Index

A

absorption edge 34–6
acid mine drainage (AMD) 72, 73
acid rock drainage (ARD) 72
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans  85
aerosols 77, 78
agate 4
Agricola, Georgius 24
albite 7
amethyst 4
amosite 95
amphiboles 7, 22, 49–51, 70, 95
anatase 74
anorthite 7
anthophyllite 5
Anthropocene 99
apatite 86, 90, 91, 101, 110
arsenic 3, 14, 73, 75, 82, 91, 92
arsenopyrite 5
asbestos 40, 95, 100, 127
asthenosphere 56
atomic force microscope (AFM) 42

B

banded iron formations 110
barite 100
‘Barrovian’ zones 53
Barrow, George 53
basaltic magma 49–50, 109
bauxite 113
beryl 103
bioapatite 90
biomineralization 83, 86–8, 90
biotite 7, 49, 51, 53, 70
black smokers 108–9, 115, 124
Bowen, Norman 49, 50, 52, 120
Bowen’s Reaction Series 50, 52
Bragg’s Law 29, 31
brookite 74
buckminsterfullerene 10, 12, 76

C

Cairns-Smith, Graham 124
calcite 7, 13, 15, 53, 68, 71, 86, 87, 90, 91
Cambrian explosion 86
carnallite 110
catalysts 104–5, 123–5
chabazite 104
chalcedony 4
chalcopyrite 6, 107, 115, 116
china clay 70–1
chrysotile 39, 40, 95
clay minerals 2, 70, 71, 73, 78, 95, 103, 113, 122, 124
coccoliths 87
coltan 127
continental crust 49, 51, 52, 106, 128
convection 31, 33, 34, 65, 66, 106
copper 2, 8, 20–1, 84, 99, 107, 114–16, 128, 129
core 50, 51, 56, 59, 60, 65, 66
corundum 102, 103
critical zone 69, 99
crocidolite 95
crossed polars 25–7
crystal
classes 18
morphology 8, 24, 29
structure 3, 8–14, 19, 29, 30, 34, 42, 50, 54, 62, 63, 70, 72, 74, 94, 101, 102, 104, 123
structure determination 8, 29, 30, 34
systems 8, 16–18
zones 50
crystallography 4, 7, 8, 14–20, 30, 39
cubic 7, 17–19, 38
cuprite 5

D

diamond 10, 58, 59, 61, 62, 101–3, 111, 119
diamond anvil cell 61, 62
differentiation 50, 52
diopside 5
D" layer 66
dolomite 71

E

earthquake shock waves 55
electron microprobe 7, 28
emerald 103
enstatite 5
environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) 41
Eskola, Pentti 54
eutectic point 52
evaporite deposits 110
extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) 34, 36, 37

F

feldspar 4, 7, 22, 26, 27, 30, 49–51, 70, 75, 77, 78, 106, 113
ferrihydrite 74
fire strikers 1
fluorite 32, 100, 103
focused ion beam (FIB) 39
fractional crystallization 49, 50, 109, 115, 120
Fukushima, Japan 93
fuller’s earth 71

G

galena 3, 6, 11, 15, 30, 43, 63, 109
garnierite 113
Geobacter sulfurreducens  41, 83
geobarometers 54
geothermometers 54
global climate 77
goethite 6, 73, 80, 113
gold 14, 100, 105, 108, 111, 113–14, 116
granite 4, 7, 51–2, 58, 69, 70, 105–7, 113, 116, 120
graphene 10
graphite 10, 11, 102, 119
Great Oxidation Event (GOE) 121
gypsum 110

H

halite 15, 30, 63, 101, 110
Haüy, René 13, 15
hematite 80
hexagonal 17, 18
high pressure experiments 61, 62
high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) 39, 40
Hochella, Michael 74
hot spot 49, 66
Hutton, James 130
hydrothermal waters 68
hydroxylapatite 90

I

inner sphere surface complex 80
iron ore 98
ironstones 110, 111

J

jasper 4

K

kaolinite 70, 100, 103
kimberlite pipes 58, 59
kyanite 53–4

L

laterite 112, 113
Leptospirillum  85
limestone 7, 53, 68, 69, 71, 86, 105
lithification 68
lithosphere 48, 52, 56, 65, 66, 115, 117

M

mackinawite 6, 84, 125
magmas 47, 49–53, 58, 66, 68, 105, 106, 109, 110, 115, 116
magnesiowüstite 63, 64
magnesite 5
magnetic reversals 60
magnetite 6, 9, 26, 28, 40, 47, 89, 110
magnetotactic bacteria 89
manganese nodules 109, 115, 128
mantle plume 66
marble 53, 105
mercury 3, 82, 91, 105, 126
metals
abundant 100, 105, 126
base 100, 116, 126
ferro-alloy 100, 126
precious 100, 126
scarce 100, 105, 126, 128, 129
metamorphic grade 54
metamorphism 51–5, 68, 105, 120
contact 53, 116
regional 53, 54
meteorites
iron 59
stony 59, 75
mica 4, 7, 49–51
microbial reduction 84, 92
Miller, Stanley 123
mineral
chemical 7, 9, 10, 22, 24, 53, 54, 80, 89, 90, 101, 104, 105, 111, 127
cleavage plane 8
definition 3, 9, 14
density 8, 24, 63, 64
evolution 1, 86, 119–22, 125
fracture plane 8
groups 5, 7, 14, 15, 20–2, 54, 71, 94, 95, 104, 110, 119, 124
hardness 8, 24, 100–3
industrial 71, 82, 91, 100, 101, 103, 104, 127
lustre 8, 24
naming 2
new 4, 6, 38, 49, 53, 68, 116, 120–2
number 3, 4, 22, 24, 43, 47, 53, 58, 69, 78, 86, 89, 91, 95, 117, 120, 121
surfaces 7, 42, 45, 73, 79–83, 96, 121, 123
mineralogical barrier 129
mineral–water interface 79
monoclinic 17, 18
montmorillonite 6, 72, 124
muscovite 7, 51, 70

N

nanodiamonds 75, 76
nanominerals 73–6
nanoparticles 73–6, 96
Nicol, William 25

O

olivine 7, 14, 22, 25–7, 49, 50, 58, 59, 62, 64, 103, 112, 113
opal 3
ophiolite  115
optical microscope 24, 27–9, 38
ore genesis 115
ore microscopy 28
orthoclase 7, 70
orthorhombic 17, 18
outer sphere surface complex 80

P

palaeomagnetism 47
Parsons, Ian 123
partial melting 51, 52, 109, 116, 120
pegmatites 106, 107, 120
periclase 63
perovskite 63, 64, 94
Phanerozoic era 85
phase transformation 9, 10, 57, 62–5
piezoelectric effect 43
placer deposit 111
plagioclase 26, 27, 51, 70
plane polarized light 25, 28
pluton 49, 51, 52, 116
porphyry copper 107, 116
porphyry molybdenum 107, 116
primordial soup 123
pyrite 1, 10, 11, 14, 43, 44, 71, 84, 125
pyroxene 7, 22, 50, 58, 59, 64, 70, 112, 113
pyrrhotite 28, 44, 45

Q

quartz 4, 7, 22, 32, 43, 50, 51, 70, 75, 77, 87, 123
quartzite 4

R

radioactive wastes 82, 93, 94
radiolarian 87, 88
radon 91
rare earth elements (REE) 94, 126, 127
refractive index 102
refractories 103
residual mineral deposits 111
ringwoodite 63, 64, 76
rock
cycle 68–72
definition 4
rose quartz 4
ruby 102, 103
Russell, Mike 124, 125
rutile 74, 111

S

sandstone 7, 68, 105
scanning electron microscope (SEM) 41, 42
scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) 42–4
seismic tomography 65
sillimanite 53, 54
silver 2, 6, 100
Smith, Joe 123
Snowball Earth 122
solid solution 14, 129
sorption 75, 79, 80, 82, 93, 94
sphalerite 109, 115
spinel 63, 64
staurolite 53
subducted 51, 52, 60, 65, 106
sulphur 10, 11, 14, 15, 21, 37, 60, 84, 89, 104
symmetry
axis of 16
centre of 16
elements 8, 16, 18, 24
plane of 16–18
synchrotron radiation 33–6, 79
synthetic rock (SYNROC) 94

T

Taylor, W. H. 30
tetragonal 17–19
thin section 25–8, 37, 38
transition zone 56, 65
transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 38–41, 77
tremolite 5
triclinic 16–18

U

unit cell 15–17, 39
uraninite 91
Urey, Harold 123

V

veins 106, 107, 113, 116
volcanogenic massive sulphides 109

W

Wachtershauser, Gunter 124, 125
wadsleyite 63, 64, 76
weathering 2, 67–72, 75, 77, 84, 91, 111–13, 121
weddellite 90
whewellite 90

X

xenoliths 58
X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) 34, 36, 37
X-ray crystallography 30
X-ray powder diffractometry 31

Z

zircon 55
zirconolite 94