Historical Introduction
1. For general overviews of the trip to the Far East, Palestine, and Spain, see Grundmann 2004, pp. 223–250; Eisinger 2011, pp. 21–71; and Calaprice et al. 2015, pp. 111–115.
2. See “Travel Diary Japan, Palestine, Spain, 6 October 1922–12 March 1923 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 379, pp. 532–588].
3. See Sugimoto 2001b, pp. 12–133; Rosenkranz 1999; “Einstein’s Travel Diary for Spain, 1923,” in Glick 1988, pp. 325–326; and Nathan and Norden 1975, pp. 75–76.
4. On Einstein’s trip to the United States in the spring of 1921, see CPAE 2009, Vol. 12, Introduction, pp. xxviii–xxxviii.
5. See “South American Travel Diary Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil,” 5 March–11 May 1925 [CPAE 2015, Vol. 14, Doc. 455, pp. 688–708]; “Amerika-Reise 1930,” 30 November 1930–15 June 1931 [AEA, 29 134]; “Travel diary for USA,” 3 December 1931–4 February 1932 [AEA, 29 136]; “Reise nach Pasadena XII 1932,” 10 December 1932–18 December 1932 [AEA, 29 138]; and “Travel Diary for Pasadena,” 28 January 1933–16 February 1933 [AEA, 29 143].
6. See “Calculations on Back Pages of Travel Diary,” ca. 9–22 January 1923 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 418, pp. 670–694].
7. Indirect evidence for this can be derived from a letter Einstein wrote while on his trip to South America. On 15 April 1925, he wrote home from Buenos Aires: “What adventures I have had! You will read about it in my diary” (see Einstein to Elsa and Margot Einstein, 15 April 1925 [CPAE 2015, Vol. 14, Doc. 474]).
8. See Sayen 1985, p. 72.
9. See Bailey 1989, pp. 348–351.
10. See “Note for the files,” 3 March 1980 [AEA, Helen Dukas Papers, Heineman Foundation file].
11. See James H. Heineman to Otto Nathan, 21 October 1980 [AEA, Helen Dukas Papers, Heineman Foundation file].
12. See Charles Hamilton Galleries Inc., “Certification,” 8 July 1981, and John F. Fleming, untitled appraisal, 8 July 1981 [AEA, Helen Dukas Papers, Heineman Foundation file].
13. See Otto Nathan to James H. Heineman, 15 August 1981, and James H. Heineman to Otto Nathan, 20 August 1981 [AEA, Helen Dukas Papers, Heineman Foundation file].
14. On the various factors, see Grundmann 2004, pp. 180–183.
15. See see CPAE 2009, Vol. 12, Introduction, pp. xxviii–xxxviii.
16. He held a lecture cycle at the University of Zurich in January–February 1919; a series of lectures in Oslo and a lecture on relativity at the Technical University of Copenhagen in June 1920; he gave his inaugural lecture at the University of Leyden in October 1920; and he delivered lectures at the Urania in Prague and at the University in Vienna in January 1921 (see CPAE 2004, Vol. 9, Calendar, entry for 20 January 1919; CPAE 2006, Vol. 10, Calendar, entries for 15, 17, 18, and 25 June 1920 and 27 October 1920; and CPAE 2009, Vol. 12, Calendar, entries for 7, 8, 10, 11, and 13 January 1921).
17. In June 1921, he addressed Jewish students on the Hebrew University at the University of Manchester (see CPAE 2009, Vol. 12, Calendar, entry for 9 June 1921).
18. See CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Chronology, entries for 3, 5–7 April 1922.
19. See Kagawa 1920.
20. See Sanehiko Yamamoto, “Fifteen Years of Kaizo,” Kaizo, April 1934; and Kaneko 2005, p. 13.
21. See Jun Ishiwara, “Preface,” in Ishiwara 1923.
22. See Yokozeki 1956.
23. See Jun Ishiwara to Einstein, 24 September 1921 [CPAE 2009, Vol. 12, Doc. 244].
24. See Koshin Morubuse to Einstein, before 27 September 1921 [CPAE 2009, Vol. 12, Doc. 245].
25. See Einstein to Elsa Einstein, 8 January 1921 [CPAE 2009, Vol. 12, Doc. 12].
26. See Einstein to Ilse Einstein, 9 November 1921 [CPAE 2009, Vol. 12, Doc. 292].
27. See Einstein to Jun Ishiwara, 6 December 1921 [CPAE 2009, Vol. 12, Doc. 312].
28. See Sanehiko Yamamoto to Einstein, 15 January 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 21].
29. See Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest, 15 March 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 87].
30. See Eintein to Jun Ishiwara, 27 March 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 118].
31. See Sanehiko Yamamoto to Einstein, between 12 July and 8 August 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 283].
32. See Uzumi Doi to Einstein, 27 May 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 206].
33. See Einstein to Koshin Morubuse, 27 September 1921 [CPAE 2009, Vol. 12, Doc. 246].
34. See Text 4 in the Additional Texts section of this volume.
35. See W. S. Ting, Chinese Embassy, Copenhagen to Einstein, 11 September 1920 [CPAE 2006, Vol. 10, Calendar, entry for 11 September 1920].
36. See Zhu Jia-hua to Einstein, 21 March 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 101].
37. See Einstein to Zhu Jia-hua, 25 March 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 111].
38. See Chenzu Wei to Einstein, 8 April 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 135].
39. See Einstein to Chenzu Wei, 3 May 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 177].
40. See Chenzu Wei to Einstein, 22 July 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 305].
41. On the trip to Palestine, see Rosenkranz 2011, pp. 139–180.
42. See Chaim Weizmann to Einstein, 7 October 1921 [CPAE 2009, Vol. 12, Doc. 259].
43. This invitation was a written one, yet it is not extant. For its existence, see Arthur Ruppin to Zionist Executive, 16 Oct. 1922 [IsJCZA, A126/542]. For Blumenfeld’s notes of 12 October 1922, see Text 2 in the Additional Texts section of this volume.
44. Einstein was to travel to Batavia (Java) to show his gratitude to the joint Dutch-German expedition that had observed a solar eclipse there in one of the attempts to prove his theories (see Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest, 18 May 1922 [CPAE 2009, Vol. 12, Doc. 193]).
45. See Text 2 in the Additional Texts section of this volume.
46. See “Prof. Einstein besucht Palästina,” Zionistische Korrespondenz, 6 October 1922; and “Einstein to visit Palestine,” Latest News and Wires through Jewish Correspondence Bureau News and Telegraphic Agency, 10 October 1922.
47. See Weizmann to Einstein, 6 Oct. 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 380]; Ilse Einstein to Weizmann, 20 October 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Abs. 435]; and Wasserstein 1977, Introduction, note 15.
48. On the problematic issues that arose during Einstein’s tour of the United States, see CPAE 2009, Vol. 12, Introduction, p. xxxiv.
49. Solomon Ginzberg, who had acted as Einstein’s host during the U.S. tour.
50. Her name was actually Rosa Ginzberg; she was Solomon’s wife.
51. See Arthur Ruppin to Zionist Executive, Jerusalem, 16 October 1922 [IsReWW].
52. See Arthur Ruppin to Chaim Weizmann, 16 October 1922 [IsReWW].
53. See Einstein to Fritz Haber, 6 October 1920 [CPAE 2006, Vol. 10, Doc. 162].
54. See Julio Rey Pastor to Einstein, 22 April 1920 [CPAE 2004, Vol. 9, Doc. 391]; CPAE 2004, Vol. 9, Calendar, entry for 28 April 1920, and CPAE 2009, Vol. 12, Calendar, entry for 1 July 1921.
55. See Einstein to Heinrich Zangger, 18 June 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 241].
56. For details on Rathenau’s assassination, see Sabrow 1994a and Sabrow 1999.
57. See Sabrow 1994b, pp. 157–169.
58. See Einstein to Mathilde Rathenau, after 24 June 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 245].
59. See “In Memorium Walther Rathenau,” August 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 317].
60. See Mileva Einstein-Marić to Einstein, after 24 June 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 248].
61. Friedrich Sternthal to Einstein, 28 June 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 253].
62. Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe to Einstein, 25 June 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 250].
63. Einstein to Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe, 1 July 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 257].
64. Einstein had previously expressed his desire to live in the countryside and leave Berlin, which he found “nerve-racking” (see Einstein to Elsa Einstein, 14 September 1920 [CPAE 2006, Vol. 10, Doc. 149]). However, that same month, Einstein had reassured his closest political confidant, Konrad Haenisch, that “Berlin is the place in which I am most deeply rooted through personal and professional ties.” Therefore, he would not leave Berlin unless “external circumstances forced him to do so” (see Einstein to Konrad Haenisch, 8 September 1920 [CPAE 2006, Vol. 10, Doc. 137]).
65. Einstein to Marie Curie-Skłodowska, 11 July 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 275].
66. Einstein to Max von Laue, 12 July 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 278].
67. Einstein to Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe, 12 July 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 276].
68. Elsa’s postscript to Einstein to Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe, 16 July 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 292].
69. Einstein to Max Planck, 6 July 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 266].
70. See Hugo Bergmann to Einstein, 22 October 1919 [CPAE 2004, Vol. 9, Doc. 147].
71. See Bergman 1919, pp. 4–5. This article was published in Hebrew. However, it is quite likely that it was also published in German at the time.
72. See Einstein to Paul Epstein, 5 October 1919 [CPAE 2004, Vol. 9, Doc. 122].
73. See text of diary, this volume, entry for 13 October 1922.
74. Ibid, entry for 14 October 1922.
75. On the image of the “allegedly uncorrupted, authentic Orient” in Karl May’s writings, see Krobb 2014, p. 14.
76. See text of diary, this volume, entry for 1 February 1923.
77. Ibid, entry for 28 October 1922. Einstein did not distinguish between the Indian and the Sinhalese inhabitants of Colombo.
78. Ibid, entry for 19 January 1923.
79. Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest, 22 March 1919 [CPAE 2004, Vol. 9, Doc. 10].
80. Einstein to Emil Zürcher, 15 April 1919 [CPAE 2004, Vol. 9, Doc. 23].
81. Einstein to Heinrich Zangger, 24 December 1919 [CPAE 2004, Vol. 9, Doc. 233].
82. See text of diary, this volume, entry for 2 November 1922.
83. Ibid, entry for 3 November 1922.
84. Ibid, entry for 10 November 1922.
85. Ibid.
86. Ibid, entry for 14 November 1922.
87. Ibid, entry for 1 January 1923.
88. See Clifford 2001, p. 133–134.
89. Ibid.
90. Ibid, p. 132.
91. See Einstein to Maximilian Pfister, 28 August 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 331].
92. On the planned lecture tour in China and Einstein’s visits to Shanghai, see Hu 2005, pp. 66–79.
93. See Yuanpei Cai to Einstein, 8 December 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 392].
94. See Einstein to Yuanpei Cai, 22 December 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 403].
95. See Einstein to Maurice Solovine, 18 March 1909 [CPAE 1993, Vol. 5, Doc. 142].
96. See Einstein to Jakob Laub, 4 November 1910 [CPAE 1993, Vol. 5, Doc. 231].
97. See Einstein to Ayao Kuwaki, 28 December 1920 [CPAE 2006, Vol. 10, Doc. 246].
98. See Einstein to Ilse Einstein, 9 November 1921 [CPAE 2009, Vol. 12, Doc. 292].
99. See Einstein to Elsa Einstein, 20 November 1921 [CPAE 2009, Vol. 12, Doc. 303].
100. See Lambourne 2005, p. 174.
101. See Hashimoto 2005, p. 104.
102. See Kaneko 1984, pp. 51–52.
103. See Text 4 in the Additional Texts section of this volume.
104. See Jansen 1989, pp. 147–148.
105. See Kaneko 1987, p. 354, and Bellah 1972, p. 109.
106. See Gordon 2003, pp. 161–180.
107. On the visit to Japan, see Ezawa 2005; Jansen 1989; Kaneko 1981, 1984, 1987, and 2005; Nisio 1979; Okamoto 1981; and Sugimoto 2001a, 2001b.
108. See text of diary, this volume, entry for 8 October 1922.
109. Ibid, entry for 10 October 1922.
110. Ibid, entry for 31 October 1922.
111. Ibid, entries for 31 October and 3 November 1922.
112. Ibid, entries for 17–18 November 1922.
113. Ibid, entry for 5 December 1922.
114. Ibid.
115. Ibid, entry for 7 December 1922.
116. Ibid, entry for 10 December 1922.
117. See Text 6 in the Additional Texts section of this volume.
118. See Text 4 in the Additional Texts section of this volume.
119. See Kalland and Asquith 1997, pp. 1–2, and Craig 2014, p. 3.
120. Ibid, p. 5.
121. Ibid, p. 6.
122. See text of diary, this volume, entry for 25 November 1922.
123. See Text 4 in the Additional Texts section of this volume.
124. See Text 11 in the Additional Texts section of this volume.
125. See Hashimoto 2005, p. 121.
126. See text of diary, this volume, entry for 24 November 1922.
127. Ibid, entry for 25 November 1922.
128. See Text 4 in the Additional Texts section of this volume.
129. Ibid.
130. See Hashimoto 2005, p. 118.
131. See Johnson 1993, p. 138.
132. See Neumann and Neumann 2003, p. 187.
133. See Wilhelm Solf to German Foreign Ministry, 3 January 1923 (GyBPAAA/R 64882,).
134. See Text 7 in the Additional Texts section of this volume.
135. On the Yishuv during this period, see Eliav 1976, Lissak 1993, Malamat et al. 1969, pp. 272–288, and Porat and Shavit 1982.
136. See Yapp 2003, pp. 214, 217.
137. See Kaiser 1992, pp. 261–262, 265.
138. See Metzler and Wildt 2012, p. 189, and Saposnik 2006, pp. 1106, 1111–1112.
139. See text of diary, this volume, entry for 2 February 1923.
140. Ibid, entry for 3 February 1923.
141. See, e.g., Friedman 1977.
142. See Kaiser 1992, p. 271.
143. See text of diary, this volume, entry for 4 February 1923.
144. See Text 17 in the Additional Texts section of this volume.
145. On this issue, see, e.g., Goldstein 1980.
146. See “Notes in Palestine,” [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Appendix G].
147. See text of diary, this volume, entry for 12 February 1923.
148. See Text 17 in the Additional Texts section of this volume.
149. See Einstein to Maurice Solovine, [20 May] 1923 [CPAE 2015, Vol. 14, Doc. 34].
150. See Rosenkranz 2011, p. 84.
151. See Text 17 in the Additional Texts section of this volume, and Einstein to Maurice Solovine, [20 May] 1923 [CPAE 2015, Vol. 14, Doc. 34].
152. See Ben-Arieh 1989.
153. Ibid.
154. See text of diary, this volume, entry for 12 February 1923.
155. Ibid, entry for 3 February 1923.
156. See Einstein to Ilse Einstein, 7 October 1920, and Ilse Einstein to Einstein, 10 October 1920 [CPAE 2006, Vol. 10, Docs. 165 and 173].
157. On Einstein’s trip to Spain, see Glick 1988, Roca Rossell 2005, Sánchez Ron and Romero de Pablos 2005, and Turrión Berges 2005.
158. Even though the Spanish press reported a great deal of what Einstein allegedly uttered during his three weeks in Spain, it would undermine the methodology of this edition to consider those reports as authentic statements made by Einstein.
159. See text of diary, this volume, entry for 5 March 1923.
160. Ibid, entry for 7 March 1923.
161. Ibid, entry for 8 March 1923.
162. Ibid, entry for 22–28 February 1923.
163. Ibid, entries for 6 and 9 March 1923.
164. See Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest, 22 March 1919 [CPAE 2004, Vol. 9, Doc. 10].
165. See text of diary, this volume, entry for 14 November 1923.
166. Ibid, entry for 1 January 1923.
167. Ibid, entry for 28 October 1922.
168. See Poiger 2005, p. 121.
169. See Fuhrmann 2011, p. 126.
170. See text of diary, this volume, entry for 10 November 1922.
171. See Root 2013, p. 184.
172. See text of diary, this volume, entry for 19 January 1923.
173. Ibid, entry for 2 February 1923.
174. For such a study, see Wiemann 1995, p. 99; for the quote, see Germana 2010, p. 81.
175. See Wilke 2011, p. 291.
176. See Pratt 1992, p. 4.
177. See Sachs 2003, p. 117.
178. See Lubrich 2004, pp. 34, 37.
179. See Said 1978, p. 3.
180. For some examples of discussions of Said’s theories, see Dirlik 1996, Foster 1982, Lary 2006, and Marchand 2001.
181. See Foster 1982, p. 21; Jackson 1992, p. 247; Lary 2006, p. 3; Mudimbe-Boyi 1992, p. 31; and Wiemann 1995, pp. 99–102.
182. See Wiemann 1995, p. 100.
183. See Saposnik 2006, pp. 1107–1108.
184. See Aschheim 1982, p. 187.
185. See Saposnik 2006, p. 1109.
186. Ibid, p. 1111.
187. See Winteler-Einstein 1924, pp. 25–26.
188. See Einstein to Elsa Einstein, 7 August 1917 [CPAE 2006, Vol. 8, Doc. 369b, in Vol. 10], and Einstein to Heinrich Zangger, 8 August 1917 [CPAE 2006, Vol. 8, Doc. 370a, in Vol. 10].
189. See Einstein to Luise Karr-Krüsi, 6 May 1919 [CPAE 2004, Vol. 9, Doc. 35a, in Vol. 13].
190. See text of diary, this volume, entries for 10 October and 2 November 1922, and 3 and 15 February 1923.
191. Ibid, entry for 6 October 1922.
192. See Kaplan 1997, p. 22.
193. See text of diary, this volume, entry for 14 November 1922.
194. Ibid, entry for 19 January 1923.
195. See Kaplan 1997, p. 6.
196. The phrase was coined by film critic Laura Mulvey in 1975 (see Kaplan 1997, p. 22).
197. See text of diary, this volume, entry for 31 December 1922.
198. Ibid, entry for 14 January 1923.
199. Ibid, entry for 19 January 1923.
200. Ibid, entry for 4 February 1923.
201. Ibid, entry for 14 February 1923.
202. See Pratt 1992, p. 7.
203. The phrase is borrowed from the African-American sociologist and civil rights leader W. E. B. Du Bois (see Kaplan 1997, pp. 8–10).
204. See Mudimbe-Boyi 1992, p. 28.
205. See Seth and Knox 2006, pp. 4–5, 214.
206. Ibid, p. 6.
207. See Mudimbe-Boyi 1992, p. 27.
208. See Pratt 1985, p. 139.
209. See Kretschmer 1921.
210. See Leerssen 2000, pp. 280–284.
211. See Rosenkranz 2011, pp. 261–262.
212. See Doron 1980, pp. 390–391.
213. See Weiss 2006, p. 51.
214. See Doron 1980, p. 391, and Lipphardt 2016, p. 112.
215. See Weiss 2006, pp. 51–52.
216. See Weiss 2006, p. 58, and Gelber 2000, p. 126.
217. See Doron 1980, p. 392, and Niewyk 2001, pp. 105–107
218. See Doron 1980, p. 398, note 26.
219. See Falk 2006, pp. 140–141.
220. See Doron 1980, p. 404, and Hambrock 2003, p. 52.
221. See Doron 1980, p. 412.
222. See ibid., p. 412, and Niewyk 2001, p. 130.
223. See Niewyk 2001, p. 130. See also Doron 1980, p. 422, and Gelber 2000, pp. 125–126.
224. See Niewyk 2001, p. 131.
225. See Miles and Brown 2003, p. 10.
226. Ibid, p. 85.
227. See Miles 1982, p. 157, quoted in Miles and Brown 2003, p. 100.
228. See Miles and Brown 2003, p. 103.
229. Ibid, p. 104.
230. See “On the Questionnaire Concerning the Right of National Self-Determination,” July 1917–before 10 March 1918 [CPAE 2002, Vol. 6, Doc. 45a, in Vol. 7].
231. See “Assimilation and Anti-Semitism,” 3 April 1920 [CPAE 2002, Vol. 7, Doc. 34].
232. See Einstein to Central Association of German Citizens of the Jewish Faith, 5 April 1920 [CPAE 2004, Vol. 9, Doc. 368].
233. See Einstein to Emil Starkenstein, 14 July 1921 [CPAE 2009, Vol. 12, Doc. 181].
234. On his encounter with the American Jewish community in spring 1921, see CPAE 2009, Vol. 12, Introduction, pp. xxxi–xxxiv.
235. See text of diary, this volume, entry for 10 November 1922.
236. Ibid, entry for 3 February 1923.
237. See Einstein to [Paul Nathan], 3 April 1920 [CPAE 2004, Vol. 9, Doc. 306].
238. See Illustration 18.
239. The question of whether other German Jewish and Zionist intellectuals expressed views of the alleged inferiority of other peoples in their private writings does not seem to have been studied by historians. It goes beyond the scope of this introduction to carry out such a study.
240. See Miles and Brown 2003, p. 104.
241. See Youngs 2013, p. 102.
242. See Confino 2003, p. 326.
243. See Koshar 1998, p. 325–326.
244. See Clifford 2001, p. 129.
245. See Selwyn 1996, p. 21.
246. See Nünning 2008, p. 16.
247. See Walton 2009, p. 117.
248. See Keitz 1993, p. 187.
249. See text of diary, this volume, entries for 9–10 October 1922.
250. See Mansfield 2006–2007, pp. 706–707, 711.
251. See Kisch 1938, pp. 29–31.
252. Personal communication with Barbara Wolff, AEA, 25 February 2008.
253. See, e.g., Rosenkranz 2011, p. 84.
254. See Jokinen and Veijola 1997.
255. See text of diary, this volume, entry for 6 October 1922.
256. Ibid, entry for 2 November 1922.
257. Ibid, entry for 7 December 1922.
258. Ibid, entry for 11 December 1922.
259. Einstein was inconsistent in how he spelled Elsa’s name in the diary.
260. Ibid, entry for 15 February 1923.
261. Ibid, entry for 18 November 1922.
262. Ibid, entry for 29 November 1922.
263. Ibid, entry for 25 December 1922.
264. Ibid, entry for 7 February 1923.
265. Ibid, entry for 7 March 1923.
266. See Text 13 in the Additional Texts section of this volume.
267. See Text 6 in the Additional Texts section of this volume.
268. See Einstein 1923b.
269. See Text 14 in the Additional Texts section of this volume.
270. See Christopher Aurivillius to Einstein, 10 November 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 384]. On the proposals to award the prize to Einstein in earlier years, see, e.g., Friedman 2001, pp. 133–138.
271. See Svante Arrhenius to Einstein, on or before 17 September 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 359].
272. See Max von Laue to Einstein, 18 September 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 363].
273. See Einstein to Svante Arrhenius, 20 September 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 365].
274. See Grundmann 2004, pp. 180–182.
275. See Renn 2013, p. 2577.
276. See Einstein to Fritz Haber, 6 October 1920 [CPAE 2006, Vol. 10, Doc. 162].
277. See CPAE 2009, Vol. 12, Introduction, pp. xxxii, and, Calendar, entry for 9 June 1921.
278. For a collection of studies on the reception of relativity in various countries, see Glick 1987.
279. See Hu 2007, pp. 541–542.
280. See Kaneko 1987, p. 363.
281. Ibid, pp. 353–354.
282. See Glick 1987, p. 392.
283. Ibid, p. 362.
284. Ibid, p. 363.
285. Ibid, p. 354.
286. Ibid, pp. 372–374.
287. See text of diary, this volume, note 151, and “Preface for the Japanese edition of Georg Nicolai’s Biologie des Krieges,” 10 December 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 394, note 3].
288. See Text 15 in the Additional Texts section of this volume, note 66.
289. See, e.g., his comment in reaction to a political appeal, in which he argued against “the pointless exacerbation of antagonisms, which are, in themselves, necessary and productive” (see Einstein to Workers International Relief, 28 February 1926, CPAE 2018, Vol. 15, Doc. 206]).
290. See Text 15 in the Additional Texts section of this volume.
291. See Glick 1987, p. 353.
292. See Wilhelm Solf to German Foreign Ministry, 3 January 1923 [GyBSA, I. HA, Rep. 76 Vc, Sekt. 1, Tit. 11, Teil 5c, Nr. 55, Bl. 157–158], and Neumann and Neumann 2003, p. 187.
293. See “Prof. Einstein’s lecture on Mt. Scopus” and untitled article by Aharon Czerniawski, Ha’aretz, 11 February 1923; and “The Einstein Theory,” The Palestine Weekly, 9 February 1923, pp. 83–84.
294. See Berkowitz 2012, p. 223.
295. See “The reception for Prof. Einstein at the Lemel School,” Do’ar Hayom, 8 February 1923; “The Opening of the Hebrew College,” Do’ar Hayom, 9 February 1923; and “Prof. Einstein’s lecture on Mt. Scopus,” Ha’aretz, 11 February 1923.
296. See Chaim Weizmann to Einstein, 4 February 1923 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 427].
297. See “Prof. Einstein’s lecture on Mt. Scopus,” Ha’aretz, 11 February 1923; “Einstein in Eretz Yisrael,” Aspeklarya No. 12, 1 February 1923, p. 5; and untitled article, Do’ar Hayom, 9 February 1923.
298. See Illustration 34.
299. See Glick 1987, pp. 231–234, 243–244.
300. Ibid, pp. 252–258, 395; and Renn 2013, pp. 2583–2585.
301. See Glick 1987, p. 393.
302. See Renn 2013, p. 2581.
303. See Glick 1988, p. 70.
304. See Renn 2013, p. 2583.
305. See Patiniotis and Gavroglu 2012, p. 1.
306. See Pratt 1992, p. 6.
307. See text of diary, this volume, entry for 10 October 1922.
308. Some instances of Einstein’s biological worldview and of his views on genetics are as follows. In 1917, Einstein expressed remorse and self-reproach for having fathered children with his first wife Mileva, “a physically and morally inferior person.” Yet at the same time, he admitted that his own family lacked a high-quality genetic pedigree. In March 1917, he raised the possibility of imitating “the methods of the Spartans” to deal with his son Eduard’s alleged genetic inferiority. A year later, he differentiated between “valuable people” (i.e., those with superior intellect) and those who were less valuable (i.e., “unimaginative average [people]”) and who were therefore more expendable in war. A further instance of Einstein defining which human lives he found “valuable” and which not can be seen in the manner in which he related to his close friend Paul Ehrenfest’s youngest son Wassily being diagnosed with Down syndrome. He approved of the plan “to hand the child over to impersonal care,” and added that “valuable people should not be sacrificed to hopeless causes” (see Einstein to Heinrich Zangger, 16 February 1917 [CPAE 2006, Vol. 8, 299a, in Vol. 10]; Einstein to Otto Heinrich Warburg, 23 March 1918 [CPAE 1998, Vol. 8, Doc. 491]; and Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest, on or after 22 August 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 329]).
309. See Yamamoto 1934.
310. See Einstein to Mileva Marić, 14? August 1900 [CPAE 1987, Vol. 1, Doc. 72].
311. See Isaacson 2008, p. 289.
312. On the limits of Einstein’s humanism, see Rosenkranz 2011, pp. 266–267.
Travel Diary: Japan, Palestine, Spain,
6 October 1922–12 March 1923
1. AD (NNPM, MA 3951). [AEA, 29 129]. Published as “Travel Diary Japan, Palestine, Spain” in CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 379, pp. 532–588. Excerpts published in Nathan and Norden 1975, pp. 75–76; “Einstein’s Travel Diary for Spain, 1923,” in Glick 1988, pp. 325–326; Rosenkranz 1999; and Sugimoto 2001b, pp. 12–133. The document presented here comprises part of a notebook that measures 22.7 × 17.5 cm and consists of 182 lined pages. The notebook includes 81 lined pages of travel diary entries, followed by 82 blank lined pages and 19 lined pages and one unlined page of calculations (see CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 418). These calculations were written on the verso of this document, i.e., at the back end of the travel diary and upside down in relation to the diary entries. The pages of the notebook have been numbered by the NNPM. On the inside of the front flyleaf, Einstein’s secretary Helen Dukas has noted “Reise nach Japan Palestine Spanien 6. Oktober 1922–12. 3. 23.” (“Trip to Japan Palestine Spain 6 October 1922–12 March 1923.”) The diary entries appear on pp. 1 to 41v. Page 39v is blank. The diary entries are written in ink, with the exception of pp. 1, 5v, and 6, which are written entirely in pencil, and pp. 1v, 2v, 3, 3v, 4v, and 5, which are written partially in pencil. In this translation, deletions in the original text that are deemed significant are placed within angle brackets.
2. Michele Besso (1873–1955) was a Swiss-Italian engineer and close friend of Einstein. He was employed at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern and lectured on patent law at the Polytechnic in Zurich.
3. Lucien Chavan (1868–1942) was a friend of Einstein and a retired Swiss-French electrotechnician in Bern.
Einstein had departed Berlin on 3 October and had visited his sons in Zurich on 3–4 October (see Edgar Meyer to Paul Epstein, 4 October 1922 [CPT, Paul Epstein Collection, folder 5.60]).
4. Elsa Einstein (1876–1936) was Einstein’s second wife.
5. The S.S. Kitano Maru was owned by the Nippon Yusen Kaisha shipping company. It was built in 1909 and sailed the route from Antwerp to Yokohama. In 1942, the ship was sunk by a Japanese mine in the Lingayen Gulf in the Philippines.
6. This was probably Hayari Miyake (1866–1945), professor of surgery at Kyushu Imperial University. As Miyake was short in stature, Einstein may have initially misjudged his age. He had been in Europe to inspect medical institutions and surgical equipment on behalf of the Japanese government. He had also collected signatures among European surgeons for a petition to the International Surgical Association against its boycott of former Axis countries.
The physician from Munich may have been Ernst Ferdinand Sauerbruch (1875–1951), professor of medicine at the University of Munich, whom Miyake visited while in Europe. However, in contrast to Einstein’s reference to Miyake’s expulsion, Sauerbruch was allegedly one of the many German surgeons who came to see Miyake off in Marseille and even introduced him to Einstein (see Hiki 2009, p. 13).
7. Hayari Miyake. He had studied medicine at the University of Breslau.
8. Kretschmer 1921.
9. Bergson 1922.
10. In Riemannian geometry, the direction of a vector need not be preserved when the vector is transported around a closed curve. In Hermann Weyl’s unified field theory of gravity and electromagnetism, the electromagnetic gauge field gets included in the geometry when local conformal invariance of the line element ds is demanded; as a consequence, the magnitude of a vector also no longer needs to be preserved when it is parallel transported around a closed curve (see Weyl 1918).
11. A small island off the north coast of Sicily in the Tyrrhenian Sea. It contains one of the three active volcanoes in Italy.
12. Paul Oppenheim (1885–1977) was a German-Jewish chemist with N.M. Oppenheim Nachfolger.
13. Viscount Kikujiro Ishii (1866–1945), Japanese ambassador to France and a Japanese representative at the League of Nations.
14. Through the Suez Canal.
15. Presumably the Great Bitter Lake, the saltwater lake between the northern and southern parts of the Suez Canal.
16. A mountain in the Swiss Plateau mountain range, on the outskirts of Zurich.
17. In a memorandum, Hayari Miyake recalled that Einstein believed he might have colon cancer. However, Miyake reassured Einstein that this was not the case (see Kaneko 1981, vol. 1, p. 178).
18. Cape Guardafui on the Horn of Africa.
19. Hayari Miyake.
20. Possibly the Kelaniya Raja Maha Vihara Temple, the foremost Buddhist temple in the vicinity of Colombo.
21. Probably the Pettah district in Colombo.
22. Emperor Yoshihito (1879–1926), who reigned during the Taishō era from 1912 to 1926. The menu of the banquet in honor of the emperor is available (see Illustration 8 [AEA, 36 454]).
23. “Banzai” is a traditional Japanese exclamation meaning “long life.” The Japanese national anthem was “Kimigayo” (“The Emperor’s Reign”).
24. This was a performance of joruri or gidayu, a traditional Japanese dramatic narrative chanted to the accompaniment of the samisen, a string instrument.
25. Shin (Noboru) Sakuma (1893–1987), third secretary at the Japanese Embassy in Berlin. He had arranged the meeting between Einstein and Koshin Murobuse, the Europe correspondent of the Kaizo journal, in Berlin in September 1921 (see Kaneko 1981, vol. 1, p. 63).
26. Alfred Montor (1878–1950), a diamond merchant, Anna Montor (1886–1945), Max Montor (1872–1934). On Einstein’s arrival, see The Straits Times, 3 November 1922.
27. Chaim Weizmann (1874–1952) was the president of the Zionist Organisation in London. He telegraphed the Singapore Zionist Society in mid-October to request a reception for the Einsteins in Singapore, at which funds for the Hebrew University were to be raised. Weizmann requested that Einstein be informed by cable on his arrival in Colombo of the planned reception (see Chaim Weizmann to Singapore Zionist Society, 12 October 1922 [IsReWW], and Chaim Weizmann to Manasseh Meyer, 12 October 1922 [IsJCZA, Z4/2685]).
28. The address of the Jewish community read by Montor was written by D. Kitovitz (see [C. R. Ginsburg], Singapore Zionist Society to Israel Cohen, Zionist Organisation, London, 9 November 1922 [IsJCZA, Z4/2685]). Montor welcomed Einstein on behalf of the Jewish community, praised his contributions to science, and expressed the wish that he take up the directorship of the Hebrew University. Einstein’s speech was greeted with cheers. For the entire text of Montor’s speech, see The Straits Times, 3 November 1922. For the text of Einstein’s speech, see Text 3 in the Additional Texts section of this volume. Meyer’s Konversations-Lexikon was a major German encyclopedia.
29. Manasseh Meyer (1846–1930) was the leader of the Singapore Jewish community and a prominent philanthropist. Croesus, ancient king of Lydia, was renowned for his legendary wealth.
30. The Chesed-El Synagogue was built on the grounds of Meyer’s residence in 1905.
31. Hendrik A. Lorentz (1853–1928) was professor of theoretical physics at the University of Leyden.
32. Mozelle Nissim (1883–1975). This is a reference to the saying “beauty is the oldest nobility in nature,” which originated in Kotzebue 1792, p. 59.
33. See Illustration 9.
34. The reception took place at 5 p.m. at Belle Vue, Oxley Rise in Singapore. At the event, “[a]ll communities and creeds were represented.” Some 300 guests attended the gathering, including leading members of the Jewish community and the Anglican bishop (see The Straits Times, 31 October and 3 November 1922, and Israel’s Messenger, 1 December 1922).
35. Charles James Ferguson-Davie (1872–1963), the Anglican bishop of Singapore.
36. The press reported that the banquet was attended by forty guests and hosted by Mozelle Nissim at the Meyer mansion (see Israel’s Messenger, 1 December 1922). The guests were entertained by Braddon’s orchestra (see The Straits Times, 3 November 1922).
37. The English translation hardly does justice to the German original of this idiom and its racist phrasing: “negerte lustig drauf los”—literally, “merrily niggered away.”
38. A week following Einstein’s visit, C. R. Ginsburg, the honorary secretary of the Singapore Zionist Society, informed the Zionist Organisation in London that Meyer had donated 500 pounds sterling to the Hebrew University, “partly as a result of a private interview with Professor Einstein who explained the object of the collection, but chiefly I think as a result of a charming letter just received by Mr. Meyer from Dr. Weizmann.” The rest of the Jewish community donated 250 pounds sterling (see [C. R. Ginsburg], Singapore Zionist Society to Israel Cohen, Zionist Organisation, London, 9 November 1922 [IsJCZA, Z4/2685]). It was hoped that additional funds could be raised on the occasion of Einstein’s return visit following his tour of Japan (see [Israel Cohen], general secretary of the Zionist Organisation, London, to David Kitovitz, 12 December 1922 [IsJCZA, Z4/2685]).
39. The Peak, at 552 meters, is the highest elevation on Hong Kong Island.
40. According to press reports, when news first broke of Einstein’s pending arrival in Hong Kong, arrangements were made for a lecture at the Jewish Recreation Club. However, after his arrival, Einstein asked that no receptions or lectures be held. The press speculated that one possible reason he did not want to appear in public during his brief stay was the proximity of his visit to Armistice Day. The only planned event was a tour of Repulse Bay (see South China Morning Post, 10 November 1922).
41. One of the businessmen was probably named Gobin (see note 195).
42. Possibly the Repulse Bay Hotel.
43. Most likely a reference to the successful Chinese seamen’s strike in early 1922 (see Butenhoff 1999, p. 50).
44. The informal reception was held at the Jewish Recreation Club (see Israel’s Messenger, 1 December 1922).
45. The University of Hong Kong, founded in 1911.
46. The S.S. Kitano Maru docked at Shanghai’s Wayside Wharf.
47. Morikatsu Inagaki (1893–?) was a staff member of Kaizo-Sha and chief secretary of the newly established Japanese Association of the League of Nations. He had been asked by Sanehiko Yamamoto, president of Kaizo-Sha, to serve as Einstein’s guide and interpreter during his tour of Japan. His role was to interpret all of Einstein’s speeches and daily conversations, but not Einstein’s scientific lectures (see Ishiwara 1923, “Preface,” p. 10; Kaneko 1981, vol. 1, p. 14; and Kaneko 1984, p. 70). His wife was Tony Inagaki, who was German-born.
48. Fritz Thiel (1863–1931). Three reports by Thiel on Einstein’s visits to Shanghai are extant. Following the first visit, he informed the German Foreign Ministry that he had delivered several invitations to Einstein from Japan and the Malay Archipelago and invited him to breakfast at his private residence. However, as Einstein was “preoccupied to such an extent by a Japanese sent to Shanghai to greet him, I had to retreat.” Nevertheless, Einstein informed Thiel that he could not accept any scientific engagements unless they were coordinated with Kaizo-Sha, with whom he was under contractual obligation. Thiel urged Einstein that “he must not pass over” the German communities and the associations dedicated to the fostering of German-Japanese scientific and cultural ties “without taking any notice of them.” Thiel rejected Einstein’s claim that the journal held a monopoly on Einstein’s “entire personality.” He warned Einstein that he would not have time for “the fulfillment of national duties” or for personal recreation. In response, Einstein reassured Thiel that he would take these viewpoints into consideration. He informed Thiel that he felt obligated to accept an invitation to visit Batavia (present-day Jakarta) and was therefore doubtful whether he would be able to follow through with the invitation to hold a lecture series in China.
Following the second visit, in an effort to repudiate rumors that the German community in Shanghai had snubbed Einstein for anti-Semitic reasons, Thiel informed the German Foreign Ministry that he had attempted to arrange for a lecture by Einstein at the Tongji University School of Engineering but had not received any reply. A few days prior to Einstein’s return to Shanghai, the local German association received a postcard from Elsa Einstein declining an invitation to a reception. Moreover, when he learned that Einstein would allegedly be giving a talk on relativity to a closed reception of the Jewish community, Thiel decided to ignore Einstein’s second visit to Shanghai (see Fritz Thiel to German Foreign Ministry, 13 November 1922 [GyBPAAA/R 9208/3508 Deutsche Botschaft China]; Fritz Thiel to Hubert Knipping, 28 November 1922; and Fritz Thiel to German Foreign Ministry, 6 January 192[3] [GyBPAAA/R 64677]).
49. Maximilian Pfister (1874–?), professor of internal medicine at the Tung Chi School of Medicine in Shanghai; Anna Pfister-Königsberger (1876–?).
50. It was on his arrival in Shanghai that Einstein learned that he had been awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics. He first received a telegram and a letter from the secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and was subsequently informed of the award by the Swedish consul-general (see Christopher Aurivillius to Einstein, 10 November 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Docs. 384 and 385]). The press reported that he “expressed great pleasure over being awarded the Nobel Prize” (see The China Press, 14 November 1922, and Min Guo Ri Bao, 15 November 1922). Fourteen Japanese journalists interviewed Einstein on his arrival. The restaurant in which they dined was Yi Pin Xiang. The journalist was actually the Shanghai correspondent for the Japanese newspaper Tokyo Nichinichi Shinbun, [?] Murata (see Min Guo Ri Bao, 14 November 1922; The China Press, 14 November 1922; and Tokyo Nichinichi Shinbun, 15 November 1922).
51. In the afternoon, they visited the Chenghuang Temple and the Yuyuan Garden in the old city of Shanghai and attended a performance of the traditional Kunqu opera at the Xiao-Shi-Jie (Little World) Theater (see Min Guo Ri Bao, 14 November 1922).
52. Apparently, the tea was attended by members of the German community of Shanghai (see The China Press, 14 November 1922).
53. The Jewish delegation was headed by the Rabbi of Shanghai, Woolf Hirsch (see Israel’s Messenger, 1 December 1922).
54. The dinner took place at the residence of Yiting Wang (1867–1938), an entrepreneur, socialite, philanthropist, painter, and Buddhist scholar. The German-speaking Chinese couple were Shi Ying, dean of the Zhejiang School of Law and Political Science, and his wife, Shu Zhang. Their daughter was Huide Ying. The rector of the University of Shanghai was Youren Yu (1878?–1964). Another prominent guest was Junmou Zhang, a former professor at the University of Beijing. For a group portrait taken during the visit, see Illustration 10.
55. The dinner speeches by Youren Yu and Einstein were published in Min Guo Ri Bao, 14 November 1922. In his speech, Einstein expressed his admiration for Wang’s art and his belief in the future contribution of Chinese youth to science.
56. Lord Richard B. Haldane (1856–1928), former British secretary of state for war and lord chancellor, was a lawyer and philosopher.
57. The Gakushi-Kai, an association of male graduates from imperial Japanese universities. The reception was held at the Y.P.S. Hotel (see Israel’s Messenger, 1 December 1922).
58. Hantaro Nagaoka (1865–1950), professor of theoretical physics at Tokyo Imperial University, and Toyo Nagaoka (1870–1946). Jun Ishiwara (1881–1947) was a science writer and journalist at the Iwanami Shoten Publishing Co. in Tokyo and former professor of physics at Tohoku University in Sendai. Ayao Kuwaki (1878–1945) was professor of physics at Kyushu Imperial University in Fukuoka City. The German consul was Oskar Trautmann (1877–1950). The German club was the Japanese-German Society (the Club Concordia), established in 1911.
According to diplomatic and press reports, Einstein arrived at 3 p.m. and was greeted by Ishiwara; Keiichi Aichi, professor of physics at Tohoku Imperial University at Sendai; the noted Japanese pacifist Toyohiko Kagawa; and “several others” (see Governor of Hyogo Prefecture to Minister of Diplomacy, 18 November 1922 [JTDRO, Diplomatic R/3.9.4.110.5], and Japan Times & Mail, 17 November 1922). Einstein could not be greeted by the German ambassador, Wilhelm Solf (1862–1936), as the ambassador had not yet returned from a brief stay in Germany (see Grundmann 2004, p. 229).
59. On his arrival, Einstein told the many reporters “that his present visit is to see the sights of the country and become acquainted with Japanese art and music, particularly the latter.” He also stated that “he is glad to come to Japan as he feels he is thereby promoting human brotherhood through the medium of science.” Einstein spoke in German to the reporters, and Elsa translated his replies into English (see Japan Times & Mail, 18 November 1922). In another interview, he said, “I always had the wish to see the Land of the Rising Sun ever since I read [the author] ‘Lafcadio Hearn’ and the ‘Tales of Old Japan,’ by Lord Redesdale. My wish in coming to these shores was prompted by my intention to make fast the ties among the different nations through intellectual bonds; to make the world of science one international community” (Osaka Mainichi Shinbun, English Daily Edition, 18 November 1922).
60. The Oriental Hotel.
61. Einstein departed Kobe at 5:30 p.m. from the San-no-miya railroad station, accompanied by Yamamoto, Ishiwara, and Nagaoka. He arrived at Kyoto station at 7:30 p.m. and lodged at the Miyako Hotel in Kyoto (see Governor of Hyogo Prefecture to Minister of Diplomacy, 18 October 1922, and Governor of Kyoto Prefecture to Minister of Diplomacy, 18 November 1922 [JTDRO, Diplomatic R/3.9.4.110.5]).
62. Einstein’s car passed the Kamo-Shrine, the Heian-Shrine, and Kyoto Gosho, the former imperial palace (see Ishiwara 1923, pp. 18–19).
63. He departed Kyoto station at 9:15 a.m. (see Governor of Kyoto Prefecture to Minister of Diplomacy, 18 November 1922 [JTDRO, Diplomatic R/3.9.4.110.5], and Tokyo Nichinichi Shinbun, 19 November 1922). The train passed Lake Biwa, Lake Hamana, and Mount Fuji. Einstein made a stop at Sekigahara, the site of a major battle in Japanese history.
64. The Einsteins’ arrival at the Tokyo railroad station was “like welcoming a general returning from a victorious campaign.” Tens of thousands of people gathered on the train platform and in the station square to greet the Einsteins, who were prevented from leaving the platform for more than half an hour (see Yamamoto 1934). When the train arrived at 7:20 p.m., the large crowd started shouting “Einstein! Einstein!” as soon as they caught a glimpse of him. He left the station amid cries of “Banzai” (Tokyo Nichinichi Shinbun, 19 November 1922). There were such crowds at the station “that the police were forced to helplessly tolerate the life threatening throng” (see Wilhelm Solf to German Foreign Ministry, 3 January 1923 [GyBSA, I. HA, Rep. 76 Vc, Sekt. 1, Tit. 11, Teil 5c, Nr. 55, Bl. 157–158]).
65. Tokyo Teikoku Hoteru (the Tokyo Imperial Hotel), which at the time was being redesigned by Frank Lloyd Wright.
66. On behalf of the Imperial Academy, Einstein was greeted by its president, Nobushige Hozumi, and two other members, Gen-yoku Kuwaki, professor of philosophy at the Tokyo Imperial University, and Yasushi Hijikata, professor of English law at the same university and member of the House of Peers. Approximately fifty persons from academia and Kaizo-Sha were waiting on the station platform, yet “barely managed” to greet the Einsteins (see Kaneko 1981, vol. 1, p. 36).
67. Siegfried Berliner (1884–1961) was professor of business administration at Tokyo Imperial University. He was one of the Germans who greeted Einstein at the Tokyo railroad station (see Tokyo Nichinichi Shinbun, 19 November 1922). His wife was Anna Berliner.
68. Einstein delivered his first public lecture on special and general relativity in the Mita Grand Lecture Hall at Keio University. The audience numbered two thousand, was “composed of men of all walks of life, students and men of science predominating,” and included Eikichi Kamada, the minister of education. Elsa Einstein wore a kimono to the lecture, which was greeted with much applause. According to press reports, Einstein tried to render the lecture comprehensible for the general audience; however, it became technical at times in its second half. Einstein spoke without notes and paused at approximately fifteen-minute intervals to allow Ishiwara to translate (see Japan Times & Mail, 20 November 1922; Osaka Mainichi Shinbun, English Daily Edition, 21 November 1922; “Pressebericht vom 5. Dezember 1922” [GyBSA, I. HA, Rep. 76 Vc, Sekt. 1, Tit. 11, Teil 5c, Nr. 55, Bl. 147]; and Ezawa 2005, p. 9). The admission fee to the public lectures was three yen for adults and two yen for students, which was “equivalent to the cost of ten ordinary lunches” (see Kaneko 1987, p. 357).
69. The luncheon was held at the Koishikawa Botanical Gardens in Tokyo. It was hosted by Nobushige Hozumi, and attended by some forty members of the Academy, including Hantaro Nagaoka, Tetsujiro Inoue, Shibasaburo Kitasato, Tokuzo Fukuda, and Minister of Justice Keijiro Okano. Nagaoka drafted the welcoming address (see Kaneko 1987, p. 379). For the German version of the welcoming address, see Nobushige Hozumi to Einstein, 20 November 1922 (CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Abs. 452). For the Japanese version, see “Einstein-Sensei Kangei no Ji” (AEA [65 020.1]). For a list of participants at the luncheon, see “Report of the Luncheon Welcome for Professor Einstein” [JTJA].
70. Sanehiko Yamamoto (1885–1952) was the president of the publishing house Kaizo-Sha. In the aftermath of Einstein’s tour, the German Government Headquarters for Scientific Reporting sent a report to the Foreign Ministry alleging that Einstein’s trip was funded by Kaizo, “the Communist newspaper.” This prompted the Foreign Ministry to verify the veracity of this report with the German Embassy in Tokyo (see Karl Kerkhoff to Otto Soehring, 11 January 1923 [GyBPAAA, R64677], and Otto Soehring(?) to German Embassy in Tokyo, 27 January 1923 [GyBPAA, R85846]).
71. A performance of Kabuki theater at the Meiji Theater, which was established in 1893 as a popular theater for Kabuki and Shimpa drama.
72. The chrysanthemum-viewing garden party was held in the gardens of the Akasaka Palace, the imperial detached palace in Tokyo. This tradition began in 1880. For the program and entrance passes to the party, see “Programme” and “November 21st 1922” [JTNAJ]. According to the German ambassador, the garden party was “the culmination of the honors” bestowed on Einstein: members of the German Embassy who attended the party described “how, due to Einstein, the approximately 3,000 participants at this traditional festival of the union of royal family with the people completely forgot the significance of the celebration;” see Wilhelm Solf to German Foreign Ministry, 3 January 1923 [GyBSA, I. HA, Rep. 76 Vc, Sekt. 1, Tit.11, Teil 5c, Nr. 55, Bl. 157–158]. Press reports claimed that six hundred people attended the garden party, including such prominent guests as the Japanese prime minister, Viscount Kato Tomosaburo, and other Japanese and foreign statesmen, businessmen, and military officers (see Hinode Shinbun, 22 November 1922).
73. Ernst Bärwald (1885–1952) was the representative of the German company I.G. Farben in Tokyo.
74. Empress Sadako Kujo (Teimei) (1884–1951), the empress consort of Emperor Taishō. The emperor himself had retired from public life to his country villas at the end of 1919 and seldom made appearances in Tokyo (see Seagrave and Seagrave 1999, p. 81).
75. Inagaki and his wife. Sanehiko Yamamoto.
76. In Asakusa, Tokyo’s major entertainment district.
77. The Zojo Temple in Tokyo.
78. The traditional Japanese dishes sukiyaki and sushi were served (see Inagaki 1923a, p. 178, and Tokyo Nichinichi Shinbun, 23 November 1922).
79. Yoshi Yamamoto and their children, Misako and Sayoko. Einstein also toured the Meiji Shrine, a memorial for the previous emperor (see Kaneko 1981, vol. 1, p. 258).
80. President Nobushige Hozumi and and his son-in-law Motoji Shibusawa (1876–1975), who had studied with Heinrich Friedrich Weber (1843–1912), Einstein’s former physics professor at the Polytechnic in Zurich.
81. Rikitaro Fujisawa (1861–1933), former professor of mathematics at Tokyo Imperial University. Kenji Sugimoto claims that Einstein mistook Hozumi for Fujisawa, and, due to his falling out with Weber over his dissertation, he was disgruntled about the planned reception (see Sugimoto 2001b, p. 33).
82. The German Society for Natural History and Ethnology of East Asia.
83. The Nippon Kogaku Kogyo company, the predecessor of Nikon, had invited eight German specialist workers to their Oimachi factory for their expertise (see Long 2006, p. 11).
84. M. H. Schultz was a chief registrar at the German Embassy in Tokyo.
85. Kaizo-Sha invited journalists from various Japanese newspapers for a luncheon party. Einstein voiced his opinions on the use of rickshaws, Japanese hygiene, and the intrusion by the Japanese press into the private lives of individuals (see Inagaki 1923a, p. 179).
86. The Tokyo School of Music, Japan’s first official music academy, founded in 1887.
87. Ernst Bärwald, and Nagayoshi Nagai (1845–1929), who was professor of chemistry at Tokyo Imperial University.
88. In the Ginza shopping district (see Inagaki 1923a, p. 179).
89. Kaichiro Nezu (1860–1940) was a prominent entrepreneur and art collector. Einstein visited the museum with Yoshimori Yazaki, a graduate in philosophy from Tokyo Imperial University (see his account in Kaizo, January 1923).
90. Einstein delivered his second popular lecture at the Youth Assembly Hall (Kanda Seinenkaikan) in Tokyo. The title of the lecture was “On Space and Time in Physics.” The hall was so congested that “several dozens of people who had entrance tickets . . . were unable to enter.” Kaizo-Sha therefore paid for their return fare to Sendai, where the next lecture was to take place (see Ezawa 2005, p. 9, and Kaneko 2005, p. 13). This second lecture was characterized as being “on a much broader base” than the first in that it explained time and space, rather than the special and general theories of relativity (see Osaka Mainichi Shinbun, English Daily Edition, 28 November 1922).
91. Einstein delivered his first scientific lecture at the main auditorium of the Department of Physics at Tokyo Imperial University. According to Sugimoto 2001a, pp. 10–11, the title of the first lecture in the series was “Lorentz Transformation, Special Theory of Relativity.” However, according to Ishiwara 1923, p. 88, the title was “Special Theory of Relativity.” Einstein’s scientific lectures were attended by “120 professors and the like, 5 graduate students and 18 undergraduates.” An incomplete list of the participants and an account of the lectures appeared in the January issue of Kaizo (see Ezawa 2005, pp. 8 and 11).
92. The reception was hosted by the entire student body at the university. The event was held at the university’s Faculty of Law Octagon Hall. Following an introduction by Hantaro Nagaoka, Tokudo Takeuchi, a third-year student in the Department of Politics, welcomed Einstein on behalf of the student body (see Tokyo Nichinichi Shinbun, 26 November 1922).
93. The Ichimura Theater, one of the oldest Kabuki theaters in Japan, was established in the seventeenth century. Following the performance, Einstein visited the dressing room to thank the dancers personally (see Tokyo Asahi Shinbun, 26 November 1922).
94. This reception was held by the Metropolitan Press Association at the Hirano-Ya Ryokan, a traditional Japanese inn.
95. Morikatsu Inagaki.
96. The Museum Shoko-Kan (Antique Collecting House), established by Kihachiro Okura (1837– 1928), a merchant and art collector.
97. He may have seen the Noh performance at the Hoso Kai Theater (see Einstein to actors of the Hoso Kai Theater, after 25 November 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Abs. 457]). For other instances of Einstein’s impression of the Noh theater, see Text 4 in the Additional Texts section of this volume and Kuwaki 1934.
98. At the Maruzen publishing house, which was in the vicinity of Einstein’s hotel (see Sugimoto 2001b, p. 45).
99. Tatsuji Okaya, a former student of Nagaoka, and Fumi Okaya (1898–1945). For the menu at the luncheon at Nagaoka’s home, see “Déjeuner,” 27 November 1922 (NjP-L, Einstein in Japan Collection, box 1, folder 1, C0904). See Illustration 13.
100. Einstein gave his second scientific lecture in the main auditorium of the Department of Physics at Tokyo Imperial University. According to Sugimoto 2001a, pp. 10–11, the title of the second lecture was “Four Dimensional Space, Tensor Analysis.” However, according to Ishiwara 1923, the title was “Special Theory of Relativity,” the same as the first lecture.
101. Marquis Yoshichika Tokugawa (1886–1976), a graduate of Tokyo Imperial University, botanist, and head of the Owari branch of the former shogunal family. He had also sailed on the S.S. Kitano Maru from Europe (see Jansen 1989, p. 152).
102. Christoph W. Gluck; Miksa (Michael) Hauser (1822–1887), Austro-Hungarian violinist and composer; Johann S. Bach; Henryk Wieniawski (1835–1880), Polish violinist and composer. For reminiscences of Einstein’s playing, see Inagaki 1923b.
103. The Tokyo University of Commerce (the present-day Hitotsubashi University). In his reply to the welcoming address, Einstein expressed his belief that it was through the genre of art that Japan made an important contribution to world culture (see Nagashima 1923). For the greetings by the university’s student association, see Student Association, University of Commerce, Tokyo to Einstein, 28 November 1922 (CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Abs. 461).
104. The title of Einstein’s speech was “To Japanese Youngsters.” For press coverage, see Osaka Mainichi Shinbun, English Daily Edition, 30 November 1922 . The rector was Zensaku Sano (1873–1952).
105. Einstein’s third scientific lecture was held in the main auditorium of the Department of Physics at Tokyo Imperial University. According to Sugimoto 2001a, pp. 10–11, the title of the lecture was “Tensorial Representation of the Space-Time.” However, according to Ishiwara 1923, the title was “Special Theory of Relativity,” the same as the previous two lectures.
106. A Chinese restaurant at the Shinbashi railroad station, attended by some thirty to forty employees of the Kaizo-Sha (see Inagaki 1923a, p. 183).
107. Possibly the passage on music in Text 4 in the Additional Texts section of this volume. In the draft to that document, Einstein added the following note, which may be the “short article” he references here: “On music, dictated to Mrs. I.; missing here. E.” “Mrs. I.” may be the German-speaking wife of Inagaki.
108. Neil Gordon Munro (1863–1942) was a Scottish physician with a passion for Japanese culture and archeology.
109. Einstein apparently asked Yamamoto to arrange for him to attend a tea ceremony. The businessman and tea-master Yoshi (also known as Soan) Takahashi (1861–1937) subsequently invited Einstein to the ceremony. There are conflicting reports about where the ceremony was held. According to Kaneko 1984, it was held at the Garando-Ichiki-an in Akasaka, Tokyo. However, according to Inagaki 1923a, it was held in a private tea room in Takahashi’s house. The multi-volume work was Takahashi 1921–1927, which eventually numbered ten volumes (see Kaneko 1984, p. 65). For Takahashi’s reminiscences of his meeting with Einstein, see Takahashi 1933.
110. Marquis Shigenobu Okuma (1838–1922) had served as minister of finance and foreign affairs in the Meiji period and as prime minister in the Taishō period. Waseda University was founded in 1882 and guided by the principle of “independence of learning” (see Waseda 2010, p. 8). President Masasada Shiozawa delivered a welcome address, and in his reply, Einstein remarked that he had noticed the unexpected progress of the Japanese scholarly community and that he was looking forward to its future contributions (see Waseda Gakuho, 10 January 1923).
111. According to both Sugimoto 2001a, pp. 10–11, and Ishiwara 1923, the title of Einstein’s fourth scientific lecture was “On the General Theory of Relativity.”
112. At the Tokyo Women’s Higher Normal School (the present-day Ochanomizu Women’s University), a teacher training institute. The reception was presided over by the Imperial Pedagogical Association and eleven other educational associations. It was attended by one thousand people (see Taisho 11 nen Nisshi Tokyo-joshi-koto-shihan-gakkou, 29 November 1923).
113. Einstein visited the Division of Imperial Court Music at the Imperial Household Agency and attended a performance of gagaku, Japanese ancient court music and dance (see Yomiuri Shinbun, 1 December 1922, and Aichi 1923, p. 300).
114. According to Sugimoto 2001a, pp. 10–11, the title of Einstein’s fifth scientific lecture was “On the Equation of the Gravitational Field.” Yet according to Ishiwara 1923, it was titled “General Theory of Relativity.” Takuro Tamaru (1872–1932) was professor of physics at Tokyo Imperial University. Uzumi Doi (1895–1945) was a graduate student under Hantaro Nagaoka at Tokyo Imperial University and lecturer in physics at the prestigious First Higher School. For his book challenging the theory of relativity, see Doi 1922. According to press reports, Doi, who had criticized Einstein’s theories, admitted that he had been wrong and asked Tamaru to read his statement in German to that effect (see Tokyo Asahi Shinbun, 2 December 1922, and Kahoku Shimpo, 1 December 1922). Earlier, Einstein had confirmed that he had read the pamphlet Doi had sent him to Berlin and that it merited “serious study.” However, he was not concerned that it would pose a challenge to the theory of relativity (see Tokyo Nichinichi Shinbun and Osaka Mainichi Shinbun, 18 November 1922). For Doi’s diary during Einstein’s visit, in which he stated that he retracted his rejection of his own theory merely half an hour after they met, see EPPA, 95 077. On the controversy between Doi and Keiichi Aichi over Einstein’s theories, see Osaka Mainichi Shinbun, English Daily Edition, 5 November 1922.
The welcoming message from the students of the university is available (see Students of Tokyo Imperial University to Einstein, 30 November(?) 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Abs. 464]).
115. The Danish ambassador was Niels Höst (1869–1953).
116. According to Sugimoto 2001a, pp. 10–11, Einstein’s sixth (and final) scientific lecture was titled “On the Cosmological Problem.” However, according to Ishiwara 1923, it was titled “General Theory of Relativity.” To mark the end of the lecture series, a commemorative photo of Einstein and Japanese scientists was taken beside Sanshiro Pond at the heart of the university. The photograph was presented to Einstein with an autograph album signed by the faculty and students of the physics department. The album (see NNLBI, Albert Einstein Collection: Addenda [AR 7279]) also included a letter of appreciation written by Hantaro Nagaoka and signed by him and 124 other signatories (see Hantaro Nagaoka et al. to Einstein, 1 December 1922 [CPAE 2012,Vol. 13, Doc. 389]). For a description of these events, see Ishiwara 1923, pp. 111–112.
117. The banquet was held at the Imperial Hotel in honor of the conclusion of the lecture series. It was attended by 150 scholars, writers, and employees of Kaizo-Sha. Among the attendees were Hantaro Nagaoka, Jun Ishiwara, Ayao Kuwaki, Takeo Arishima, Takuro Tamaru, Tetsujiro Inoue, Torahiko Terada, and Shinzo Koizumi (see Kahoku Shimpo, 3 December 1922, and Kaneko 1981, vol. 1, p. 259).
118. The Tokyo School of Technology (the present-day Tokyo Institute of Technology), founded in 1881. Tokio Takeuchi (1894–1944) was assistant professor of physics there.
119. Einstein arrived at Sendai station at 9:17 p.m. (see Governor of Miyagi Prefecture to Minister of Diplomacy, 6 December 1922 [JTDRO, Diplomatic R/3.9.4.110.5]). Kotaro Honda (1870–1954) and Keiichi Aichi (1880–1923) were both professors of physics at Tohoku Imperial University at Sendai. They traveled from Sendai to Kooriyama station, roughly midway between Tokyo and Sendai (see Kahoku Shimpo, 4 December 1922).
120. The prominent physicists at Tohoku Imperial University were Shirota Kusakabe, Yoshitoshi Endo, and Mitsuo Yamada. The rector was Masataka Ogawa. Hans Molisch (1856–1937) was an Austrian botanist and a professor of biology. It took Einstein twenty minutes to advance from the station to the Sendai Hotel, due to the large crowds. At the hotel, Einstein was greeted by Yuichiro Chikaraishi, governor of Miyagi Prefecture, Takesaburo Kanomata, mayor of Sendai, and Ogawa (see Governor of Miyagi Prefecture to Minister of Diplomacy, 6 December 1922 [JTDRO, Diplomatic R/3.9.4.110.5], and Kahoku Shimpo, 4 December 1922).
121. Einstein’s third popular lecture, titled “On the Principle of Relativity,” was given at the Sendai Civic Auditorium. It was translated by Keiichi Aichi and apparently held for free to compensate for the audience members who had not been able to enter the lecture at the Kanda Youth Hall in Tokyo. The audience numbered 350 and consisted mainly of professors and university students (see Governor of Miyagi Prefecture to Minister of Diplomacy, 6 December 1922 [JTDRO, Diplomatic R/3.9.4.110.5]). For accounts of the lecture, see Yomiuri Shinbun, 4 December 1922, and Okamoto 1981, pp. 931–932.
122. Ippei Okamoto (1886–1948) was a painter in the Western tradition and a cartoonist for the Tokyo Asahi Shinbun newspaper. He joined Einstein’s entourage “on his own, out of personal admiration and the wish to observe the great scientist at close range” (see Okamoto 1981, p. 931). During Einstein’s tour, he contributed articles to his newspaper (see Tokyo Asahi Shinbun, 9–15 December 1922). Following Einstein’s departure, he published Okamoto 1923.
The Matsushima Islands, a group of some 260 tiny pine-clad islands near Sendai. During the train journey to the islands, Okamoto sketched Einstein, who signed the sketch with “Albert Einstein or The Nose as Thought-Reservoir”; see Okamoto 1981, p. 932). See Illustration 18.
123. They dined at the Matsushima Hotel (see Kaneko 1981, vol. 2, p. 34) and visited the Zuiganji Temple on Matsushima (see Okamoto 1981, p. 933). Bansui Tsuchii (Doi) (1871–1952) was a poet and scholar of English. Katsushika Hokusai (1760–1849) was one of the best-known woodprint artists in the Edo period. Tsuchii offered Einstein two bound sets of woodblocks to choose from, Utagawa Hiroshige’s Fifty-Three Stations on the Tokaido and Hokusai’s One Hundred Views of Mount Fuji (see Okamoto 1981, p. 932). Okamoto inscribed the flyleaf of the album with a dedication “Albert Einstein, in cordial gratitude,” in German, and “at Sendai. Taisho 11, Twelfth month” above the signature “Drawn by Ippei,” in Japanese (see Jansen 1989, p. 145). For the Italian book of poetry, see Tsuchii 1920.
124. At Tohoku University in Sendai. At the student reception, the university’s president Masataka Ogawa led the students in a chorus of “Banzai” for Einstein. More than fifty professors welcomed Einstein in a conference hall at the College of Engineering (see Okamoto 1981, p. 933). The dean of the medical faculty was Toshihiko Fujita (1877–1965). Einstein inscribed his name on a wall in a conference room at the university, beneath the signature of Hans Molisch. The inscription reads: “Albert Einstein 3.XII 22.” [ JSeTU, 95 037]. There were reports in the press that Einstein was offered a position at Tohoku University as a temporary professor of physics. A salary of ten thousand yen (approximately five thousand U.S. dollars) and a residence were allegedly proposed (see, e.g., Osaka Mainichi Shinbun, English Daily Edition, 5 December 1922). Such reports even led to rumors that Einstein planned to emigrate to Japan; they were then denied by the German Foreign Ministry (see Otto Soehring to the German Consulate in Geneva, 9 December 1922 [GyBPAAA/R 64677]).
125. Kotaro Honda.
126. Okamoto’s wife was the well-known Japanese novelist and poet Kanoko Okamoto (1889–1939). Elsa Einstein and Tony Inagaki had remained in Tokyo.
127. They arrived at Nikko railroad station at 4:10 p.m. and stayed at the Kanaya Hotel in Nikko (see Governor of Tochigi Prefecture to Minister of Diplomacy, 7 December 1922 [JTDRO, Diplomatic R/3.9.4.110.5], and the hotel registry with Einstein’s signature (AEA [122 789]). Elsa Einstein arrived separately with Tony Inagaki later that day from Tokyo (see Okamoto 1981, p. 935). For a list of the ten subjects “drawn . . . on ten-inch squares of finely finished cardboard” and presented to Einstein, see Okamoto 1981, p. 937.
128. Tony Inagaki.
129. Einstein, Inagaki, and Okamoto arrived at the Chugu Shrine on Lake Chuzenji in Nikko at 10 a.m. They toured the Hoto, Hannya, and Kegon waterfalls. They returned to the hotel at 4 p.m. (see Governor of Tochigi Prefecture to Minister of Diplomacy, 7 December 1922 [JTDRO, Diplomatic R/3.9.4.110.5], and Okamoto 1981, p. 935).
130. For Okamoto’s account of these conversations, see Okamoto 1981, pp. 935–936.
131. Einstein, Elsa, and others visited Toshogu Temple and “other related temples” (see Governor of Tochigi Prefecture to Minister of Diplomacy, 7 December 1922 [JTDRO, Diplomatic R/3.9.4.110.5]).
132. The Tokugawa shogunate ruled Japan during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868. Ieyasu Tokugawa (1543–1616) was its founder and first shogun.
133. They departed Nikko for Tokyo at 5:10 p.m. (see Governor of Tochigi Prefecture to Minister of Diplomacy, 7 December 1922 [JTDRO, Diplomatic R/3.9.4.110.5]).
134. Ernst Bärwald. For the article, see Text 4 in the Additional Texts section of this volume.
135. Einstein arrived at Nagoya station at 4:41 p.m. He was greeted by executives of the Shin-Aichi company, principals, professors, and approximately one thousand students of the Medical College and higher schools who shouted “Banzai” (see Shin Aichi, 8 December 1922).
136. Leonor Michaelis (1875–1949) was a German-born professor of biochemistry at Aichi Medical College.
137. The Atsuta Shrine.
138. A luncheon at the hotel was held by the Kaizo-Sha and the Shin Aichi Co. When the Einsteins departed Nagoya at 4:46 p.m., a large crowd came to bid them farewell (see Shin Aichi, 10 December 1922). The Einsteins arrived at Kyoto station at 7:38 p.m. and stayed at the Miyako Hotel (see Governor of Kyoto Prefecture to Minister of Diplomacy, 11 December 1922 [JTDRO, Diplomatic R/3.9.4.110.5]). The Chion-in Temple in Kyoto, at which “the great bell, not normally struck for anyone, is struck” for Einstein (see Okamoto 1981, p. 937).
139. At this point in the original text, Einstein appended the note in the right margin: “8th and 9th in the wrong sequence.”
140. Nagoya Castle.
141. Einstein’s fourth popular lecture, titled “On the Principle of Relativity,” was held at the Gymnasium for National Sport (Nagoya Kokugikan) and was translated by Jun Ishiwara (see Ishiwara 1923).
142. At this point in the original text, Einstein appended a note at the right margin: “wrong sequence.”
143. Einstein departed (without Elsa) from Kyoto station at 10:40 a.m. and arrived at Osaka station at 11:32 a.m., accompanied by German ambassador Solf, Ishiwara, and Yamamoto. Einstein and Solf attended a welcoming reception held by the Japanese-German Society at the Osaka Hotel. The reception was attended by two hundred people. In his reply to Sata’s welcome, Einstein stressed that “he took it that the enthusiastic welcome was not intended for him only, but for German science as a whole, and, only in that spirit, could he accept it.” The military band of the Osaka garrison played the Japanese and German national anthems, and the reception ended with “Banzais” for both nations (see Governor of Kyoto Prefecture to Minister of Diplomacy, 11 December 1922, and Governor of Osaka Prefecture to Minister of Diplomacy, 14 December 1922 [JTDRO, Diplomatic R/3.9.4.110.5], and Osaka Mainichi Shinbun, English Daily Edition, 12 December 1922). The mayor of Osaka was Shiro Ikegami (1857–1929). Aihiko Sata (1871–1950) was professor of pathology, president of Osaka Medical College, and president of the Japanese-German Society.
144. Einstein’s sixth popular lecture, titled “On the General and Special Principles of Relativity,” was held at Osaka Central Auditorium at 6 p.m. and translated by Ishiwara. It was attended by two thousand people. He returned to Kyoto the same day by departing Osaka at 10:22 p.m. (see Governor of Osaka Prefecture to Minister of Diplomacy, 14 December 1922 [JTDRO, Diplomatic R/3.9.4.110.5], and Ezawa 2005, p. 9).
145. Einstein’s fifth popular lecture, titled “On the Principle of Relativity” was held at Kyoto Civic Auditorium and was interpreted by Ishiwara (see Osaka Mainichi Shinbun, English Daily Edition, 8 December 1922).
146. The Sento Imperial Palace in Kyoto. For Ishiwara’s description of Einstein’s visit to the palace, see Ishiwara 1923, pp. 155–157.
147. The portraits of thirty-two Chinese sages are depicted on eight sliding doors made of paper. They originate in the Heian period (between 794 and 1185).
148. The shrine to Robert Koch (1843–1910) was established by one of his dedicated Japanese students, Shibasaburo Kitasato, intially at the National Institute for the Study of Infectious Diseases and then moved to the Kitasato Institute, both in Tokyo.
149. The Nijo castle in Kyoto, established by Ieyasu Tokugawa.
150. For details on their joint work, see Jun Ishiwara to Einstein, 12 January 1923 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 422] and Jun Ishiwara to Einstein, after 26 February 1923 or after 21 March 1923 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 433].
151. Toyohiko Kagawa (1898–1960) was a Christian reformer and labor activist. Blank left in original for his name. For Kagawa’s impressions of his two meetings with Einstein, see Kaneko 1987, p. 369.
152. Einstein’s seventh popular lecture, titled “On the Principle of Relativity,” was held at the Kobe YMCA and translated by Ishiwara. The reception at the German Club was held under the auspices of Oskar Trautmann, the German consul-general (see Osaka Mainichi Shinbun, English Daily Edition, 15 December 1922).
153. The Kyoto Imperial University. The rector was Torasaburo Araki (1866–1942). The student representative was Toshima Araki (1897–1978). For his greetings to Einstein on behalf of the student association, see Toshima Araki to Einstein, 10 December 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Abs. 467].
154. An impromptu lecture, titled “How Did I Create the Theory of Relativity?” and initiated by Kitaro Nishida, was held at the main auditorium of the Law Faculty at Kyoto University and translated by Ishiwara (see Osaka Asahi Shinbun, 15 December 1922, and Ezawa 2005, p. 10). For Ishiwara’s transcription of the lecture, see “How I Created the Theory of Relativity,” 14 December 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 399].
155. Masamichi Kimura (1883–1962) was professor of physics at Kyoto Imperial University.
156. One of the presents was a traditional naga juban (underkimono) for Elsa (see Nakamoto 1998, p. 77).
157. The Chion-in Temple in Kyoto. For a photo of Einstein on the steps of the temple, see Illustration 20.
158. Possibly the Yasaka Shrine and the Shijo Street shopping district, both in close proximity to the Miyako Hotel.
159. The Shogunzuka Dainichido Temple.
160. The Nishi Honganji Temple is the main temple of the Jôdo Shinshu Honganji branch of the Buddhist True Pure Land sect located in Kyoto.
161. Lake Biwa, located northeast of Kyoto, is the largest lake in Japan. Mii Temple is one of the oldest temples in Japan.
162. This is most likely a reference to the world-famous Nishijin brocade.
163. Nara lies 480 kilometers south of Kyoto. The Nara Hotel, where Einstein played the piano (see Sugimoto 2001b, p. 112)
164. The most prominent of these temples is the Grand Shrine of Kasuga, founded in 768. The Todaiji Temple houses the large Buddha figure, known as Rushana-butsu zazo and constructed in 745–752.
165. The Nara National Museum. Einstein also visited Nara Park (see Sugimoto 2001b, p. 114).
166. Mount Wakakusa.
167. Miyajima Island is in the Aki district of Hiroshima.
168. The Itsukushima Shrine.
169. The holy Mount Misen. The Seto Inland Sea.
170. The German ambassador to Tokyo, Wilhelm Solf. Solf reported that his personal relations with Einstein “developed into friendly ones.” Regarding the dispatch, Solf informed Berlin that the Japan Advertiser had published a report from the Kokusai-Reuter news agency, according to which the German-Jewish journalist and critic Maximilian Harden had testified in court in Berlin at the trial of his would-be assassins that “Professor Einstein went to Japan because he did not consider himself safe in Germany.” Harden’s actual quote was “So what has been achieved? The great scholar Albert Einstein is now in Japan because he does not feel safe in Germany.” As Solf feared that this report may adversely impact “the extraordinarily beneficial effect of Einstein’s visit for the German cause,” he requested that Einstein allow him to deny it by cable (see Wilhelm Solf to German Foreign Ministry, 3 January 1923 [GyBSA, I. HA, Rep. 76 Vc, Sekt. 1, Tit. 11, Teil 5c, Nr. 55, Bl. 157–158], and Neumann and Neumann 2003, p. 187). For Einstein’s subsequent response to Solf, see Text 7 in the Additional Texts section of this volume.
171. Moji is a city in the northern Fukuoka Prefecture, Kyushu. The Einsteins departed Miyajima at 4:10 p.m. and arrived at Shimonoseki at 8:50 p.m. They transferred to a ferryboat to travel to Moji, which lies across the Kanmon Straits. At 9:30 p.m., they arrived at Moji, where they were greeted by Sonta Nagai, the branch manager of Mitsui Bank. Allegedly, Einstein claimed in the interview that “this lifestyle of the Japanese adapting to nature is unlimitedly precious. If possible, I would like to enjoy this Japanese life and style forever. If the circumstances permit it, I even want to live in Japan hereafter” (see Governor of Fukuoka Prefecture to Minister of Diplomacy, 6 January 1923 [JTDRO, Diplomatic R/3.9.4.110.5]; Fukuoka Nichinichi Shinbun, 25 December 1922; and Nakamoto 1998, pp. 45–46). According to another press report, Einstein remarked that the lack of a truly democratic electoral system in Japan was a serious impediment to the country’s development (see Yomiuri Shinbun, 25 December 1922). The Mitsui Club was a social club established by the Mitsui-Bussan Co. in 1921.
172. Einstein arrived at Hakata station in Fukuoka at 12:41 p.m. His eighth popular lecture, titled “On the Special and General Principles of Relativity,” was held at the Hakata Daihaku Theater in Fukuoka, translated by Ishiwara, and attended by more than three thousand people (see Governor of Fukuoka Prefecture to Minister of Diplomacy, 6 January 1923 [JTDRO, Diplomatic R/3.9.4.110.5], and Ezawa 2005, p. 9). On the lecture in Sendai, see note 90.
173. The banquet organized by the Kaizo-Sha was held at the Café Paulista in the Hakata district. The meeting taking place in the adjacent room was of the alumni association of the Kyushu School of Physics (see Fukuoka Nichinichi Shinbun, 26 December 1922).
174. Hayari Miyake. Einstein stayed at the Sakayeya-Ryokan Hotel in the Hakata district. The landlady of the hotel was Tatsu Kuranari (see Fukuoka Nichinichi Shinbun, 25 December 1922, and Nakamoto 1998, p. 61).
175. On one of the banners, Einstein wrote “Sakayeya A. Einstein. 1922.”
176. They returned to the Sakayeya Hotel.
177. Weil’s disease is a severe form of leptospirosis, a bacterial infection. The festive banquet was held at Kyushu Imperial University (see Governor of Fukuoka Prefecture to Minister of Diplomacy, 6 January 1923 [JTDRO, Diplomatic R/3.9.4.110.5]). Its president was Bunji Mano (1861–1946).
178. For a press report on the visit to the institute, see Fukuoka Nichinichi Shinbun, 26 December 1922.
179. Hayari Miyake. During his visit, Einstein played on Miyake’s grand piano, which had recently arrived from Germany (see Hiki 2009, pp. 39–40). The Prefectural Showcase House was located at the Prefectural Office. The provincial governor was Ushimaro Sawada.
180. Einstein departed Hakata station at 4:03 p.m. for Moji. At the children’s Christmas party held at the Moji YMCA, he played “Ave Maria,” accompanied on the piano by Chiyoko Ishikawa, a music teacher at the Shimonoseki Girls High School (see Fukuoka Nichinichi Shinbun, 27 December 1922). He spent the night back at the Mitsui Club (see Governor of Fukuoka Prefecture to Minister of Diplomacy, 6 January 1923 [JTDRO, Diplomatic R/3.9.4.110.5]).
181. Mount Otani. Possibly an erroneous reference to the preface to the Japanese edition of his works, which is dated “27. XII. 1922,” i.e., the next day (see Einstein 1923c).
182. The boat trip was in the Straits of Kanmon. Watanabe was a counselor for the Moji branch of the Mitsui-Bussan Co. Sonta Nagai. For the poem and the drawing, see Ishiwara 1923, on verso of frontispiece.
183. The Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
184. According to a press report, on the way to the port in Moji, the Einsteins saw an individual at the roadside pounding rice cakes and shouting in celebration of the New Year. They stopped out of curiosity. Einstein allegedly donned a red headband and joined in the pounding and shouting (see Tokyo Asahi Shinbun, 30 December 1922).
185. The S.S. Haruna Maru was owned by the Nippon Yusen Kaisha shipping company. It was built in 1921 and sailed the route from Yokohama to Antwerp. In 1942, it ran aground and sank near Omaesaki, Japan. Ayao and Tsutomu Kuwaki (1913–2000). Hayari Miyake. Watanabe and Sonta Nagai from the Mitsui-Bussan Co. (see Fukuoka Nichinichi Shinbun, 30 December 1922).
186. Poem by Bansui Tsuchii, “To the Great Einstein” (see Bansui Tsuchii (Doi) to Einstein, before 30 December 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Abs. 486]).
187. The S.S. Haruna Maru departed at 3 p.m. from Moji port (see Governor of Fukuoka Prefecture to Minister of Diplomacy, 6 January 1923 [JTDRO, Diplomatic R/3.9.4.110.5]). In his farewell message to Japan, Einstein expressed his gratitude for the welcome he had received and stated that he was most deeply impressed by the realization that “there exists a nation which still preserves the graceful artistic tradition and such beauty of minds with such simplicity” (see Fukuoka Nichinichi Shinbun, [29?] December 1922).
188. For Einstein’s mention of his previous letter, see Einstein to Jun Ishiwara, after 26 February 1923 or after 21 March 1923 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 433].
189. A reference to the theories of Hermann Weyl (Weyl 1918) and Arthur Stanley Eddington (Eddington 1920).
190. See Einstein to Sanehiko Yamamoto, 30 December 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 413], and Texts 9 and 11 in the Additional Texts section of this volume. Anna Berliner.
191. R. de Jonge, an engineer. The Einsteins lodged at the home of S. Gatton at 9 Dumer Road (see Min Guo Ri Bao, 28 December 1922, and The China Press, 30 December 1922).
192. The reception was organized by the Shanghai Jewish Communal Association (see The China Press, 31 December 1922). For Einstein’s speech, see Text 12 in the Additional Texts section of this volume. Speeches were also delivered by Rabbi W. Hirsch and D. M. David, the president of the Jewish Communal Association (see The China Press, 3 January 1923).
193. The discussion on relativity was held at the Shanghai Municipal Committee at 6 p.m. by invitation only. It was hosted by the Young Men’s Hebrew Association and the Quest Society. It was presided over by its chairman, Herbert Chatley (1885–1955), a civil engineer, and he was assisted by Rabbi Hirsch and de Jonge (who acted as interpreter). The event was held in the form of a question-and-answer session. Notable questions were asked about the Michelson-Morley experiment, the recent eclipse expedition to Australia, and the obscuration of Jupiter’s satellites. It was attended by three to four hundred Westerners and only four or five Chinese, among them Junmou Zhang, who asked Einstein about the “psychic research” of Oliver Lodge, which Einstein dismissed as “not serious” (see Min Guo Ri Bao, 28 December 1922 and 3 January 1923, and The China Press, 30 and 31 December 1922 and 3 January 1923).
194. See Eddington 1921.
195. Gobin was apparently one of the two businessmen Einstein met during his previous visit to Hong Kong (see note 41). The French consul-general was Ulysse-Raphaël Réau (1872–1928).
196. See “On the General Theory of Relativity,” ca. 9 January 1923 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 417].
197. See Texts 13 and 14 in the Additional Texts section in this volume. An envelope to Planck is available [AEA, 2 096].
198. Alfred Montor. Joan Voûte (1879–1963) was Assistent at the Royal Meteorological and Magnetic Observatory in Batavia (present-day Jakarta). Einstein presumably telegraphed and wrote to Voûte to inform him that he would not be arriving in Java, contrary to his original plan (see Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest, 18 May 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 193]). As of early December, he had still apparently intended to travel to Java: Elsa Einstein told a relative that they would be embarking on the voyage to Java on 26 December (see Elsa Einstein to Jenny Einstein, 9 December 1922 [AEA, 75 226]).
199. Abraham Frankel, a Jewish businessman in Singapore, and his wife, Rosa. Their estate was called “Siglap” (see Ginsburg 2014, p. 24).
200. Manasseh Meyer and his daughter, Mozelle Nissim. Even though Einstein was to be involved in additional fundraising for the Hebrew University on his return trip to Singapore, the Singapore Zionist Society decided to scale back the plans. They informed the Zionist Organisation in London that “it was not thought advisable to approach the community for further donations for the University, in view of the recent collections, and also in view of the further appeal that will be made next week by Mrs. Caroline Greenfield for her Hospital work. (Hadasah)” (see C. R. Ginsburg to Israel Cohen, 12 January 1923 [IsJCZA, Z4/2685]).
201. Negombo lies 37 kilometers north of Colombo.
202. Carl Hagenbeck (1844–1913) was a dealer in wild animals who founded a private zoo in Hamburg.
203. See Einstein 1923b.
204. Troops from France and Belgium had marched into the Ruhr district on 11 January 1923. The immediate reason for the occupation was to secure reparations deliveries of coke and coal from Germany. However, the wider context for the troop movement was the collapse of French-German negotiations on a reparations schedule, and France’s frustration with its wartime allies regarding support of its positions vis-à-vis Germany (see Fischer 2003, p. 1).
205. The town Al Qantarah El Sharqiyya (Kantara) is in northeastern Egypt on the eastern side of the Suez Canal.
206. At this point, Einstein added “2.” in the right margin to indicate 2 February.
207. The railroad route led from Kantara through the Sinai Peninsula to Rafah, Gaza, and Lod (Lydda). Einstein was greeted at the station in Lod by Menachem Ussishkin (1863–1941), president of the Zionist Executive; Ben-Zion Mossinson (1878–1942), member of the General Zionist Council and director of the “Herzliya” Gymnasium; Colonel Frederick H. Kisch, director of the Political Department of the Zionist Executive; Jacob Thon, Director of the Palestine Land Development Company; David Yellin, president of the Va’ad Leumi, the Jewish National Council; Joseph Meyuchas, president of the Council of Jerusalem Jews; and Meir Dizengoff, mayor of Tel Aviv. In his diary, Kisch gave the following description of Einstein’s arrival: “At Lydda dashed across the platform to greet Prof. Albert Einstein. Found him rather tired as he had sat up all night, but I learned later that this was his own fault, as he had insisted on travelling second-class in spite of every effort to persuade him to go into a wagon-lit which had been reserved for him” (see Ha’aretz, 4 February 1923, Jüdische Presszentrale Zürich, 9 February 1923, and Kisch 1938, p. 29).
208. The stations passed on the way from Lod to Jerusalem were Ramleh, Dayr Aban, and Battir.
209. Solomon Ginzberg (1889–1968), inspector of education for the British Mandatory Authority. Einstein had first met Ginzberg during his tour of the United States in 1921, when Ginzberg had served as his secretary (see Einstein to Judah L. Magnes, 18 April 1921 [CPAE 2009, Vol. 12, Doc. 122]).
210. Einstein was accompanied by Captain L. G. A. Cust (1896–1962), the aide-de-camp of Sir Herbert Samuel, the British high commissioner (see The Palestine Weekly, 9 February 1923). The Einsteins lodged at the official residence of the high commissioner, Government House, in the Augusta Viktoria complex on the Mount of Olives.
Sir Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel (1870–1963), British high commissioner for Palestine. Edwin Samuel (1898–1978), member of the headquarters staff of Sir Ronald Storrs, governor of Jerusalem. Hadassah Samuel-Grasovsky (1897–1986) and David Samuel (1922–2014). Herbert Samuel mentions Einstein’s stay at Government House in his memoir (see Samuel 1945, pp. 174–175).
211. The Old City of Jerusalem.
212. The Dome of the Rock (the Masjid Qubbat As-Sakhrah) on the Temple Mount.
213. The Al-Aqsa Mosque (the Masjid al-Aqsa).
214. The Western Wall (ha-Kotel ha-Ma’aravi).
215. The ramparts of the Old City.
216. Arthur Ruppin (1876–1943) was director of the Palestine Office in Jaffa. At the time of Einstein’s visit, Ruppin was raising funds in the United States for a mortgage bank and other Zionist financial institutions (see Wasserstein 1977, p. 272, note 3). His wife was Hannah Ruppin-Hacohen (1892–1985).
217. The Bukharian quarter was established by Jews from Bukhara in Central Asia in 1891.
218. Hugo Bergmann (1883–1975) was director of the National Jewish Library, which was established in 1892. Einstein had first met Bergmann during his sojourn in Prague in 1911–1912 (see Bergman 1974, p. 390). Bergmann had solicited Einstein’s support for the establishment of the Hebrew University in 1919 (see Hugo Bergmann to Einstein, 22 October 1919 [CPAE 2004, Vol. 9, Doc. 147]).
219. Hadassah Samuel-Grasovsky.
220. Jericho lies approximately 45 kilometers northeast of Jerusalem. Most likely the Allenby Bridge.
221. This is a reference to Sir Wyndham Deedes (1883–1956), chief secretary of the British Mandatory Authority in Palestine.
222. Einstein visited the garden suburbs of Beth Hakerem in the west of Jerusalem and Talpiot in the south. He visited Beth Hakerem accompanied by Hadassah Samuel, Hannah Ruppin-Hacohen, and Solomon Ginzberg. He toured the new street in the neighborhood, Hechalutz Street. Both neighborhoods were established in 1922 according to plans by the prominent German-Jewish architect Richard Kaufmann (1887–1953) (see Ha’aretz and Do’ar Hayom, 7 February 1923, and Kark and Oren-Nordheim 2001, p. 169).
Earlier in the day, Einstein had visited the Jerusalem headquarters of the Zionist Executive. According to Frederick H. Kisch, during his visit Einstein “made a little speech explaining the nature of his brain, which he said was such that he was afraid it would be unproductive work for him to attempt to learn Hebrew” (see Kisch 1938, p. 30). In the afternoon, he toured the Zionist Organisation’s Museum of Agriculture, accompanied by Ussishkin and Tsadok van Friesland, treasurer of the Zionist Executive. In the early evening, a tea party was held at Ussishkin’s home, which was attended by the Jewish dignitaries of Jerusalem, senior British officials, and the department heads of the Zionist Executive, among them Norman Bentwich (1883–1971), attorney-general of the mandate; Albert Hyamson, an Anglo-Jewish historian; and Judah L. Magnes (see Do’ar Hayom, 7 February 1923; Ha’aretz, 7 and 8 February 1923; and The New Palestine, 16 February 1923).
223. The National Jewish Library was located at “Beth Ne’eman” on Ethiopia Street. The press reported that Einstein was welcomed by David Yellin and Yeshayahu Press on behalf of the library’s board and by its director Hugo Bergmann and his staff. Einstein toured the reading room, and the readers stood up in honor of the guest. The library prepared an exhibit of Hebrew books on mathematics from the beginnings of the Hebrew press, and Einstein was impressed with the beauty of the printing. He requested information on the condition of the library and promised to influence his colleagues in Europe to help raise the necessary funds to transfer to Jerusalem the numerous books that had been collected for the library overseas (see Do’ar Hayom, 7 February 1923, and Ha’aretz, 8 February 1923).
224. This was Pessach Hebroni (Hevroni) (1888–1963), a teacher at the Hebrew Teachers’ Seminar in Jerusalem.
225. Possibly L. G. A. Cust.
226. The “Bezalel” Art Academy was founded in 1906 by Lithuanuan-Jewish artist and sculptor Boris Schatz. Accompanied by Ginzberg, Einstein toured the academy and viewed its permanent exhibit. The academy’s deputy director, Ze’ev Raban, showed the guests his new works, and Schatz spoke about the institution’s history and presented Elsa with an amulet. Einstein promised to send Schatz the portrait of him by the Jewish artist Emil Orlik for the planned national museum (see Do’ar Hayom, 8 February 1923).
227. The official welcome by the Jewish community of Jerusalem was held at the Lämel School (under the joint auspices of the Zionist Executive and the Va’ad Leumi [National Council]). The press reported that the entire student body from the Jewish schools in Jerusalem lined the street leading to the Lämel School, with each school displaying its flag. On Einstein’s arrival at the reception, he was greeted by a loud cheer and the crowd attempted to rush the gates. Einstein was accompanied by Ussishkin; Yellin; Haim Ariav, secretary-general of the Palestine Zionist Executive; and Shmuel Czernowitz, secretary-general of the Va’ad Leumi. A brass band from the Tachkemoni School played Hebrew songs, and a bouquet of flowers was presented to Elsa. The school’s auditorium was decorated for the occasion and approximately two hundred participants attended. Ussishkin and Yellin welcomed Einstein on behalf of their respective institutions, expressing their desire to see Einstein settle in Palestine. Yellin presented Einstein with a scroll that was inscribed with the names of the heads of the various Jewish institutions. He was also inscribed in the “Golden Book” of the Jewish National Fund (see Do’ar Hayom, 8 February 1923; The Palestine Weekly and The New Palestine, 9 February 1923; Ha’aretz, 11 February 1923). For the Golden Book inscription, see Illustration 23.
The reception was preceded by an official luncheon at Government House attended by the archeologist and architect Ernest T. Richmond, head of the Political Department of the Secretariat, and his wife, Margaret Richmond-Lubbock; a Mrs. Solomon (possibly Flora Solomon, the wife of Harold Solomon, the controller of stores in the British Mandate); and several Catholic monks: Gaudenzio Orfali, a Franciscan archeologist; Antonin-Gilbert Sertillanges, a Dominican philosopher; Fr. Bertrand Carrière, a Dominican geographer and linguist at the École Biblique in Jerusalem; and Édouard-Paul Dhorme, a Dominican professor of Assyriology at the École Biblique (see The Palestine Weekly, 9 February 1923). For a photograph on the occasion of the luncheon, see Illustration 22.
228. Norman Bentwich. Kisch described the dinner as follows: “Dinner at Bentwich’s for the Einsteins: a very pleasant party. After dinner some good music by a string quintet in which Einstein played second violin, showing considerable talent and evidently enjoying himself” (see Kisch 1938, p. 30).
229. Kisch records in his diary that he accompanied Einstein on a tour of the Old City on the morning of 7 February. On the walk, he explained to Einstein “the political situation and some of the intricacies of the Arab question.” For his part, “Einstein spoke of Ussishkin’s attempt to persuade him to settle in Jerusalem. He has no intention of doing so, not because it would sever him from his work and friends, but because in Europe he is free and here he would always be a prisoner. He is not prepared to be merely an ornament in Jerusalem” (see Kisch 1938, p. 30).
230. The lecture was held in the auditorium of the British Mandate’s police school at Gray Hill House on Mount Scopus. The hall was decorated with blue and white stripes and the Union Jack, symbols of the twelve tribes of Israel, the slogan “Light and Learning” (“ora ve-tora”), and portraits of Theodor Herzl and Herbert Samuel. The lecture was organized by the Zionist Executive. Invitees included the senior officials of the mandate, Arab dignitaries, the heads of the Christian and Muslim communities, Jewish dignitaries and the heads of the Zionist institutions in Jerusalem, foreign consuls, members of the scientific community from Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, writers, teachers, and journalists. However, the Arab dignitaries did not attend. The talk was described by the press as “the first scientific lecture held in the temporary halls of the university.” The local press described the event in glowing terms: Ha’aretz termed the occasion a “national festival and a scientific festival.” Do’ar Hayom declared that the “Hebrew college” had been opened. Furthermore, the vision of Eliezer Ben Yehuda, the catalyst for the revival of the Hebrew language, was being realized, as Einstein commenced his lecture in Hebrew. Prominent attendees were Sir Herbert Samuel, Sir Ronald Storrs, Chief Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook, the Hebrew writer and Zionist thinker Ahad Ha’am, Tel Aviv’s mayor Meir Dizengoff, and Ben-Zion Mossinson. Menachem Ussishkin greeted Einstein and called on him to “mount the platform which has been waiting for you for two thousand years!”
At the beginning of his lecture, Einstein stated that he was “happy to be reading a lecture in a country which sent out light to the world, and from a house which would send out light to the nations.” He regretted he was unable to give his lecture in the language of his nation. In order for his audience to understand his lecture, it was delivered in French and lasted one and a half hours. In his talk, Einstein gave an outline of the theory of relativity, explaining its implications for the understanding of time, space, and gravity. Following the talk, Herbert Samuel expressed his gratitude to Einstein and commented on the significance of his visit to Palestine (see Do’ar Hayom and The Palestine Weekly, 9 February 1923, and Ha’aretz, 11 February 1923).
231. The dinner was hosted at Government House by Herbert Samuel and was attended by Thomas Haycraft, chief justice of Palestine, and Lady Haycraft; Harry Luke, assistant governor of Jerusalem, and Mrs. Luke; Humphrey Bowman, head of the mandate’s Department of Education, and Mrs. Bowman; Edward Keith-Roach, first assistant secretary, and Philippa Keith-Roach; Raghib al-Nashashibi, the Arab mayor of Jerusalem, and his wife; W. J. Phythian-Adams of the Palestine Exploration Fund; William F. Albright, American archeologist, and his wife, Ruth Norton; and Hilda Ridler, head of female education in Palestine (see Ha’aretz, 8 February 1923, and The Palestine Weekly, 9 February 1923).
232. The Einsteins departed Jerusalem from Government House. They arrived in Tel Aviv accompanied by Ben Zion Mossinson and Solomon Ginzberg (see Ha’aretz, 8 February 1923, and The Palestine Weekly, 9 February 1923).
The reception was held at the Herzliya Gymnasium, which had been constructed in 1909 as the first Hebrew high school in Palestine, in Ahuzat Bayit, the first neighborhood of Tel Aviv. Mossinson introduced Einstein to Ahad Ha’am, the school’s board, and its faculty. In his brief speech, Einstein told his audience that he had never seen such a large gathering of Jews. He also expressed his deep admiration for the country’s achievements. The guests inspected the building and various classrooms and the students performed gymnastic exercises (see Ha’aretz, 9 February 1923; Do’ar Hayom, 9 and 12 February 1923; and The Palestine Weekly, 16 February 1923).
233. The streets leading to City Hall in Tel Aviv “were lined with throngs of people.” On his arrival, Einstein was greeted with applause and by students displaying their schools’ flags. The gymnasium’s orchestra played for the guests. Mayor Meir Dizengoff and the municipal council members welcomed Einstein and his entourage. Einstein was presented with an address in which he was elected “Honorary Citizen of Tel Aviv” (see Mayor of Tel Aviv [Meir Dizengoff] to Einstein, 8 February 1923 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Abs. 514]). This was the first time that such an honor had been bestowed on a visitor. For Einstein’s response to this honor, see Do’ar Hayom, 12 February 1923. Mossinson told the crowd that Einstein had asked him to inform them that he “was deeply sorry that he could not yet address them in Hebrew but that he was studying the language and hoped to teach you soon in Hebrew at the Jerusalem university.” This was greeted by the crowd with cheers and cries of “Long live Prof. Einstein” (see Ha’aretz and Do’ar Hayom, 9 February 1923, and The Palestine Weekly, 16 February 1923). For a photo taken outside the municipality during Einstein’s visit, see Illustration 24.
234. The first power station in Tel Aviv was being constructed by Pinhas Ruthenberg, founder of the Palestine Electric Corporation. Tel Aviv’s first subterranean electric cable was laid under Allenby Street during Einstein’s visit (see The New Palestine, 9 February 1923). The quarantine station for immigrants with contagious diseases was located at the port of Jaffa. Einstein toured the Silikat brick factory accompanied by Mayor Dizengoff (see Ha’aretz, 11 February 1923). At the time of Einstein’s visit, the factory was experiencing a severe labor dispute that had erupted in spring 1922 (see Shachori 1990, p. 270).
235. The popular reception was held in the courtyard of the gymnasium. According to press reports, “thousands” attended the event. In his introduction to Einstein’s speech, Mossinson claimed that Einstein “has come as a Zionist, to see the country [. . .] in the hope that he will subsequently be able to settle in it.” This was greeted by the crowd with cheers. For Einstein’s speech, see Ha’aretz, 11 February 1923, and The Palestine Weekly, 16 February 1923.
236. The agricultural experimental station had been founded by Yitzhak Elazari-Vulkani and was located in the vicinity of the Herzliya Gymnasium. Einstein visited the facility accompanied by Mossinson and Dizengoff (see Ha’aretz, 11 February 1923). The courses were held at the Association for Scientific Education on Yehuda Halevi Street. Aharon Czerniawski (1887–1966) was a teacher at the Herzliya Gymnasium. Einstein participated in a meeting of the Association of Engineers and Architects in Palestine, which was held in his honor in Lilienblum Street. Its chairman, Engineer Shimon(?) Reich, presented Einstein with the honorary diploma. The diploma names Einstein as the association’s first “honorary member” (see Ha’aretz, 11 February 1923, and for the diploma, see The Association of Engineers and Architects in Palestine, to Einstein, 4 February 1923 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Abs. 505]).
237. Shmuel Tolkowski (1886–1965) was a citrus grower and member of the Tel Aviv municipal council. The assembly was held in the auditorium of the gymnasium. Only a small number of guests were invited due to the size of the auditorium—among others, public figures, teachers, and writers. Mayor Dizengoff introduced Einstein, yet stated that this was not an easy task, as he had traveled to Jerusalem to hear him lecture and was not embarrassed to admit that he had not understood his lecture. He therefore could not explain to the audience what made Einstein great. Einstein lectured in German on the relationship of the theory of relativity to philosophical issues, e.g., the consequences of relativity for epistemology, its contradiction of Kant’s ideas of space and time, and its implications for the finiteness of cosmic space. Following the lecture, the choir of Hanina Karchevsky sang, and the school’s orchestra played for the guests (see Ha’aretz, 11 February 1923; Do’ar Hayom, 11 and 12 February 1923; and Palestine Weekly, 16 February 1923). Einstein’s diary does not mention two additional locations he toured in the Tel Aviv area: Ir Ganim, a garden city on the outskirts of Tel Aviv (now Ramat Gan), and the public baths located near the Casino coffeehouse by the Mediterranean (see Do’ar Hayom, 11 February 1923).
238. Einstein attended the second session of the semiannual conference of the General Federation of Labor at the Eden Cinema in Tel Aviv. Einstein and Elsa entered the hall during the speech of David Ben-Gurion, general secretary of the federation. They were greeted enthusiastically by the delegates. Hugo Bergmann, an executive member of the federation, welcomed Einstein. In his short address to the conference, Einstein stated: “I have observed your work in the country and in particular in Jerusalem with great admiration. I have heard that you are on the path to creating a new Federation of Labor, the likes of which the country has not yet seen; believe me that I am very interested in seeing your work. I do not have much to say to you but much to hear from you; therefore I will be silent.” He also stated that he was “convinced that the future of the country and of our people lies in your hands” (see minutes of the second semiannual conference of the Histadrut, March 1923 [AEA, 67-524]; Ha’aretz, 11 February 1923; The Palestine Weekly and Jüdische Rundschau, 16 February 1923).
239. Mikve Israel was founded in 1870 by the Alliance Israélite Universelle. Einstein stopped in Mikve Israel after he had left Tel Aviv by car for Rishon LeZion. He toured the school accompanied by Aharon Czerniawski; Avraham Brill, director of the Palestine Jewish Colonization Association in Judea; and Meir Winik, a chemistry teacher at the school. He visited the school, the dormitory, the nursery, and the dairy and received explanations from the director, Eliyahu Krause. Einstein also visited the grave of the school’s founder, Charles Netter, and the vineyards. Following his tour of Mikve Israel, Einstein visited the experimental agricultural farm in Ben Shemen, which had been established by Yitzhak Elazari-Vulkani (see Ha’aretz, 11 February 1923). Einstein does not seem to have differentiated between Mikve Israel and the experimental farm.
240. Einstein arrived in the colony of Rishon LeZion accompanied by Czerniawski and Yehuda Nedivi Frankel, an agronomist. He was greeted by horsemen and “almost all the settlers” assembled outside the town hall to welcome him. At the reception held at the community house, Avraham Dov Lubman-Haviv (1864–1951), president of the colony’s council, welcomed Einstein on behalf of the municipality. Menashe Meirowitz (1860–1949), president of the agronomists in Palestine, greeted him on behalf of the farmers’ association. In his speech, Einstein told his audience that he had seen “energetic people at work, which has impressed me beyond expression.” He also promised that “until my last gasp I shall act on behalf of our Yishuv [the Jewish community in Palestine] and our land.” Following the reception, Einstein visited the colony’s schools and was given a tour of the wine cellars by Ze’ev Gluskin, founder of the Carmel wine company. The guests subsequently dined at the Herzliya Hotel (see Do’ar Hayom, 11 and 12 February 1923; The Palestine Weekly, 16 February 1923).
241. Here and in the next instance, Einstein erred and was actually referring to Haifa.
242. Hillel Jaffe (1864–1936), a physician, Zionist functionary, and board member of the Technion in Haifa, probably the cousin of the Russian physicist Abram F. Ioffe.
The Palestine Salt Company in Atlit, south of Haifa.
243. The Jewish Sabbath begins at sundown on Friday. Hermann Struck (1876–1944) was a German-Jewish artist and one of the founders of the orthodox-Zionist Misrachi party in Germany. He had recently immigrated to Palestine and settled in the Hadar HaCarmel neighborhood in Haifa. Shmuel Yosef Pevzner (1878–1930), Russian Zionist and one of the main builders and developers of the Jewish neighborhoods in Haifa. His wife, Lea Pevzner-Ginzberg (1879–1940), was Solomon Ginzberg’s sister. The Einsteins lodged with the Pevzners during their stay in Haifa (see Do’ar Hayom, 14 February 1923).
244. Mally (Malka) Struck (1889–1964).
245. According to press reports, Einstein visited the Technion, the technological institute of the Jewish community in Palestine, and not the Reali School, on 10 February. It therefore seems likely that, in recording his impressions of his visits, Einstein switched the days on which he visited the two institutions.
The Hebrew Reali School in Haifa was founded by the Zionist Executive in 1913. The school had recently moved into a former British military hospital building adjacent to the Technion. Arthur Biram (1878–1967), the Reali School’s founder and first principal, was born in Bischofswerda, Saxony. The school was originally established as a preparatory institution for the Technion. Its aim was to impart to its pupils technical knowledge, a theoretical foundation, and a “nationally oriented Hebrew education” (see Dror 1991, p. 48).
Two receptions were held in Einstein’s honor at the Technion on the morning of 10 February. The first reception was popular in nature. It was attended by approximately fifteen hundred people, including the assistant governor of the northern district, Eric Mills, and the superintendent of police, Northern District, W. F. Sinclair. The chairman of the Jewish community council in Haifa, Yehuda Eitan, welcomed Einstein on behalf of the community. Council member Lifshitz declared that the council had decided to bestow the title “resident of the Land of Israel” on Einstein. Hillel Jaffe welcomed Einstein on behalf of the Technion Committee (for the French version of his speech, see [AEA, 43 833]). In response to the official greetings, Einstein expressed his admiration for the work of the Jews in this country, whatever their vocation, and “promised to help, as much as he can, in the revival of this land.”
The second reception was organized by the Technion Committee and was by invitation only. Einstein was welcomed by Hillel Jaffe, the committee’s chairman; Baruch Bina, the representative of the Zionist Commission in Haifa; Shlomo Buzaglo, a member of the Jewish community council; Dr. David Spiegel, a teacher at the Reali School on behalf of the teachers; and Shmuel Pevzner on behalf of the Hadar HaCarmel neighborhood. Einstein also addressed the attendees (see Do’ar Hayom, 14 February 1923).
At the time of Einstein’s visit, preparations were still being made for introducing a curriculum at the Technion.
246. Rachel-Leah Weizmann-Tchemerinsky (1852?–1939), founder of the first home for the elderly in Haifa and mother of fifteen children, including Chaim Weizmann.
247. The Protestant pastor Martin Schneider (1862–1933), head of the Mount Carmel mission, which was built in 1913. The building in question was most likely the mission itself and not the pastor’s home, which had a sloping roof.
248. The Egyptian-born German-language playwright and poet Asis Domet (1890–1943) and his wife Adelheid Domet-Köbke. Domet subsequently wrote to Einstein and asked him whether he remembered being greeted by Domet in Arabic and German and calling him “my Arab friend” in front of a large audience (see Asis Domet to Einstein, 24 September 1929 [AEA, 46 055]).
249. According to the press, the festive banquet took place at the Reali School and not at the Technion. It was attended by the school’s principal, teachers, senior pupils, alumni, and distinguished guests, including Shmuel Pevzner, Jaffe, Czerniawski, Elias Auerbach, and Baruch Bina. Auerbach (1882–1971) was a physician and a scholar of Jewish history in biblical times. The school’s choir sang for the guests, Arthur Biram and an alumnus gave welcoming speeches for Einstein, and Czerniawski gave a brief talk on relativity. Einstein’s speech, which “was steeped in emotion and admiration,” was greeted with “wild applause” (see Do’ar Hayom, 14 February 1923).
250. According to the press, Einstein visited the Reali School on the morning of 11 February. For his visit to the Technion, see note 245. He toured the Reali’s dining room and the workrooms for mechanics, carpentry, and bookbinding. At the end of the visit, Einstein and Elsa planted a tree in the courtyard between the Technion and the Reali School (see Do’ar Hayom, 14 February 1923; The Palestine Weekly, 16 February 1923). The Russian-Jewish industrialist Michael Polak had forged close ties with the Rothschild family that led to the establishment of the Portland Cement Syndicate in 1919. The Nesher factory for the production of cement and related products was founded by the syndicate in Yagur, outside Haifa, in 1922. It supplied most of the building products for the Yishuv.
The Shemen oil factory, a plant for oil pressing and soap production, was founded in 1920 in Haifa by the Russian-Jewish industrial engineer Nachum Wilbushevitz.
251. The Sea of Galiliee.
252. Nahalal was established in 1921 as the first moshav ovdim (workers’ cooperative settlement). On their tour, the Einsteins were accompanied by Solomon Ginzberg. The moshav’s school welcomed the guests. While drinking tea, Einstein chatted with the moshav’s council members about the working conditions and about the differences between the moshav ovdim’s system and that of other settlement models. They then toured the moshav, and Einstein expressed his amazement that the residents “take care of their beasts much more than they take care of themselves and their family members” (see Ha’aretz, 20 February 1923). Richard Kaufmann (1877–1958), architect and urban planner. Nahalal was the first settlement in Palestine he had designed.
253. Migdal lies on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee in the Ginossar Valley north of Tiberias. It was founded as an estate by a group of Zionists from Moscow in 1910. At the time of Einstein’s visit, it was in the process of being liquidated. The estate was run by Moshe Glikin (1874–1973), who resided in Haifa at the time. According to press reports, Einstein planted two trees during his visit (see Regev 2006, p. 111, and The Palestine Weekly, 2 March 1923).
254. The press reported that in Tiberias, Einstein “was accorded a warm welcome by the whole [Jewish] community.” Due to “torrents of rain,” the plan for Einstein to plant two trees in the new Jewish suburb of Kiryat Shmuel was canceled (see The Palestine Weekly, 2 March 1923). It is not clear whether Einstein visited Degania Aleph, the first kibbutz, which was founded in 1909; adjacent Degania Beth, which was founded in 1920; or both. Both lie on the shores of the Sea of Galilee. The Arab village of Mejdal (Magdala) lay on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. On his return to Tiberias following his tour of the Sea of Galilee settlements, Einstein met with the moderate Mufti Sheikh Taher el Tabari “and other notables of the different communities” (see The Palestine Weekly, 2 March 1923).
255. Most likely the Hotel Germania.
256. This was a popular lecture held at the Lämel School in Jerusalem. The lecture was organized by the associations of Jewish doctors, teachers, engineers, and architects in Palestine; the Hebrew Technical Society; and the Palestine Oriental Society. Einstein was introduced to the audience by Yitzhak Ladizhansky, a mathematics teacher at the Hebrew Gymnasia and at the teachers’ seminary in Jerusalem, and was greeted by wild applause. His lecture lasted one and a half hours and dealt with the main points of the theory of relativity. It was attended by “the entire Jerusalem intelligentsia.” Prominent members of the audience included Lady Beatrice Miriam Samuel-Franklin and Hadassah Samuel-Grasovsky, Menachem Ussishkin, David Yellin, Judah L. Magnes, the Hebrew philologist Aharon Meir Masie, the historian and Hebrew literature scholar Joseph Klausner, the director of the Department of Education in the Zionist Executive Joseph Lurie, the writer and publicist Mordechai Ben Hillel Hacohen, Father Dhorme, Boris Schatz, “and some of the best minds of the various nations residing in Jerusalem.” Approximately 450 people attended the lecture. The chief rabbis were invited but did not attend (see Do’ar Hayom, 15 February 1923, and Ha’aretz and The Palestine Weekly, 16 February 1923).
There was clearly some annoyance in German diplomatic circles that the invitations “did not bear one single European (let alone German) letter, but were only printed in Hebrew.” In spite of this criticism, the lecture was presented as a great success: “The crush was incredibly large, so that already 15 minutes before time the gates had to be closed. The audience was mixed: Englishmen, French, Americans etc., Catholics, Protestants, Templars, and for the most part: Jews. It was the first time since the war that Jerusalem had seen such a large gathering that had come to see a German professor at his German lecture” (see Pressekorrespondenz des Deutschen Auslands-Instituts Stuttgart, 21 March 1923 [GyBPAAA/R64677]). The diploma of the Jewish Medical Association in Palestine was presented to Einstein by Abraham Albert Ticho (1883–1960), Jerusalem ophthalmologist (see Ha’aretz, 16 February 1923).
257. The Einsteins had returned to Government House on 13 February (see The Palestine Weekly, 16 February 1923).
258. Frederick H. Kisch referred to the departure in his diary: “Saw Einstein off at Jerusalem station; asked him to let us know if during his tour he had observed that we were doing anything which in his opinion we should not do, or if we were leaving undone things which should be done. He answered: ‘Ramassez plus d’argent’ [‘collect more money’]” (see Kisch 1938, p. 31).
259. Max (Mordechai) Mouschly (1874?–1950?), merchant, Jewish community leader, and Zionist functionary in Port Said (see Ne’eman 2001, p. 31).
260. Ferdinand de Lesseps (1805–1894) was a French diplomat who oversaw the construction of the Suez Canal. His statue stood at the entrance to the Canal in Port Said.
261. Celia Mouschly-Turkel (1875?–1960). For Einstein’s note expressing his gratitude to the Mouschlys for their care of Elsa, see Einstein to Mr. and Mrs. Mouschly, 14/15 February 1923 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Abs. 521].
262. The RMS Ormuz of the Orient Line. The ship was originally built in 1914 as the S.S. Zeppelin for the Norddeutscher Lloyd shipping company. It was purchased and renamed by the Orient Line in 1920 and sailed the route between London and Brisbane. In 1927, it was returned to the ownership of the Norddeutscher Lloyd and renamed the S.S. Dresden. In 1934, on its maiden voyage as a cruise ship for the Nazi “Kraft durch Freude” (“Strength through Joy”) leisure organization, it ran aground off the Norwegian island of Karmøy and was eventually scrapped.
263. According to German press reports, there were widespread imprisonments and convictions by the French occupation forces of civil servants, policemen, and businessmen in the Ruhr (see Berliner Tageblatt, 16 February 1923, morning edition).
264. A similar fate befell the five pieces of luggage the Einsteins left on board the S.S. Haruna Maru in Port Said. The purser informed them that their baggage was denied landing at Marseille by the French customs officials. They were therefore shipped to Amsterdam (see Nippon Yusen Kaisha to Einstein, 26 February 1923 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Abs. 528]).
265. Einstein had disembarked at Toulon and traveled by train to Barcelona via Marseille. Press reports stated that he had sent confirmation of his planned arrival in Spain while he was in Singapore, yet he had not given prior notification of the exact time. Therefore, he was not met at the station in Barcelona when he arrived in the evening (see Einstein to Esteve Terradas, 23/24 February 1923 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Abs. 527] and Roca Rossell 2005, p. 29). According to the German consul-general in Barcelona, the definitive confirmation of his visit was only received one day prior to his arrival and did not reveal the exact date. There are contradictory reports in the Catalan press in regard to Einstein’s initial stay in Barcelona. According to one account, he proceeded to the home of Esteve Terradas prior to arriving at Hotel Colón (see La Veu de Catalunya, 24 February 1923). In contrast, another account claims that he proceeded to a modest pension, the Cuatro Naciones. The proprietor allegedly attempted to convince him to stay at the Ritz Hotel, where a room had been reserved for him (see El Debate, 25 February 1923; Ulrich von Hassell to German Foreign Ministry, 26 February 1923 [GyBPAAA/R 64 677]; and Sallent del Colombo and Roca Rossell 2005, p. 74).
Esteve Terradas (1883–1950) was professor of acoustics and optics at the University of Barcelona, member of the Barcelona Royal Academy of Sciences and the Arts, founder of the science section of the Institut d’Estudis Catalans, and one of the earliest disseminators of the theory of special relativity in Spain (see Glick 1988, pp. 32–38, and Roca Rossell 2005, p. 28). Rafael Campalans (1887–1933) was director of the Industrial School of Barcelona and a Catalan syndicalist politician and engineer by training. Casimiro Lana-Sarrate (1892–?), chemist at the Institute for Electricity and Applied Mechanics in Barcelona. Presumably Ilse von Hassell-Tirpitz (1885–1982), wife of Ulrich von Hassell (1881–1944), the German consul-general in Barcelona and daughter of Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz (1849–1930).
The Refectorium was a restaurant on the Rambla del Centre, part of Barcelona’s main pedestrian boulevard, and was frequently patronized by Catalan nationalist politicians (see Glick 1988, p. 117).
While he was in Barcelona, Einstein delivered a series of three lectures on relativity at the Institut d’Estudis Catalans in Barcelona. The lectures were held at the Sala d’Actes of the Diputació, the provincial government building, and were sponsored by the Mancomunitat, the Catalan regional authority. The cost of tickets to the lectures was 25 pesetas each. Catalan nationalist symbols were prominently displayed in the lecture hall. The first and second lectures were directed at a scientifically educated audience, the third was intended only for experts. The audience gave Einstein “an extraordinary warm welcome and thanked him with loud applause” (see Ulrich von Hassell to German Foreign Ministry, 26 February 1923 [GyBPAAA/R 64 677]). On 24 February, the first lecture was held at 7 p.m. and dealt with special relativity. The lecture hall was filled to capacity, and there was not sufficient seating for all the invitees (see La Veu de Catalunya, 20 February 1923; La Vanguardia, 28 February 1923).
On 25 February, the Einsteins visited the Cistercian Romanesque Monastery of Poblet, approximately 80 kilometers west of Barcelona. They were accompanied by Bernat Lassaleta i Perrin, professor of chemistry at the Industrial School; Ventura Gassol, a Catalan writer and nationalist politician; and others. Einstein signed his name in the guest book. He also toured the nearby town of L’Espluga de Francolí (see Glick 1988, p. 117). For a photo from the trip, see Illustration 27.
On 26 February, Einstein toured the city of Terrassa, approximately 30 kilometers northwest of Barcelona and home to a famous basilica. He was accompanied by the president of the Mancomunitat of Catalonia, the architect Josep Puig i Cadafalch. At 5 p.m., he paid a formal visit to Valentin Carulla, rector of the University of Barcelona, accompanied by Terradas; university secretary Carlos Calleja y Borja-Tarrius; professor of chemistry Simon Vila Vendrell; and professor of physics Eduardo Alcobe, who was also the president of the Royal Academy (see Glick 1988, pp. 117–118). He also received a visitor from the Sociedad de Atracción de Forasteros (Society of Tourist Attractions), who presented him with an illustrated publication on Barcelona. At 7 p.m., he gave his second lecture in the relativity series, on general relativity, to a crowded auditorium. Following the lecture, he had a private meal at the Ritz Hotel with Josep Puig i Cadafalch. Acting Mayor Enric Maynés, and possibly also Campalans, attended the dinner as well (see Roca Rossell 2005, p. 30, and Sallent del Colombo and Roca Rossell 2005, p. 74).
On 27 February, Einstein toured two innovative schools, the Escola del Mar, an experimental school for physically disabled children, established in 1922, and the Grupo Escolar “Baixeras.” At noon, a reception was held at the Consell de Cent del Ayuntamiento (the Barcelona City Hall). Einstein was officially welcomed by Acting Mayor Enric Maynés in Catalan and granted the status “illustrious guest.” The mayor praised Einstein’s scientific genius and his ethics and pacifism. In his reply, Einstein thanked the mayor for the city’s warm welcome and expressed his pleasure that the mayor’s speech revealed a desire for an improvement of the political and national discourse (see La Veu de Catalunya, 28 February 1923, morning edition). According to another report, he wished for Barcelona “a new human community that would overcome every political and personal rancor” (Diario de Barcelona, 28 February 1923; English translation from Glick 1988, p. 113; and Ulrich von Hassell to German Foreign Ministry, 26 February 1923 [GyBPAAA/R 64 677]). In the evening, Einstein lectured at the Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona (the Royal Academy of Sciences and Arts of Barcelona) on the philosophical consequences of relativity and the cosmological implications of a finite universe. The audience was more limited than at the more popular lectures. One of the attendees was Josep Comas Solà, an astronomer and opponent of relativity, who visibly showed his discomfort with Einstein’s lecture (see El Debate, 2 March 1922). On 6 March, Einstein was nominated as a corresponding member of the physical sciences section of the Academy by Bernat Lassaleta i Perrin, the mathematician Ferran Tallada, and the physicists Ramon Jardí and Tomàs Escriche i Mieg (for the official nomination, see ES-BaACA, “Prof. Einstein y la Reial Acadèmia de Ciències i Arts de Barcelona,” 6 March 1923). Following the lecture, Einstein received a delegation from the anarcho-syndicalist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) at the Ritz Hotel. They accompanied him to their headquarters in the Baixa de Sant Pere. The delegation included two prominent leaders of the CNT, Angel Pestaña and Joaquín Maurin. Pestaña introduced Einstein at the meeting. Einstein expressed his surprise at the high degree of illiteracy in Spain (which had been cited by Pestaña), and stated that he believed that repression was caused by stupidity rather than by evil. He urged members of the working class to read Spinoza. Some reports also claimed that Einstein remarked to Pestaña: “I too am a revolutionary, but in the area of science. I am concerned with social questions, as are other scientists, because they constitute one of the most interesting aspects of human life” (see El Diluvio and El Noticiero Universal, 28 February 1923, and Glick 1988, pp. 108–109). This quote was widely disseminated in the Spanish and international press. However, Einstein strongly denied the utterance in a subsequent interview with a reporter for the Spanish newspaper ABC, stating: “I said that I am not a revolutionary, not even in the scientific area . . .” (See ABC, 2 March 1923; Glick 1988, pp. 109–112; and Turrión Berges 2005, p. 47). In the evening, Campalans hosted a farewell banquet for the Einsteins. Prominent attendees were Terradas and the German-speaking Catalan nationalist politician Miquel Vidal i Guardiola. The menu was written in “relativistic Latin” and contained references to Einstein’s theories and to other physicists who were thought to have paved the way for relativity (see La Publicitat, 28 February 1923; Glick 1988, pp. 120–121; and Sallent del Colombo and Roca Rossell 2005, p. 72).
On 28 February, Einstein visited the Escola Industrial de Barcelona as a guest of a school with a clear socialist agenda that fostered education and technology. His host was its director, Rafael Campalans. Einstein witnessed a performance of the sardana, the Catalan national dance, by the La Penya de la Dansa troupe and was given records, presumably of music for sardanas. He then toured the port of Barcelona. At 7 p.m., he held his third lecture in the relativity series, which dealt with current problems in relativity (see La Veu de Catalunya, 1 March 1923; Glick 1988, pp. 119–120; and Roca Rossell 2005, p. 30).
266. Following the entry for 22–28 February, Einstein left one complete page and eighteen lines on the next page blank.
267. Esteve Terradas. Ulrich von Hassell and his wife Ilse von Hassell-Tirpitz.
Einstein departed Barcelona by train on the morning of 1 March. According to Hassell’s reports, Einstein appeared in Barcelona “always as a German, not as a Swiss” (see Ulrich von Hassell to German Foreign Ministry, 26 February 1923 [GyBPAAA/R 64 677]). Einstein arrived at the Mediodía station in Madrid at 11:30 p.m. on 1 March. A large crowd turned out to greet him. He was met by two official delegations, one from the Universitad Central de Madrid’s science faculty, and the other from the College of Physicians. The university’s delegation was headed by Blas Cabrera (1878–1945), professor of electricity and magnetism and director of the Laboratory of Physical Research at the Palace of Industry and the Arts. Other members of the delegation were the astronomer Pedro Carrasco and the mathematicians Francisco Vera and Josep Maria Plans. The physicians’ delegation was led by the anatomist Julián Calleja. He was also met by the German ambassador, members of the German community, and members of the press. After brief introductions, Einstein left for the Palace Hotel with Julius (Julio) Kocherthaler (?–1927) and his wife, Lina Kocherthaler-Edenfeld. Julius was a co-founder of the General Spanish Mining Company and a distant relative of both Einstein and Fritz Haber.
On the morning of 2 March, the Kocherthalers took the Einsteins for a sight-seeing drive through Madrid. Einstein spent the day with Cabrera at his Laboratory of Physical Research. In the evening, the Einsteins attended a musical review titled Tierra de nadie at the Teatro Apolo (see El Debate, 2 and 3 March 1923; La Voz and La Vanguardia, 3 March 1923; Ernst Langwerth von Simmern to German Foreign Ministry, 19 March 1923 [GyBPAAA/R 64 677]; and Glick 1988, pp. 123–124).
268. On 3 March, Einstein toured the Prado for the first of three visits. Afterward, he was welcomed by the mayor of Madrid, Joaquín Ruiz-Giménez, at City Hall. Einstein delivered all three lectures at the Universidad Central in the physics auditorium. All the lectures “were extraordinarily well-attended.” He delivered his first lecture at 6 p.m. The topic of the lecture was special relativity (see “Lectures at the University of Madrid,” [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Appendix H]). It was attended by mathematicians, physicists, philosophers, and politicians, including Antonio Maura, the former prime minister; Amalio Gimeno, the former foreign minister; and Joaquín Salvatella, the minister of public instruction. Pedro Carrasco introduced Einstein to the audience. The lecture was followed by a banquet at the Palace Hotel hosted by the College of Physicians. The dinner was organized by the president of the college, Ignacio Bauer, and its founder, Toribio Zúñiga. It was attended by José Rodríguez Carracido, president of the Academy of Sciences, and prominent Madrid physicians, including Angel Pulido, who campaigned on behalf of Sephardic Jewry (see El Debate and El Liberal, 4 March 1923; Ernst Langwerth von Simmern to German Foreign Ministry, 19 March 1923 [GyBPAAA/R 64677]; and Glick 1988, pp. 124–126). Bauer was also president of the Spanish Federation of the Keren Hayesod, which planned to hold a reception in Einstein’s honor (see Secretary of the Zionist Organisation’s Executive Committee to M. L. Ortega, 16 March 1923 [IsJCZA/KH1/193]).
269. King Alfonso XIII (1886–1941). José Rodríguez Carracido (1856–1928), president of the Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences and rector of the Universidad Central. Carracido spoke briefly about the three-tiered structure of science. He claimed that the theory of relativity was an example of the highest tier, that of pure theory (for the transcript of his address, see Discursos 1923, pp. 23–25). Notable attendees were Joaquín Salvatella, Ignacio Bauer, the mathematicians Cecilio Jiménez Rueda and Eduardo Torroja, the engineers Leonardo Torres y Quevedo and Nicolás de Ugarte, the geologist Eduardo Hernández Pacheco, and the zoologist Ignacio Bolivar (see ABC, El Imparcial, and El Sol, 6 March 1923; and Glick 1988, pp. 126–127). Cabrera presented an assessment of Einstein’s scientific achievements (for a transcript of his lecture, see Discursos 1923, pp. 7–15). For Einstein’s reply, see Einstein 1923a. Following Einstein’s address, King Alfonso presented a diploma to Einstein that confirmed his status as a corresponding member of the academy. For the diploma, see “Diploma of the Spanish Academy of Sciences,” 4 March 1923 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Abs. 531]. In his address, Salvatella offered Einstein “Spain’s hospitality and the financial support of the government in case the current conditions in his homeland should make the continuation of his research temporarily impossible!” (see Ernst Langwerth von Simmern to German Foreign Ministry, 19 March 1923 [GyBPAAA/R64 677], and Glick 1988, pp. 126–129). For a photo of the occasion, see Illustration 28.
270. A “tea of honor” was hosted by the Marquesa de Villavieja, Doña Petronilla de Salamanca y Hurtado de Zaldívar (1869–1951). Many members of the Madrid intelligentsia and aristocracy were in attendance, including Blas Cabrera, José Rodríguez Carracido, and Joaquín Salvatella; the philosophers José Ortega y Gasset (1883–1955) and Manuel García Morente; the authors Miguel Asúa, José María Salaverría, and Ramón Gómez de la Serna; the neurologists Gonzalo R. Lafora and José M. Sacristán; the physician and scientist Gregorio Marañon, the German paleontologist Hugo Obermaier; and the Vizconde de Eza, Luis de Marchalar y Monreal, a trustee of the Spanish Board for the Advancement of Research. At the event, Einstein and the violinist Antonio Fernández Bordas improvised an “intimate concert” (see ABC, 6 and 10 March 1923, and Glick 1988, pp. 129–131).
271. Einstein probably used the term “Catholic” here to mean “ascetic.”
272. In the afternoon, a special session of the Mathematical Society was held. For a description of its deliberations, see Glick 1988, pp. 132–134. Kuno Kocherthaler (1881–1944) was Einstein’s distant cousin, co-founder of the General Spanish Mining Company, and an art collector. At 8:30 p.m. Einstein visited Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934), histologist, psychologist, and Nobel Prize winner. Einstein’s second Madrid lecture dealt with general relativity and was held at the Universidad Central (see El Imparcial, 6 March 1923; El Liberal, 8 March 1923; and Glick 1988, pp. 135–136). For the text of the lecture, see “Lectures at the University of Madrid,” [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Appendix H]. Presumably Wilhelm (Guillermo) Vogel, an associate at the Spanish-German Bank.
273. On the trip to Toledo, the Einsteins were accompanied by Julius (Julio) and Lina Kocherthaler; Kuno Kocherthaler and his wife, the art historian María Luisa Cazurla; Ortega y Gasset; and the art historian Manuel B. Cossío, who was presumably the guide. They toured the Hospital de Santa Cruz; the Plaza de Zocodover; the Cathedral of Saint Mary of Toledo; the medieval Tránsito and Santa María la Blanca synagogues; the Tagus River; and the church of Santo Tomé, in which they viewed El Greco’s Burial of the Count of Orgaz (see ABC, 7 March 1923; Glick 1988, pp. 136–138; and Ortega’s description in La Nación, 15 April 1923).
274. Einstein was accompanied by Carracido at the audience, which took place at the Palacio Real at noon. The Queen Mother was Maria Christina of Austria (1858–1929). For Einstein’s invitation to the audience, see Juan Falcó y Trivulzio, Marques de Castel-Rodrigo to Einstein, 6 March 1923 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Abs. 534]. The queen consort, Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg, was visiting her mother in Algeciras in the south of Spain and was therefore absent. Earlier in the day, a group of engineering students met with Einstein and invited him to lecture to the Alumni Association of Engineers and Architects. He promised to do so the next day (see ABC, 8 March 1923, and Glick 1988, p. 138).
Einstein’s third lecture on problems raised by the theory of relativity and his work on a unified field theory was held at the Universidad Central. For the text of the lecture, see “Lectures at the University of Madrid,” [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Appendix H]. One journalist estimated that not even one-fifth of the audience understood the lecture. High-ranking representatives of the military were present, including the engineers Emilio Herrera and Joaquín de La Llave (see El Debate, El Imparcial, and El Liberal, 8 March 1923; and Glick 1988, pp. 138–139). The German ambassador was Ernst Langwerth von Simmern (1865–1942). For the invitation, see Ernst Langwerth von Simmern to Einstein, 3 March 1923 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Abs. 530]. The reception was held at the German Embassy. It was attended by 110 guests, including Carracido; Blas Cabrera; Manuel García Morente; the educator María de Meatzu; and many physicians, among them Florestán Aguilar, Julián Calleja, Teófilo Hernando, Gustavo Pittaluga, and Sebastiá Recasens (the dean of the Faculty of Medicine at the Universidad Central); as well as members of the German community. The ambassador’s wife was Margarete von Simmern-Rottenburg, and his daughter was Juliane von Simmern (1910–?). “No foreign scholar has received such an enthusiastic and extraordinary reception in the Spanish capital in living memory” (see ABC, 8 March 1923; Ernst Langwerth von Simmern to German Foreign Ministry, 19 March 1923 [GyBPAAA/R 64 677]; and Glick 1988, p. 139).
275. The honorary doctorate was awarded by the Universidad Central de Madrid at a traditional ceremony that commenced at 11 a.m. For the diploma, see Diploma of honorary doctorate, 8 March 1923 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Abs. 539]. See Illustration 30. First, Josep Maria Plans read a biography of Einstein. For the text of Einstein’s short address, see “Honorary Doctorate Speech at the University of Madrid,” 8 March 1923 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Appendix I]. This was followed by presentations by several students. The ambassador gave a speech in Spanish on the history of cultural relations between Germany and Spain (for the text of the speech, see GyBAr (B)/Band 501, German Embassy Madrid, Vorgang Einstein. See also Ernst Langwerth von Simmern to German Foreign Ministry, 19 March 1923 [GyBPAAA/R 64 677]; Glick 1988, p. 140; and Sánchez Ron and Romero de Pablos 2005, p. 65).
At 12:30 p.m., Einstein visited the Alumni Association of Engineers and Architects, which was the alumni association of the Catholic Institute of Arts and Industries. Einstein gave a brief address in French on the finite nature of the universe (see ABC and El Noticiero, 9 March 1923, and Glick 1988, pp. 141–142). His talk was attended by the deputy Spanish minister for economic development. Einstein was elected an honorary member of the association (for the diploma, see Asociación de Alumnos de Ingenieros y Arquitectos de España to Einstein, 5 March 1923 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Abs. 532]). At 6 p.m., Einstein’s fourth lecture was held at the Madrid Athenaeum, a literary-scientific club and national university. Its topic was the philosophical consequences of relativity. The event was presided over by the endocrinologist Gregorio Marañon. Einstein was introduced by the marine biologist Odón de Buen, who suggested that their guest lead a joint Spanish-Mexican scientific expedition to observe the upcoming solar eclipse in Mexico (see La Voz, 9 March 1923, and Glick 1988, pp. 142–143). For Einstein’s speech, see ABC and El Heraldo de Madrid, 9 March 1923, and Glick 1988, pp. 143–144. The director of the Madrid Conservatory was Antonio Fernández Bordas (1870–1950).
276. The Einsteins toured the historical royal palace and monastery El Escorial, approximately 45 kilometers northwest of Madrid, and the Castle of the Mendoza in the town of Manzanares el Real, approximately 60 kilometers northwest of Madrid. At 6 p.m., Einstein attended a public tribute in his honor at the Residencia de Estudiantes, a residential college at the Universidad Central. In his remarks, Ortega y Gasset expounded on Einstein’s role in the context of science in Western culture and compared him to Newton and Galileo. He also stated that he viewed relativity as the seed of a new culture (see El Sol, 10 March 1923; Glick 1988, pp. 144, 161–163; and Sánchez Ron and Romero de Pablos 2005, p. 53). In his reply, Einstein tried to play down the significance of his theoretical innovations, stating that he was “more of a traditionalist than an innovator.” He also allegedly stated that “relativity had not changed anything but had reconciled facts that were irreconcilable by the usual methods” (see El Sol, 10 March 1923).
277. Diego Velázquez (1599–1660). El Greco (1541–1614). Wilhelm Ullmann, director of the Deutsche Bank in Madrid, and Thyra Ullmann-Ekwall (1881–1982), a Swedish-born painter. For the invitation to lunch with Langwerth von Simmern, see Ernst Langwerth von Simmern to Einstein, 3 March 1923 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Abs. 530].
278. Francisco Goya (1746–1828), Raffaello Santi (1483–1520), and Fra Angelico (c. 1395–1455).
279. At 3 p.m., Einstein was met at the station in Zaragoza by a delegation headed by University of Zaragoza physicist Jerónimo Vecino, who had initiated the visit. Also in attendance were the university’s rector, Ricardo Royo-Villanova; the university’s secretary-general, Inocencio Jiménez; the chemist Antonio de Gregorio-Rocasolano y Turmo; and professors of the faculty of medicine; the German consul, Gustav Freudenthal, and his daughter; Mayor Basilio Ferrández Milagro; and the chief of public works, Miguel Mantecón. On his arrival, Einstein was driven in the mayor’s car to the Hotel Universo-Cuatro Naciones (see Sánchez Ron and Romero de Pablos 2005, p. 119).
Einstein gave two lectures in Zaragoza. Both were held in French in the auditorium of the Faculty of Medicine and Sciences. The first lecture, on special relativity, was held on 12 March at 6 p.m. The hall was filled to capacity. Following the lecture, Rocasolano expressed his admiration for Einstein and for the research being carried out in Zaragoza based on Einstein’s work. Lorenzo Pardo, secretary of the Zaragoza Academy of Exact Sciences, then awarded him the title of corresponding member.
For the diploma, see Diploma of the Academia de ciencias exactas, fisico-quimicas y naturales de Zaragoza, 13 March 1923 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Abs. 544] (see Illustration 32). In the evening, a dinner was held in Einstein’s honor at the German consulate.
On 13 March, Einstein had originally planned to give his second lecture in Zaragoza at 11:30 a.m. He then planned to travel to Bilbao to lecture at the Society for Basque Studies. However, the lecture in Bilbao was canceled, and the second Zaragoza lecture was rescheduled for 6 p.m. In the morning of 13 March, Einstein therefore had time to tour Zaragoza. He visited the Basilica-Cathedral of our Lady of the Pillar, the La Seo Cathedral, the Lonja, the medieval commercial exchange, and the Aljafería Palace in the morning. Lunch was held at 1 p.m. at the Centro Mercantile, to which a distinguished group of university professors was invited by the Academy of Sciences. The philologist Domingo Miral hosted the event and gave a brief speech, in which he praised Einstein. In his reply, Einstein remarked that “up to the present moment, he had perceived the throb of the Spanish soul only in Zaragoza” (see El Heraldo de Aragon, 14 March 1923). It was also reported that “in Barcelona and in Madrid he experienced the charm of our art that expresses our personalities; but that it was in Zaragoza where, by admiring the architectural monuments, he had found a robust and eloquent expression of our regional physiognomy” (see El Noticiero, 14 March 1923). The topic of the second lecture, titled “Space and Time,” was general relativity. There were far fewer audience members present. He was introduced by the dean of the science faculty, Gonzalo Calamita. In his lecture, Einstein highlighted the geometrical character of general relativity and some of its experimental evidence. He also discussed attempts to unify electricity and gravitation (see Sánchez Ron and Romero de Pablos 2005, p. 122). An honorary certificate was presented to Einstein by the faculty of sciences (see University of Zaragoza to Einstein, 13 March 1923 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Abs. 545]). Following the lecture, a banquet was held in Einstein’s honor at the German consul’s residence. Einstein played the violin. After the meal, Einstein, Vecino, and the consul attended an operetta at the Teatro Principal titled La Viejecita (“The Little Old Lady”).
On 14 March, his forty-fourth birthday, in the morning, Einstein toured Rocasolano’s laboratory, who was conducting research on Brownian motion in colloids, and the university classrooms. He bid farewell to various government and university officials. He then had lunch at the Hotel Universo with the German pianist Emil Sauer, who was also visiting Zaragoza. During dessert, a dance troupe performed a traditional Spanish dance, the jota, for which Einstein expressed enthusiasm. Thereafter he departed Zaragoza by train for Barcelona, where he spent another day without any public obligations before leaving for Zurich (see El Heraldo de Aragon, 13–15 March 1923; El Noticiero, 14 March 1923; Pilger to German Foreign Ministry, 21 March 1923 [GyBPAAA/R 64677]; Glick 1988, pp. 145–149; and Sánchez Ron and Romero de Pablos 2005, p. 125).
Additional Texts
1. TLS. [AEA, 36 423]. Published in CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 21, pp. 86–87. Attached to Jun Ishiwara to Einstein, 26 January 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 40].
2. Deletions and addition of “September” and “October” in Einstein’s hand.
3. TDS (IsJCZA, A222/165).
4. The original invitation is not extant.
5. Present-day Jakarta (see text of diary, this volume, notes 49 and 200).
6. Einstein seems to have envisaged a trip to Palestine as early as the autumn of 1921 (see Chaim Weizmann to Einstein, 7 October 1921 [CPAE 2009, Vol. 12, Doc. 259]).
7. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
8. REPT. Published on 3 November 1922 in The Straits Times, 3 November 1922, and as Appendix D in CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, p. 853. The speech was delivered at Belle Vue, the home of Manasseh Meyer, on 2 November 1922.
9. See text of diary, this volume, entry for 2 November 1922.
10. A reference to the Jewish people.
11. A reference to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
12. A reference to the numerus clausus, the restrictions on the admission of Jewish students at Eastern European universities (see Motta 2013, p. 53).
13. REPT. Published under the title “Plauderei über meine Eindrücke in Japan” in Kaizo, January 1923, pp. 343–338. Also published in CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 391, pp. 605–612. A manuscript (Dr. Hiroshi Miyake, Kobe University) [EPPA, 71 716] is also available, written on letterhead “The Kanaya Hotel Nikko, Japan.” Einstein visited Nikko on 7 December 1922.
14. Dated by the reference to this article in text of diary, this volume, entry for 7 December 1922.
15. Sanehiko Yamamoto was the president of the Kaizo-Sha publishing house. For his invitation, see Text 1 in the Additional Texts section of this volume.
16. He arrived on 17 November 1922.
17. ALS. [AEA, 36 430]. Published in CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 397, pp. 617–618. Written on letterhead “The Miyako Hotel, Kyoto.”
18. The S.S. Haruna Maru.
19. Morikatsu Inagaki, who was serving as Einstein’s personal interpreter. Tony Inagaki.
20. The function was a banquet hosted by the Japanese-German Society at the Osaka Hotel (see text of diary, this volume, entry for 11 December 1922, note 143).
21. For Einstein’s description in his diary of Elsa’s reaction, see text of diary, this volume, entry for 11 December 1922.
22. ALSX. [EPPA, 75 620]. Published in CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 400, p. 642. Written on letterhead “The Miyako Hotel, Kyoto.” Hans Albert (1904–1973) and Eduard (1910–1965) Einstein.
23. At the Swiss Polytechnic in Zurich. He registered as a first-semester student in engineering on 8 September 1922 (see “Matrikel für Einstein, Albert, von Zürich, geb. 14. Mai 1904” [SzZuETH, Diplomarchiv]).
24. Hans Albert had asked his father to take him on the trip (see Hans Albert Einstein to Einstein, after 24 June 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 246]).
25. According to Einstein and Mileva’s divorce decree, if Einstein were to be awarded the Nobel Prize, the prize money would be deposited in a Swiss bank as Mileva’s property, less 40,000 marks. The interest would be entirely at her disposal, but she could draw on the capital only with Einstein’s consent (see Divorce Decree, 14 February 1919 [CPAE 2004, Vol. 9, Doc. 6]).
26. Apparently Mileva intended to buy a house with the capital. Eventually, she purchased a house at Huttenstrasse 62 in Zurich for 105,000 Swiss francs, which was roughly equivalent to 19,125 U.S. dollars (see “Kaufvertrag,” 26 May 1924; SzZuZB/Heinrich Zangger Estate).
27. To attend the next meeting of the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation, of which Einstein was a member, which was scheduled for the spring of 1923 (see Einstein to Max Wertheimer, 18 September 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 362]).
28. Nickname for Eduard.
29. Mileva Einstein-Marić.
30. TTrL. (GyBSA, I. HA, Rep.76 Vc, Sekt. 1, Tit. XI, Teil Vc, Nr. 55, Bl. 158). Published in Steinberg et al. 1967, p. 269; Grundmann 2004, p. 233, and CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 402, p. 643. Solf was the German ambassador to Tokyo.
31. Dated by Solf. This letter is contained in Solf’s report to the German Foreign Ministry, 3 January 1923 [GyBSA, I. HA, Rep. 76 Vc, Sekt. 1, Tit. 11, Teil 5c, Nr. 55, Bl. 157–158].
32. In the text of diary, this volume, Einstein had mentioned that the matter was too complicated for a telegram (see entry for 20 December 1922).
33. For the background to Maximilian Harden’s criticism of Einstein’s absence from Germany, see text of diary, this volume, note 170.
34. ALSX. Published in Ishiwara 1923, n. pag., and CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 405, p. 645. [EPPA, 92 817]. Ishiwara had served as Einstein’s interpreter at his scientific lectures in Tokyo, and they had collaborated on the electromagnetic problem of the general theory of relativity during Einstein’s tour of Japan (see CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Introduction, p. lxxiv).
35. Dated by the days on which Einstein stayed in Moji (see text of diary, this volume).
36. ALS (JSeTU). Published in Doi, B. 1932, pp. 11–14, and CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 411, pp. 655–656. [EPPA, 90 965]. Torn. On stationery “Nippon Yusen Kaisha S.S. ‘Haruna Maru.’”
37. “To the Great Einstein,” before 30 December 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Abs. 486].
38. In his poem, Doi praises Einstein’s “immortal name” and compares his “genius” to “a newly emerging comet” (see Doi, B. 1932, pp. 5–6).
39. In his poem, Doi criticizes what he perceives as Japan’s “insularity,” its “imitation of [the West’s] external technology,” and its “lagging behind [the West] by a hundred years” (see Doi, B. 1932, pp. 6–7).
40. Doi had given Einstein an album of woodprints by Hokusai on 3 December (see text of diary, this volume).
41. Einstein 1922–1924. For Einstein’s preface, see Einstein 1923c.
42. Eiichi Tsuchii (Doi). See Text 10 in the Additional Texts section of this volume.
43. ALS (JSeTU). [EPPA, 90 964]. Published in CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 412, p. 657. Torn. The envelope is addressed “Herrn Bansui Tsuchii 21 Moto-Aramachi Sendai (Japan),” and postmarked “Shanghai 3 Jan 1923.” Eiichi (1909–1933) was the son of Bansui Tsuchii.
44. Dated by the reference to this document in Text 9 in the Additional Texts section in this volume.
45. ALSX. [AEA, 122 794]. Published in CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 414, p. 658. Yoshi Yamamoto was the wife of Sanehiko Yamamoto.
46. Dated on the assumption that this document is mentioned in text of diary, this volume, entry for 30 December 1922.
47. Misako and Sayoko Yamamoto.
48. REPT. Published in The China Press, 3 January 1923, and in CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Appendix F, p. 858. The speech was delivered at the reception of the Quest Club in Shanghai on 1 January 1923 and published in The China Press, 3 January 1923.
49. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
50. While his years at the Zurich Polytechnic were, to some extent, a moratorium in the evolvement of his Jewish identity, Einstein had forged a strong sense of his Jewishness during his school years in Munich (see Rosenkranz 2011, pp. 14–29).
51. For Einstein’s analysis of the plight of German Jewry, see “Assimilation and Anti-Semitism,” 3 April 1920, and “Anti-Semitism. Defense through Knowledge,” after 3 April 1920 [CPAE 2002, Vol. 7, Docs. 34 and 35].
52. On the evolvement of Einstein’s affiliation with the Zionist movement, see Rosenkranz 2011, pp. 46–85.
53. ALS (SSVA, Svante Arrhenius Archive, Letters to Svante Arrhenius, vol. E1:6). Published in CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 420, pp. 697. [EPPA, 73 210]. Written on stationery “Nippon Yusen Kaisha S.S. ‘Haruna Maru.’” Arrhenius (1859–1927) was the head of the Nobel Institute for Physical Chemistry and acting chairman of the Nobel Committee for Physics.
54. According to Chinese press reports, Einstein received a cable with the news after he arrived in Shanghai on 13 November (see text of diary, this volume, note 50). A day later, Ilse Einstein informed Christopher Aurivillius, secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, that she had forwarded the information about the committee’s decision to Einstein by letter (see Ilse Einstein to Christopher Aurivillius, 14 November 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Abs. 446]).
55. Margarete Hamburger (1869–1941) was a German-Jewish philosopher and Berlin admirer of Einstein.
56. The Nobel Foundation deposited 121,572.54 Swedish kronor to an account for Einstein at a bank in Stockholm. According to the contemporary exchange rate, this amount was equivalent to $32,654 (see Hendrik Sederholm and Knut A. Posse to Einstein, 11 December 1923 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 396]).
57. Niels Bohr (1885–1962) was professor of theoretical physics at the University of Copenhagen; he received the Nobel Prize for Physics for the year 1922.
58. ALS (DkKoNBA). Published in Bohr 1977, p. 686, and CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 421, pp. 697–698. [EPPA, 89 896]. Written on stationery “Nippon Yusen Kaisha S.S. ‘Haruna Maru.’”
59. Niels Bohr to Einstein, 11 November 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 386].
60. Einstein had left Japan on 29 December 1922 (see text of diary, this volume).
61. Probably Bohr 1922.
62. He worked on the problem on board the S.S. Haruna Maru from 30 December on (see text of diary, this volume), and completed the manuscript of Einstein 1923b in January.
63. Arthur Stanley Eddington (1882–1944) was professor of astronomy and experimental philosophy at the University of Cambridge and director of its observatory. Hermann Weyl (1885–1955) was professor of mathematics at the Swiss Polytechnic in Zurich.
64. PLS. Published in Kaizo, February 1923, pp. 195–196, Kaneko 1987, p. 377, and CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Doc. 426, pp. 714–715. The German original is unavailable. The Japanese Proletarian Alliance was a radical left-wing group that had been influenced by the French anti-war and internationalist Clarté movement.
65. Dated by the original published in Kaizo, February 1923, pp. 195–196.
66. The Alliance had asked Einstein the following questions: “1. What are your views on the ----- imperialist government of Japan? 2. What do you hope for Japanese youth?” (see Japanese Proletarian Alliance to Einstein, 12 December 1922 [CPAE 2012, Vol. 13, Abs. 471]). The censored word may have been “aggressive” (see Kaneko 1987, p. 368).
67. Sanehiko Yamamoto.
68. The Washington Naval Conference, which was attended by representatives from nine nations with interests in the Western Pacific, among them Japan, had ended on 6 February 1922 with the Washington Naval Treaty, which set limits to Japan’s development of its fleet and settled questions of its territorial claims.
69. AKS. [AEA, 124 316]. Greetings by Hannah Ruppin omitted. Not stamped or postmarked. Addressed to “Mr. Dr. Arthur Ruppin.” Written on verso of drawing of the S.S. Belgenland, which includes a sketch by Einstein of himself and Hannah Ruppin (see Illustration 34).
70. Dated by the days on which Einstein met Hannah Ruppin (see text of diary, this volume, entries for 3 and 5 February 1923.
71. Hannah Ruppin-Hacohen (1892–1985).
72. At the time of Einstein’s visit, Ruppin was raising funds in the United States for a mortgage bank and other Zionist financial institutions (see Wasserstein 1977, p. 272, note 3).
73. REPT. Published in Jüdische Rundschau 33 (24 April 1923): 195–196. First published in Hebrew (see Einstein 1923d). For the English version, see Einstein 1923f. Also published in CPAE 2015, Vol. 14, Doc. 15, pp. 46–49. This translation is reprinted from The New Palestine 4 (1923): 341.
74. Einstein toured Palestine between 2 and 14 February 1923 at the invitation of the Zionist Organisation’s Palestine Bureau (see text of diary, this volume).
75. Einstein visited Tel Aviv 8–9 February 1923. During his tour, he expressed his admiration for the lively development of the city (see text of diary, this volume, entry for 8 February 1923).
76. Einstein visited the “Bezalel” Art Academy in Jerusalem on 6 February 1923. A day earlier, he toured two neighborhoods that were being constructed by workers’ cooperatives (see text of diary, this volume, entries for 5 and 6 February 1923).
77. For subsequent correspondence regarding the loan interest, see Julius Simon to Einstein, 29 June 1923 [CPAE 2015, Vol. 14, Abs. 111].
78. Einstein noted the hardships faced by the members of Kibbutz Degania, which he visited on 12 February 1923 (see text of diary, this volume).
79. Einstein met with Arab-German poet Asis Domet on 10 February 1923 in Haifa, and two days later with moderate Arab notables in Tiberias (see text of diary, this volume, entry for 10 February 1923 and note 254).
80. The expert in question may have been the Sephardi physician Angel Pulido, whom Einstein had met in Madrid in March 1923 (see text of diary, this volume, note 268).
81. See the text of diary, this volume, entry for 12 February 1923.
82. Richard Kaufmann (1877–1958) was a German-Jewish architect and urban planner.
83. The British Mandatory Authority.
84. Einstein visited the Technion on 10 and 11 February 1923 (see text of diary, this volume).
85. Einstein gave a lecture on relativity at the future site of the Hebrew University on Mount Scopus on 7 February 1923 (see text of diary, this volume). For Einstein’s fund-raising efforts on behalf of the American Jewish Physicians’ Committee, see CPAE 2009, Vol. 12, Introduction, p. xxxiv.
86. Einstein edited the first volume dedicated to mathematics and physics (see Scripta Universitatis atque Bibliothecae Hierosolymitanarum. Mathematica et Physica 1 [1923]).