Index

The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific passage, please use the search feature of your e-book reader.

 

Page numbers in italics refer to photographs.

 

abortion, 72, 91, 165, 172, 210, 239, 258, 269

Abzug, Bella, 158, 343

Access Now for Gay and Lesbian Equality (ANGLE), 219–20, 222–23

Achtenberg, Roberta, 252

ACT NOW, 202, 204–5

ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power), 196–215

breakup of, 209–10

in DC, 197–98

and FDA, 197, 201–5, 203, 214, 345

Gran Fury, 200

and NIH, 207–9, 214, 345

Stop the Church, 205–6, 214, 345

and Wall Street, 196, 197, 214, 345

Adams, Gerry, 25

Adams, General John, 326

adultery, 15, 72

Advocate, 88, 154, 158, 318

African Americans:

civil rights for, see racial civil rights movement

and Communist Party, 33

and community, 36, 38, 46

and hate crimes, 274–81

in the military, 228, 229

segregation of, 26

and Supreme Court, 51–52, 260, 268

“A-gays,” 161, 218, 253

Agnos, Art, 169

Ahonen-Jover, Juan and Ken, 297

AIDS, 169–85

activism, xvi, 180–84, 187–215, 247

and ACT UP, 196–215, 345

and coming out, 183–84, 188–89

and the dancing stopped, 110

drugs for, 191, 192, 195, 197, 201–5, 207–8, 210–11, 214, 224, 345

dying with, xi, 170, 176, 178, 182, 187, 189–90, 201, 204, 210, 211, 213–14, 219, 345

and gay-care revolution, 183–85

gay groups do next to nothing, 179–81

government does nothing, 172–76, 187, 188, 201–5, 211

government resources earmarked for, 172, 185, 191–92, 214, 345, 346

and Kaposi’s sarcoma, 172–73, 174, 188–89

and MCC, 144–45

in New York/GMHC, 174, 181–84

and NIH, 174–75, 185, 191, 207–9, 214

and presidential politics, 223–24

as public health crisis, 171, 175–76, 180, 182–83, 201, 238

and safe sex, 178, 190, 205

in San Francisco, 184–85

Silence = Death, 192–93, 197, 199–200, 203

and social change, 190–93

tests for, 187, 189, 191

victims do nothing, 176–79

women excluded from definition of, 210

AIDS Action, 180

AIDS Foundation, 185

AIDS Network, 190

AIDS quilt, 211–12, 238

AIDS walks, 183

Alaska, direct action in, 290

Albee, Edward, The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia?, xii

Alberts, David, 74

Alexander, Henry, 7

Alexander, Jeb, 1, 2, 3–4, 5, 6, 7–9, 11

Alice B. Toklas Democratic Club, 155, 163–64, 167, 246

Allred, Gloria, 302

Allyn, David, 73

Almy, Michael, 330, 334

Altman, Denis, 142

American Bar Association (ABA), 150, 251, 252–53, 317

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU):

and criminal law, 150, 251

DC chapter, 59

and gay parade, 144

and hate crimes, 271

Lesbian and Gay Rights Project, 76, 251, 252

in New York, 152, 219–20

Rights of Gay People, 150

and same-sex marriage, 233

Sexual Privacy Project, 76, 78

and shifting social values, 84, 253

and women, 148

American Jewish Committee, 273

American Jewish Congress, 273

American Medical Association, 137

American Psychiatric Association, 131–33, 136–40, 273

American Revolution, xiv, 116, 117

American Veterans Committee, 27

“Amerika,” 90, 153, 185, 218, 301

Ameringen, Henry van, 285

AmLaw 200 list, 338

Anderson, Carl, 178

Andriote, John-Manual, 180

Angels in America (Kushner), 170, 212–13, 280, 345

anticolonial movements, 80

Anti-Defamation League, 272–73, 275

antiwar movement, 86, 87, 91, 99, 100, 101, 108, 137, 147

Apuzzo, Ginny, 180–81, 190, 263

Aquinas, Saint Thomas, 72, 232, 239

Aravosis, John, 270–71, 276, 279, 295, 296, 317, 319, 337

Arendt, Hannah, 64

Aristotle, 72, 232, 235, 238–39, 240

Arkansas, criminal law in, 222

Arkes, Hadley, 235, 239

Armour, Doug, 306

Arts Club of Washington DC, 6

Aspen, antidiscrimination law in, 247

Augustine of Hippo, 72

“Avenge Harvey Milk,” 166

aversion therapy, 135

AZT, 191, 192, 213

 

Bachelors Anonymous, 37, 39

Bachelors for Wallace, 36, 150

Baehr, Ninia, 233, 239, 310

Baez, Joan, 198

Bailey, Bill, 273

Baker, Ella, 66

Baker, Jack, 232

Banzhaf, Marion, 210

Barnes, Amy, 286

Barnett, Jamie, 326

Barr, Bob, 234

Barr, David, 202

Basile, Vic, 176

Bauer, Gary, 178

Bayer, Ronald, 137

Bayless, Jeffrey, 256

Beat movement, 52–53, 80

Bell, Arthur, 111, 114–15

Bender, Victor, 188, 189, 190

Benecke, Michelle, 284–85, 287, 326, 334

Benjamin, Harry, 49

Bennett, William, 178, 235, 239

Bent (theater), 169

Berg, Copy, 225

Berkowitz, Richard, 178, 190

Bernstein, Morris “Mo,” 153

Berrill, Kevin, 271, 272–73

Bérubé, Allan, 21

bestiality, decriminalization of, 73

Bieber, Irving, 135

Bilerico Project, 296

birth control, 76–79, 291

Griswold v. Connecticut, 77–79, 269

laws against, 72, 77

the Pill, 75, 80

Bismarck, Otto von, 262

Black, Dustin Lance, 308, 309

Black Panthers, 105, 110, 111, 115

Blick, Roy, 47

Block, Martin, 44

Bloomberg, Michael, 341

B’nai Brith, 272–73

Boggan, Carrington “Carey,” 147, 149–50

Boies, David, xiii, 310, 311, 312–13, 314, 315–17, 328

Bonauto, Mary, 290, 311, 312–13, 319, 336

Bordowitz, Greg, 200, 202

Boulder, Colorado, 245, 247, 248

Bowers v. Hardwick, 188, 193–95, 198, 213, 223, 230, 233, 252, 253, 254, 259, 266, 267–69, 345

Boyce, Martin, 101, 102, 121, 345

Bradford, Jim, 127

Bradley, Dan, 169, 189, 192, 197–98, 201

Brandt, Ed, 191

Brass, Perry, 133

Brennan, William J. Jr., 74

Briggs, John, 165, 218, 249

Brissette, Gerry, 43

Britt, Harry, 166, 185

Bronx Park, New York, 3

Brown, Helen Gurley, Sex and the Single Girl, 76

Brown, Howard, 158, 169

Brown, Jerry, 315

Brown, Michael, 106

Brown, Rita Mae, 112–13

Brown, Sherrod, 334

Brown, Willie, 155, 185

Browne, Dixie, 212

Browne, Robert M. “Robby,” xi-xii, xiii, 169, 212

Browne, Roscoe Willett, xi, 169, 170, 177, 212

Browning, Bil, 296–97

Brown v. Board of Education, 244

Bryant, Anita, 165, 245, 249, 306

Buckalew, Judi, 176

Buckley, William F., 193

Buck v. Bell, 77

Burger, Warren, 194, 195, 268

Burns, Kenneth, 49, 50

Burroughs, William, Naked Lunch, 74

Burton, Phil, 192

Bush, Barbara, 212

Bush, George H. W., xi, xii, 227, 273, 328

Bush, George W., 295, 297, 301, 346

Bush v. Gore, 310, 312

Button, Johnny, 44

Byrd, James Jr., 279

 

California:

and AIDS research, 185, 219

antidiscrimination law in, 222, 303

club movement in, 154–55, 156, 163, 165

Communist Party in, 30

Democratic Party in, 154–55, 219

gay establishment in, 218, 303

gay revolution in, 155, 162, 167

gays marginalized in, 122

gay teachers in, 165, 249

and hate crimes, 275, 303

hate speech in, 304

Hollywood blacklist, 45–46

liquor laws in, 12, 13

marriage laws in, xii, xiii, 14, 301–13, 315–17, 319–21, 340, 341, 346

Proposition 8 in, xii, 303–9, 311–12, 315–16, 318–20, 328

public schools in, 304–8

Salk Institute in, 219

sodomy laws in, 151–52, 303

state liquor authorities in, 88

see also Los Angeles; San Francisco

California Courage Campaign, 319, 324

California Family Council, 303

Call, Hal, 49

Callen, Michael, 178, 190

Cammermeyer, Margarethe, 226

camp culture, 7, 23, 24, 26, 40, 98

Capehart, Jonathan, 319

Carter, Jimmy, 159, 160, 165, 226–27

Cathcart, Kevin, 237, 267

Catholic Church, see church

Celeste, Mary, 250

Celucci, Paul, 291

censorship, 53–54, 55, 56, 74, 147

Centers for Disease Control (CDC), and AIDS, 173–75, 179, 183, 190, 345

Cervantes, Madolin, 95, 107, 109

Chained: The Story of the Third Sex (movie), 9–10

Chaney, James, 274

Chauncey, George, 23, 316

Gay New York, 5, 7, 8

Cheney, Mary, 296

Chicago, 126, 127, 169

Children’s Defense Fund, 270

Chinnis, Carter Cabell, 193, 194, 252

Choi, Dan, 323–25, 327, 334, 342

Christopher Street Liberation Day Umbrella Committee, 126

church, 140–45

and ACT UP, 205–6, 214, 345

and AIDS, 144–45

and birth control, 77–79

and charity, 148

fundamentalist, 77; see also religious right

and God’s love, 141–43

and heresy, 142

homosexuals rejected by, 118

and marriage, 239–40, 307

pedophilia in, 296

and safe sex, 205

and sexual normality, 16, 72–73

and social action, 143, 145, 195

and suicide, 140–41

and US legal system, 15, 72

cities:

antidiscrimination laws in, 244

apartments in, 4, 31

gay bars in, 22, 52

gay communities in, 2–5, 43, 244–46

Citizens Committee to Outlaw Entrapment, 42–43

civil rights:

for African Americans, see racial civil rights movement

direct action in, 192, 206, 321

equality under the law, 291–92, 293

for homosexuals, 56, 78–79, 252

and legal profession, 252–53

as special rights, 250, 257

for women, see feminist movement

see also Supreme Court

Civil Rights Acts (1964; 1968), 274

Civil Service Commission, 57, 58, 82–83

Clark, Lige, 127

Clark, Robert, 288

Clement, Paul, 338–40

Clinton, Bill, 221–30, 283, 317

and DOMA, 236, 336

and don’t ask/don’t tell, 224–30, 284

and equal protection clause, 243

and HRC, 263, 264

and Mixner, 217, 218, 221, 222–23, 226

presidential candidacy of, 221–24

Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 189, 218, 222, 347

Coates, Paul, 44–45, 48

Cohen, Bruce, 308

Cohn, Roy, 189, 212–13

Coleman, Jeanette, 342

Coles, Matt, 251, 253

Collins, Susan, 325, 331

Colorado:

Amendment 2 in, 244, 249–51, 253–61, 262, 265, 312, 345–46, 347

civil rights laws in, 257

constitution of, 244, 248–49, 261

Evans v. Romer in, 246, 251, 257

gay rights in, 244–51, 259–61, 262, 264–65

Imperial Court of the Rocky Mountain Empire, 246–47

state courts of, 253, 257

Colorado for Family Values, 248–49, 262

COME OUT!, 137

Committee of Concerned Psychiatrists, 137

Communist Party, 26–27

and African Americans, 33

Chinese, 45, 46

Comintern, 33

General Strike (1934), 30

and Hay, 29–35, 42, 45, 220

and homosexuality, 29, 31–33, 48–49

and HUAC, 32, 45

and Mattachine Society, 48

and McCarthyism, 35, 63, 151, 153

rise to power, 32

Conant, Marcus, 173, 179, 180, 184–85

Congress, US:

and AIDS, 175, 191–92

antidiscrimination law, xii, 343–44

civil rights legislation, 52, 158, 274

and DOMA, 235, 239, 317, 336–39

electing gays to, 157

and hate crimes, 273, 275, 279, 283

and the military, xii, 229, 287, 325–27, 330–34

sexual psychopath law, 47

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 91, 101

Congress to Unite Women, 112, 113

Connecticut:

and Griswold case, 78–79, 269

marriage in, 311, 336–37

consciousness raising, 41

Conservative Caucus, 176

Constitution, US:

and Articles of Confederation, 117

Bill of Rights, 78, 151, 193–94, 254

and due process, 254

and equal rights, xiii, 292, 312, 329

First Amendment, 81

Fourteenth Amendment/equal protection, 81, 243, 244, 251, 254–56, 258–59, 260–61, 292, 311

and homosexuality, 54, 55, 56, 83, 188

as last resort, 251

model of, 116, 117

and obscenity, 53, 54, 74

and privacy, 78, 116–17, 194

and religion, 78, 256

and reproduction, 77–79

and right to assemble, 81, 120, 151

and state jurisdiction, 234, 251, 253–56

strict construction of, 78

on unreasonable searches and seizures, 78

and voting rights, 254, 255

see also Supreme Court

contraception, see birth control

Coors, Dallas, 161

Coors beer, 164

Costanza, Midge, 159

Council for Repeal of Unjust Laws, 52

Court TV, 257

C.O.Y.O.T.E. (Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics), 164

criminal law, 142, 147–52, 179, 188, 238, 239, 272, 315

Cromwell, Oliver, 25

cunnilingus, decriminalization of, 73

Cuomo, Andrew, xiii, 340–42

 

Daily Dish, 296

Dansky, Steven, 108–9

Darrah, Joan, 326, 334

Darwin, Charles, 73, 305

Dasham, J. J., 4–5, 8, 9, 20, 47

Daughters of Bilitis (DOB), 50–51, 59, 64, 71, 88, 106, 112, 346

Davis, John W., 339

Dean, Howard, 299, 324

Defense Authorization Act, 321

Defense Department, US, 330, 334, 342

Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), xii, 234–37, 239, 240, 312, 317, 319, 321, 328, 336–40, 343

de Gaulle, Charles, 86

DeGeneres, Ellen, 283

Dellinger, David, 87

Democratic National Conventions:

(1968), 70, 100

(1984), 219

Democratic Party, 160, 219–30

Alice B. Toklas Democratic Club, 154, 163–64, 167, 246

California Democratic Council, 154–55

Clinton, 221–30

and don’t ask/don’t tell, 224–30, 321

Harvey Milk Democratic Club, 165

and new media, 297–99

Dencel, Genora, 233, 239

Denver:

Equal Protection Coalition in, 249, 250

gay community in, 245–48

Detroit, race riots in, 100

Diaz, Rev. Ruben, 341

Dickinson, Robert, 16

Diego Vinales, Alfredo, 119, 120

DiIulio, John, 229

Dobson, James, 303

Dole, Bob, 228, 234

Dom, Edwin, 288

Douglas, William O., 78, 79

drag balls, 6–7, 181

Dred Scott case, 260

DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), 131, 137–40

Duberman, Martin, 96

Dubofsky, Jean, 250–51, 253, 258, 265

Du Bois, W. E. B., xiv

Dukakis, Michael, 219

Duncan, Robert, 22–24, 26, 40

Dylan, Bob, 62, 65, 79

 

Eastern Conference of Homophile Organizations, 59

Ebola epidemic, 173

Echeveste, Maria, 263

Eichmann, Adolf, 64

Eigo, Jim, 198

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 47, 86, 151

electroshock therapy, 135, 137

Eleveld, Kerry, 318

Ely, John Hart, 258

Endean, Steve, 160–61, 169, 176, 179

English Revolution, xiv

Enlow, Roger, 174

Epstein, Joseph, 123

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 234, 344

ERCHO, 125, 126

Ettelbrick, Paula, 233

eugenics, 77

Evans, Arthur, xvi, 103, 111, 114–16, 118, 119–20, 158, 237–38

Evans, Richard, 251

Evans v. Romer, 246, 251, 257

evolution, 73, 304–5

Exodus International, 317

 

Faggots (Kramer), 176

Falwell, Jerry, 145

family values, 184, 232

Fancher, Edwin, 105

Fanny Hill (Cleland), 74

Fariello, Griffin, 48

Fauci, Anthony, 179, 192, 205, 207–8, 210

FBI, 45, 63, 272–73

Feast of Fools, 40

Feingold, Mimi, 87

Feinstein, Dianne, 153–54, 164, 301

fellatio, decriminalization of, 73

Felons 6, 151–52

feminist movement:

and abortion rights, 172, 210

comparisons with, 109, 110–11, 244

and domestic-relations exception, 329

and Equal Rights Amendment, 234, 344

and “Gay Manifesto,” 70–71

and gender roles, 122

and gender violence, 238, 272

and health-care movement, 210

homophobia in, 113, 159

and lesbians, 112, 113, 159

and marriage, 238–39

and psychiatry, 131

in the Sixties, xiv, 68–71, 130

split in, xv, 26, 91, 171

suffragists, 238

Ferlinghetti, Lawrence, 53

Fierstein, Harvey, 196

“filthy-speech” protest movement, 74

Finkelstein, Avram, 193, 200

Finneran, Tom, 291

Fire Island, New York, 12, 181

Fleischer, Robert, 15, 17, 19, 21

Florida, antidiscrimination ordinance in, 245

Focus on the Family, 248, 303, 344

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 191, 195, 197, 201–5, 203, 214, 345

Food Stamp Act, 255

Ford, George Henri, 2

Foreman, Matt, 308, 311

fornication, 15, 72

Foster, Jim, 154, 155

Fouratt, Jim, 62, 70, 79, 80, 86, 92, 95, 100, 105, 108, 156

Francis, Don, 173, 175, 179, 184–85

Frank, Barney, 226

Freedman, Alfred, 137, 139

Freedom Riders, 59, 64

Freedom to Marry, 311

free-love movement, 73

Free Speech Movement, 74

Freud, Sigmund, 15, 134–35, 140

Friedan, Betty, 27, 71, 112, 159

Friedman-Kien, Alvin, 172–73, 174, 176–77, 179, 181, 185, 189

From, Sammy, 134

 

Gallo, Robert, 174, 175

Gallup Polling, 347

Garelik, Sanford, 84

Garner, Tyron, 266

Garvey, Gerald, 229

Garvey, Marcus, 38

Garvin, Danny, 101

Gates, Robert M., 326, 327

Gay, 127

gay:

use of term, 40–41

see also homosexuals

Gay Activists Alliance (GAA), 199

and ACT UP, 201

constitution and bylaws, 116–18, 307

legal committee, 147–48

mission of, 126

in New York, 119, 156–58

and zaps, 120–23, 132–33, 137, 181

Gay and Lesbian Advocates and Defenders (GLAD), 290, 291, 311

Gay and Lesbian Fund for Colorado (GLFC), 264–65

gay antiviolence movement, 272–74

gay bathhouses, 5–7, 169, 170, 174, 177

gay-care revolution, 183–85

gay community:

“A-gays,” 161, 218, 253

and AIDS, see AIDS

black-tie fund-raisers, 161

bookstores in, 124–25

challenges to organizing, 24–26

and the church, see church

formation of, 21, 108

group identity of, xvi, 25–26, 127

lambda symbol of, 114

overt action not taken by, 11–12

sexual underground of, 25

“spoilers” in, 160

and Stonewall, 108, 112, 124, 157

see also homosexuals

gay culture, 40, 48

“Gay Is Good,” xvi, 142, 223, 319, 333

Gay Liberation Front (GLF), 107–11, 114–16, 125, 132, 161, 199, 245

and GAA, 117–18, 126, 156–57

imploded, 156–57

and lesbians, 112, 113, 180

in Los Angeles, 144, 150–52

gay-liberation movement, xiv-xv, 284

backlash against, 171, 237, 249, 344

birth of, 124

compared with other social movements, xvi-xvii, 58, 59, 70, 109, 150, 244

direct action, 115, 118; see also ACT UP; Gay Activists Alliance

first gay-rights organization, 27, 36–37, 40

as lesbian and gay movement, 70, 158–59, 222

moral ambitions of, xvi-xvii, 33–34

and personal identity, 109, 111, 127

respect sought in, 37, 38, 50

rise of, 80, 112

and Sixties activism, 80–93

“Gay Manifesto, A” (Wittman), 70–71, 88, 90–93, 113, 118, 153, 189

Gay Men’s Health Crisis (GMHC), 66, 170, 177, 181–84, 190

Gay New York (Chauncey), 5, 7, 8

“gay panic” defense, 276

“Gay Power!,” 101, 124

gay pride, 115, 125–26

gay pride parades, 125–27, 129, 130, 144, 344–45

gay revolution:

and AIDS test, 187, 189

birth of, 2

civil rights laws, 165, 252

and Communist Party, 31–33

and difference, 48, 237–41

and identity politics, 32, 127

and liberal state, 269, 333

and marriage, 236, 240

and new media, 283–99

platform for, 22–24, 90–93

religious right vs., xvii, 165–66, 171, 245, 262, 264

and social change, 140, 214, 243, 262, 283

street protests, 194–95

tale of two coasts, 12–14

terms of argument for, 48–49

unique nature of, xv-xvi, 46, 48

Gay Rights National Lobby (GRNL), 160–61, 169, 179

Geer, Will, 30, 31–32, 34

Georgia, criminal law in, 193–94, 253, 254

Gerash, Gerald, 246

Gernreich, Rudi, 38–39, 42

GetEqual, 198, 321, 338–39

Geto, Ethan, 220

Gibbs, Robert, 319

Gibson, John, 218

Gielgud, Sir John, 54

Gill, Tim/Gill Foundation, 264–65, 297, 347

Gill Action, 341

Gillibrand, Kirsten, 323–28, 330, 331, 333

Gill v. Office of Personnel Management, 312–13, 319, 328

Gingrich, Newt, 234

Ginsberg, Allan, “Howl,” 52, 53

Ginsberg, Steve, 87

Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 149

Gitlin, Todd, 63–64, 69

Gittings, Barbara, 52, 59

Glazer, Nathan, 38

Glover, Calvin, 288

“God Save Us Nelly Queens,” 87, 90

Gold, Ron, 137, 138

Goldberg, Suzanne, 251, 253

Goldwater, Barry, 84

Goodman, Andrew, 274

Goodridge v. Massachusetts Department of Health, 290–95, 301, 303, 313

Goodstein, David, 154, 160, 161, 162, 165, 167, 218

Gordon, Albert, 151

Gordon, Maxwell, 21

Gottlieb, Michael, 173

Gould, Deborah, 184

government:

affirmative action against gays by, 188, 236

affirmative protections from, 153, 181, 222

and AIDS, 172–76, 184, 185, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 195, 201–5, 211, 214

created by the people, xiv, 102

and criminal law, 142

and direct democracy, 240, 244, 247, 290

homosexuals excluded from, 82–83, 118, 130, 131

homosexuals fired from jobs in, 37, 46–48, 56–58, 67, 131, 151, 157

and public health, 201

and safety of citizens, 102, 201

separation of church and state, 239

Gramm, Phil, 234

Gran Fury, 200

Greenburg, Jan “Gay,” 16–17

Greensboro, North Carolina, sit-ins in, 66, 118, 121–22, 151

Griffin, Chad, 302, 306–7, 308, 309, 312

Grisanti, Mark, 341

Griswold v. Connecticut, 77–79, 269

group identity, xv, xvi, 25–26, 33, 37–38, 109, 111, 118, 127

guilds, 41

Guillén, Mauro, 178

Gunnison, Foster, 126

 

Haft, Marilyn, 149–50, 251

Hanks, Tom, 211

Hardwick, Michael, 194, 230

Hare, Randall, 1

Harlan, John M., 260

Harlem, New York, Hamilton Ball, 7

Harper’s, 122–23

Harris, Kawane, 342

Hart, Gary, 219

Harwood, Gean, 2

Hatch, Orrin, 273

hate crimes, 269–81, 283, 303

Hate Crimes Statistics Act, 273

hate speech, 304

Hawaii:

defense of marriage in, 240

same-sex marriage in, 233–34, 235, 236–37, 239, 289, 290, 310

Hawaii Gay and Lesbian Center, 233

Hawaii Supreme Court, 233–34

Hay, Hannah, 38

Hay, Harry, 29–46, 86, 307

and Communist Party, 29–35, 42, 45, 220

and Gernreich, 38–39

marriage of, 34–35, 87

and Mattachine Society, 40–43, 48, 49–50, 63, 79

and organizing gays, 27, 36–37, 59, 90, 144, 150, 220

Hay, Margaret Neall, 44

Hayden, Casey, 69–70

Hayden, Tom, 61, 68, 86–87

Heckler, Margaret, 191

Hefner, Hugh, 75–76

Henderson, Russell, 270, 275, 276

Henry, Robert, Sexual Variants, 16–17

“Here Comes the Groom” (Sullivan), 231

Herek, Greg, 273

heterosexual relationships, norm of, 3, 16–17, 69, 134

Hill, Jim, 207

Hirschfeld, Magnus, 16, 39

Hitchcock, Donald, 299, 320

Hitchens, Donna, 252

Hobbes, Thomas, xiii-xiv, 5, 101, 102

Hodges, Julian, 82

Hoey, Clyde, 47

Hoffman, Abbie, 70, 86, 118

Hoffman, March (“Artemis March”), 112, 113

Holder, Eric, 336, 339

Hollywood blacklist, 45–46

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 317

Holocaust, 46, 64, 193, 201, 214

homophile, use of term, 40

homophobia:

in Congress, 235

of feminists, 113, 159

and GAA zaps, 120–23, 133

in Sixties movements, 108–9

Homosexuality (Bieber), 135

homosexuals:

case studies of, 16–17

civil rights of, 56, 78–79

closeted, 8, 11, 13, 34, 102, 218, 221, 229, 252

colleges closed to, 8

coming out, 183–84, 188–90

community of, see gay community

criminal acts of, xiii, xvi, 16, 17, 130, 147–52, 347

and disorderly conduct, 10, 22, 31, 85, 86, 244

families of, 25, 118

first use of word, 1

gay bars, 11, 22, 52, 121, 151

group identity of, xvi, 25–26, 33, 37–38, 109, 111, 118, 127

hate crimes against, 269–81, 283

hidden persecution of, 122–23

in history, 1–2

jobs lost by, 37, 46–48, 49, 56–58, 67, 68, 83, 131, 151, 157, 230, 237

lifestyles of, 102–3, 126

medicalization of, 17–20, 50

and mental illness, xiii, xvi, 15–17, 69–70, 81–82, 130, 131–40, 347

in the military, see military

and “pansy” craze, 9–10, 11

police entrapment of, 42–43, 84–85, 119, 120

police harassment of, 102–3, 119, 120, 121

in Prohibition, 9

in public spaces, 5–7

radical, 108

secret language of, 4, 23, 25, 31, 32, 33, 37, 181

sexual connections of, 1–7, 12, 39

as sexual perverts, 47, 69–70

as sinful, xiii, xvi, 15, 73, 92, 118, 130, 292, 317–18, 347

social acceptance sought by, 238

as subversive, xiii, xvi, 46–54, 58, 84, 118, 130, 151, 152–59, 347

suicides of, 48, 58, 344

as suspect classification, 254

Homosexual Youth Movement in Neighborhoods (HYMN), 124

Hongisto, Richard, 155

Hood, Mona, 12

Hooker, Evelyn, 134

Hoose, Jerry, 107–8, 109–10

Hormel, James, 161

Howard (“Miss Hattie”), 22

Hoyer, Steny, 327, 332

HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee), 32, 45, 63, 65

Hull, Bob, 39–40, 41, 42, 50

Human Rights Campaign (HRC), 170, 192, 197, 199, 220, 227, 263, 264, 279, 288, 318, 320, 338

Human Rights Campaign Fund (HRC-F), 161, 169, 170, 218, 220

Hyde, Henry, 235

Hyde, Sue, 225, 287

 

Ickes, Harold, 236

ick factor, 237, 255–56, 293, 303–4, 315

identity politics, 32, 127, 279

Imperial Court of the Rocky Mountain Empire, 246–47

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW; “Wobblies”), 30

Inglis, Robert, 235, 240

Institute for Sexual Research, Vienna, 39

Institut Pasteur, France, 175

International Imperial Court System, 246–47, 277, 278

Internet, 284, 296–97, 319, 320, 338

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), 102

 

Jacobs, James, 279

Jacobs, Rick, 319, 324

Japanese Americans, 229, 240

Jefferson, Thomas, 116

Jenkins, Walter, 83–84

Jennings, Dale, 40, 42–43, 44, 48, 50

Johnson, David, 47

Johnson, Lady Bird, 84

Jones, Cleve, 25, 53, 169, 170, 177, 181, 215, 307–8, 313, 320

Jorgensen, George, 38

Julber, Eric, 53

Justice Department, US, 279, 317, 319, 336–37, 343

 

Kagan, Elena, 339

Kameny, Franklin, xvi, 61, 67, 68, 80, 158, 244

and ACLU DC chapter, 59

fired from government job, 56–59, 82–83, 333

house designated DC landmark, 344

and Mattachine Society, 59, 82, 83, 107

and protest marches, 68, 125, 127

and psychiatry, 131–33, 136, 137

and women, 125

Kaposi’s sarcoma, 172–73, 174, 188–89

Katami, Paul, 311, 313, 314

Katzenberg, Bill, 107

Kaufman, Moises, 280–81

Keane, Tom, 206

Keen, Lisa, 287

Kempner, Jim, 143–44

Kendall, Ryan, 25

Kendell, Kate, 302

Kennedy, Anthony, 260–61, 262, 267–68, 292, 341

Kennedy, Edward M. “Ted,” 218, 220, 222, 324

Kentucky, privacy in, 266

Kenyon Review, 23

Kight, Morris, 126–27, 144, 151

King, Martin Luther Jr., xiv, 25, 26, 66, 67, 91–92, 123, 143, 190, 198

King, Mary, 69–70

Kinsey, Alfred:

Sexual Behavior in the Human Female, 75

Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, 36, 39, 133–34

Klausner, Marty, 19, 20

Knight, William “Pete,” 303, 316

Koch, Ed, 174, 190

Kohler, Bob, 101

Koop, C. Everett, 192

Krafft-Ebing, Richard, 15–16

Kramer, Larry, 179, 215

and AIDS activism, 178, 181, 190, 195–97, 198, 205, 207, 210, 345

Faggots, 176

The Normal Heart, 182, 187

“1,112 and Counting,” 189–90

Kreifels, Aaron, 269

Kupferberg, Tilli, 73

Kurland, Philip, 258

Kushner, Tony, 170, 212–13, 280, 345

 

Ladder, The (newsletter), 51, 71

Lambda Legal Defense Fund, 148–52, 179, 190, 202, 219, 220, 221, 225–26, 227, 229, 233, 253, 266, 290, 311

Lanigan-Schmidt, Tommy, 119

LaPorte, Rita, 71

LaRouche, Lyndon, 193

Lavender Hill Mob, 192–93, 195, 198

Lavery, Michael, 127, 147, 151

Law, Bernard Cardinal, 291

Lawrence, John, 266–67

Lawrence v. Texas, 266–67, 269, 283, 291, 292, 293, 328

Lee, Sandra, 340

Legg, Dorr, 43, 44

Leitsch, Dick, 70, 79, 80, 81, 85–86

and Mattachine Society, 71, 82, 84, 85, 95, 105–8, 124

and police harassment, 65, 83, 84, 90

and “sip-in,” 88, 122

“The Hairpin Drop Heard Round the World,” 104, 106, 126

lesbian and gay movement, 70, 158–59, 222; see also National Gay and Lesbian Task Force

Lesbian and Gay Rights Project (ACLU), 76, 251, 252

Lesbian Avengers, 198, 214, 233

lesbian baiting, 221, 225

Lesbian Feminist Liberation (LFL), 158

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender rights, 262, 264, 318, 321

lesbians, 112–14

constitutional rights for, 252, 290

and family-related rights, 236

and feminist movement, 112, 113, 159

Gay and Lesbian Task Force, 190, 225, 227, 229, 264

in the military, 221, 225

Radicalesbians, 113–14, 159

Levi, Jeff, 180, 272, 273

Levin, Carl, 325, 326

Lewis, Bill, 35–38, 45, 178

Lewis, Jonathan, 320–21

liberal state:

citizenship sought in, xv, xvi, 110, 230, 243, 269, 283, 293

due process of law in, 49

entitlement to a lawyer in, 285–86

equal rights in, 312, 333

founding principles of, 223

liberty in, xiv, xv

and marriage, 293, 303

and morality, 293, 325

in philosophical thought, xiii-xiv

privacy in, 37, 78, 243, 245, 266–69, 283

promises of, xiv, 110, 243

security in, xiv, xv, 110, 120, 180, 188, 243, 245, 269–81

self-governance in, xiv, xv, 37, 153, 243, 244–65, 316

social movements in, 37, 110, 214, 223

Liberation, 69

Liberation News Service, 92

Lieberman, Joseph I., 327, 331–32

Liebman, Pam, xi

Lillie, Beatrice, 31

Lin, Maya, 211–12

Lincoln, Abraham, 223, 305

Lindsay, John V., 84–85, 118–19, 120, 121, 152, 157, 181, 202

Litigators’ Roundtable, 290

Log Cabin Republicans, 234, 328, 329, 334

Long, Iris, 201–2

Los Angeles:

Black Cat/New Faces party in, 123

elections in, 44

gay community in, 3, 31, 38, 126–27

gay parades in, 144

Hose and Heels in, 38

MECLA, 218–20

police brutality in, 143

and sodomy laws, 150–52

street protest in, 123

Loving v. Virginia, 311, 313, 315

Lynch, Michael, 178

Lyon, Phyllis, 50–51, 52, 346

 

Macdonald, Dwight, 22–24

Machiavelli, Niccolò, 347

Macy, John W. Jr., 67

Maddow, Rachel, 323, 325

Mafia, 12, 13, 81, 96–98, 102

Maine, marriage in, 321

“March, Artemis” (Hoffman), 112, 113

March on Washington (gay), 125, 320–21, 325

March on Washington (race), 67–68

marriage:

as basic civil right, 291–92, 328

in California, xii, xiii, 14, 301–13, 315–17, 319–21, 340, 341, 346

and the church, 239–40, 307

and common law, 238–39

in Connecticut, 311, 336–37

DOMA, xii, 234–37, 239, 240, 312, 317, 319, 321, 328, 336–40, 343

and domestic-relations exception, 329

and family, 232

in Hawaii, 233–34, 235, 236–37, 239, 289, 290, 310

heterosexual, 74, 235

interracial, 73, 293, 294, 315, 328, 329

in Massachusetts, 289–95, 301, 312

and morality, xvii, 239–40, 293

in Netherlands, 57

in New York, xiii, 340–42, 347

open, 73

procreation as purpose of, 72–73, 74, 235

same-sex, xii, xiii, 57, 145, 230–37, 238, 298, 301, 309–13, 315–17, 343

and sex, 305–7

and spousal benefits, 230

Standard Sequences for, 290

wedding vows, 294

“Marriage Agreement” (Shulman), 123

marriage equality, 233, 239, 315–17, 340–41, 347

Marriage Project, 236–37

Marsh, John Jr., 230

Marshall, Margaret “Margie,” 290–95, 303

Marshall, Thurgood, 317, 329, 339

Martin, Del, 51, 52, 346

Marx, Karl/Marxism, 30, 32

Mason, “Jackie,” 6

Masons, 41

Massachusetts:

antidiscrimination law in, 222, 290

constitution of, 290, 292

marriage in, 289–95, 301, 312

public schools in, 305

referendum procedure in, 294, 302

Mattachine Society, 40–45, 48–53, 57, 58, 83, 284

fading influence of, 50, 51–52, 92, 104, 108, 115, 125, 127

and GLF, 109

in Los Angeles, 48, 79

of New York, 52, 80, 82, 84–85, 95, 101–2, 105–8, 124, 136

in Philadelphia, 125, 126

and psychiatry, 50, 136

of San Francisco, 43–44, 88

of Washington DC, 52, 59, 71, 82, 132

Matthew Shepard Award, 277, 278, 279

Maupin, Armistead, 161

Mayor of Castro Street, The (Shilts), 162

McCarthy, Joseph/McCarthyism, 35–36, 39, 45, 47, 50, 51, 63, 100, 151, 153, 212, 344

McCartney, Bill, 249

McCarty, Marlene, 200

McClurkin, Donny, 318

McConnell, Michael, 232

McCormick, Katharine, 75

McFarlane, Rodger, 182

McGehee, Robin, 308, 309, 320–21

McGovern, George, 61, 156, 289

McIlvenna, Ted, 89

McKinney, Aaron, 270, 275–77, 281

media:

and ACT UP, 197–98, 204, 206, 214

and advertising, 200

and Felons 6, 151–52

and feminist movement, 112

and GAA zaps, 120–23

gay community ignored by, 43

and gay revolution, 283–99

and gays in the military, 228, 287, 288, 324

Internet, 284, 296–97, 319, 320, 338

the List, 296–97

and marriage, 295–96, 306, 312, 313, 315, 316, 319

and McCarthy hearings, 51, 100

and Stonewall, 104–5

stories about gay community in, 119, 157, 160

Meehan, Marty, 289

Meinhold, Keith, 225–26

men:

Kinsey report on, 36, 39, 133–34

and the military, 21, 227, 229, 240

promiscuous sexuality of, 159, 176–79

Promise Keepers, 249

roles of, 239

Metropolitan Community Church (MCC), 127, 142–45, 151, 158, 170, 286

Migden, Carole, 185

military:

action plan on harassment and training, 289

Campaign for Military Service, 284

character defined in, 143

conscientious objection, 147

courts martial from, 19

discipline in, 228

don’t ask/don’t tell (DADT), xii, 224–30, 236, 284–85, 287, 289, 321, 324–27, 328–34, 342

gays and lesbians in, xii, 14–15, 17–20, 221, 222, 224–30, 285–89, 323–27

G.I. Bill, 20–21

heterosexual male identity in, 21, 227, 229, 240

homosexuals fired from jobs in, 56–57, 287, 330

honor of serving in, 333–34

Japanese Americans in, 229, 240

lesbian baiting in, 221, 225

and McCarthy, 51, 100

moral foundations of, xvii, 238

and new media, 284–89

and psychiatry, 15, 19–20

and racial civil rights, 20, 221

recruitment bans on, 252

Servicemembers Legal Defense Network (SLDN), 285–89, 326, 327, 330

and social change, 229–30, 333, 335

undesirable discharge from, 20–21, 46, 221, 222, 224, 225, 228–29, 284

Uniform Code of Military Justice, 230

“witch hunts” in, 286, 287

women in, 14, 221, 225, 229, 287–89

in World War II, 14–15, 18, 221

Military Freedom Project, 225

Milk (movie), xii, 166, 308

Milk, Harvey, xii, 25, 64, 161–67, 169, 185, 276

Miller, Gary, 155, 156

Miller, Henry, 22

Minnesota, hate-crimes law in, 275

Mississippi, hate crimes in, 274

Mitch, Richard, 87–88

Mitchell, Shawn, 265

Mixner, David, 165, 217–19, 221–23, 224, 226, 230, 320

Moffett, Donald, 200

Molene, Kate, 310

molly houses, 1

Mondale, Walter, 219

morality politics, 239–40, 249, 250, 255–56, 261, 325

Moral Majority, 176

Moskos, Charles, 227, 228, 229

Movement Advancement Project, 347

Moynihan, Daniel P., 38

Mullen, Mike, 326–27, 330

Mungello, David, 87

Murphy, Patrick, 332

Myrtle Beach Bitch (newsletter), 19

Myth of Mental Illness, The (Szasz), 136

 

NAACP, xiv, 20, 33, 46, 67, 68, 107, 148, 258

NAMES Project, 211–12

Nash, Phil, 246, 247

National Center for Lesbian Rights (NCLR), 252, 290

National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), 327, 331–32

National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (NGLTF), 190, 225, 227, 229, 264

National Gay Task Force (NGTF), 157–59, 160, 165, 170, 176, 180, 199, 271–73

National Institute Against Prejudice and Violence, 273–74

National Institute of Justice, 272

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 174–75, 185, 191, 207–9, 214, 345

National Organization for Women (NOW), 91, 112, 159, 246

National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives, 273

nations, definition of, 32

Nazi Germany:

and eugenics, 77

homosexuals persecuted in, 20, 39, 169, 192

pink triangle in, 20, 192–93

Nesline, Michael, 196

Newark, race riots in, 100

New Deal, 27, 46

New Left, 61, 68, 70, 86, 90, 99, 108, 109, 115, 118, 125, 126, 127

new social-movement theory, xv, 162

Newsom, Gavin, 301, 302, 303, 308, 346

New York:

and ACT UP, 196–97, 214, 345

and AIDS, 174, 181–84

antidiscrimination ordinance in, 220

Astor Hotel/Bar, 7, 11, 13

bathhouses in, 5–7, 174

Central Park, 3, 31, 127

Chelsea Gay Association, 271

gay bars in, 96–97, 102, 104, 119, 121

gay community in, 3–4, 13, 31, 122, 155, 156–59

gay hairdressers in, 106

gay pride parades in, 125–27, 129, 130, 344–45

Gloria’s in, 12

Greenwich Village in, 3, 96, 98, 103–5

hate crimes in, 271, 279–80

homosexuals deemed “disorderly” in, 10, 31

Judson Memorial Church, 84

Lambda Legal Defense Fund, 148–52

liquor laws in, 13, 85–86, 96–97

Living Theater, 62

Madison Square Garden in, 7

Mafia in, 12, 13, 81, 96–98, 102

marriage in, xiii, 340–42, 347

Metropolitan Museum of Art, 103, 121

Metropolitan Opera, 13, 121, 123

police harassment in, 102–3, 119, 120, 121

Public Theater, 197

Radio City Music Hall, 121

Rainbow Room, 13

St. Patrick’s Cathedral, 205–6, 214

and Sixties culture, 79–80

Sloane House YMCA in, 2–3, 21

sodomy laws in, 84, 152

State Assembly, 155

and Stonewall, see Stonewall Inn riot

street protests in, 194, 196–98, 214, 266

transvestites in, 97–98

World’s Fair in (1964), 65

New York Anti-Violence Project, 272

New Yorkers United for Marriage, 341

New York Native, 189

New York Post, 84

New York Society of Psychoanalysis, 135

Nichols, Jack, 68, 71, 127

Nin, Anaïs, 22

Nixon, Richard M., 289, 344

Northrop, Ann, 196, 199, 204, 205, 206

Norton, Clifford, 83

Norton v. Macy, 83

Novick, Al, 44

Nunn, Sam, 227, 228, 229–30, 237, 287, 332–33

 

Obama, Barack/Obama administration, 279, 308, 317–19, 320, 321, 324, 326, 330, 331, 336–40, 342, 347

O’Brien, John, 100, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111

obscenity, 53, 54, 74

O’Connell, Jack, 306

O’Connor, John Cardinal, 205

Oldest Gay Couple in America, The (Harwood), 2

O’Leary, Jean, 158–59

Oleson, Otto K., 54, 56

Olson, Ted, xiii, 310, 311, 312–13, 314, 315–17, 328

ONE magazine, 44, 50, 52, 53–54, 55, 56, 74, 143, 147, 151, 254

ONE v. Oleson, 56

oppositional consciousness, xiv, 31, 130

Osburn, Dixon, 284, 285, 334

Outfront, 247

Outweek, 210

Overholser, Winfred, 17

Owles, Jim, 115–16

 

Pearson, Isador, 4, 5

Pelosi, Nancy, 327

Peña, Federico, 247

Pennsylvania, gay employees in, 246

Pepper, James, 66, 183–84

Perrow, Charles, 178

Perry, Kris, 311, 313

Perry, Troy, 127, 140–45, 146, 151, 194, 233

Perry v. Schwarzenegger, 311–13, 315

Petrelis, Michael, 205, 206

Peurifoy, John, 35, 37

Philadelphia (movie), 211

Phillips, Virginia, 328, 330

Pincus, Gregory “Goody,” 75

Pine, Seymour, 98, 119

Planned Parenthood, 75, 76

Platky, Anita, 34–35, 36, 87

Playboy, 75, 76

Playboy Club, 75

Playboy Foundation, 76, 150

Playboy Philosophy, 75–76

Plessy v. Ferguson, 260, 268

Poland, Jefferson “Fuck,” 73, 74

politics, 22–24

politics:

and AIDS, 191–92

and democracy, 255

Democratic Party, 154–55, 160, 219–30

economic analysis of, 162

failure of, 251

and family values, 184

and gay-care revolution, 183–84

gays as absent from, 262

gays as subversive, 152–59

and gender, 159

GRNL, 160–61

identity, 32, 127, 279

local, 244–46, 247

MECLA, 218–20

and Milk, 161–67

and morality, 239–40, 249, 250, 255–56, 261, 325

political action committees (PACs), 161, 218–19

Republicans, see Republican Party

and respectability, 220

Pomerantz, Leslie Fay, 180

Popham, Paul, 177

Port Huron statement, 61, 63, 79

Powell, Colin, 227–28, 333

Powell, Lewis, 193, 194, 252

Practicing Law Institute, 150

Price, Jack, 279

PRIDE, 87

privacy, right to, 37, 76, 78, 116–17, 142, 150, 194, 243, 245, 266–69, 283, 291, 315, 328

Progressive Party, 36, 154

Prohibition, 5

repeal of, 10, 11, 85

socially accepted criminality in, 9, 10, 31

speakeasies in, 9, 11

Promise Keepers, 249

ProtectMarriage.com, 316, 336

psychiatry, 15–17, 81–82, 131–40

circular reasoning in, 82, 136–37, 138

closeted practitioners, 138–39

declassifying homosexuality as disorder, 137–40

empirical research in, 134–35

and health insurance, 136

and Mattachine Society, 50, 136

in the military, 15, 19–20

“optimal social functioning” vs. disease in, 140

sex variants in, 16

and tragic anecdote, 139

treatments offered by, 16, 135–36

Puerto Rican Defense Fund, 148, 149

Pugno, Andrew, 303, 316

Puritanism, 77

 

queer, use of term, 40

Queer Nation, 198

queer theory, 264

 

Rachel Maddow Show (MSNBC), 323

racial civil rights movement, xiv-xv

and affirmative action, 250

backlash against, 344

common cause with, 43

and community, 26

comparisons with, 58, 59, 86, 91–92, 110–11, 118, 121–22, 123, 228, 244, 252

and de facto segregation, 122

and desegregation, 51–52, 165, 172, 244, 328

and formal system of segregation, 121–22

Freedom Riders, 59, 64

and hate crimes, 274–75, 279

homophobes in, 52

interracial marriage, 73, 293, 294, 315, 328, 329

and the military, 20, 221

and NAACP, xiv, 20, 33, 46, 67, 68, 107, 148, 258

race riots, 100

and the Sixties, 61, 67–68, 79–80, 101

and special rights, 250

split in, xv, 26, 91, 92, 171

Radicalesbians, 113–14, 159

radical homosexuals, 108

Randolph, A. Philip, 68

Ransom, John Crowe, 23

Rat (newsletter), 107

Rayside, David, 226

Reagan, Ronald, 166

Reagan administration:

and AIDS, 174, 175–76, 179, 183, 190, 191, 192

and gays in the military, 230

Reformation England, 1

Reich, Wilhelm, 73, 74

Reid, Harry, 325–26

Reiner, Michele, 309, 310

Reiner, Rob, 309–10, 313

religion, 140–45

and Constitution, 78, 256

and evolution, 304–5

gay synagogues, 144

monotheism, 142

see also church

religious right:

and AIDS, 176

and Equal Rights Amendment, 344

Focus on the Family, 248, 303, 344

gay revolution vs., xvii, 165–66, 171, 245, 262, 264

and gays in the military, 226, 227

and hate crimes, 273

and morality politics, 249

and Republican Party, 317

Renaissance, 26

Republican National Convention (1992), 227

Republican Party, 160–61

closeted members of, 295

and hate crimes, 276

Log Cabin Republicans, 234, 328, 329, 334

and religious right, 317

and same-sex marriage, 234–37, 295–96

and Supreme Court, 253

Rerucha, Cal, 276

Rexroth, Kenneth, 52

Richards, Ann, 220

Rieger, Marilyn “Boopsie,” 48, 49

Rights of Gay People, The (ACLU), 150

Ritter, Steve (Yvonne), 101

Robinson, Marty, 115–16, 119–21, 132, 192

Rodwell, Craig, 101, 104, 108, 123–27, 132

Roe v. Wade, 258, 269

Rofes, Eric, 198

Rogers, Michael, 295–96

Romero, Angela, 247–48, 257

Romer v. Evans, 243, 244, 246, 251, 253, 256, 257, 261–62, 266, 269, 283, 293, 311, 312, 328

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 46

Ross, Gary, 346

Roth, Samuel, 74

Roth v. United States, 53, 56, 74, 75

Rove, Karl, 265, 295

Rowland, Chuck, 27, 40, 50

Rubenfeld, Abby, 219–20, 266

Russell, Ina, 8

Rustin, Bayard, 27, 67–68, 84, 99

 

San Francisco:

and AIDS, 184–85

antidiscrimination ordinance in, 155, 165, 166

Black Cat Bar, 13, 52, 87, 88, 246

Board of Supervisors, 153–54

City Lights bookstore in, 52–53

clergy in, 88–90

Compton Cafeteria in, 123

Democratic club in, 155, 163–65, 246

Equal Rights Advocates, 251–52

fairy circle in, 158

Finocchio’s, 13

gay community in, 3, 31, 154–56, 163–67, 184–85

gay riots in, 123, 166

gentrification of, 167

Glide Memorial Church, 89

Golden Gate Park, 156

history of disorderly conduct in, 13–14, 52

labor unions in, 164

marriage in, 301–2, 346

military in World War II, 19

Milk in, 161–67, 185

Mona’s in, 12

New Year’s ball (1964), 89–90, 123

North Beach, 13

real estate developers in, 163

rioting in, 89–90, 123

runaways in, 89

“sip-in” in, 88, 122

Tavern Guild in, 88

transvestites in, 123

voter registration in, 163

San Francisco Chronicle, 18

Sanger, Margaret, 75, 76, 305

“Sappho Remembered” (ONE), 53–54

Sarria, José:

Carmen performances of, 13, 87

and Imperial Court System, 246, 277, 278

running for office, 88, 153

Sartre, Jean-Paul, 118

Sarvis, Aubrey, 326, 327, 331

Save Our Children, 165, 245

Scalia, Antonin, 262, 292

Schake, Kristina, 309

Schneider, Bill, 224

Schook, Tea, 248, 250

school prayer, 165

Schroeder, Pat, 228, 235

Schubert Flint Public Affairs, 303–4, 306, 307, 315, 321

Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 311, 315

Schwerner, Michael, 274

Scott, Bruce, 82, 83

Scott, Marsha, 298–99

Scott, Peter, 218, 219

Scottsboro boys, 33

Scott v. Macy, 83

Seattle City Council, 220

self-determination, 32–33

self-incrimination, 45

self-invention, 62–64, 69, 109

Servicemembers Legal Defense Network (SLDN), 285–89, 326, 327, 330

sex:

and abstinence, 305

and AIDS, 176–79, 187

with consenting adults, 151

criminal nature of, 73–74, 130

extramarital, 72

heterosexual, 74

and ick factor, 237, 303–4, 315

Kinsey reports, 36, 39, 75, 133–34

and marriage, 305–7

nonreproductive, 72

“normal,” 16, 72–73, 133

procreation as purpose of, 73

safe, 178, 190, 205

Sex and the Single Girl (Brown), 76

Sex Freedom League, 73

sex-reassignment surgery, 38, 49

Sexual Privacy Project (ACLU), 76, 78

sexual revolution, 71–79

and birth control, 75, 76–77, 80

coining of term, 73

and empowered women, 76

moral judgment vs., 92, 184, 239–40

and privacy, 78, 150, 151, 237, 315

and social change, 130, 133

Shapp, Milton, 246

Shelley, Martha, 64–65, 106–7, 108, 147

Shepard, Dennis, 276–77, 279

Shepard, Judy, 277, 278, 279, 280

Shepard, Matthew, 269–71, 275, 276–81, 304

Shibley, George, 43

Shih, June, 263

Shilts, Randy, 162, 166, 169, 170

Shulman, Alix Kates, “Marriage Agreement,” 123

Shumsky, Ellen, 113

Signorile, Michelangelo, 204

Silence = Death, 192–93, 197, 199–200, 203

Silver, Carol Ruth, 64, 155, 163

Sixties culture, 61–93

children of, 79

direct actions in, 115, 244

feminists, xiv, 68–71, 130

“Gay Manifesto,” 70–71, 90–93

gay movement in, 80–93

generation gap in, 64–65

March on Washington, 67–68

media in, 80

New Left, 61, 68, 70, 86, 90, 99, 108

Port Huron statement, 61, 63, 79

racial civil rights movement, 61, 67–68, 79–80, 101

self-invention in, 62–64, 69, 109

sexual revolution in, 71–79, 80, 130

sit-ins, 66, 118, 121–22, 151

and social change, 130, 137, 150, 189, 244, 305

and Stonewall, see Stonewall Inn riot

women’s roles in, 68–71, 123, 130

Skinner v. Oklahoma, 77, 269

Slater, Don, 50, 56

Slezak, Walter, 10

Smelt v. United States, 312, 317, 319

Smith, Bill, 341, 347

Smith, Howard, 104

Smith, Paul, 267

Smith, Scott, 163

Snowe, Olympia, 325

Socarides, Charles, 135, 137

Socarides, Richard, 129, 236, 263, 264, 319, 336, 337, 343

social change, 61–93, 129–67

and AIDS, 190–93

and churches, 140–45, 195

and laws, 147–52

and marriage, 231–37

and mental health, 131–40

and the military, 229–30, 333

and politics, 152–67

and the Sixties, 130, 137, 150, 189, 244, 305

and Stonewall, 99–103, 129, 130

social contract, 102

social movements:

and bookstores, 124–25

charismatic leaders in, 162, 165–67

and community, 31

compared with gay liberation, xvi-xvii, 58, 59, 70, 109, 150, 244

controlled experiment of, 50

and cost-benefit analysis, xiv

and democratic process, 153

elements of, 153, 154, 285

endings of, 321

and group identity, xv, xvi, 25–26, 37–38, 109, 111, 127

on human rights, 109, 130, 214–15

interaction among, 110–11, 115, 118, 126

in Internet age, 284

in liberal state, 37, 110, 214, 223

living-room culture of, 181

and marches, 124, 127

moral struggles in, 109, 142

new social-movement theory, xv, 162

oppositional consciousness in, xiv, 31, 130

trials in, 256, 336

triggers of, 31, 108

social standards, changing, 54, 84

Society for Individual Rights (SIR), 88, 90, 153–54

Society of Fools, 40

Socrates, 1

Sodom, 72

sodomy:

Bowers v. Hardwick, 188, 193–94, 230, 233, 253, 254, 259, 266, 267–69

and the church, 15, 72–73, 142

as criminal offense, 84, 152, 193–94, 222, 230, 253, 254, 258, 259, 262, 266

decriminalizing, 150–52, 179, 237, 266, 267–69, 290, 328, 346

in history, 1

legislation against, 72, 73, 78, 92, 142, 145, 148, 150

and the military, 19

Solmonese, Joe, 334, 338–40

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 66

speech, freedom of, 74, 151, 254

Spitzer, Robert, 135, 137–40

Stalin, Joseph, 29, 32–33, 38, 59

State Department, US:

homosexuals fired from jobs in, 57, 153, 344

homosexuals in, 35, 45–48

and McCarthy, 35–36

states:

antidiscrimination laws in, xii, 220, 222, 245, 247, 290

coercive power of, 135

constitutions of, 255

and hate crimes, 275–76, 283

homosexuals deemed “disorderly” in, 10

lack of protection from, 166, 259, 344

laws governing sexual practices in, 72, 78–79, 148, 230, 262, 266–69

liquor laws in, 10, 12, 13

and privacy, 117

same-sex marriage in, xii, 231–36, 298, 311–13, 343, 346

and social change, 294

and sterilization, 77

and US Constitution, 234, 251, 253–56

see also specific states

Steadman, Pat, 249, 250–51, 264

Steffan, Joe, 225–26

Steinem, Gloria, 25

sterilization of the unfit, 77

Stevenson, Adlai, 154

Stier, Dandy, 311, 313

Stoddard, Tom, 227, 233

Stokes, Jim, 164

Stokes, Rick, 154, 155

Stonewall Inn riot (1969), xiii, 70, 95–128

aftereffects of, 82, 112, 118–19, 122, 124, 126, 131, 155–56, 157, 170, 176, 189, 214, 221, 244

anniversary events, 108, 123–27

and gay community, 108, 112, 124, 157

and gay pride parades, 125–27, 129, 130, 144

and Mattachine Society, 95, 101–2, 105–8

myth of, 125–26, 155

police raid, 93, 98

and protest march, 106–7, 108

reunions of, 96

and social change, 99–103, 129, 130

third night of, 103–5

violent eruption of, 98–99, 101, 124, 171–72, 345

Stoumen, Sol, 13, 52, 87

Stryker, Jon, 298

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 66, 69, 91, 100

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 61, 68–69, 79, 100, 107, 108

suffragists, 238

suicide, 48, 58, 140–41, 187

Sullivan, Andrew, 231–32, 233, 238, 279–80, 296

Sullivan, Henry, 17

Supreme Court, US:

and Amendment 2 (Colorado), 244, 253–61, 262, 346

and birth control, 77–79, 269

and desegregation, 51–52, 165, 244, 328

and don’t ask/don’t tell, 330

and eugenics, 77

and Fourteenth Amendment/equal protection, 243, 254, 255–56, 258–59, 260–61

and friends of the court, 253, 258

and homosexual rights, 54, 55, 56, 58, 82, 223, 243, 244, 345

and intuitive distaste argument, 255–56

as last resort, 244, 251

and marriage, 78–79, 309–10, 311–13, 315, 328, 341–42

and obscenity, 53, 54, 74

presidential appointments to, 253

and privacy, 78, 194, 267–69, 283, 291, 328

and right to participate in the political process, 254–55, 258, 261, 283, 328

and slavery, 260, 268

and sodomy, 78, 188, 193–94, 230, 253, 254, 258, 259, 266, 267–69, 328

and suspect-classification argument, 254, 258, 261

and 2000 election, 310, 312

Sweeney, Tim, 196

Swift, Peggy, 212

Swift and Terrible Retribution Committee, 192–93

Sylvia Rivera Law Project, 264

Szasz, Thomas, 136

Szluk, Peter, 47–48, 344

 

Taggart, Stanley, 34

Tapper, Jake, 319

Tauro, Joseph, 319, 328, 336

Tavern Guild, 88

Tax, Meredith, 64

Taylor, Elizabeth, 170

Teamsters Union, 164

Teena, Brandon, 275

Texas, Lawrence v. Texas, 266–67

Thom, Bill, 147–48, 149

Thomson, John, 74

Thorne, Tracy, 225–26

Thurmond, Strom, 67–68, 287

Tisch, Joan, 182

Towle, Andy, 296

transgendered people, 49, 117, 343–44

abandoned by gay community, 220

and hate crimes, 275

identity movement of, 38, 157

mutual help among, 181

treatments forced on, 135–36

Transgender Law and Policy Institute, 264

transvestitism:

decriminalization of, 73

drag balls, 6–7, 181

and media, 157

and police harassment, 97–98, 103

and San Francisco riot, 123

and Stonewall, 98

Treatment Action Group, 210

Tribe, Laurence, 252, 254, 258–59, 260, 261, 267, 292, 311

Trimpa, Ted, 265

Truman, Harry S., 35, 221

Truscott, Lucian IV, 104–5

Tsongas, Paul, 222

Turner, Lisa, 262, 298–99

Turner v. Safley, 311

Tymkovich, Tim, 260

 

Udall, Mark, 331

United Nations (UN), 347

United States:

gay history in, 2

individual states, see states; specific states

US Legal Services Corporation, 169

US Naval Academy, 225

 

Vaid, Urvashi, 204, 225

Vanguard, 86

Vermehren, Hans, 4, 6, 9, 20

Vermont, marriage in, 346

Veterans Benevolent Association (VBA), 22, 221

Victory Fund, 220, 298

Vietnam War, 137

Vietnam War Memorial, 211–12

Village Voice, 96, 104–5, 110

Vining, Donald, 3, 11, 18–19, 21

Virtually Normal (Sullivan), 231

Voeller, Bruce, 149, 156–57, 158–59

 

Waaldijk, Kees, 290, 292

Wagner, Robert F. III, 65

Wagner, Robert F. Jr., 65, 89

Walker, Vaughn, 328

Wallace, Henry, 36

Warren, Rick, 318, 319

Warren, Willy, 12

Washington, DC:

ACT UP in, 197–98

AIDS quilt in, 212

Allies Inn cafeteria in, 4–5

Bal Bohême in, 6

Chicken Hut in, 22

gay populations in, 3, 4–5, 132

gay-rights lobbying in, 144, 158, 160–61, 169, 220

Lafayette Square in, 1, 2, 3, 8, 83

same-sex marriages in, 234

Wasson, Jeffrey, 266

Watergate, 289

Waxman, Henry, 175, 191–92

WBAI New York, 81

Weicker, Claudia, 189, 192

Weicker, Lowell, 189, 192

Weiss, Ted, 192

Welch, Joseph, 51, 63

Weld, Bill, 291

Welles, Sumner, 46

West, Mae, 10

Westmoreland, Tim, 175, 179, 191

Wheatley, Mickey, 202

Whelan, Edward, 337

Wherry, Kenneth, 47

White, Byron, 188, 267

White, Dan, 166, 276

White House:

and AIDS, 174, 178

gay delegation to, 145, 159

Whorley, Junior, 4, 5, 8

Wicker, Randy, 70, 71–72, 73, 79, 80–82, 85, 124

Williams, Kip, 321

Williams, Tennessee, 169

Wilson, Pete, 222

Wilson, Woodie, 19

Winchell, Barry, 288–89

Winfrey, Oprah, 272

Wisconsin, antidiscrimination law in, 246

Wittman, Carl, 68, 86–87, 111, 185

“Gay Manifesto” by, 70–71, 88, 90–93, 113, 118, 153, 189

Wockner, Rex, 297

Wolf, Dan, 105

Wolfson, Evan, 230–32, 233, 236, 237, 308, 310–11

“Woman Identified Woman” (March), 113, 189

women:

and ACLU, 148

and ACT UP, 209–10

blaming the mother, 134, 135

chastity of, 74–75

Congress to Unite Women, 112, 113

consciousness raising, 41

empowerment of, 76

equal rights for, 238–39, 339

friendship bonds of, 1

gender discrimination against, 71, 122

heterosexual norm urged for, 3, 69

Kinsey report on, 75

lesbians, see lesbians

and marriage, see marriage

in the military, 14, 221, 225, 229, 287–89

NOW, 91, 112, 159, 246

and the Pill, 75, 80

and pregnancy, 76, 78

property rights of, 238, 293

rape and domestic violence, 238, 272

Sixties roles of, 68–71, 123, 130, 239

suffragists, 238

Victorian concept of, 3

in World War II, 14

see also feminist movement

Women’s Rights Project, 149

Woods, Bill, 233

Woods, Dan, 329–30

World Health Organization (WHO), 173

World’s Fair (1964), 65

World War II, 14–15, 18, 22, 221

Wyoming:

hate crimes in, 269–71, 275–76

Laramie, Ten Years After, 281

The Laramie Project, 280

 

Yandura, Paul, 298–99, 320

“YMCA” (song), xi

YMCAs, 2–4, 9

“You Can’t Print It” (Julber), 53

Young, Allen, 63, 92

Young, Frank, 197

Young Socialists Alliance, 108

 

zaps, 120–23, 132–33, 137, 181

Zarillo, Jeff, 311, 314