INDEX 
Abdi-Hepa, 52
Abu Hawam, 74
Abu Simbel, 80
Abydos, 80
Achaea, 128
Aegean, xv, xvi, 1, 3, 9–10, 14–15, 17–18, 21, 23–26, 40, 42–51, 59–60, 71, 73–74, 79, 84, 86–87, 89, 93, 97–99, 101–5, 107, 114, 119, 128, 133–39, 141–43, 148–49, 155, 158–69, 171–74
Aegean-style pottery, 158
Ahhiyawa, 12, 35, 37, 40, 67, 71, 84, 96, 98–99, 107
Ai, 94
Akhenaten, 13, 22, 52–54, 56–58, 60–62, 65, 67, 69, 77, 84, 90, 103, 173, 177, 179–80
Akkadian, 18, 32, 39–40, 53, 68, 79, 82, 88–89, 103, 105–6, 124
Akkadians, 175
Akko Valley, 157
Alaca Höyük, 126
Alalakh, 14, 60, 67, 124. See also Tell Atchana
Alashiya, 2, 3, 12, 28, 60, 88, 99–100, 105–6, 108, 133, 155
Albright, William F., 121
Alexander the Great, 155
Alishar, 126
Allenby, Sir Edmund, 30
Amarna, 22, 51–53, 55–57, 60, 62, 75, 89–90, 94, 96, 103, 173. See also Tell el-Amarna
Amarna Letters, 52, 55–57, 60, 94
Amarna Revolution, 52
Amenhotep III, xvii, 13, 23, 27, 31, 43–45, 47–53, 55–57, 60–61, 65–66, 68, 71, 84, 90, 103, 173, 177–80
Ammistamru II, 13, 79, 80, 105, 106, 108, 177, 179
Ammurapi, 13, 103, 107–9, 144, 155, 177
Amnisos, 47
Amurru, 3, 13, 54, 81, 96–97, 103–4, 113
Anatolia, 1, 3, 20, 25, 28, 31–33, 36–38, 40–42, 55–56, 59, 65–67, 71, 74, 80, 83–85, 88–89, 98–100, 107, 124, 126–27, 141, 143–44, 155–58, 160, 165, 167, 173, 175
Ankhsenamen, 35, 65, 69–70, 177
Aper-El, 90
Arab Spring, xvi
Aramaeans, 176
arid environments, 146
Ark of the Covenant, 90
Artzy, Michal, 153
Asiatic, 15
Assur-uballit I, xvii, 13, 60–61, 96–97, 177
Assuwa(n), 12–13, 28, 31–32, 35–37, 40–41, 85
Assuwa Rebellion, 31–32, 35–36, 40–41
Assyria, xvii, 31, 53, 55, 60–61, 71, 84, 96–98, 104, 106
Assyrian(s), 30–31, 42, 44, 52, 61, 70, 96–98, 104, 106, 161–62, 164, 171, 175
Åström, Paul, 135
Attica, 128
Avaris, 8, 14–15, 17. See also Tell ed-Dab‘a
Ayios Stephanos, 128
Babylon, 19, 35, 53–54, 56–57, 61, 66, 71, 96–97, 123–24
Babylonian(s), 13, 42, 44, 48, 52, 57, 58, 61, 67, 70, 97, 123, 164, 171, 175
Bass, George, 73–74, 76–77, 101
Battle of Megiddo, 28
Battle of Qadesh, 80, 83–84, 125
Bell, Carol, xvi, 149, 153, 166, 168
Bellerophon, 41
Beni Hasan, 15
Ben-Tor, Amnon, 94
Berbati, 128
Bethel, 94
Beth Shan, 114
Bey, 109
Bible, 4, 6, 9, 19, 33–34, 89–94, 122
Biridiya, 52
Bittel, Kurt, 34
Blegen, Carl, 38–39, 86, 127–29
Borchardt, Ludwig, 61
Braudel, Fernand, xvii
Brauron, 128
British Empire, 34
British Museum, 53
bronze, xvi, 1, 54, 74–75, 77, 88, 99, 104, 113, 116, 118, 120–21, 135, 149, 151, 163
Bronze Age, xv, xvii, xviii, 3, 8, 10–11, 28, 32–33, 36, 38–40, 42, 53, 71, 73–74, 84, 86, 103, 106–7, 113, 122, 132, 135, 139, 143, 146, 149–50, 152, 154, 162–64, 167–74, 176
Burna-Buriash II, 13, 54, 57, 61, 178
Byblos, 137
Cairo Column, 7
Canaan, xv, 1, 7, 12, 14–15, 17, 22, 25, 28, 33–34, 48, 50, 59, 74, 77, 80, 89–92, 95, 114, 118, 122–23, 148, 158–60, 174–75
Canaanite, 19, 29, 31, 52, 71, 74–75, 77, 79, 87–88, 93–94, 96, 101, 103, 115–16, 118, 121–22, 148, 159–60, 175
Cape Gelidonya, 73–74, 100–101
Carchemish, 2–3, 31, 83, 104–6, 151
Carmel Coast, 157
Carpenter, Rhys, 143
Champollion, Jean-François, 4, 91
Christie, Agatha, xvii
Cleopatra, 27
collapse, xvi, xix, 1, 139, 148, 160, 164, 170
complexity science, 166
complexity theory, 166, 168–70
Corinthia, 128
Crete, 4, 12, 14, 17–23, 25, 38–39, 42, 46–48, 50–51, 71, 74, 79–80, 82, 104, 134
Crusades, 10
Cyclopean, 87
Cypriot(s), 2, 42, 52, 60–61, 70–71, 77, 87–88, 101, 105, 132–35, 146, 155, 162, 164, 166, 171
Cyprus, 1, 3, 9–10, 12, 22, 25, 28, 50, 55, 60–61, 71, 74, 76–77, 86–88, 99–100, 104–6, 109, 119, 132–35, 137–38, 141, 146, 151, 158, 160, 165, 171
Dab‘a. See Tell ed-Dab‘a
Danaans, 3
Danube, 160
Dark, Ken, 168
Dark Age, xv, 160–61, 175. See also Greek Dark Age(s)
David, King, 33, 115, 118, 145, 163
Dead Sea, 147
Deir ‘Alla, 114
Dever, William, 175
Diodorus Siculus, 91
diplomatic embassies. See embassy (-ies); trade embassy
Dorian Invasion, 149
Dorians, 149
Dörpfeld, Wilhelm, 86
Dothan, Trude, 122
drought(s), xvi, 11, 99, 126, 135, 142–43, 145–47, 152, 160, 162, 165, 167, 174, 176
earthquake(s), xvi, 11, 20, 39, 43, 86, 109, 121, 127, 130–32, 134–35, 140–42, 147, 149, 160, 162–63, 165, 167, 169, 174, 176
East Asia, xvi
Eastern Mediterranean, 1, 4, 10–11, 15, 18, 50, 53, 59–60, 73, 75, 79, 86–88, 97, 99, 101–3, 114, 124, 132, 136–39, 141–43, 145–46, 148–50, 152, 158, 160–69, 171–74, 176
Egypt, 1, 3–9, 11–12, 14–18, 20–25, 27–31, 35, 39, 42–44, 46–53, 56–57, 59–60, 62–65, 68–71, 74–75, 77–78, 80, 82–83, 86–87, 89–92, 95, 98, 103–9, 112–13, 119, 136, 143–45, 161, 164, 171–73
Egyptian(s), 1, 3–4, 6, 8–11, 13–25, 27–31, 33, 35, 39–40, 42, 44, 46–47, 50–53, 55, 57–58, 60–62, 65–71, 75, 77–78, 80–84, 87–91, 93–94, 97, 103–5, 108–9, 114, 116, 118, 120–22, 135–38, 143, 155–59, 162, 164, 166, 171–72, 174
Egyptomania, 63
Eighteenth Dynasty, 15, 17, 26, 42
embargo (-oes), xvi, 71–72, 98, 163
embassy (-ies), xvi, 20, 23, 51, 71–72, 143
Enlightenment, xviii
Epic Cycle, 85
Epic of Gilgamesh, 59
Eritrea, 27
Ethiopia, 27
Etruscans, 8
Eutresis, 128
famine(s), 126, 142–47, 152, 156, 160, 165, 167, 176
Ferdinand, Archduke, 70
Fourth Dynasty, 15
French, Elizabeth, 130
Gallipoli, 36
Gaugamela, 155
Geiseric, 172
Gelidonya. See Cape Gelidonya
Gezer, 92
Gibbon, Edward, xvi
Giza, 15
gold, 19, 22, 31, 38, 54, 57–58, 61, 64–65, 77, 83, 88, 99, 104, 129, 149, 151
Gonia, 128
governor of Alashiya, 154
Granicus River, 155
Great Green, 14
Great Syrian War, 67
Greece, xv, 9, 11, 19, 25, 36–41, 46–49, 51, 59, 71, 75, 77, 85–87, 97, 100, 131–32, 141, 143, 146–47, 149, 153, 155, 162, 165, 171–73, 175–76
Greek Dark Age(s), 147
Halikarnassus, 88
Hammurabi, 13, 19, 35, 124, 178, 180
Hanutti, 67
Harem Conspiracy, 136
Hatshepsut, 13, 17, 20, 23–24, 26–28, 42, 46, 48, 62, 136, 171, 178, 180
Hatti, 54, 66, 80–83, 92, 106, 143
Hattusa, xvi, 31–32, 34, 36–37, 40, 68, 82, 84, 89, 96, 99, 125–26, 141, 155, 161, 173
Hattusili III, 13, 82–84, 98, 178
Hazor, 92, 94–95, 118, 121, 148
Hector, 41
Heliopolis, 7
Heracles, 41
Heraklion, 21
Herodotus, 149
Hesiod, 59
Hittite(s), 2, 3, 13, 25, 30–37, 39–42, 44, 48, 52–53, 55, 59, 61, 63, 65–68, 70–71, 80–88, 96–100, 103–4, 106–8, 125–26, 132–33, 135, 143–44, 150–51, 155–56, 161–62, 164, 166, 168, 171, 174, 175
Hittite Empire, 32, 34–35, 80, 86, 100, 126, 143
Hittite viceroy of Carchemish, 150
Hoffner, Harry, Jr., 125
Holy Land, 10
Homer, 3, 8, 33, 40, 43, 59, 78, 85–86, 127, 162
House of Rapanu, 105, 151. See also Rapanu
House of Urtenu, 106, 108, 109, 144, 155. See also Urtenu
House of Yabninu, 105. See also Yabninu
Hurri, 30
Hurru, 92
Hyksos, 8, 13–17, 21, 39, 42, 90
Hymn of Victory, 28
Iakovidis, Spyros, 130
Ibnadushu, 155
Industrial Revolution, xviii
Indus Valley, 161
Institute of Nautical Archaeology, 73
internal rebellion, 11, 95, 130, 147–49, 165, 167. See also rebellion
invasion, 15, 99–100, 113, 130–31, 148–49, 156, 160, 163, 167, 172, 174
Iria, 128
Iron Age, 116, 143, 146, 149, 152–53, 157, 159, 166, 169, 171–72, 175
Islands in the Midst of the Sea, 23
Israel, 1, 5–7, 14–15, 17, 22, 33, 60, 74, 92, 114–15, 118, 141, 146–47, 157–58
Israelites, 7, 33–34, 90–96, 118, 121, 148, 175–76
Israel Stele, 92
Issus, 155
Italy, xv, 1, 8, 77, 114, 142, 172
ivory (-ies), 22, 28, 75, 77–78, 88, 116–18, 131, 149
Japan, xvi
Jerusalem, 52, 91, 116, 118, 122, 148
Johnson, Neil, 166
Jubilee, 23
Jung, Reinhard, 114
Kabri. See Tel Kabri
Kadashman-Enlil I, 13, 56, 178
Kalavasos-Ayios Dhimitrios, 132
Kantor, Helene, 41
Karaoglan, 126
Kassite(s), 35, 42, 48, 54, 56–57, 61, 70, 97, 123–24, 162
Katsamba, 21
Katsingri, 128
Keftiu, 12, 19, 22–25, 28, 44, 46–47
Kephala Hill, 20
Kikkuli, 31
Kitchen, Kenneth, 46
Kizzuwadna, 3
Knapp, A. Bernard, 134
Knidus, 88
Knossos, 20–22, 38–39, 44, 47, 51, 74, 88–89
Kommos, 74
Krisa, 128
Kula Ring, 58
Kultepe Kanesh, 34
KV 11, 136
KV 20, 28
KV 60, 28
Kyrenia, 76
Lachish, 94, 114–15, 118–21, 165
Lake Voulkaria, 146
Lakonia, 128
Land of Palistin, 157
Lang, Mabel, 128
Langgut, Dafna, 147
lapis lazuli, 19, 22, 28, 61, 77, 97
large-scale wildfire, 176
Larnaca Salt Lake Complex, 146
Larnaka, 135
Late Bronze Age, xv–xvii, 9, 11–13, 20, 22, 25, 35, 40, 42, 59–61, 63, 74, 86, 89–90, 94, 96–98, 102, 113, 121–23, 134, 138–43, 145–50, 152, 154, 156, 158–76
Late Helladic, 39
Lattakia, 113
Lebanon, 1, 15, 24, 27, 33, 84, 137, 144, 158
Levant, 34, 74, 113, 134, 138, 141, 147, 152, 155, 165–66, 173, 176
Libyan, 9
Linear A, 21
Linear B, 21, 39, 88, 89, 129, 159
Litt, Thomas, 147
Lydia, 88
Macedonians, 175
Mackenzie, Duncan, 21
mainland Greece, 12
Man E, 137
Manatt, James, 38
Maroni, 132
Marsa Matruh, 25
Martin, Steve, 62
Maryannu, 30
Masat Höyük, 126
Maspero, Gaston, 11
Mediterranean, xv, 4, 9–11, 14, 19, 22, 42, 49, 71, 74–76, 78, 86, 96, 101, 113–14, 132, 137, 142–47, 156, 159–60, 162, 171, 173–75
Megiddo, 5, 29–30, 52, 91, 94, 114–18, 120–21, 141
Memnon, 43
Menelaus, 85
Menkheperreseneb, 25
merchant(s), 15, 19, 23, 47–48, 50, 54, 58–59, 75, 78–80, 98, 103–5, 108, 152–54, 163, 167, 179
Merneptah, 6–8, 13, 92, 104, 107, 114, 133, 136, 143–44, 154, 171, 174, 178
Mesopotamia, xv–xvi, 9, 18–19, 22, 35, 42, 49, 66, 77, 86, 89, 96, 104, 123–24, 145, 172, 174
Mesopotamian, 19
Middle Ages, 10
Middle Bronze Age, 122
Milawata Letter, 99
Minoan(s), 14–15, 17–23, 25, 39, 42, 47–48, 50–51, 61, 71, 78, 87, 162, 164, 166, 171
Minoan Thalassocracy, 22
Minos, King, 21
Misraim, 12
Mitanni, xvii, 13, 30–31, 53–57, 61–62, 67, 84, 97
Mitannian(s), 30, 31, 42, 61, 70, 96, 162, 171
Monroe, Christopher, 150, 163, 175
Mountjoy, Penelope, 127
Mount Sinai, 90
Mursili II, 13, 66–68, 70, 179
Musmus Pass, 29. See also Nahal Iron; Wadi Ara
Muwattalli II, 13, 80, 82, 84, 179
Mycenae, 37–39, 44, 47–49, 71, 74, 78, 85–87, 100, 116, 128, 130–32, 141–42, 149, 159, 169
Mycenaean(s), 2, 8, 20–21, 36–42, 47–48, 51, 61, 70–71, 75, 78–79, 83–89, 97, 99–100, 104, 107, 114, 116, 122, 127–28, 132, 134, 137–38, 143, 147–49, 153, 157, 159, 162, 164–66, 168, 171, 173
Mycenaean IIIC1b, 137
Mykenai, 38
Myth of Kumarbi, 59
Nahal Iron, 29. See also Musmus Pass; Wadi Ara
Naharin, 30
Naharina, 30
Near East, xv, 5–6, 9, 11, 13, 15, 18–21, 26, 28, 30, 32, 35, 39–40, 42, 44, 47, 50–51, 55, 59–61, 74–75, 77, 84, 87–89, 91, 96–97, 101, 118, 155, 158, 162, 164, 166, 171, 173, 175
Nefertiti, 27, 62, 69, 77, 78, 179
Neo-Babylonians, 175
Nesha, 34
Neshians, 34
Neshites, 34
network(s), 23, 150–51, 163, 168–69, 173–74
Neve, Peter, 34
New Kingdom, 8–9, 17–18, 23, 25, 35, 42, 44, 137
Nichoria, 128
Nile delta, 1, 8, 14, 15, 25, 172
Nimrud, 78
Niqmaddu III, 13, 105, 107, 179
North Sinai, 92
North Syria, 108
Odoacer, 172
oil(s), xvi, 54, 71, 77–79, 88, 104–5, 149. See also olive oil
old-growth forest, 176
Onomasticon of Amenemope, 157
Orchomenos, 128
Ostragoths, 172
Ottomans, 175
Ozymandias, 91
Palistin. See Land of Palistin
Passover, 90
Pausanias, 149
Pendlebury, John Devitt Stringfellow, 22
Pentapolis, 122
perfume(s), 22, 54, 75, 78, 149
Pernicka, Ernst, 86
Persian(s), 175
Petrie, Sir William Matthew Flinders, 92
Philistine(s), 4, 95, 122, 123, 157–60, 175
Phoenician(s), 89, 96, 103–4, 175–76
Phokis, 128
Piyamaradu, 84
Poetic Stele, 28
Point Iria, 100
Poirot, Hercule, xvii
Prosymna, 128
Pulak, Cemal, 77
Pylos, 39, 74–75, 78, 88, 128–29, 139–41, 149, 173
Pyrrhic victory, 9
Qatna, 14, 60, 67. See also Tell Mishrife
Ramses II, 13, 80–83, 90–92, 143, 178–79
Ramses III, 1, 4, 8–9, 13, 65, 109, 112–13, 116–18, 120–22, 125, 127, 133, 136–37, 154, 158, 172, 179
Ramses XI, 137
Rapanu, 105–6, 108, 152. See also House of Rapanu
Ras Shamra, 102. See also Ugarit
rebellion, 11, 29, 31–32, 35–36, 40, 85, 95, 130, 147–49, 165, 167. See also Assuwa Rebellion; internal rebellion
Renfrew, Colin, 161
Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 5
Roman Empire, xvi, xviii, 172, 174
Rutter, Jeremy, 128
Santayana, George, 30
Santorini, 93
Sarajevo, 70
Sayce, A. H., 33
Schliemann, Heinrich, 21, 37–38, 85–86, 131
Sea of Galilee, 147
Sea People(s), 1–4, 6–11, 86, 95, 97, 99, 105, 112–14, 118–27, 129, 132–33, 135–36, 138–39, 142, 144, 149–50, 152–60, 162, 170–72
Sed (festival), 23
Semites, 15
Seti I, 90
Seventeenth Dynasty, 16
Shaft Graves, 39
Shekelesh, 1, 3–4, 7–8, 154–55, 157
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 91
Shelton, Kim, 49
Shutruk-Nahhunte, 13, 123–24, 179
silver, 25, 31, 35, 40, 54, 57, 61, 82–83, 99, 104
Singer, Itamar, 144, 150, 155, 178
Siptah, 109
Soreq Cave, 146
Sourouzian, Hourig, 46
South Pacific, 59
Southeast Europe, 160
Sparta, 85
Stadelmann, Rainer, 46
Stager, Larry, 123
Steel, Louise, 134
Sudan, 27
Suppiluliuma I, 13, 35, 52, 63, 65, 66–71, 80, 96, 100, 178–79
Suppiluliuma II, 13, 96, 99–100, 104, 107, 133, 144, 155, 179
Susa, 124
Syria, xv, xvi, 1, 3, 9, 14–15, 17–20, 22–23, 25, 30, 33–34, 40, 53–54, 60, 66–67, 70, 74, 79–81, 97, 99, 102, 106, 108, 112, 114, 144–46, 149, 151, 156–57, 173–75
Tadu-Hepa, 56
Tanaja, 12, 25, 40, 44, 46, 47
Taruisa, 36
Tawagalawa Letter, 84
Taylor, Lord William, 49
Teikhos Dymaion, 128
Tel Dan, 157
Tel Dor, 157
Tell al-Fakhariyeh, 30
Tell Atchana, 124. See also Alalakh
Tell el-Amarna, 51. See also Amarna
Tell el-Borg, 92
Tell es-Safi, 4
Tell Mishrife, 67. See also Qatna
Tell Ta’yinat, 157
Texas A&M University, 73
Thebes (Boeotia), 39, 47, 97, 128, 141
Theogony, 59
Thutmose I, 13, 26, 30, 177, 180
Thutmose III, 13–15, 17, 20–21, 23–31, 41–42, 46, 48, 62, 91–92, 178, 180
Tigris, 18
Tiryns, 38–39, 41, 86–88, 105, 128, 131–32, 141–42, 149, 153
trade, xvi, 18–19, 26–27, 42–43, 57, 70–72, 74, 78–79, 87–88, 97, 100–102, 104–6, 108, 131, 148–50, 152–53, 156, 163, 171–72
trade delegation, 27
trade embargo. See embargo (-oes)
trade embassy, 143. See also diplomatic embassy; embassy (-ies)
trade network/connections, 150, 152, 177
trade partnership(s), 52, 54–55
trade relations, 104
trade route(s), 22, 39, 47, 50–51, 59, 87, 100, 108, 126, 147–53, 164–67
Treasury of Atreus, 141
Trojan War, 33, 36, 38, 40–41, 70, 83, 85, 89, 127, 162
Troy, 12, 21, 36, 38, 41, 43, 85–86, 89, 125, 127–29, 141, 156
Tsoungiza, 128
Tsountas, Christos, 38
Tudhaliya, xvii
Tudhaliya I/II, 13, 32, 35–37, 65, 180
Tudhaliya IV, 13, 96–100, 106, 108, 125, 133, 161, 180
Tudhaliya the Younger, 66
Tufnell, Olga, 121
Tukulti-Ninurta I, 13, 96–97, 106, 161, 180
Tunisia, xvi
Turin Judicial Papyrus, 136
Turkey, xv, 3, 8, 14, 20, 28, 33–34, 36, 60, 65, 71, 73–74, 99, 101, 155, 157
Tushratta, xvii, 13, 53–57, 67, 180
Tut, King, xiv, 35, 48, 62, 69
Tutankhaten, 62
Tweini. See Tell Tweini
Twentieth Dynasty, 109, 137, 190
Ugarit, 9, 13, 20, 40, 54, 66, 74, 79–80, 82, 99, 102–9, 112–13, 116, 133, 138, 140–41, 144, 149–56, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173. See also Ras Shamra
Ugaritic, 79, 88–89, 103–6, 112, 144–45, 150, 152, 154
Uluburun, 60, 73–74, 76, 78–80, 100–101
United States, xvi, xviii, 53, 142, 169, 175
University of Chicago, 4, 53, 115–16, 124–25
Ura, 99
Urtenu, 106, 108, 144, 151–52. See also House of Urtenu
Ussishkin, David, 115–16, 118–21
Valley of the Kings, 2, 28, 43, 46, 63–64, 80, 91–92, 136
Van Campo, Elise, 145
Vandals, 172
Van De Mieroop, Marc, 174
Ventris, Michael, 39
Vikings, 10
Visigoths, 172
Wace, Alan, 38
Wadi Ara, 29. See also Musmus Pass; Nahal Iron
Wall Street, 175
Weinstein, James, 121
Weiss, Harvey, 145
Wenamun, 137
Wilusiya, 36
Winckler, Hugo, 34
wood, 22, 27–28, 71, 78, 94, 107, 125, 129, 149
World War II, 39
Yabninu, 105. See also House of Yabninu
Yanoam, 92
Yasur-Landau, Assaf, 123, 155, 159
Yazilikaya, 96
Yemen, 27
Yener, Aslihan, 124
Zivie, Alain, 90
Zoellick, Robert B., 176
Zygouries, 128