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Aalto, Alvar, 257
Abbotsford, 67
Académie Julian, 117
Adams, Abigail, 39, 46
Adams, Charles Francis, Jr., 147
Adams, Henry, 118, 128, 147, 168, 192
Adams, John, 3, 37, 39, 41–42, 43, 46, 47, 49, 62, 398
Adams, John Quincy, 62, 63
Addams, Jane, 155, 189
Addison, Joseph, 28
Adirondack Park, 99
Adler, Dankmar, 205
adobe houses, 284
Adopting an Abandoned Farm (book), 134
Aesthetic movement, 178
agriculture, 80–81, 83, 136
American colonial era and, xii, 10–12, 45
British gentry and, 19, 21, 33–34, 41
contemporary return to, xvi, 396–400
as cultivated nature, 303
hobby farming and, 19, 21, 81, 180
industrialization of, 99, 110, 397–98, 400
precorporate system of, 396–97
“scientific” theories of, 44, 66, 91
suburban displacement of, 105
Ala Moana Park, 317
ALCOA Forecast Garden, 271, 272, 275
American Art Union, 90
American Museum of Natural History, 32, 374
American Renaissance, 120, 164
American Revolution, 36, 44
American Society of Landscape Architects, 193
ancient gardens, xiv, 18, 21, 22, 72
Anderson, Lars, 196
Anderson Park, 380
Angelus Temple, 255
anti-Semitism, 145–46, 149
Apollo missions, 383
Appleby, Joyce, 6
Appledore Island, 134, 189
Aptos garden, 253
arboretums, 153–54, 156, 165, 192, 197–98
Arcadian ideal, xvi, 44, 47, 48, 53, 85, 132, 281, 333, 354
call for return to, 77–80, 180, 400
“leftover,” 347
local food movement and, 397
nostalgia for, 129–34, 202–3, 340, 371, 393–94
reaction against, 327–28, 341
suburbanization and, 83
Arcosanti, 309
Arizona, 212, 254, 309, 318, 382, 383–84
Armacost & Royston, 289, 290
Armour family, 162, 172, 175–76
Arnold Arboretum, 192, 197–98
Artforum (magazine), 324, 330
Art Institute of Chicago, 374
Art Nouveau, 158, 179
Artois, Comte d’, 37
Arts & Crafts movement, 176–234, 388
birth of, 176
Californian expression of, 221, 222–23, 229–30, 232, 233, 286, 310, 385, 386, 388, 390, 395
contemporary gardens and, 362, 363
contradictions in, 176, 179–81, 188
elements of, 198, 206, 221
gardens of, 181–203, 207, 232, 363
Japanese influences on, 158
manifesto of, 177–78, 286
modernism and, 176, 178, 206, 217–18, 233, 282, 394–95
persistence of modes of, 233–34
style flexibility of, 203
Ashbee, C. R., 179, 189
Aspen Art Institute, 380
Astor, John Jacob, 146, 147
Astor, William Waldorf, 151
Astroturf, 340
Austen, Jane, 67–68
Azusa Street Revival, 255
Babson House, 209
back-to-the-land movement, 19–20, 179–80, 309, 401
Bacon, Francis, 28, 183
Bacon’s Castle, 9
Bagatelle (garden), 37
Bagel Garden, 337–38, 339, 341
Baghdad Green Zone, 383
Bali, 395
Ballard, J. G., The Crystal World, 325, 326
Banham, Reyner, 258
Bank of America, 311
barbeque grills, 240, 247, 280
Barbizon School, 117, 132
Barcelona Pavilion (1929), 254, 298
Barnsdall, Aline, 215, 255
Barnum, P. T., 114
Barr, Alfred, 274
Barrow Court garden, 183
Bartram, John, 134
Bauhaus, 252, 254, 268, 269, 298, 380, 388
Baxter, Sylvester, 224
Bay Area (San Francisco), 221, 243–46, 248–49, 304–9
Bayer, Herbert, Grass Mound, 380
Baylis, Douglas, 247, 275, 284
beautification campaign (1964), 328–29
beautiful, 71, 72–73, 75, 80, 82
picturesque vs., 117
Beaux Arts, 154–55, 198, 206, 249, 297, 298
bedding schemes, 107, 147–48, 222, 361
of annuals, 65, 69, 107, 115, 116
critics of, 181, 184, 185, 186
of perennials, 187–88, 362, 367
whimsical shapes of, 65, 69
Beecher, Catharine, 82
Beecher, Henry Ward, 82, 83, 132
Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library (Yale), 321
Bentham, Jeremy, 69
Berenson, Bernard, 149–50
Berkeley (CA), 396, 400
Berkeley, William, 9
Beverley, Robert, 10
Beverly Hills (CA), 174–75
Bierstadt, Albert, 95
Bigelow, Kathryn, 401
Big Food, 397, 400
Biltmore Estate, xiii, 151–54
biomorphic gardens, 305
Biosphere 2, 383–84
Birkenhead Park, 86, 91–92, 93
Blackheath Park, 87
Blaise Castle, 68
Blake, Peter, God’s Own Junkyard, 329–30
Blavatsky, Madame, 255
Blenheim Palace, 40, 42
Bliss, Mildred, 199–200
Bliss, Robert Woods, 199–200
Blithewood, 73, 74
Blomfield, Reginald, 184–86, 199
Bluemel, Kurt, 366–67
Boboli Gardens, 139
Bodleian Plate, 14–15, 14
Bois de Boulogne, 37
Boleyn, Anne, 151
bonseiki garden, 322
Boote, Francis, 137
borai garden, 313
Borglum, Gutzon, 315
Boston, 83, 89, 102, 129, 149–50, 164, 374
Boston Public Library, 120
botanical gardens, 156–57, 165, 202
private, 364
botany, 9–10
Boutin, Simon-Charles, 37
Box Hill, 144
Boyle, Robert, 28
Brace, Charles Loring, 91
Brancusi, Constantin, 316, 320
Breakers, 146
Breck, Joseph, 82
Breuer, Marcel, 304
bricolage, 234
Bridgeport (CT), 114
“broken windows” theory, 364
Brookline (MA), 102, 123, 143, 154, 192, 196
Brooklyn (NY), 88–89, 90, 96–97, 98, 99
Brooklyn Bridge, 115
Brown, A. Page, 221
Brown, Capability (Lancelot), 66, 69, 93, 97, 303, 354, 371, 378
style elements of, 115–16
Brown, Denise Scott, 330
brownfields, 367–68
Bryant, William Cullen, 87, 93
Bryant Park, 364
Buddhism, 159, 162
Budding, Edward, 69
Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show, 127
Buffalo Commons, 368–69
Bunshaft, Gordon, 319–22, 359
Burke, Edmund, 82
Burle Marx, Roberto, 391
Burlington, Lord, 31, 32, 36, 40, 44, 45, 65
Burne-Jones, Edward, 178, 186
Burnett, Frances Hodgson, The Secret Garden, 226
Burnham, Daniel, 123–27, 154–55, 162, 165–66
Burnham & Root, 124
Burtos, Pamela, 384–85
Bussey Institute, 198
Byrd, William, II, 8, 9, 10, 23
Byron, Christopher, 349, 355
Byron, Lord, 63
Cabinet of Curiosities, 18
Cable, George Washington, 135, 136
Cabot, Anne, 362, 363
Cabot, Frank, 362, 386
Cadwalader, John Lambert, 192
Cage, John, 308
Calder, Alexander, 336
Caldwell, Alfred, 300
California, 95–96, 110, 189, 218–34, 235–90
architectural eclecticism and, 172–73, 282–84, 385
Asians and, 160–64, 166–67, 168
birth of universal style in, xvi
garden styles and, 160–62, 161, 171–72, 221–22, 228–31, 235–40, 239, 266–68, 278, 289–90, 384–91
golf courses and, 379–80, 382
local food movement and, 396–97
population growth of, 235, 270
California Volunteers monument, 165
Calvinism, 129, 133
campus architecture and landscape design, 202, 223, 305, 320, 343
cannas, 222, 387, 390
Capitol, U.S., 52, 63, 154
car ownership, 250–51, 295
carpet bedding. See bedding schemes carports, 247
Carr, Fred, 237
Carrère & Hastings, 148, 223
Carson, Rachel, Silent Spring, 328
Casa del Herrero, 228–29
Case Study house, 235
castles, 114, 115, 151–52
Catskill Mountains, 59, 60
Caversham, 40
cemeteries, landscaped, 88–90
Central Park, 18, 58, 91–95, 96, 97, 165, 381, 383, 403
plan for, 94–95
restoration of, 363–64, 365
Central Park Conservancy, 364
Century Club, 116
Chace, Clyde, 255
Chambers, William, 30, 50
Chandler, Phil, 386
chaparral, 219, 237, 346
Charleston (SC), 10, 34, 204
Chase Manhattan Bank, 321
Château de Blois, 152
Chauncey Williams House, 208
cherry trees, Japanese, 168
Chevy Chase (MD), 162, 175
Chez Panisse (Berkeley restaurant), 396
Chicago, 136, 152, 155, 189, 277
architecture and, 189, 205–12
parks and, 209–11, 372–75, 402
See also World’s Columbian Exposition
Chicago Arts and Crafts Society, 189
Chicago Civic Center, 336
Chicago School, 211–12
Child, Julia, 351, 354
childhood memories, 393–94
children’s literature, 226, 227
Chiswick, 31, 32, 40, 44, 45, 65
Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, 25
Christo, Running Fence, 343–44
Church, Frederic Edwin, 111–15, 230
Natural Bridge, Virginia, 111–12, 112
Church, Thomas, 242, 243–49, 251–53, 263, 268, 270, 271, 272, 275, 284, 289, 302, 305, 320
Gardens Are for People, 243, 247
Your Private World, 246, 281
Churchill, Randolph, 151
Churchill, Winston, 151
Churrigueresque, 228
Cicero, 20, 32
cities, xvi, 53, 155–56, 165, 334–35
American distrust of, 48, 77–79, 110, 250, 281
centerless, 250
growth of, 250
immigrants and, 90–91, 118, 129, 155
inner-city decline and, 106, 278, 403
inner-ring garden suburbs and, 86, 99, 100–105
mixed public space of, 278
neighborhoods and, 306
19th century move to, 81, 83, 98, 129
parks as therapeutic relief in, 94–95, 97–98, 100
pastoralism vs., 99, 340
pastoral urbanism and, 400–404
physical hazards in, 104
planning and design of, 306, 310–11
poverty and, 155
preservation and, 306, 328, 370–71
public spaces and, 302–14
racial tensions and, 329
return to, 403
City Beautiful movement, 155–56, 166
city parks. See public parks
Civil War, English, 20–21
Civil War, U.S., 95, 105, 114, 129, 203
Claremont, 40
classicism
appeal in America of, 63, 120–22, 124, 129–30, 132, 144, 164
as emphasis on form, 243
garden models of, 21, 22, 27–30
Jefferson and, 24–26, 43, 129, 130
picturesque landscape and, 32, 33
symbolism of, 48–49
See also neoclassical style
Cluey family, 266
Cobham, Lord, 65
Cochise golf course (AZ), 382
Codman, Henry, 124
Coffin, Marian, 197, 198, 199, 200–201
Cohn, Max, 166
Cole, Thomas, 60, 96, 109, 111
Landscape, 61
collections, 150, 156–57, 165
colonial America, 11–14, 121
restorations and, 134–35, 203–4
Colorado River, 382–83
Columbia University, 364
Columbus, Christopher, 123, 124
Columbus Park, 209
community gardens, 400
commuter railroads, 83–84, 100
Conan, Michel, 349
conceptualists, 341, 371
condominiums, suburban, 105
Connecticut General Life Insurance Company, 320
conservationism, 211
Conservatory Garden, 363–64, 365
Constable, John, 117
“Contemporary Landscape Architecture and Its Sources” (1937 exhibit), 251
cookbooks, 351
Cooke, Jay, 115, 119, 121
Coonley House, 208
Cooper, Fenimore, II, 196
Cooper, James Fenimore, 60, 79, 132
Cooper, Susan Fenimore, 79, 84, 101
Cooper, William, 79
Cooperstown (NY), 79, 196
Corbusier, Le, 252, 254, 258, 259
Cornish (NH), 120, 121–22
gardens of, 119, 121, 195–96
corporate landscape, 107, 302, 311, 319–22, 335, 336, 373–74
Cosway, Maria, 38–39
Cotswold Hills, 179
cottage garden. See Grandmother’s garden
cottages, bracketed, 74, 77, 78, 105, 154
Council, Lucile, 201
country clubs, 280–81, 394
country house, 19–20, 34, 81, 83, 85, 146
American modern updates of, 197–98, 301, 310, 354, 357, 358, 394–95
British estates and, 19–20, 21, 28, 33–34, 66, 187–88
Downing definition of, 75–76
farmhouse restorations as, 134
Palladian design of, 31, 45–47, 301, 302
Country party (Britain). See Whigs
Cowper, William, 66–67
Craftsman (magazine), 189, 190
Craftsman bungalow, 394
Cram, Ralph Adams, 189, 202, 223
Cranbrook Academy of Art, 299
Croly, Herbert, 195, 202–3
Crowfield, 35
Crowley, Aleister, 255
Crystal Palace, 91–92
Cubism, 252–53, 270, 318
Custis, John, 8, 15
Cypress Hill Cemetery, 89
Dance Deck, 305
Darwin, Charles, 72, 183
Dater, Henry, 229
Davis, Alexander Jackson, 73–74, 77, 86, 100, 114, 115, 327
Declaration of Independence, xiii, 3, 10, 37
Declaration of Rights (France), 37
decorative arts, 158, 178, 180, 186
De Forest, Elizabeth, 249
De Forest, Lockwood, Jr., 229, 230–31, 249, 251, 385, 386
De Forest, Lockwood, Sr., 230
Delaney, Topher, 341
Descartes, René, 28
desert, 267–68, 381, 382–83
Destailleur, Gabriel-Hippolyte, 152
de Stijl movement, 252, 257, 301, 402
detached houses, 277, 285, 295
Devonshire, Duke of, 86
Dewey, George, 163, 165
DeWint, Caroline. See Downing, Caroline DeWint
Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Garden, 374
Dias Felicitas. See Val Verde
Dickens, Charles, 79
Dickinson, Emily, 132, 219
Director’s House, 255
Disraeli, Benjamin, 46–47
Dobyns, Winifred Starr, 387
Dodge House, 256
domestic ideal
Arts & Crafts movement and, 180
gender roles and, 82–83, 89, 94, 401
Stewart homekeeping and, 352, 358
Donaldson, Robert, 73, 77
Donnell, Otto Dewey, Jr., 247
Donnell garden, 242–47, 244, 245, 253, 272, 305, 320
Douglas, Ann, 82–83
Douglas Park, 209
Downing, Andrew Jackson, 57–65, 70–77, 78, 85–94, 115, 131, 132, 133, 135, 142, 154, 184, 204, 354, 401
on beautiful and picturesque, 71, 72–73, 75, 80, 82
critics of, 77
death in steamship fire of, 57–58, 91
legacy of, 58, 93, 102–7
outlook of, 61–65, 180, 190
Poe parody of theories of, 108–10
Stewart compared with, 357, 361
writings of
The Architecture of Country Houses, 86
Cottage Residences, 77
Fruits and Fruit Trees of America, 80
Horticulturalist, 85
“Rural Embellishments,” 59–60
A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, 58, 70–77, 82, 102
Downing, Caroline DeWint, 62–63, 64, 93
Drake, Edwin, 114
Druse, Ken, 364–66
Dumbarton Oaks, 199–200, 386
site plan of, 201
duPont, Alfred, II, 148
duPont, Henry Algernon, 197
duPont, Henry Francis, 197–99
duPont family, 198
Dutch gardens, 9, 15, 21, 29, 32–33
Dwight, Timothy, 80
Dye, Pete, 378
Earle, Alice Morse, 189
earthworks, 316, 318, 380, 381
“Eastern monopoly,” 129
Eastern Parkway, 99
Easton, Bob, 173
Echo Park, 255
Eckbo, Garrett, 247, 253, 268–76, 279, 281, 284, 289, 298, 299, 305
Landscape for Living, 274
“Small Gardens of the City,” 269, 270, 280
Ecole des Beaux-Arts, 117, 146
ecoscore, 307
Sea Ranch, 308
edible landscapes, 398
Edible Schoolyard, 400
Edward VII, king of Great Britain, 226–27
Eichler Homes, 281
Eiffel, Gustave, 128
El Alisal, 221
Elder, Walter, 132, 133
electricity, 124, 127, 168
El Fureidis, 225–26, 226, 227, 228, 229
Elgin, Lord, 63
Elizabethan style, 16, 17–20, 74, 183
Ellwood, Craig, 281
El Mirador, 172, 229
Elvaston Castle, 123
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, xiv, 75, 77, 79, 84, 190, 303, 403
“Home,” 85
“Nature,” 60–61
enclosures, British, 19, 33, 66
Enfield Chase, 40
Englischer Garden, 87–88
English gardens, xii, 8, 9, 15–22, 26–28, 66–70, 93, 100, 159, 181–82
as American influence, 5, 30, 34–36, 39–40, 62, 65, 85–86
cottage gardens and, 132, 181
elements of, 387–88
lawns and, 377, 381
political symbolism and, 20–21, 27–28, 32, 33, 41–43, 48–49, 188
See also Arts & Crafts movement; picturesque; Victorian garden
Enlightenment, xii, 3, 28, 42, 53, 94
Romantic reaction against, 177
Ennis-Brown House, 255
environmentalism, 328–29, 338, 366–68, 377, 397–98, 401
Erie Canal, 59, 80
Esalen Institute, 309
Esherick, Joseph, 309
Esso corporate headquarters, 373–74
Esther-Place, 40
Eucalyptus Hill, 173
Evelyn, John, 13, 22
Evergreens Cemetery, 89
exotic plants, 65, 86, 107, 115, 148, 156, 157, 158, 221, 222, 228, 229, 231, 362–63, 384, 390
critics of, 186
searches for, 69
Fallingwater, 215–18, 216, 267, 282
farmers’ markets, 396
farming. See agriculture
Farragut, David, 120, 199–200
Farrand, Beatrix Jones, 140, 191–95, 197, 199–201, 202, 208, 386
Farrand, Max, 193
Faulkner Farm, 143, 144
Fauquier, Francis, 8
Federalists, 43, 63, 129
femininity, 48, 82, 132, 162
feminism, 356, 357
Fenway Court, 149–50
Ferris, George Washington, 127
Fillmore, Millard, 91
First National Bank (Ft. Worth), 336
Flagler, Henry, 221
Flavin, Dan, 338
food culture, 396–97, 399
Ford, Edsel, 361
Forest Service, 153
formal garden
Downing dismissal of, 71, 72
Farrand and, 193–95, 194
modernist elements and, 252
naturalistic garden vs., 185
Olmsted dislike of, 116
reinstatement of elements of, 65, 67, 68, 183, 184–88, 197–99, 244–45, 257
Fort Ross, 309
fountains. See waterworks
Fouquet, Nicolas, 152
Foursquare Gospel Church, 255
François I, king of France, 152
Franklin, Benjamin, 37
Frascati villas, 121
Freeway Park, 311
Frémont, John Charles, 164
French, Daniel Chester, Republic, 125
French Colonial Revival, 362
French curve, 249, 253
French gardens, 4–5, 21, 22, 37–38, 42, 152–53, 253, 372
French Revolution, 4–5, 37, 117
Freud, Sigmund, 264
Frick Mansion, 148
frontier, 59, 80–81, 114, 163
closing of, 127, 203
Greek Revival architecture and, 63
landscape architect demand and, 334–35
ruining of landscape and, 328
Fuller, Buckminster, 316
functionalism, 245, 300
Fynmere, 196
Garden Club of Virginia, 203
gardenesque style, 65, 69–70, 106–7, 115, 132, 147–48, 222
critics of, 181, 185
definition of, 70
naïve reversion to, 347
Garden of Cosmic Speculation, 377, 377
Garden of Eden, xiv, 19, 60, 109, 327, 383, 384, 404
gardens, xi–xv
changed concept of, 296–97
definition of, xi–xii
earliest American, 8–9
elements of modern, 252–54
as indicators of social change, xii–xiii
personal preferences in, xii, 391–94
political implications of, 41–43, 48
purpose of, 188
as status symbols, 361
as stress relief, 85
garden suburbs, 86, 99, 100–105, 278, 403
Gardner, Isabella Stewart, 123, 149–50, 162
Garfield Park, 209
gated communities, 100–101, 187, 382, 394
Gehry, Frank, 386–90, 402
General Motors Technical Center, 302
gentleman farmer, 19, 21, 81
George III, king of Great Britain, 66
George Washington Bridge, 56
Georgian style, 63, 120, 199
Georgica Pond, 359
German parks, 87–88
German Pavilion. See Barcelona Pavilion
Gesamtkunstwerk (total artwork), 178
gestalt theory, 264, 307
Getty Center Central Garden, 342–47
Getty Trust, 346
Ghiradelli Square, 305–6
Gibbs, James, 23, 24, 45
Gibralter (Sharp estate), 198
Gifford, Kathy Lee, 353
Gilbert & Sullivan, The Mikado, 159
Gilded Age, xiii, 114–69, 361, 363, 364
Gill, Irving, 254, 256, 283
Gillespie, James Waldron, 224–26, 229
Gilmour, Leonie, 315–16
Gilpin, William, 30
giocchi d’acqua. See waterworks
Giuliani, Rudolph, 364
Goldberger, Paul, 402, 403
Golden Gate, 110, 164
Golden Gate Exhibition (1939), 252
Golden Gate Park, 160, 161, 165
Goleta (CA), 235–39, 241
Golf Club (New Albany, OH), 378
golf courses, 157, 248, 303, 327, 341, 378–82, 383, 394
Goodhue, Bertram Grosvenor, 189, 202, 222–28, 229, 230, 254, 287, 385, 391
Goodwin, Francis, 63–64
Gordon, Elizabeth, 279–80
Gorky, Arshile, 318
Gothic Revival, 24, 25, 31–32, 35, 50, 63–67, 73, 74, 77, 114, 115, 189, 221
Arts & Crafts movement and, 177, 178, 180, 182
university buildings and, 202, 223
Gould, Jay, 114, 162
government policies, 276–77, 334–35
Graham, Martha, 316, 318
Grahame, Kenneth, The Wind in the Willows, 226
Grandmother’s garden, xiii, 130–36, 181, 183, 186–90, 195, 196
description of, 130–32
Grand Tour, 19, 20, 27, 28, 30, 31, 159, 183, 229
Grant, Anne, 35
Grant Park, 152
grass. See lawns grasses, ornamental, 366, 367, 372
grass garden, 368
Gravetye Manor, 186
Great Falls (Passaic River), 326
Great Plains, 368–69
Great Serpent Mound, 318
Greece, ancient, 18, 22, 32, 48, 63
Greek Revival style, 63, 74, 114, 204
Greek War of Independence, 63
Greene, Charles, 189, 221
Greene, Henry, 221, 385
Greene, Isabel, 385
Green Hill, 123
greenhouses, heated, 65, 69, 147
Greenlee, John, 367, 401
Green Park, 86
Greensward plan, 93
Greenwich Village, 306, 369–70
Green-Wood Cemetery, 88–89, 90
Greenwood Common, 305
grid system, 53
Griffin, Walter Burley, 211
Griffith, D. W., 225
Griffith Park, 260
Griffiths, Jay, 384
Griswold, Mac, 171
Gropius, Walter, 268–69, 270, 274, 298, 304
Guadalupe River Park, 370
Guevrekian, Gabriel, 252
Guggenheim Museum (Bilbao), 388
Gurdjieff, Georges, 255
Gustafson, Kathryn, 371–76, 376, 380, 381, 402
Gwinn fountain, 147
Haeg, Fritz, Edible Landscapes, 398
ha-ha (sunken fence), 15, 35, 49, 66, 243, 267
Hakone, 166
Hall, William Hammond, 165
Halprin, Lawrence, 243, 247, 271, 275, 304–14, 322, 323, 333, 334, 336, 338, 347, 370
design philosophy of, 306
RSVP Cycles, 308
Sea Ranch ecoscore, 308
Hamilton, Alexander, 43, 326
Hamilton, William, 35
Hampton Court, 40
Hamptons (Long Island), xiii, 359, 360, 361, 366, 367
Hancock house, 131
handcrafts, 179, 388
Hanson, A. E., 229
Hargreave, George, 370, 371
Harvard University, 116, 149, 159
Bussey Institute, 198
Graduate School of Design, 193, 268–69, 274, 275, 298, 304, 335, 370
Hassam, Childe, 134
Haussmann, Baron, 156
Hawaii, 163, 287–91, 306, 317, 380–81
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 57, 83–84, 87, 103, 132
The Marble Faun, 118
Haymarket riot (1886), 155
Health House, 260
Hebrew University, 305
hedges, 16, 17, 21, 183, 187, 204, 230, 233, 300, 361
Downing’s dislike of, 103
Eckbo gardens and, 272
Heizer, Michael, 333, 338
Double Negative, 330, 332
Hemings, Sally, 6
Henry Clay (steamer), 57–58, 91
herb gardens, 131, 350
Herculaneum ruins, 63
Hetch Hetchy Valley dam, 165
Hever Castle, 151
High Court, 121
High Line Park (NYC), 401–3
highways. See roads and highways
Hiroshima Peace Park, 319
Hitchcock, Alfred, 281–82
Hoe, Annie (daughter), 119–20
Hoe, Annie (mother), 118, 119–20
Hoe, Richard, 118, 119–20
Hokusai, 159
Ono Falls, 215
Hollins, Marion, 248
Hollyhock House, 214–15, 255
hollyhocks, 131, 190, 215
“hollyhocking,” 132
Hollywood, 214–15, 253, 254–56, 401
Hollywood Hills, 255, 266, 272
Holmby Hills, 229
Holm Lea, 192
Home Culture Club, 135
home ownership, 250, 251, 277
Homer, 32
Homer, Winslow, 132
Honolulu, 155–56
Honolulu Academy of Arts, 287
Ho’oden pavilion. See Phoenix Villa
Hope Ranch, 229, 391
Horace, 18, 21, 28, 32, 34
Horticulturalist (journal), 58, 82, 91, 92
horticulture, 62, 70, 80, 84, 156, 184
golden age of, 69
landscape architecture vs., 335
Hosack, David, 73
Hosmer, Harriet, 118
hospital design, 305
Hôtel de Langéac (Paris), 38, 38
Hotel del Coronado (San Diego), 161
hot tubs, 237, 241
House & Garden (magazine), 160, 353
House Beautiful (magazine), 243, 279–80, 281, 282
House of Burgesses (VA), 7, 15, 36
Howe beach house, 260
Hualalai golf course, 380–81
Hudson River, 56–57, 58–59, 73, 111, 402
Hudson River School, 60, 61, 95–96, 111–12
Hudson Valley, 57–65, 111–15, 357
attractions of, 60
Downing and, 61–65, 154
estates of, 73, 111, 113–14, 142–44, 146–47
suburban character of, 83, 84
Hugo, Victor, 206
Hull House, 155, 189, 206
Humboldt, Alexander von, 112–13
Humboldt Park, 209, 210, 211
Hunnewell, Horatio Hollis, 123
Hunt, John Dixon, 293
Hunt, Richard Morris, 113, 124, 128, 146, 148, 151–52, 153
Huntington, Henry, 162
Huntington Gardens, 383
Huntsman-Trout, Edward, 385
Hyde Park (London), 73, 86, 374
Hyde Park estate (NY), 146–47
Hyerdahl, Thor, 288
immigrants, 90–91, 118, 129, 135, 136, 155, 397, 403
Asian exclusion laws, 163, 166–67
as gardeners, 133, 145, 166, 197
Imperial Hotel (Tokyo), 212, 214
imperialism, 156, 157, 162–65, 167, 168
Impressionism, 132, 159, 390
income tax, federal, 168, 249, 277
Indiana Dunes, 211
Indians. See Native Americans
Indo-Saracenic architecture, 114
industrialization, 53, 66, 77, 79, 81–82, 129, 178–79, 180, 326
new wealth and, 114–15, 119
industrial revolution, 179
Interlaken School, 315
International Style, 244, 258, 300, 311, 320
Inwood Park (Upper Manhattan), 56
Ira Keller Fountain, 311, 312
Ireland, English plantations in, 45
Irish immigrants, 90–91, 133, 164
irrigation, 276–77, 381–83
Irving, Washington, 60, 73, 84, 93
Irwin, Robert, 338, 343–46, 347
Islamic styles, 18, 113, 115, 225
Is Martha Stewart Living? (parody), 353
Italian gardens, 13, 16–22, 27–33, 67, 157, 174, 248
appeal of, 48, 122–23, 151, 394
Arts & Crafts revival of, 183, 186, 187, 197
Jefferson and, 35–36, 39
Olmsted’s view of, 116
Platt and, 122–23, 143–44, 147
style elements of, 17, 21, 183, 187
Wharton and, 138–39, 140, 147
Jackson, Andrew, 59, 63
Jackson, Helen Hunt, 219–20
Ramona, 219–20, 225
Jackson, Kenneth, 278
Crabgrass Frontier, 250
Jackson Park, 124
Jacobs, Jane, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, 306, 328
James, Henry, 118, 137, 140, 145–46, 148–49, 157, 159, 192, 195, 232, 361
Italian Hours, 139
James, William, 118, 195
Jamestown, 10, 11, 13
Japan
architecture and, 212, 214, 221, 243, 263, 267, 313, 394–95
Children’s Year, 319
style influence of, 157–62, 166–68, 172, 207–8, 214, 215, 221, 316, 320
Japanese Exclusion League, 166–67
Japanese gardens, 208, 319–22, 332, 394
in California, 172, 232, 243
elements of, 321, 362, 380
as Gilded Age influence, 157, 159–60, 161–62, 166–67
“hill-and-water” type, 162
Japanese immigrants, 166–67, 168
Japanism/Japonisme, 158–59, 395
jardin anglais. See picturesque
Jardin des Plantes, 51
Jardin du Roi, 37
Jardin Japonais, 320
Jardins de Luxembourg, 37
Jeanne-Claude, Running Fence, 343–44
Jefferson, Peter, 7, 9
Jefferson, Thomas, x, xiii, xvi, 1–8, 11, 12, 23–26, 35–53, 65, 107, 111, 112, 114, 129, 158, 163, 252, 275, 329, 381, 397
Autobiography, 3
conflicted values of, xii, 5–6, 42, 44, 48, 49, 52–53
debt from lavish spending of, 42, 43, 44, 45, 49
Garden Book, 3, 35
“Head and Heart” letter of, 39
Memorandum Book, 23
observation tower plan of, 25
personal life of, 6, 35, 36, 38–39, 42, 49, 51–53
philosophy of nature of, 190, 304, 404
political philosophy of, 28, 42–43, 44, 48, 53, 180, 205
scientific farming and, 44, 66
See also Monticello; University of Virginia
Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Arch, 300
Jekyll, Gertrude, 186–88, 189, 191, 192, 193, 196, 198, 200, 344, 362, 386, 390
Jencks, Charles, 376–77
Jensen, Jens, 208–12, 300, 361, 366
Prairie River, 210
Jerome, Jennie, 151
Jews, 145–46, 149, 151
Johnson, Jack, xiii Johnson, Lady Bird, 328–29
Johnson, Lyndon, 328, 329
Johnson, Philip, 259, 263, 300, 304
Johnson, Reginald, 231
Jones, A. Quincy, 279, 281
Jones, Beatrix. See Farrand, Beatrix Jones
Jones, Frederic Rhinelander, 191
Jones, Inigo, 19–20
Jones, Jennifer, 390, 392
Jones, Mary (“Minnie”), 191–92
Jonson, Ben, 20
Joshua Trees, 267, 268
Judd, Donald, 324–25, 328, 338
Jungian psychology, 307, 308
“junk” materials, 340–41
Kabuki theater, 320
Kahn, Louis, 298, 300
Kandinsky, Wassily, 252, 273
Kaufmann, Edgar J., 215
Kaufmann, Edgar J., Jr., 215
Kaufmann House, 267, 268
Keio University, 319
Kelling, George, 364
Kelmscott Press, 189
Kelsey, John, 388, 390
Kennedy, John F., 3
Kensington Gardens, 86
Kent, Adeline, 245
Kent, William, 31, 65–66
Kentuck Knob, 212
Keswick, Maggie, 377
Kew Gardens, 40, 50, 156, 157
keyhole rooms, 230
Khrushchev, Nikita, 285
Kiley, Anne, 298
Kiley, Daniel Urban, 269, 297–304, 313, 322, 323, 333, 336, 338, 389
King City (Ontario), 332
King’s Road house (Hollywood), 255–59
Kipling, Rudyard, 115, 159
“kitchen debate” (Moscow, 1959), 285
kitchen gardens. See vegetable gardens
Klee, Paul, 252
Kmart, 359
Kon-Tiki (raft), 288
Kostyra, Eddie, 354, 359
Kotani’an, 166
Krishnamurti, 266
Ladd, Thornton, 388, 390
La Farge, John, 120, 192
Lafayette, Marquis de, 37
Lake District (England), 30, 84
lanai, 242, 243
Land Art, 319, 333–34, 338, 375
landform, 370–71, 374–77
Landform Ueda, 377
landscape design, 55–110, 293–347, 349–404
architects’ status and, 184–85, 335
art world boundary with, 341–42
as cultivated nature, 66–67, 303
as experience, 313
form emphasis of, 243–44
invention of phrase, 67
as legitimate art form, 338
postmodernism and, 337–41, 376–77
professionalization of, 77, 193, 275, 335–36
Southern Californian influence on, 270–76
women and, 192–202
landscape engineering, 346–47, 368
landscape tables, 322
Lantern of Demosthenes, 26, 50
Larkin, Oliver, 115, 144
Lassels, Richard, 20
Las Teras, 229
La Toscana, 229
Latrobe, Benjamin, 63, 134–35
Laurel Canyon, 272
Laurel Hill Cemetery, 90
Lautner, John, 257
lawn mowers, 69, 102
lawns, 185, 361, 376–82, 391, 394
American South and, 204
anti-lawn movement and, 367–68, 377, 400, 401
California and, 222, 240, 243, 267, 283, 286, 384
as central to American gardens, 4, 102–4, 377
contemporary landscape design and, 376–77
irrigation and, 381, 382–83
kitchen gardens replacing, 398, 400
picturesque and, 65, 66, 69, 97
terracing of, 15, 21
Leary, Timothy, 266
Leasowes, 26–27, 40–41, 41
Le Brun, Charles, 152
Lee, Vernon, 138
Lehrer, Seth, 227
leisure lifestyle, 246, 247, 394, 401
Le Nôtre, André, 37, 148, 152, 299, 301–2, 336, 346, 372
Lenox (MA), 139–41
Leoni, Giacomo, 23
Les Quartres Vents, 362–63
Le Vau, Louis, 152
Levens Hall, 181, 183
Lever Brothers courtyard garden, 319
Lewis, Meriwether, 4
Lewis, R. W. B., 141–42
Lewis and Clark expedition, 3, 4, 53
Liberty Gardens, 398, 401
Lincoln Center (NYC), 302
Linnaeus, Carolus, 10
“Little Boxes” (song), 279
Liverpool, 86, 91–93
Llewellyn Park, 100–101, 100, 327
plan for, 101
Locke, John, 10, 42
London, 13, 86, 89, 129
Exposition (1862), 91–92, 159
London, Jack, 287
Long Branch (NJ), 145–46
Long Island estates, 144, 199. See also Hamptons
Longwood Gardens, 363
Loos, Adolf, 206, 254
L’Oreal corporate headquarters, 373–74
Lorrain, Charles, 29
Los Angeles, 229, 254–60, 268–76, 283, 289–90, 329, 342–46, 379, 385, 387
suburban expansion of, 270–76, 277
Wright houses in, 214–15, 255
Lotusland, 230–33, 233, 268, 384, 391
Loudon, Jane Webb, Gardening for Ladies, 82
Loudon, John Claudius, 65, 68–71, 74, 80, 85, 180, 184, 357, 401
Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum, 69, 80
Encyclopedia of Cottage, Farm, and Villa Architecture, 63, 68
Encyclopedia of Gardening and Suburban Gardener, 65
Louis XIV, king of France, 16, 20, 152, 153, 372
Louisiana Purchase (1803), 3, 4, 49, 53
Louisiana Purchase Exposition (St. Louis, 1903–04), 160, 208
Lovejoy Fountain, 311, 311
Lovell, Philip, 258, 259, 260
Lowell, Guy, 198
Lowthorpe School of Landscape Gardening for Women, 193
Ludington, Charles, 229
Ludington, Wright, 229, 230
Lummis, Charles Fletcher, 220–21
Lurie Garden, 372–73, 374, 375, 402
planting plan for, 373
Lutheran Cemetery, 89
Lutyens, Edwin, 187, 188, 191, 196, 302, 362
Lyell, Charles, 183
Machiavelli, Niccolò, The Prince, 20
machine in the garden, 44
Mackintosh, Charles Rennie, 206, 215, 254
Madison, Dolley, 51
Madison Square Garden, 120, Madison Square Park, 364
Maher, George, 211
male literature, 133
Malibu, 289–91
Mall (Washington, DC), 154
malls. See shopping malls
Manhattan. See New York City
Manifest Destiny, 163
Manning, Warren, 297–98
Marcus Aurelius, 32
Marin County (CA), 305, 344
Marine Midland Bank, 336
Mariposa Estate, 95
Marsh, George Turner, 161
Martha Stewart Living (magazine), 351, 353, 364
Martha Stewart Show (TV program), 360
Martha Stewert Living Omnimedia, 359
Marx, Leo, The Machine in the Garden, 83
Maryland, 366–67
Mason, George, 36
Massachusetts Horticultural Society, 89
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
landscape architecture program of, 197, 198
landscape art and, 338, 340–41
mass market gardens, 68–70
Matta-Clark, Gordon, 369
Mawson, Thomas, 193
May, Cliff, 283–85, 287
Maya, 212, 213, 215, 255
Maybeck, Bernard, 221, 249
Mazzei, Philip, 36
McHarg, Ian, Design with Nature, 338
McKim, Charles Follen, 120, 124, 128
McKim, Mead, and White, 120–21, 124, 130, 144, 146, 158–59, 221, 361
Meadowlands (NJ), 55, 57, 323, 327
meadowscapes, 401, 402
Medici family, 147
medievalism, 17, 67, 74, 115, 131, 133, 221
Arts & Crafts movement and, 176–81, 206
Goodhue and, 223–24, 225, 227–28
See also Gothic Revival
Mediterranean-inspired style, 225, 228–29, 240, 248, 256, 285, 385–86, 391, 394
Meier, Richard, 342–43, 344–45, 346, 402
Mellon, Andrew, 162
Melville, Herman, 99, 158
Mendelsohn, Erich, 260
Menlo Park, 284
Merritt, George, 114
Mexican-American War, 218
Mexican architecture, xvi, 173, 224, 228, 282–83
Mexican-Californians, 219, 220, 221
Meyer, David, 371
Michener, James, Hawaii, 288
Middleton, Henry, 34, 35
Middleton, William, 35
Middleton Place, 34
Midway Gardens, 212
Midwest, U.S., 204–14
Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, 254, 259, 263, 298, 300, 302
Mililani (Hawaiian new town), 306
Millard House, 212
Millennium Park. See Lurie Garden
Miller, Grace, 261
Miller, Irwin, 300–302
Miller, Lynden, 363, 364
Miller, Wilhelm, 211
Miller house (Columbus, IN), 300–302
Miller house (Palm Springs), 261–62, 262
Mill Race Park (Columbus, IN), 370
Mill Valley (CA), 305
minimalism, 252, 316, 324–25, 334, 338
Minneapolis Federal Courthouse Plaza, 371
Miró, Joan, 252
Mission Indians, 220
Mission Revival, 220, 228, 254, 287
elements of, 221, 256
Mission style, 172, 174, 220, 221, 256
Mitoraj, Igor, 375
Mizner, Addison, 391
modernism, 178, 206, 217–18, 233, 286, 288, 394–95
California blend of, xvi, 173, 174–76, 235–40, 236, 240–81, 282, 305, 385, 386–88
celebrity architects and, 281
corporate and campus buildings and, 320
European leaders of, 252
first garden books of, 274
“form follows function” and, 205
functionalism and, 245, 300
Japanese influence and, 394–95
mid-century architecture and, 301–2
neoclassicism and, 299–300, 342–43
public concrete spaces and, 294–96
See also International Style
Mojave Desert, 261, 383
Mondrian, Piet, 252
Monet, Claude, 133, 159, 187, 390
Monkton (MD), 366–67
Montecito, 172, 224–25, 229, 263, 268, 289–90, 384
Monterey, 229, 309
Montgomery Place, 103
Monticello, 1–7, 12, 22–24, 34–37, 40–52
additions/changes to, 36–37, 44–45
isolation of, 246
nailery at, 44
Olana compared with, 113–14
plan (1808) for, 50, 51
restoration of, 203
slaves and, 5, 44, 45
symbolism of, 5, 6–7, 53, 281
vegetable garden of, 35–36, 51, 398, 400
Monville, Baron de, 37–38
mood engineering, 98
moon garden, 233
Moore, Charles, 173, 307–8, 391
Moore, Henry, 301, 336
Moore Ruble Yudell, 391
Moorish style, 115, 173
Moor Park, 40
Moorten, Cactus Slim, 267–68
Moorten, Patricia, 267
Morgan, J. P., 147
Morris, Jane, 179
Morris, William, 178, 179, 180, 181, 184, 186, 188, 189, 206, 286, 388
Morrison, Van, 394
Morse, Samuel F. B., 323–24
“Allegorical Landscape,” 323
Morven, 35
Moses, Robert, 306, 317, 319
Mount, The, 139–41, 141, 143
Mount Auburn Cemetery, 89, 90
Mount Carmel Cemetery, 89
Mount Rushmore, 315
Mount Vernon, 47, 134–35, 203, 204
Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association, 134, 203
Mughal gardens, 302, 345
Muir, John, 211
Mumford, Lewis, 104, 115, 130, 156, 169
Sticks and Stones, 180–81
Munstead Heath (Surrey), 186
Museum of Modern Art, 319
modernism show (1949), 274
Muybridge, Eadward, 127
Napoleon I, 3, 53
Napoleon III, 117
Napoleonic Wars, 67
Nash, John, 86
National Gallery of Art (DC), 302
nationalism, 75–76, 135, 191, 211
national parks, 99
Native Americans, 52, 79, 218, 219, 221
prehistoric earthworks of, 318
native plants, 183, 184, 211, 249, 283, 366, 371
Natural Bridge (VA), 53, 111–12, 112
Naumkeag, 246
Nemours, 148
neoclassical style, 117, 144–45, 154–55, 165, 166
antebellum American South and, 203
California and, 221, 385
Chicago World’s Fair and, 126–29, 205
elements of, 300
modern design and, 299–300, 342–43
Ruskin attack on, 177–78
Nesbit, Evelyn, 161
Neutra, Dione, 260
Neutra, Richard, 251, 257, 259–68, 273, 275, 282, 284, 285, 301, 384, 395
Mystery and Realities of the Site, 262
Nevins, Deborah, 367
New American Garden, 240–41, 247
elements of, 366
New Amsterdam gardens, 9
Newbold garden plan, 194
Newburgh (NY), 57, 58–59, 62, 63, 70, 73, 80, 88, 91, 357
New Deal, 270, 275, 298
New Delhi (India), 302
New England, 41–42, 80, 98, 120
New Jersey, 9, 55, 100–101, 323–32
shore mansions and, 145–46
new materials, 260–61, 266, 271–72, 280
New Mexico, 218, 254, 256
New Orleans, 204, 329
Newport (RI), 137, 146, 148, 192, 361
Newport beach house (CA), 259
Newton, Isaac, 28, 42
New York Botanical Garden, 202, 364
New York City, 129, 146, 158, 277, 306
city-wilderness relationship and, 55–57
decline and restoration of, 363–64, 369–70, 401–3
garden suburbs and, 100–101
parks and, 90–91, 306, 313–14, 317–18, 364, 401–3
parkways and, 99
See also Brooklyn; Central Park
New York Public Library, 148
Nichols, Rose Standish, 195
Nicholson, Francis, 13
Nicklaus, Jack, 378–81, 382
Nixon, Richard, 285
Noguchi, Isamu, 315–23, 332, 347, 359, 370, 375, 376
Monument to the Plow, 380
Play Mountain, 317, 317
Red Cube, 336
Sculpture to be Seen from Mars, 318–19
This Tortured Earth, 318–19
Noguchi, Yonejiro, 315, 316, 319
Nonesuch Palace, 19
North by Northwest (film), 281–82
Northcote, 195
Northern Pacific Railway, 119, 121
Northwest Ordinance (1784), 53
Norton, Charles Eliot, 116
Norton Simon Museum of Art, 388–90
Notre Dame, University of, 202, 223
Nouvel, Jean, 402
Nuremberg war crimes trials, 299, 304
Nutley (NJ), 354
Oak Brook (IL) mall, 305
Obama, Michelle, xii, 398, 399
Ocean Parkway, 99
Oehme, Wolfgang, 367
Oehme, van Sweden, 366–67
Office of Strategic Services, 199
Ogontz, 115
Okatt, Charles, Italian Gardens, 122
Olana, 111, 113–14, 132, 230, 246
Oldenburg, Claes, 338
Oleander House, 255
Olive Hill, 214, 255, 256
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 58, 91–102, 104, 113, 115, 116, 123–28, 160, 165, 184, 192–93, 204, 207, 208, 209, 297–98, 371, 381
background and early life of, 91–93
Biltmore mansion and, 152–54
Central Park and, 91–95
Chicago World’s Fair and, 123–24, 125–26, 128, 152, 153, 160, 207, 336
death of, 154
garden design school of, 122–23, 203
landscape design philosophy of, 335–36, 338
management skills of, 95
park philosophy of, 94–95, 101, 136, 264, 338
Prospect Park and, 96–97, 98
Walks and Talks, 92, 93
Olmsted, Frederick Law, Jr. (Rick), 154–55, 336
Olmsted, John (brother), 91
Olmsted, John Charles (stepson), 154, 193
Olmsted Brothers, 154, 155–56, 256
Ontario, 371
orgone boxes, 265, 266
Orientalism, 113, 114, 158–59, 225, 233
Ornamental Tree Society, 80
Osborn house, 300
Ossian, 2
Oudolf, Piet, 372, 402
outdoor living, 239–40, 239, 246, 249, 257–59, 266–67, 270, 280–81, 283
Out West (magazine), 220
Ovid, 18, 20, 28
Owens River, 276–77
Pacific Northwest, 311
Page, John, 39
Painshill, 40
Painted Cave fire, 291
paintings, 99, 117, 288, 324
collectors and, 150
garden design and, 28–30, 32, 66, 67, 187, 193, 196, 208, 252, 270–74, 390
of garden scenes, 132
Japanism and, 158, 159
See also Hudson River School
Palace Hotel (San Francisco), 161
Paley, William S., 314
Paley Park, 313–14, 314
Palisades Parkway (NJ-NY), 56
Palladio, Andrea, 19, 23, 31–32, 36, 39, 43–47, 52, 63, 139, 301, 302
Pall Mall (London), 89
Palm Beach (FL), 175, 391
Palm Desert (CA), 382, 383
Palm Springs (CA), 261–62, 267–68, 380, 382
Panama-California Exposition (San Diego, 1915), 228, 254
Panama Canal, 228
Panama Canal Zone, 383
Panama-Pacific Exhibition (San Francisco, 1915), 255
paradeiza (paradeisos), xiv, 18
Parc de Scheaux, 299
Paris, 37, 117, 156
Exposition (1889), 128
parks. See public parks parkways, 99
Parmentier, André, 73
Parrish, Maxfield, 120, 138–39
Parrish, Stephen, 116, 117–18, 120
garden of, 119, 195
Parsons, Alfred, 184
Parsons, Samuel, 193
Parthenon marbles, 63
Pasadena, 162, 221, 229, 255, 383–85, 388–89
Pasatiempo community (CA), 248–49
Passaic (NJ), 324, 325, 326–27, 331
pastoralism, 32, 66–67, 98–99
pastoral urbanism, 400, 403
Paterson (NJ), 326
Patio des Délégues (UNESCO), 320–21
patios, 233, 235, 237, 239, 240, 284
heated, 284
Paulding, William, 114
Paxton, Joseph, 91–92, 93
Peabody, Henry, 224
Peabody family, 149, 173
Peale, Charles Willson, 4
Pei, I. M., 304
Penshurst, 181, 192
“People’s Park,” 92
Perry, James, 329
Perry, Matthew, 158
Persia, xiv, 18, 115, 224, 225, 302, 345
Petit Trianon, 148
PGA West course (La Quinta, CA), 380
Phelan, James Duval, 164–68
Philadelphia, 10, 35, 36, 43, 63, 90, 134, 277
Centennial International Exhibition (1876), 159
Philbin, Regis, 353
Philippines, 163, 165, 166
Phillips Exeter Academy, 202
Phoenix Villa, 159–60, 162, 207–8
Picasso, Pablo, 288, 336
Pickford, Mary, 159, 225
picturesque, 30–38, 42, 67–69, 113, 183, 218, 303, 332–33, 362
American changes in, 65, 115, 203
California return of, 259, 267
critics of, 67–68
Downing and, 58, 60, 72–73, 77
elements of, 32, 37–38, 49–50
garden suburbs and, 100
Loudon definition of, 70
as masculine, 82
Pinchot, Giffort, 153
plantations, xii, 11–12, 203
early meanings of word, 45
restorations of, 134–35, 203–4
Platt, Charles, 116–23, 136, 150, 203
garden designs of, 119, 121, 143–44, 144, 147, 195–96
Italian Gardens, 122–23, 138
Shipman collaboration with, 191, 196
success of, 154
Platt, William, 116, 122
playgrounds, 209, 317, 317–19, 317, 322, 380
Plexiglas, 280, 324–25
Pliny, 18, 32
Pocantico Hills (NY), 161
pocket parks, 314, 366
Poe, Edgar Allan, 111
“The Domain of Arnheim,” 107–11, 113
Pollan, Michael
The Omnivore’s Dilemma, 398
Second Nature, 367
Polynesian style see tiki
Ponce de Leon Hotel, 221
pools, garden, 225, 229, 230, 232, 320. See also swimming pools
Pop art, 338, 340
Pope, Alexander, 30–35, 40, 66, 70, 354
Popper, Frank and Deborah, 368–69
Portland (OR), 154, 311–13, 313, 370
postminimalist garden, 376–77
postmodernism, 173, 337–38, 340–41, 347, 376–77, 385, 395
Poughkeepsie (NY), 88, 105–7
Poussin, Nicolas, 30, 67, 98
The Falls of Tivoli, 29
Power, Nancy Goslee, 385–92, 400
pragmatism, 195
prairie landscape, 208, 210–12, 372
“prairie river,” 210, 211
Prairie school, 208–9
Pratolino, 18–19
Pre-Raphaelites, 132, 178
Preservation Delaware, 198
preservationists, 134–35, 203–4
Presley, Elvis, 288
Princeton (NJ), 35
Princeton University, 202, 223, 364
privacy, 247, 263
suburban house design for, 278–84
property taxes, 277
Prospect Park, 96–97, 99, 403
plan for, 98
Protestantism, 17, 20, 21, 48, 133, 150
psychoanalysis, 263–64
psychology, 307, 308
public parks, 86–100, 104, 107, 154, 209–11, 313, 314, 366, 371
modern concrete spaces as, 294–95
Pacific Northwest and, 311
therapeutic function of, 94–95, 97, 98, 100, 264
See also playgrounds; specific parks
Puccini, Giacomo, Madame Butterfly, 159, 166
Pueblo style, 254, 256
Pullman strike (1894), 136, 155
Quebec, 362–63
Queen Anne style, 115, 121, 129, 221–22
racism, 163, 167, 168, 278, 286, 329, 382
Radcliffe College, Ice Wall series, 370
railroads, 119, 128, 131, 136, 331, 402–3
commuter, 83–84, 100
Ramble (West Orange, NJ), 100
Rancho Camulos, 219, 220, 225
rancho style, xvi, 219–20, 248–49, 282–85, 287
elements of, 283
Rank, Otto, 264
Raoul-Duval garden, 253
Rauschenberg, Robert, 338
Reader’s Digest company, 319
Reagan, Ronald, 237, 358
Red House, 181
Regent’s Park, 86–87
regionalism, 190, 203–12
Reich, Wilhelm, 268
Renaissance, 13, 17–20, 22, 27, 28, 32, 48, 116, 117, 143–44, 152, 248, 313
Arts & Craft reaction against, 177, 206
See also Italian gardens
Repton, Humphry, 67, 68, 70, 357
republicanism, 41, 43, 47, 48, 104
restorations, 134–35, 203–4
Reynolds, Malvina, 279
Riis, Jacob, 155
Rivera, Diego, 316
Riverside (IL), 101–2, 208
Riverside Park (NYC), 99
Riviera Country Club, 379
roads and highways, 227, 251, 277, 334
Robinson, Charles Mulford, 155
Robinson, Solon, 77
Robinson, William, 184–86, 190, 198, 362, 365
Roche, Kevin, 300
Rockefeller, John D., 161, 203–4, 247
Rockefeller Center, 316
Rockefeller Memorial Chapel, 202
Rockefeller University, 302
Rockrise, George, 242
Rocky Mountain School, 95
Rogers, Roy, 283
Romanesque style, 129, 223
Romanticism, 52, 63, 177, 178, 202
“academic reaction” to, 117
Hudson River and, 57
Roman villa, 31, 32, 34, 121, 122, 166, 224–25, 229, 230
Rome, ancient, 5, 16, 18–22, 29–30, 32, 35, 45–46, 48, 65, 342
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 397, 398–99
Roosevelt, Theodore, 167, 168, 226–27
Root, John, 123, 124
Rosa, Salvatore, 67
Rose, James, 269, 298
rose gardens, 202, 262
Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, 178, 179
Ross Planetarium garden (NYC), 374
Rothschild, Ferdinand de, 152
Rothschild family, 151
Rowe, Nicholas, 24
Roxbury Highlands, 297–98
Royal Hawaiian Hotel, 287
Royal Pavilion, 114
Royal Society, 9
Roycroft, 189
Royston, Robert, 247, 275, 289
Rubens, Peter Paul, 29
Rubens House, 209
Ruined Column (garden), 38
Ruisdael, Jacob van, 29
Rumely, Edward, 315
“rural arts” project, 77–79
rural life. See Arcadian ideal
Ruskin, John, 137, 186, 189, 206, 286
The Stones of Venice, 177–78
Russian River, 309
Russo-Japanese War, 168
Rustic Seat, 106
rustic style, Loudon definition of, 70
Saadi (Persian traveler-poet), xiv Saarinen, Eero, 299, 300, 301, 302
Saarinen, Eliel, 299
St. Francis Square, 305
Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, 120, 124, 125, 128, 154–55, 195
Diana, 125
St. James’s Park, 86
St. Louis, 160, 208, 300
San Diego, 161, 283
Panama-California Exposition (1915), 228, 254
San Fernando Valley, 276–77
San Francisco, 270, 305–6, 311, 334
Gilded Age and, 163–67
Golden Gate Exhibition (1939), 252
International Exposition (1894), 160, 161
See also Bay Area
San Francisco Museum of Art, 251, 253
San Francisco Opera, 166
Santa Barbara, 171–74, 228–33, 235, 248, 385, 391
Botanic Garden, 202
Santa Catalina Island, 342
Santa Monica, 390–91
Sargent, Charles Sprague, 192
Sargent, Henry Winthrop, 73
Sargent, John Singer, 159
Sasaki, Hideo, 335
Sasaki, Walker & Associates, 335, 337
Sassoon family, 151
Schindler, Rudolf, 215, 251, 254–60, 301
Schlafly, Phyllis, 356
Schnabel House, 387–88, 389
school gardens, 400
Schuman, Anna, 304–5, 308
Schwartz, Martha, 337–41, 371, 381, 383
Scott, Frank J., 102–3
Scott, Geraldine (Knight), 251
Scott, Sir Walter, 67, 115, 133
Scottish Gallery of Modern Art, 377
sculpture, 120, 207, 245, 246, 301, 332, 334
corporate landscape design and, 336, 375
museum garden collection of, 390
Noguchi and, 316, 318–19, 322, 380
Sea Ranch, 306–10
ecoscore of, 308
Searle, John, 31
Seattle, 154, 311, 313
Seattle Civic Center, 374
Secaucus (NJ), 323
second homes. See country house
Secret Book of Gnomes, The, 358
Sedding, John Dando, 182–83
Seiberling, Frank, 162
Seneca, 20
Serra, Richard, 332–33, 334, 345, 374
Portal Park Slice, 343
Shift, 332–33, 334
Spin Out (for Robert Smithson), 332, 333
Two Running Violet V Forms, 343–44
settlement houses, 155, 189
Seymour, William J., 255
Shadwell plantation, 7, 23
Shakespeare, William, 16, 17, 20, 183
King John, 22
The Tempest, 17
shakkei, 243, 263, 267, 380
Sharp, Hugh Rodney, 198
Sheingold, Richard, 353–54
Shell Oil headquarters, 374
Shenstone, William, 26–27, 30, 33, 40–41, 41, 70
Shepard, Alan, 383
Sherman Booth House, 209
Shingle style, 120, 221, 361
Shipman, Ellen Biddle, 191, 195–97, 200–201
Shipman, Louis, 195, 196
shopping malls, 305–6, 334, 336
Shulman, Julius, 262
Silliman, Benjamin, 114
Simon, Norton, 390
Sissinghurst Castle Garden, 362
site artwork, 330–31
skateboarding, 172, 293–94, 311
Skelton, Martha Wayles, 35
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, 319
Skipworth, Robert, 30
Skylands garden, 361
slavery, xii, 5, 6, 7, 11–12, 35, 36, 44, 45, 52, 53, 105
Sloane, Hans, 9
Smith, George Washington, 228–29
Smith, Ken, 341, 371
Smith, Margaret Bayard, 51
Smithson, Robert, 323–32, 333, 338, 339–40, 342, 347, 369, 381
Amarillo Ramp, 332
“The Crystal Land,” 326
design philosophy of, 370–71
Mirror Displacement, 330–31
“The Monuments of Passaic,” 324, 325, 326–27
“Nonsites,” 328
“A Sedimentation of the Mind,” 327
Spiral Jetty, 331–32, 331, 338
Socialist League, 179
Society of Arts and Crafts, 189
Solana, 173
Soleri, Paolo, 309
Sonfist, Alan, 369–70, 398
Sonnenberg, 156–57
Sonoma County, 242–47, 306–10, 344
South, U.S., 203–4
South Bronx (NY), 369
Southwest, U.S., 218–21, 254, 282–88
population movement to, 334
Spanish-American War, 163, 168
Spanish Colonial Revival, 172, 173, 219, 221, 224, 229, 231, 282, 285, 385
elements of, 232
Spanish style, 221, 382, 391
specimen trees, 361
Spencer, Robert, 207, 211
Spielberg, Steven, 401
Splice Garden, 340–41
Spon, Jacob, Voyage d’Italie, 26
Spotswood, Alexander, 8, 12–17, 22
Sprague, Charles F., 143
Sprague, Edward, 198
Spreckels, Klaus, 163
Springside, 88
contemporary condition of, 105–7
Sproul Plaza, 305
Standard Hotel (NYC), 402
Stanford University, medical plaza, 305
Starr, Kevin, 164, 225–26
Steedman, George, 228–29
Steele, Fletcher, 249, 251
Steinhof (Vienna hospital complex), 265
stepped boxes, 324–25, 327
Stevens, Kinton, 230–31
Stevens, Ralph, 268
Stewart, Andy, 351, 355, 357–58, 359, 361, 396
Stewart, Martha, xiii, 349–61, 400–401
background of, 350, 354–56
business sense of, 359–60
Entertaining, 351, 358
garden style of, 350, 352, 353–54, 361, 396
Stickley, Gustav, 189, 190
Stine, Isabel, 166
Stockton, Richard, 35
Stone, Edward Durell, 302
Stowe (English estate), 40, 65, 66
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 132
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 82, 219
Stratford Hall, 35
Strawberry Hill, 66
stroll garden, 321
Strybing Aboretum, 165
Student Union (Berkeley), 305
sublime, 67, 334
suburbanization, xiv, xvi, 53, 235–41, 249–51, 256–57, 270–91, 403
factors in, 250–51, 276–78, 335–36, 401
gardens and, 68, 272, 279, 280–82
golf course communities and, 381, 382
house types and, 278–79, 282–85, 360–61 (see also tract housing)
19th century and, 58, 83–86, 99, 100–107, 327
spoiled landscape and, 327, 329
sprawl and, 105, 250, 276–77, 281
upward mobility and, 356, 357–58
Sullivan, Louis, 124, 125, 136, 160, 189, 190, 205–9, 211, 254, 256, 260
Sunbelt, 277, 327
Sunnyside, 73, 84
Sunset (magazine), 241, 247, 275, 283–84, 285, 305
Supersize Me (film), 398
swimming pools, 240, 243, 244, 245–47, 245, 272, 273, 280, 284, 286, 391
Swiss Cottage, 76
Swiss style, 74
Switzer, Joseph, 27
Taft, William Howard, 166
Taft, Mrs. William Howard, 168
Taj Mahal garden, 242
“Take Part” processes, 308
Taliesin (WI), 212–14, 215, 305
Taliesin West (AZ), 212, 309, 310
Tallmadge, Thomas, 211
Tarrytown (NY), 73, 114
Tarrytown Heights (NY), 102
taste, 150, 190, 288
American changes in, 65
British elite and, 20, 21–22, 32–33
Downing and, 58, 62, 75–76, 77, 80, 82, 85, 104–5, 133
Monticello and, 23–24
Stewart and, 350, 351–52, 354, 356–57, 360–61
Wharton and, 137, 145, 149
telegraph, 118, 324
Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 115
Tessé, Madame de, 37
Thaxter, Celia, 133–34, 189
Theosophical Society, 255
Thiene, Paul, 231, 249, 256, 385
Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, 203
Thoreau, Henry David, 77–79, 83, 84, 190, 304
Thorne, Mrs. Oakleigh (Helen), 229
Thouin, Monsieur, 51
Tidal Basin (Washington, DC), 168
Tiffany, Louis Comfort, 230
Tiffany & Company, 388
tiki, xvi, 286–91, 290, 395
Time Landscape (NYC sites), 369–70
Time Warner, 351
Tivoli, 37
tobacco farming, 10–11, 12, 44, 45
Tocqueville, Alexis de, Democracy in America, 62
topiary, 21, 32–33, 123, 183
examples of, 182
plastic, 340–41
Toronto, 371
Toynbee, Arnold, 179
Toynbee Hall, 155, 189
tract housing, 100, 275–79, 280
functional floor plan of, 239–40
modernist style of, 235–37, 281
Transcendentalism, 79, 190
Traumberg (German Bohemia), 223, 224
Tremaine House, 268, 384
Triggs, Harry Inigo, 184
The Art of Garden Design in Italy, 183
Formal Gardens of England and Scotland, 183
Trump, Donald, 360
Tucker, Luther, 91
Tudor gardens, 181, 182, 192
Tudor Revival, 74, 223
Tuileries, 37
Tunnard, Christopher, 304
Gardens in the Modern Landscape, 274, 305
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 127, 187, 203
Turner, J. M.W., 117, 390
Turrell, James, 334, 343
Twain, Mark, 133, 287, 403
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 133
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court, 133
Life on the Mississippi, 67
Twickenham, 30–32, 34, 35, 40, 66
garden plan of, 31
Twinridge house, 235–39, 236, 238, 239, 241, 241, 281, 289, 291
UNESCO headquarters (Paris), 320–21
Union Colony, 381
Union Iron Works, 164, 167
United Nations building (NYC), 319
University of California, Berkeley, 248, 305
landscape architecture program, 248, 276
University of California, Davis, 305
University of California, San Diego, 343
University of Chicago, 202
University of Southern California, 346
University of Virginia, 3, 51–52, 252
Jefferson’s Range, 107, 329
urbanization. See cities
Utah, 218, 331–32, 381
Utilitarianism, 69
vacations, 94, 394–95
Valle, Susana del, 220
Valle, Ygnacio del, 219, 220
Val Verde, 229, 230
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, II, 146
Vanderbilt, Frederick William, 146–47
Vanderbilt, George Washington, xiii, 151–52
Vanderbilt, William Henry, 146–47, 151, 158
Vanderbilt, William Kissam, 151
Vanderbilt Mansion (Fifth Avenue), 146, 364
Van Gogh, Vincent, 159
Van Renssalaer, Mariana Griswold, 148
Art Out-of-Doors, 135, 195
Van Sweden, James, 367
Van Valkenburgh, Michael, Ice Wall series, 370
Vassar, Matthew, 88, 105, 106–7
Vaux, Calvert, 58, 115, 136, 264
Downing partnership with, 88, 105
Olana design and, 113
Olmsted collaboration with, 93–98, 99
suburb designs of, 101–2
Villas and Cottages, 93
Vaux-le-Vicomte, 152
Veblen, Thorstein, The Theory of the Leisure Class, 133
vegetable gardens, xii, 396–400
Monticello, 35–36, 398
White House layout, 399
Venetian villas, 19, 45–46
Venice (CA), 384, 395
Venturi, Robert, 330
Versailles, 16, 148, 152, 299, 372
vest-pocket park, 314
Victoria, queen of Great Britain, 69, 157, 226
Victorian garden, 32, 65–70, 114–16, 132, 347
critics of, 207
elements of, 69–70, 104, 107, 232
Poe ironic description of, 107–10, 111
See also gardenesque style
Victorian style, 82–83, 99
eclecticism and, 115–16, 129, 176, 221–22
neoclassical reaction against, 145
Victoria Park, 86
Victory Gardens, 397, 398–99, 401
Vienna, 264
Vienna Secession, 252
views, 15, 16, 17, 85, 89, 109, 272, 281, 391, 402
California gardens and, 232, 235, 237–38, 243, 247, 259, 263, 266–67, 268, 391
Getty Museum garden and, 342
Monticello and, 25, 51, 113–14
Olana and, 113–14
villa. See country house; Roman villa
Villa d’Este, 18–19
Villa Lante, 18–19, 143
Villa Montalvo, 166, 167
Villard, Henry, 121
Villa Rotunda, 44, 301
Virgil, 20, 27, 28, 33, 35, 79, 85, 98, 354
Georgics, 21, 32
Virginia, 3, 7–16, 23, 35, 36, 44–48, 134–35, 203–4. See also Monticello; Mount Vernon; Williamsburg
viticulture, 36, 394
Volney, Comte de, 52
Voltaire, 152
Candide, 404
von Gal, Edwina, 367
Wadamori, K., 157
Waddesdon Manor, 152
Wagner, Otto, 206, 254, 256, 264
Wagner, Richard, 115, 178
Walker, Peter, 334–35, 337
Walpole, Horace, 65–66
Walska, Ganna, 230–33, 231, 268, 391
Walt Disney Concert Hall, 388
Wardian case, 69
Warhol, Andy, 338
Warner, Charles Dudley, 133
Warwick Castle, 88
Washington, DC, 52, 168, 199–200
Downing plan for, 88, 91
mixed architecture of, 174
reworking of Downing plan for, 154–55
See also White House
Washington, George, 3, 43, 44, 47, 134–35, 203, 204
“Wasmuth” folios (1910), 254
Wasserstein, Bruce, 391
water rights, 276–77
Waters, Alice, 396, 400
water staircase, 227
waterworks
Getty Center garden and, 344–45
Monticello plans and, 24–25, 49–50
private gardens and, 18, 19, 123, 229, 233, 272, 391
public spaces and, 302, 311–13, 311, 314, 320, 342, 365, 370
Watkins, Carleton, 95
Watts riot (Los Angeles, 1965), 329
Wave Hill (Bronx), 363
Wayles, John, 44
Weaver, Lawrence, 188
Webster, Daniel, 81
Weld estate, 196
Weller, Eleanor, 171
Wellesley estate, 123
Wemple, Emmet, 346
Wentworth, Charles, 223
West, U.S., 53, 59, 81, 114
irrigation and, 276–77, 381–83
as popular cultural influence, 283
Westinghouse, 168
West Orange (NJ), 100–101
Westover, 23
Westport (CT), 350, 352, 355–60, 396
Wharton, Edith, 136–43, 145, 147, 188, 191, 197, 199
The Decoration of Houses, 137
The House of Mirth, 140, 149
Hudson River Bracketed, 142–43, 154
Italian Villas and Their Gardens, 138–39, 140
The Valley of Decision, 138
Wharton, Teddy, 137, 143
Whately, Thomas, 70
Observations on Modern Gardening, 36, 39–40
Whigs (Britain), 21, 27–28, 32, 33, 43, 48–49, 188
Whistler, James McNeill, 117, 158
Caprice in Purple and Gold, 159
White, Gilbert, 183
White, Stanford, 120, 125, 128, 144, 161
White City. See World’s Columbian Exposition
Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 340–41
White House, 52
kitchen gardens, xii, 397, 398–99, 399
White school, 342
Whitman, Walt, 158, 162, 191
Song of Myself, 205
William and Mary, College of, 8, 10, 13, 23
landscape design course, 36
Williams, William Carlos, 326
Paterson, 326
Williamsburg, 8, 12–17, 14–16, 14, 22
re-creation of Colonial, 204
Willis, Nathaniel, 83
Wilson, Edith, 398
Wilson, Ellen, 120
Wilson, James Q., 364
Wilson, Woodrow, 120, 398
Winfrey, Oprah, 300, 359–60
Winslow House, 208
Winterthur, 197, 198–99, 363
Wisconsin, 189, 205–6, 212–14
Wodenethe, 73, 73, 85
Wolfe, Tom, From Bauhaus to Our House, 342
Wonderland Park, 272, 275, 281
Woodlands, The, 35
Wordsworth, William, 84
World’s Columbian Exposition (Chicago, 1893), 123–28, 126, 130–31, 144, 152, 153, 155, 156, 168–69, 203, 205, 336
Anthropological Building, 212, 213
California Building, 221, 222
Japanese Phoenix Villa and garden, 159–60, 160, 162, 207–8
Lagoon and Wooded Isle, 127
Transportation Building, 124, 125, 136, 206
World War I, 168, 169, 226, 227–28, 398, 401
World War II, 239, 260, 270, 287, 296, 298–99, 304, 318
postwar mood and, 278–79, 322
Victory Gardens and, 397, 399, 401
Wren, Christopher, 13, 139
Wright, Frank Lloyd, 144, 190, 205–18, 254, 255–56, 258, 260, 267, 281–82, 304, 309
The Art and Craft of the Machine, 206
Arts & Crafts style and, 189, 212, 215, 216–18, 282
“Chicago Culture,” 212
as defining modernism, 282
house and garden philosophy of, 233
Japanese style influence on, 160, 207–8, 212, 214, 215
A Testament, 206
Wright, Lloyd (son), 255, 256
Wundt, Wilhelm, 264
Wurster, William, 248, 251, 304, 305, 306
Yale University, 202, 321
Yellowstone National Park, 99
Yoch, Florence, 201, 249, 385
Yorkville Park (Toronto), 371, 383
Yosemite National Park, 99, 165
Yosemite Valley, 95–96
Young, Brigham, 381
Yucatan Peninsula, 331
Yudell, Buzz, 391
Zen gardens, 316, 319, 322, 332, 395
fake materials and, 340
Zion & Breen, 313–14