podpolnaya Rossiya). Berlin, Skify, 1922, p. 10.
107. RSFSR. VtsIK. Sozyv V. Transcript, p. 61.
108. Sablin declared the Left SRs’ actions—starting with Dzerzhinsky’s arrest—an act of self-defense. Spiridonova likewise rejected the charge that there had been an “uprising”: “Everything that has happened is the result of the Russian government’s precipitate defense of the murdered agents of German imperialism and the self-defense of the central committee of the party of the man who carried out this murder” (Krasnaya kniga Cheka, p. 269).
109. Quote from: D. Rubnev, C. Tsypkov. Sledovatel respubliki — Volga, 1967, No 5, p. 122.
110. RSFSR. VtsIK. Sozyv V. Transcript, p. 58.
111. Krasnaya kniga Cheka, pp. 304–307.
112. Kreml za reshetkoi, pp. 12–13.
113. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, 1989, No 5, c. 155.
Chapter 4 - Vladimir Lenin and Yakov Sverdlov
1. A. Lunacharsky. Siyauchshii dorogoi genii. Speech delivered on January 21, 1929, at a ceremonial assembly commemorating the fifth anniversary of Lenin’s death. Transcript—Dialog (M.) 1995, No 3, p. 66.
2. Kuda hotel bezhat’ Sverdlov? V. Lebedev.—Istochnik, 1994, No 1, pp. 3–4; Argumenty i fakty, August, 1966, No 33 (826), p. 16.
3. Fanni Kaplan. Ili Kto strelyal v Lenina? Collected documents. Kazan, 1995, p. 27.
4. E. Stasova. Stranitsy zhizni I borby. M., Politizdat, 1957, p. 103.
5. Nicolaevsky’s collection, box 591, folder 13. Letter from Abramovich to Valentinov-Volsky from December 24, 1957, pp. 1–2. Nicolaevsky’s collection, box 591, folder 13. Letter from Valentinov-Volsky to Abramovich from December 30, 1957, p. 2.
6. N. Bukharin. Pamyati Il’icha. — Pravda, January 21, 1925.
7. A. Lunacharsky. Siyauchshii dorogoi genii, pp. 65, 67.
8. See B. Orlov. Mif o Fanni Kaplan. — Vremya i my (Israel), December 1975, No. 2, pp. 153-163; January 1976, No 3, pp. 126–159; V. Boinov, S. Kudryashov. Otravlennse puli. Dve versii pokusheniya na V. I. Lenina. — Komsomolskaya pravda, August 1990, p. 2; Fanni Kaplan: “Ya strelyala v Lenina”. (An attempt at a documentary investigation of the assassination attempt against V. I. Lenin). Edited, compiled, and annotated by B. Sudarushkin, 1990.
9. E. Maksimova. Sledstvie po delu Fanni Kaplan prodolzhaetsya. — Izvestiya, March 4, 1994; Istochnik, 1993, No. 2, p. 88.
10. Fanni Kaplan. Ili Kto strelyal v Lenina? p. 25.
11. E. Maksimova. Sledstvie po delu Fanni Kaplan prodolzhaetsya.
12. T. Andriasova. Byla li killerom Fanni Kaplan? — Novoe russkoe slovo. April 8, 1996, p. 4.
13. V. Bonch-Bruevich. Pokushenie na V. I. Lenina v Moskve 30 avgusta 1918 goda. (Personal recollections.) M., 1924, pp. 20, 89. First published on November 7, 1923, Molodaya Gvardiya.
14. Ya. Sverdlov. Izbrannye proizvedeniya, vol. 3, M., 1960, p. 5.
15. Ibid.
16. The notice was also published in Ezhenedelnik chrezvychainyh komissii po borbe s k-r i spekulyatsiei (October 27, 1918, No 6). The section on the Red Terror in Po Sovetskoi Rossii includes a list of people executed by the Cheka (p. 27). The thirty-third entry on this list is “Kaplan, Right SR, for attempting to assassinate Comrade Lenin.”
17. Central Archive of the Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation, N-200, v. 10. Testimony of the assistant military commissar of the Fifth Moscow Soviet Infantry Division from August 30, 1918 — Quote from: Istochnik, 1993, No. 2, p. 80; Proletarskaya revolutsiya, 1923, No 6-7, pp. 279–280 (with minor differences); Fanni Kaplan. Ili Kto strelyal v Lenina?, pp. 106–108.
18. Proletarskaya revolutsiya, pp. 277–278; N. Kostin. Sud nad terrorom. — Istochnik, 1993, No 2, p. 80.
19. B. Orlov. Mif o Fanni Kaplan, p. 159; A. Litvin. V Lenina “strelyal” Dzerzhinsky? — Rodina, 1995, No 7; V. Boinov. Otravlennse puli.
20. V. Topolyansky. Kto strelyal v Lenina? Iznanka pokusheniya. — Literaturnaya gazeta, November 10, 1993, No 45 (5473).
21. Fanni Kaplan. Ili Kto strelyal v Lenina?, p. 122.
22. Proletarskaya revolutsiya, 1923, No 6–7, p. 282; Fanni Kaplan. Ili Kto strelyal v Lenina?, p. 123.
23. Istochnik, 1993, No 2, p. 84.
24. Fanni Kaplan. Ili Kto strelyal v Lenina?, p. 162. Transcript of A. Sukhotin’s testimony from August 30, 1918.
25. Quote from: Istochnik, 1993, No. 2, p. 81.
26. Fanni Kaplan. Ili Kto strelyal v Lenina?, p. 131.
27. Ibid, p. 138.
28. V. Topolyansky. Kto strelyal v Lenina?
29. B. Orlov. Mif o Fanni Kaplan. — Istochnik, 1993, No. 2, p. 71, Transcript of Kaplan’s testimony.
30. B. Orlov. Mif o Fanni Kaplan. Ibid.
31. During questioning on August 31, it emerged that the assassin was dressed in a way that was not entirely adequate for her designs. The insides of her shoes had exposed nails and no insoles; and even the escort guards who searched Kaplan took pity on her and gave her two envelopes to cover the nails. Kaplan testified: “The papers that were found inside my shoes were probably those that were given to me in the commissariat, when I asked them to give me something to put inside, because I had nails inside my shoes. Those papers were given to me either by the people who were searching me or by soldiers, I don’t remember.” The Red Army soldiers guarding the “arrested criminal F. Kaplan “at the Zamoskvoretsky district military commissariat were “strongly reprimanded through the military commissariat of the Zamoskvoretsky district for allowing this criminal, who had attemped to assassinate Comrade Lenin, to use blank envelopes from the Zamoskvoretsky district military commissariat as insoles inside her shoes in order to relieve her of a minor inconvenience” (Central Archive of the Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation, N-200, v. 10. Transcript of testimony given by D. Bem, who searched F. Kaplan, on August 30, 1918. Quote from: Istochnik, 1993, No. 2, p. 81; Fanni Kaplan. Ili Kto strelyal v Lenina?, pp. 122, 149).
32. Fanni Kaplan. Ili Kto strelyal v Lenina?, p. 136; V. Topolyansky. Kto strelyal v Lenina? After she went blind, Kaplan learned Braille. After being released in February 1917, she was able to recover her sight in part at the Kharkov ophthalmology clinic.
33. O. Vasilyev. Pokushenie na Lenina bylo instsenirovkoi.—Nezavisimaya gazeta, August 29, 1992.
34. Istochnik, 1993, No. 2, p. 76.
35. V. Topolyansky. Kto strelyal v Lenina? Topolyansky’s assumption is confirmed by one of the witnesses: “But when Comrade Lenin started to put his hand on the handle of the car door, a woman whom I had been watching crouched down and started shooting. The crowd scattered in all directions.... at this time, some gentleman ran up to her, knocked the revolver out of her hand, and started to lift up Comrade Lenin. She moved a few paces away and we immediately caught her and led her to the Zamoskvoretsky military commissariat” (Fanni Kaplan. Ili Kto strelyal v Lenina?, p. 146, testimony of S. I. Titov from August 31, 1:50 a.m.).
36. The case itself is preserved in the central archive of the FSB. It has been published, but several pages have been removed from it and are now stored in the president’s archive. No one is allowed to see them. They contain the testimony of those witnesses from the Mikhelson Factory who a man shooting at Lenin.
37. His first words after he came to were: “Did they catch him or not?” (Istochnik, 1993, No. 2, p. 80).
38. P. Malkov. Zapiski komendanta Kremlya. 3rd ed. M., Voenizdat, 1987, p. 146.
39. Quote from: Vystrel v serdtse revolutsii. Edited by N. D. Kostin, Politizdat, 1983, p. 65.
40. Soviet Russia Pictorial, 1924, May, p. 119.
41. Quote from: Vystrel v serdtse revolutsii. Publication by N. Kostin. Second, expanded edition. M., Politizdat, 1989, pp. 78–79.
42. Proletarskaya revolutsiya, 1923, Nos. 6–7, pp. 277–278; N. Kostin. Istochnik, 1993, No. 2, p. 80. Kostin refers to Central Archive of the Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation, N-200, v. 10. Testimony of S. K. Gil from August 30, 1918. “N” is the archive of unrehabilitated persons; Fanni Kaplan. Ili Kto strelyal v Lenina?, p. 118.
43. Ibid, p. 162, from the testimony of A. Sukhotin, August 31, 1 a.m.
44. B. Orlov. Mif o Fanni Kaplan.—Vremya i my, pp. 156–157.
45. V. Bonch-Bruevich. Pokushenie na V. I. Lenina, pp. 6–13.
46. Quote from: Yu. Felshtinsky. Bolshebiki i levye esery. Paris, 1985, p. 203.
47. P. Malkov. Zapiski komendanta Kremlya, p. 148. In accordance with the resolutions published by the Central Committee in Pravda on April 4, 1925, and February 12, 1927, memoirs about Lenin had to be approved by various offices prior to being published, including the Institute of Marxism-Leninism and its branches (N. Petrenko (Ravdin). Lenin v Gorkah — bolezn i smert. — Minuvshee. Historical Almanac, No. 2, Paris, 1986). In addition to these censors, the memoirs of Kaplan’s executioner Malkov passed through an even more stringent form of censorship: Malkov wrote them together with the son of Yakov Sverdlov, Andrei Sverdlov, who had a degree in history and was a former highranking NKVD official. (P. Malkov. Zapiski komendanta Kremlya, p. 5.)
48. Ibid, p. 149.
49. B. Sudarushkin. In: Fanni Kaplan: “Ya strelyala v Lenina”, p. 62.
50. “We will not bury Kaplan. Destroy her remains completely...” said Sverdlov, according to Malkov’s recollections. (P. Malkov. Zapiski komendanta Kremlya, p. 160).
51. Istochnik, 1993, No. 2, p. 73.
52. B. Sudarushkin. In: Fanni Kaplan: “Ya strelyala v Lenina”, p. 61. The car squadron was located exactly across from the children’s half of the Bolshoi Palace, where Kaplan was being held.
53. Istochnik, 1993, No. 2, p. 73.
54. M. Heifits. Dve puli dlya Lenina I obe raznye. — Novoe russkoe slovo, December 19, 1997, p. 10.
55. Fanni Kaplan. Ili Kto strelyal v Lenina?, p. 178.
56. Ibid, pp. 171, 172, 174, 177; Central Archive of the Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation, N-200, v. 10. Transcript of the interrogation of Z. I. Legonkaya from September 24, 1919 — Quote from: Istochnik, 1993, No. 2, p. 80; Fanni Kaplan. Ili Kto strelyal v Lenina?, pp. 155–156. Testimony of Z. F. Udotova, August 31, ibid., pp. 153–154. Testimony of Z. I. Legonkaya, August 31; Istochnik, 1993, No. 2, pp. 80–81; Fanni Kaplan. Ili Kto strelyal v Lenina?, p. 121; Central Archive of the Ministry of Security of the Russian Federation, N-200, v. 10. Transcript of the interrogation of Z. I. Legonkaya from September 24, 1919 — Quote from: Istochnik, 1993, No. 2, p. 80.
57. Kaplan’s name also appeared on a list of executed individuals compiled by Chekist A. Ya. Belenky: “The alphabetical list of people shot in 1918-1919, which was kept by Comrade Belenky, includes Kaplan’s last name (without initials). Head of the 6th section of the 8th department of the GUTV NKVD, Senior State Security Lieutenant Ivanov.” (See: Fanni Kaplan. Ili Kto strelyal v Lenina?, p. 179.) Kaplan’s registration card for case No. 2153, filled out at the end of September, indicates the same thing: “Kaplan.... accused of attempting to assassinate Comrade Lenin (executed)” (Fanni Kaplan. Ili Kto strelyal v Lenina?, pp. 138–139).
58. IISH (Amsterdam), A. Balabanova collection, folder 219.
59. “A few minutes later, Vera Mikhailovna was already injecting morphine into Vladimir Ilyich’s leg and measuring his pulse” (V. Bonch-Bruevich. Pokushenie na V. I. Lenina, p. 11).
60. V. Bonch-Bruevich. Tri pokusheniya na V. I. Lenina. M., Federatsiya, 1930, p. 81.
61. “The patient jokes, tells the doctors that he is sick of them, does not want to submit to discipline, jokingly cross-examines the doctors, and is generally unruly.” (Quote from: Vystrel v serdtse revolutsii [A Shot at the Heart of the Revolution], 1989, p. 148.)
62. P. Malkov. Zapiski komendanta Kremlya, pp. 150–152.
63. V. Bonch-Bruevich. Tri pokusheniya na V. I. Lenina, p. 102.
64. Pravda, October 2, 1918, p. 4.
65. P. Malkov. Zapiski komendanta Kremlya, p. 154.
66. Ibid, pp. 152, 154.
67. On October 1, 1918, Pravda published a death notice: “On the night of September 30, at 2:15 a.m., Vera Mikhailovna Bonch-Bruevich died quietly of pneumonia.” “Vera Mikhailovna departed somehow completely unexpectedly,” wrote M. Savelyeva in an obituary in the same newspaper. A death notice and an obituary were published in Izvestiya (October 1, 1918, p. 1), which also indicated the suddenness of the death: “and suddenly she died—one could say that she was consumed in a few days.” Velichkina was less than 50 years old.
68. V. Bonch-Bruevich. Lenin v Petrograde i Moskve. M., Polinizdat, 1982, pp. 55–56.
69. “Needless risk-taking—for the sake for risk-taking—no”: this was how Krupskaya characterized Lenin in a questionnaire. (N. Krupskaya. O Lenine. Collected articles and speeches. 5th ed. M., Politizdat, 1983, p. 88).
70. Lenin’s letter of condolence to Bonch-Bruevich on account of his wife’s death, written on October 1, 1918, was first published only in 1958.
71. Unfortunately, it is not clear who the other women were. On October 1, 1918, Izvestiya reported that Vera Velichkina “died at 2:15 a.m. on the night of September 30” in the presence of two medical workers who were on duty by her bedside: Doctor Anna Georgievna Pozern and Nurse Poletayeva. Maybe they were the two women who died in the Kremlin around the same time?
72. Main Archive of the Russian Federation, file 1005. Transcript of day 31 of the trial 31. — Quote from: Istochnik, 1993, No. 2, p. 72.
73. B. Orlov. Mif o Fanni Kaplan. — Istochnik, 1993, No. 2, p. 72.
74. Fanni Kaplan. Ili Kto strelyal v Lenina?, p. 19.
75. G. Semenov. Voennaya i boevaya rabota partii sotsial-revolutsionerov za 1917-1918 gg. Berlin, 1922. Price 12 marks. 44 pages.
76. G. Semenov. Voennaya I boevaya rabota partii sotsial-revolutsionerov za 1917–1918 gg. M., Gosudarstvennoe izdatelstvo, 1922.
77. This document received the name: “Report of L. V. Konopleva to the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).” Clearly, an arrested militant SR could not have made a “report” to the Central Committee. An arrested party could give testimony to the Cheka. Only a Bolshevik could make a report to the Central Committee. Konopleva did also testify before the Cheka: but this was for the trial against the SRs.
78. See: N. Kostin. Sud nad terrorom. M., Moskovsky rabochii, 1990, p. 10.
79. Ibid, pp. 11–12.
80. Ibid.
81. G. Serebryakova. Moei docheri Zore o ee ottse. Published by Z. Serebryakova.—Rodina, 1989, No, 6, p. 31.
82. Ibid, p. 31.
83. Ibid.
84. Ibid, p. 32.
85. V. Topolyansky. Kto strelyal v Lenina?
86. M. Heifits. Dve puli dlya Lenina I obe raznye.
87. Pravda, December 15, 1923, No 285; December 16, 1923, No. 286; Pravda, January 3, 1924, No. 2; Bulleten oppozitsii, April 1938, No. 65, pp. 13–14.
88. Materialy fevralsko-martovskogo plenuma TsK VKP(b) 1937 g. — Voprosy istorii, 1992. No. 2–3, pp. 27–28.
89. Bolshaya sovetskaya entsiklopediya, editor-in-chief O. Shmidt, vol. 36, OGIZ, 1938, article Lenin i leninizm, p. 374.
90. Pravda, March 3, 9, 12, 1938; G. Katkov. The Trial of Bukharin. New York, 1969, p. 172–180.
91. Istochnik, 1993, No. 2, pp. 86–87.
Chapter 5 - Karl Radek and the Murders of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg
1. Paul Frolich. Rosa Luxemburg. Gedanke und Tat. Europaische Verlagsanstalt, Frankfurt am Main, 1967, S. 284.
2. Nicolaevsky’s collection, box 6, folder 12. Rosa Luxemburg on the Bolsheviks. Russian Social Democratic Labor Party leaflet. Reprinted from Sotsialisticheskii vestnik, No 1, 1922. Published by the Petrograd RSDLP committee, February 1922, p. 2.
3. A. Varsky. Roza Luksemburg. Takticheskie problemy, Hamburg, 1922, p. 7.
4. Bertram Wolfe (1896–1977) was the head of a faction in the American Communist Party and in 1929 was expelled from the party for factionalism. Until the end of 1937, he supported the charges made at the Moscow trials against the “opposition.” At the end of 1937, he publicly renounced his former views and came out against the trials. Later, he renounced Communist activity altogether and became a respectable professor. He is the author of a number of books, the most of famous of which is Three Who Made a Revolution.
5. Paul Levi published a book with the title Russkaya revolutsiya. Kriticheskaya otsenka slabosti Rozy Luksemburg [The Russian Revolution. A Critical Assessment of Rosa Luxemburg’s Weakness]. Berlin, 1922.
6. Wolfe. ‘Rosa Luxemburg and V. I. Lenin: The Opposite Poles of Revolutionary Socialism.” The Antioch Review, Summer, 1961. The Antioch Press, Yellow Springs, Ohio, p. 222.
7. V. Lenin. The Complete Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 37, p. 99.
8. The Trotsky Papers, 1917—1922, vol. 1. Hague, 1964, p. 200.
9. Nicolaevsky’s collection, box 510, folder 1.
10. Wolfe. Rosa Luxemburg and V. I. Lenin, p. 216.
11. For greater detail, see Delo Radeka. — Voprosy istorii, No. 9, 1997, pp. 15–34; Marie-Louise Goldbach. Karl Radek und die deutsch-sowjetischen Beziehungen 1918–1923. Verlag Neue Gesellschaft GmbH. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, 1973.
12. K. Radek. Der Zusammenbruch des Imperialismus. 1919, s. 44.
13. Wolfe. Rosa Luxemburg and V. I. Lenin, p. 216.
14. Eberlein, who fled from Hitler to the Soviet Union, was shot in 1937.
15. Gustav Strubel. Ich habe sie richten lassen (article devoted to the seventieth anniversary of the assassination of Luxemburg and Liebknecht) — Die Zeit, January 13, 1989, p. 41.
16. See: S. Haffner. Revolutsiya v Germanii 1918/19. Kak eto bylo v deistvitelnosti? Trans. for the German. M., Progress, 1983, pp. 158, 163.
17. See: Delo Georga Sklartsa — Voprosy istorii, No 10, 1997, pp. 33–33; No 11, 1997, pp. 3–24.
18. See: Zapiski Teodora Libknehta. — Voprosy istorii, No. 2, 1998, pp. 3–29.
19. Nicolaevsky’s collection, box 489, folder 2. Letter from Nicolaevsky to Th. Liebknecht from December 16, 1947. One page in German.
20. Nicolaevsky’s collection, box 489, folder 3. Letter from Nicolaevsky to M. N. Pavlovsky from March 24, 1962. One page.
21. IISH (Amsterdam), Suvarin’s collection, letter from Nicolaevsky to Suvarin from April 11, 1957.
22. Nicolaevsky’s collection, box 508, folder 48. Letter from Nicolaevsky to R. (Jerzy Niezbrzycki) Wraga from July 15, 1960. One page.
23. Nicolaevsky’s collection, box 496, folder 3. Letter from Nicolaevsky to Pavlovsky from November 16, 1961. One page.
24. Colonel Walter Nicolai was the head of the third bureau—Germany’s military intelligence. After WWI, formally retired, he remained in the intelligence service. Records indicate that in July 1932 he traveled from Berlin to Munich in order to meet with Nazi leaders, including Himmler and Hess, at the apartment of Ernst Röhm, the commander of the German SA.
25. IISH (Amsterdam), Balabanova collection, letter from Nicolaevsky to Balabanova from April 20, 1962. One page.
26. Nicolaevsky’s collection, box 500, folder 19. Letter from Nicolaevsky to Otto Schüddekopf from August 25, 1962; one page. Box 478, folder 21. Letter from Nicolaevsky to H. Eckert from April 14, 1954, one page, in which he quotes his own letter to Schüddekopf.
27. Nicolaevsky’s collection, box 496, folder 3. Letter from Nicolaevsky to Pavlovsky from September 2, 1962. One page.
28. Nicolaevsky’s collection, box 496, folder 3. Letter from Nicolaevsky to Pavlovsky from August 11, 1962. Two pages.
29. Wolfe. Rosa Luxemburg and V. I. Lenin, p. 222.
30. Rosa Luxemburg Ein Leben fur die Freiheit. Reden — Schriften — Briefe. Ein Lesebuch. Herausgegeben von Frederik Hetmann. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 1980, pp. 308–309.
31. Nicolaevsky’s collection, box 478, folder 21. Letter from Nicolaevsky to H. Eckert from December 26, 1962, p. 2.
32. Rathenau did not have much regard for his partner at the negotiating table. In February 1922, Rathenau said the following about Radek in conversation with Lord D’Abernon, the British ambassador in Berlin: “This is a slovenly character, a sleazy little Jew.” Lenin once said that after talking to Radek, he always had an urge to wash himself from head to foot.
33. Nicolaevsky’s collection, box 18, folder 27. From the press office of the RSFSR’s authorized representation in Estonia. August 9, 1921, p. 2.
34. Ruth Fischer. Stalin und der Deutsche Kommumsmus. Frankfurt am Main, 1950, S. 251.
35. Gustav Strubel. Ich habe sie richten lassen (article devoted to the seventieth anniversary of the assassination of Luxemburg and Liebknecht) — Die Zeit, January 13, 1989, No. 3.
36. Zapiski Teodora Libknehta, p. 29.
Chapter 6 - The Mystery of Lenin’s Death
1. A. Avtorkhanov. Ubil li Stalin Lenina? — Novyi zhurnal, vol. 152, pp. 240–259.
2. Ibid, p. 251.
3. Robert Payne. The Rise and Fall of Stalin. Simon and Schuster, New York, pp. 332–333.
4. Lenin, V. The Complete Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 45, p. 122.
5. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, 1989, No. 1, p. 215.
6. L. Trotsky. Portrety revolutsionerov. M., 1991, p. 67.
7. Quote from: Yu. Bezelyansky. Nichego ne pomnu, krome horoshego go... — Novoe Russkoe Slovo, No. 44, March 15, 1996.
8. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, 1989, No. 12, pp. 197, 201.
9. Pravda, February 26, 1988, No. 57.
10. Here and below, writing about Demyan Bedny, we are relying on the unpublished 115-page study by philologist Solomon Ioffe (Palo Alto, CA): Memuary Stalina o Lenine v zapisi Demyana Bednogo, which has been graciously made available to us.
11. V. Bonch-Bruevich. Pokushenie na V. I. Lenina v Moskve 30 avgusta 1918 goda. (Based on Personal Recollections.) M., 1924, p. 14. First published on November 7, 1923, Molodaya Gvardiya.
12. L. Trotsky. Portrety revolutsionerov, p. 54.
13. Demyan Bedny. Collected Works in one vol., 1909–1922. M.—St. Petersburg, published by the satirical press Krokodil under the aegis of Rabochaya Gazeta, 1923, pp. 295–334.
14. N. Gamalii. Pishu i dumau ob Il’iche.. M., Sovetskaya Rossiya, 1983, p. 172.
15. Demyan Bedny. Collected Works in 8 vol., vol. 4. Poems 1920–1922. M., 1965, p. 258.
16. Vospominaniya o Lenine. April, 1938. A. I. Marshak’s publication. — Sputnik, April 1990, No. 4. Vospominaniya Marii Makarovny Petrashevoi, medsestry. From S. Marshak’s archive, p. 50.
17. Ibid.
18. Soviet Russia, vol. VII, August 15, 1922, p. 121.
19. Ibid, December 1922, p. 290.
20. Lenin i leninizm. — Bol’shaya sovetskaya entsiklopediya, vol. 36, p. 374.
21. Fanni Kaplan. Ili kto strelyal v Lenina? — Collection of Documents. Kazan, 1995, pp. 31–32.
22. Pravda, November 25, 1990.
23. L. Trotsky. Portrety revolutsionerov, p. 80.
24. On June 6, 1941, People’s Commissar of Internal Affairs Lavrenty Beria submitted report No. 1984/6 to Stalin, requesting that Trotsky’s murderers be awarded top state honors.
25. L. Trotsky. Portrety revolutsionerov. Article Sverh-Bordzhia v Kremle.
26. Istochnik, 1993, No. 2, p. 70.
27. P. Pomper, Y. Felshtinsky. Trotsky’s Notebooks, 1933–1935. Columbia University Press, New York, 1986, p. 129.
28. Toward a History of Lenin’s Last Documents. From the archives of the writer A. Bek, who in 1967 interviewed Lenin’s private secretaries. — Moskovkie Novosti, No. 17, April, 1989, pp. 8–9 [Hereafter: Bek’s archive].
29. N. Krupskaya. Vospominaniya o Lenine. M., Partisdat, 1932, p. 45.
30. Bek’s archive.
31. M. Ulyanova ob otnoshenii V. I. Lenina k I. V. Stalinu. — Izvestiya TsK KPSS, No. 12, 1989, pp. 198–199.
32. Bek’s archive.
33. Lenin, V. The Complete Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 45, pp. 551–558.
34. Ibid, pp. 211–213.
35. Ibid, pp. 558–559.
36. Ibid, p. 214.
37. Ibid, vol. 54, pp. 299–300.
38. E. Yakovlev. Poslednii intsident. Konspect dramy Vladmira Il’icha. — Moskovskie Novosti, January 22, 1989, No. 4, pp. 8–9.
39. Pravda, February 26, 1988, No. 57.
40. Ibid.
41. Published in: The Trotsky Papers, vol. 2, Hague, 1964, pp. 786, 788
42. Pravda, February 26, 1988, No. 57.
43. L. Kuznetskaya, K. Mashtakova. Vstrecha s Leninym (based on materials from the museum “V. I. Lenin’s Office and Apartment in the Kremlin”). — Sovetskaya Rossiya, M., 1987, pp. 259–260.
44. Lenin, V. The Complete Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 45, p. 710.
45. E. Yakovlev. Poslednii intsident.
46. Pravda, February 26, 1988, No. 57
47. Published in: The Trotsky Papers, vol. 2, c. 788.
48. Bek’s archive.
49. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, 1989, No. 3, pp. 130–131.
50. Ibid, 1989, No. 12, p. 198.
51. Bek’s archive.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. Pravda, March 25, 1988, No. 85.
55. Lenin, V. The Complete Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 45, pp. 343–406.
56. Bek’s archive.
57. Lenin, V. The Complete Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 45, pp. 591–592.
58. Ibid, p. 710.
59. Vospominaniya o Lenine. April, 1938. A. I. Marshak’s publication, p. 50.
60. N. Krupskaya. O Lenine. Collection of articles and speeches. Fifth edition. M., Izdatel’stvo Politicheskoi Literatury, 1983, pp. 84–85.
61. Bek’s archive; Lenin, V. The Complete Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 45, p. 474.
62. Trotsky’s archive. Kommunisticheskaya oppozitsiya v SSSR, 1923–1927, vol. 1. M., 1990, pp. 76–77.
63. L. Kuznetskaya, K. Mashtakova. Vstrecha s Leninym, p. 262.
64. See: V. Doroshenko. Lenin protiv Stalina. 1922–1923. — Zvezda, 1990, No. 4.
65. Bek’s archive.
66. Lenin, V. The Complete Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 45, p. 478.
67. See Preface by V. Loginov in his publication “Is arhiva Beka.”
68. Lenin, V. The Complete Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 45, p. 479.
69. Ibid, p. 485.
70. E. Yakovlev. Poslednii intsident
71. Lenin, V. The Complete Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 45, pp. 485–486, 607.
72. L. Fotieva. Iz zhizni Lenina. M., Politizdat, 1967, pp. 313–314.
73. Lenin, V. The Complete Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 45, p. 714.
74. Biograficheskaya hronika V. I. Lenina, vol. 12, M., 1982, p. 585.
75. Trotsky’s archive, vol. 1, pp. 29–32.
76. Lenin, V. The Complete Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 54, p. 329.
77. Trotsky’s archive, vol. 1, p. 35.
78. Ibid, p. 53.
79. “Citing his illness, Trotsky replied that he could not take on such an obligation” (V. Lenin. Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 54, p. 674).
80. Trotsky’s archive, vol. 1, p. 51.
81. Lenin, V. The Complete Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 54, pp. 329–330.
82. Ibid, vol. 45, p. 486.
83. Ibid, vol. 54, p. 330.
84. Ibid, vol. 45, p. 486.
85. Bek’s archive.
86. Lenin, V. The Complete Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 45, p. 486.
87. Bek’s archive.
88. Ibid.
89. Ibid.
90. Ibid.
91. Ibid.
92. Lenin, V. The Complete Collected Works, 5th ed., vol. 45, p. 486; Bek’s archive.
93. I. Stalin. The Collected Works, 1946–1952. M., 1997, p. 252.
94. Dvenadtsatyi s’ezd RKP(b). Transcript. M., Politisdat, 1968, pp. 816–820.
95. Trotsky’s archive, vol. 1, pp. 35–51.
96. Dvenadtsatyi s’ezd, p. 873.
97. Izvestiya TsK KPSS, 1991, No. 6.
98. N. Petrenko (Ravdin). Lenin v Gorkah — bolezn’ i smert’. — Minuvshee (Historical Almanac), No. 2, Paris, 1986; Grani, 1987, No 146, pp. 145–174. Frankfurt am Main, Posev; U. Lopukhin. Bolezn’, smert’ i bal’zamirovanie V. I Lenina. Pravda i mify. M., Respublika, 1997.
99. N. K. Krupskaya — G. E. Zinoviev. October 31, 1923. — Izvestiya TsK KPSS, 1989, No. 2, pp. 201–202. Krupskaya is referring to the conflict between Trotsky and his opponents at the joint plenary meeting of the Central Committee and the Central Control Committee of the Russian Communist Party on October 25–27, 1923. The transcript of this meeting has not been found.
100. Ibid, p. 202.
101. Trotsky’s archive, vol. 1, p. 89.
102. L. Trotsky. Portrety revolutsionerov. Article Sverh-Bordzhia v Kremle, p. 77.
103. See: N. Valentinov-Volsky. Nasledniki Lenina. M., Terra, 1991, appendix 8, p. 214.
104. L. Shatunovskaya. Zhizn’ v Kremle. New York, Chalidze Publishing, 1982, pp. 227, 229, 230.
105. Ibid, pp. 232–233.
106. Ibid, pp. 234, 235.
107. B. Nicolaevsky. Tainye stranitsy istorii. M., 1995, pp. 228–229.
108. Elizabeth Lermolo. Face of a Victim. Harper & Brothers Publishers, New York, 1955, pp. 132–137.
109. See: N. Petrenko (Ravdin). Lenin v Gorkah — bolezn’ i smert’.
110. Yves Delbars. The Real Stalin. George Allen & Unwin Ltd, London, 1951, pp. 124–130. The chapter “Lenin’s Testament” (translated from English). The book first came out in French, in two volumes, under the title Le Vrai Staline (Paris, 1950–1951).
111. See: Jack London. Collected Works, M., 1954, vol. 2, pp. 39–49.
112. The Unknown Lenin. From the Secret Archive. Ed. by R. Pipes, Yale University Press, 1996, p. 77.
113. See: N. Valentinov-Volsky. Nasledniki Lenina, pp. 214, 216–217.
114. Hoover Institution archives, Valentinov-Volsky collection [Valentinov-Volsky. Box 8].
115. See: Rech I. V. Stalina v Narkomate oborony. U. Murin’s publication.—Istochnik, 1994, No. 3, pp. 72–88.
116. Istochnik, 1996, No. 4, p. 103.
Epilogue
1. F. D. Volkov, Stalin’s Rise and Fall, M., 1922, pp. 36–37.
2. In 1987, the novella was reprinted by the Moscow journal Znamya, No. 12.
3. Jean van Heijenoort. With Trotsky in Exile: From Prinkipo to Coyoakan, Harvard University Press, 1978.
4. See also A. B. Feferman. Politics, Logic, and Love. The Life of Jean van Heijenoort (Wellesley, Mass., 1993), p. 140.
5. Partly published in L. Trotsky: Portrety revolutsionerov. M., 1991, pp. 75–76.
6. See, for example, “The Demise. From the memoirs of A. L. Myasnikov, a participant in the council of physicians by Stalin’s bed” in Literaturnaya Gazeta, March 1, 1989, No. 9 (5231). Published by L. Myasnikov.
7. Russkaya Mysl, April 24, 1956.