Wisdom Publications
199 Elm Street
Somerville, Massachusetts 02144 USA
© Buddhist Publication Society 1965, 1998
First edition 1949 (Frewin & Co. Ltd., Colombo)
Second edition, revised and enlarged 1965 (BPS)
Third edition 1976, 1985 (BPS)
Fourth revised and enlarged 1998 (Wisdom)
Fifth edition 2010
All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photography, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system or technologies now known or later developed, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Nyanaponika, Thera, 1901–1994
97-38780
ISBN 978-0-86171-135-2
5 14 13 12 11
8 7 6 5 4
Cover design by TL. Interior design by Adie Russell. Set in Diacritical Garamond 12/14.75.
Wisdom Publications’ books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for the permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources.
Printed in the United States of America.
This book was produced with environmental mindfulness. We have elected to print this title on 30% PCW recycled paper. As a result, we have saved the following resources: 4 trees, 1 million BTUs of energy, 412 lbs. of greenhouse gases, 1,983 gallons of water, and 120 lbs. of solid waste. For more information, please visit our website, www.wisdompubs.org. This paper is also FSC certified. For more information, please visit www.fscus.org.