1 Crystals and crystal
structures
(a) From Vaughan D. J. & Craig J. R.,
Mineral Chemistry of Metal Sulfides
(1978), fig. 2.3, p. 39. Cambridge
University Press; (e&f) From Phillips
F. C., An Introduction to
Crystallography (1963). Wiley,
New York
2 Unit cells of the seven crystal
systems
From Whittaker, E. J. W.,
Crystallography: An introduction for
Earth Science (and other solid-state)
students. © 1981 E. J. W. Whittaker.
Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved
3 The silicate mineral crystal
structures
4 Minerals seen using the
optical microscope
(a) From MacKenzie & Guilford,
Atlas of Rock-Forming Minerals
(1980), Longman/Pearson
(b) © The author
(a) © Science Source/Science Photo
Library
(a) © Denis Morel, ESRF
7 Transmission electron
microscopy
(a&b) From Cutting R. S., Coker, V. S.,
Fellowes, J. R., Lloyd, J. R., Vaughan,
D. J., ‘Mineralogical and morphological
constraints on the reduction of Fe(III)
minerals by Geobacter sulfurreducens’,
Geochimica et Cosmochinica Acta,
(2009), v. 73, pp. 4004–4022, with
permission from Elsevier; (c) From
I. Dódonya & P. R. Busecka,
‘Serpentines Close-Up and Intimate:
An HRTEM View’, International
Geology Review, Volume 46, Issue 6
(2004), pp. 507–527, fig. 12A on p. 516
8 Environmental scanning
electron microscope image
From Wilkins, M. J., Wincott, P. L.,
Vaughan, D. J., ‘Growth of Geobacter
sulfurreducens on Poorly Crystalline
Fe(III) Oxyhydroxide Coatings’,
Geomicrobiology Journal (2007),
fig. 8, v. 24, pp. 199–204, with
permission from Taylor & Francis Ltd
9 Scanning tunnelling
microscope images
(a) From Rosso, K. M. and Vaughan
D. J., ‘Reactivity of Sulfide Mineral
Surfaces’, Reviews in Mineralogy and
Geochemistry (2006), v. 61,
pp. 557–607, fig. 8. Mineralogical
Society of America; (b) From Becker
U., Munz, A. W, Lennie A. R.,
Thornton G., and Vaughan D. J., ‘The
atomic and electronic structure of the
(001) surface of monoclinic
pyrrhotite (Fe7S8) as studied using
STM, LEED and quantum
mechanical calculations’, Surface
Science (1997), v. 389, pp. 66–87, with
permission from Elsevier
10 A cross-section through a part
of the lithosphere
From Craig J. R., Vaughan D. J., and
Skinner B. J., Earth Resources and the
Environment (4th ed., 2011), fig. 2.4.
Pearson Prentice-Hall (© Pearson
Education Inc)
(a) From Craig J. R., Vaughan D. J.,
and Skinner B. J., Earth Resources
and the Environment (4th ed., 2011),
fig. 2.1. Pearson Prentice-Hall (©
Pearson Education Inc); (b) From M.
Redfern, Journey to the Centre of the
Earth: The New Geology (1991),
Bristol: Broadcast Books
(b) Courtesy of Almax easyLab
14 The crystal structure of
the clay mineral
montmorillonite
From Krauskopf, Introduction to
Geochemistry (1967), fig. 7.5.
© McGraw Hill
From Rosso, K. M. and Vaughan D. J.,
‘Reactivity of Sulfide Mineral
Surfaces’, Reviews in Mineralogy and
Geochemistry (2006), v. 61,
pp. 557–607, fig. 32. Mineralogical
Society of America
16 Direct bioreduction of a ferric
oxide mineral
From Lloyd, J. R., ‘Microbial
reduction of metals and
radionuclides’, FEMS Microbiology
Reviews Vol. 27, Issues 2–3 (June
2003), pp. 411–425. Wiley-Blackwell
17 The ‘opaline’ silica skeleton of
a radiolarian
From Perry, C. C., ‘Silicification: The
Processes by Which Organisms
Capture and Mineralize Silica’,
Reviews in Mineralogy and
Geochemistry (January 2003), v. 54,
pp. 291–327. Mineralogical Society of
America
18 A double chain of magnetite
crystals in a magnetotactic
bacterium
From Pósfai, M. and Dunin-
Borkowski, R. E., ‘Sulfides in
Biosystems’, Reviews in Mineralogy
and Geochemistry (2006), v. 61,
pp. 679–714. Mineralogical Society of
America
19 A cross-section through the
subsurface in a region above a
shallow intrusion of an
igneous rock
From Craig J. R., Vaughan D. J., and
Skinner B. J., Earth Resources and the
Environment (4th ed., 2011), fig. 2.3.
Pearson Prentice-Hall (© Pearson
Education Inc)
20 A modern large open-pit
mining operation
© Lee Prince/Shutterstock
From Craig J. R., Vaughan D. J., and
Skinner B. J., Earth Resources and the
Environment (4th ed., 2011), fig. 8.10.
Pearson Prentice-Hall (© Pearson
Education Inc)
From Skinner & Porter, Physical
Geology (1987), fig. 22.8. Wiley,
New York
23 A hypothetical illustration of
sources of copper for future
exploitation
From Craig J. R., Vaughan D. J., and
Skinner B. J., Earth Resources and the
Environment (4th ed., 2011), fig. 13.6.
Pearson Prentice-Hall (© Pearson
Education Inc)
The publisher and author apologize for any errors or omissions in this list. If contacted they will be happy to rectify these at the earliest opportunity.