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A
absolute filter, 197
ac motors, 28
ac voltage, checking, 19
accumulator, 119
heat pump, 246
accurater, 156
accustats, 115-116
air conditioning operation, 163-165
three sections of, 30
air filtration, 190-201
filter changing frequency for, 196
filter efficiency in, 197
filters for, 196
magnamedia or absolute filters, 197
manometer in, 199
scrubbers in, 198
air handler (see evaporator) air ways, 164
air-cooled condenser, 141
alien wrenches, 315
aluminum wiring, 6
ampacity of, 10
ambient control (compressor), 97
ambient thermostats, 116
checking current with, 24
circuitry of, 25
dc, checking current with, 25
ampacity
aluminum wire, 10
copper wire, 9
amperage, testing for, 23
automatic expansion valve, 155
automotive air conditioning, 278-286
clutch assembly for, 280
recharging system for, 285
refrigerant for, 285
axial fans, 202
rotation rules for, 206
B
basic electricity, 1-18
bellows thermostat, 109
belts (see pulleys and belts), 213
bimetal thermostats, 109
bonnet and pigtail, 188
branch circuit, 2
breaker for, 4
increasing load in, 6
modifications to, 5
bus bars, 79
C
Calrods, 295
capacitor start motors, 48
discharging of, 51
hold-a-charge test for, 52
indexing of, 51
permanent split (PSC), 53
run, 49
start, 49
testing of, 51
types of, 49
capillary tube metering device, 155,156
Celsius to Fahrenheit conversion, 136
centrifugal fans, 202
charging systems, 228-237
air conditioning tables for, 228
crimping in, 235
cylinders, 232
king valve for, 237
line tap valve for, 236
Schraeder valve for, 236
service manifold and gauges in, 230
service valves in, 233
sight glasses in, 231
circuit breakers, 2, 4, 8, 22, 71-81, 89
arcing in, 78
bus bars in, 79
continuity testing of, 76
fuses vs., 55
internal view of panel of, 78
lever-type disconnect for, 73
linked, 81
panel showing, 77
premature tripping in, 75
pull-type disconnect for, 72
quick-trip, 74
testing of, 75
time-delay (slow trip), 75
tripped, 270
circuit elements, 28
circuitry, 14
circulating pump (solar), 327
clutch assembly, automotive air conditioning, 280
coil-in-shell water-cooled condenser, 148
cold water pipe ground, 3
components, evaluation of electrical, 28
compression fittings, 183
compressor reed valves, 47
compressors, 30-47
ambient control for, 97
automotive, 279
capacitor start motor diagram for, 43
cleaning up burn-out in, 271-274
continuity testing of, 40
electrical connecting terminals for, 39
electrical failure testing of, 40
hermetic, 32
horsepower requirements for capacitors on, 53
hot-shotting, 45
internal-mounted, noise from, 274
locked rotor test, 42
open-drive, 37
preventive maintenance for, 262-263
rebuilding vs. replacing, 36
refrigeration valves for, 47
refrigerator, 303
reverse rotation technique for, 46
“ringing out”, 42
rotation in, 41
semi-hermetic, 37
testing for grounded, 41
testing for open-windings, 41
testing of, 39
computerized controls, 323
condenser/condensing unit, 30
accumulator for, 119
air-cooled, 141
automotive, 282
capacitor mounting on, 52
coil cross section for, 142
compressor in, 32
crankcase heater for, 118
domestic refrigerator, 303
driers-dehydrators, 120
hot gas muffler for, 120
inoperative, 267
insufficient cooling from operational, 269
leak testing for, 221
optional components in, 118-125
placement of, 163
preventive maintenance for, 261-262
purpose of, 30
receiver for, 119
replaceable-core, shell-type filter/drier, 123
servicing, 31
sight glasses for, 124
solenoid valves for, 124
strainers for, 123
walk-in freezers, 297
water-cooled, 144
conductor fill, 7
chart for EMT, 11
aluminum, ampacity of, 10
coppper, ampacity of, 9
diameter and carrying capacity of, 7
contactor, 57
motor starter action of, 82
relays vs., 61-63
contacts, bimetallic, 61
continuity testing
circuit breakers, 76
compressor, 40
transformers, 69
control wires, distance to tranformer from, 66
coolants (see refrigerants), 131
copper piping, 173
copper wire, 6
ampacity of, 9
crankcase heaters, 118
crimping tool, 321
equation for, 16
voltage vs., 7
current relay, 57
cylinders, charging, 232
D
dc ammeter (see ammeter)
de-ice or defrost control, 98
defrost heater circuit, 296
defrost timer, 305-308
dehumidification, 159
dehydrators, 120
sizing for, 122
delta-wired load, 12
dewpoint temperature, 158
dichlorodifluoromethane, 132, 133
differential (thermostats), 111
direct expansion evaporator, 143
distribution panel, schematic of three-phase, 12
driers (condensing unit), 120
drills, 312
dry desiccant filter-drier, 191
dry-bulb temperature, 158
dual-voltage six windings, 86
DX evaporator, 143
E
electrical components, evaluation of, 28
electrical safety controls, 90
electrical symbols, 128
electricity, 1-18
electronic filters, 197
electronic thermostat, 109
electrostatic precipitator, 197
EMT conduit, 16
service head and, 3
heat strips in, 99
inoperative, 267
insufficient cooling from operational, 269
leak testing for, 223
mechanical refrigeration system, 153
multiple, 301
noisy, 276
placement of, 164
preventive maintenance for, 263-265, 263
refrigerator, 306
warm air from, 267
F
fan systems, 202-212
air-foil shaped blades in, 203
cycling control for, 97
direction of discharge air and rotation in, 210
drive arrangements for, 211
increasing CFM by increasing motor speed in, 208
motor mounting positions for, 211
mounting techniques for, 211
noisy, 276
propeller fan rotation rules, 206
pulley and belt size for, 217
throttling of, 209
throttling water pumps in, 209
vibration control in, 210
feeder wire, 5
fifty-fifty solder, 177
filter drier, 190-201
automotive, 281
dry desiccant, 191
hand valve installation for, 194
in-line, 190
installation of, 193
liquid line, 190
replaceable-core shell-type, 123
shell-and-core, 193
strainer in, 195
suction line, 191
filters
air, 196
electronic, 197
electrostatic precipitator, 197
magnamedia or absolute, 197
flare and compression fittings, 182-189
copper bonnet and pigtail for, 188
proper technique for, 186
flaring tool, 318
Freon (see refrigerants), 131
fuse links, 102
fuse-stat, 54
automotive, 67
blown, 270
heat strip, 100
protecting transformers with, 68
testing of, 56
G
galvanized piping, 175
geothermodynamics, 323-325
graphical charging chart, 229
grounded compressor test, 41
grounds, 3
H
head pressure (water-cooled condensers), 152
heat pumps, 240-251
accumulator for, 246
basic operation of, 241
compressor for, 242
defrost thermostat for, 247
refrigerant flow, cooling mode, 251
refrigerant flow, heat mode, 250
reversing valve in, 244
solenoid valve for, 243
valve positioning for, 245
heat strips, 99
fuses in, 100
limit switch in, 99
sail switches in, 100
sequencers in, 101
water float switch in, 105
hermetic compressor, 32
components of, 35
electrical connecting terminals for, 39
high and low side of, 35
rotation in, 41
window unit, 255
high pressure controls, 93-95
hold-a-charge test (capacitors), 52
hot air solar collectors, 328
hot gas (discharge line) pulsations, 275
hot gas mufflers (condensing unit), 120, 121
hot water sensing thermostat (solar), 327
hot-shotting compressors, 45
humidistat, 161
humidity control, 158-162
I
icing on suction lines, 269
in-line filter-driers, 190
induced-draft/forced-draft water tower, 151
insufficient cooling, 269, 270
icing on suction lines, 269
intermittant operation, 271
internal-mounted compressors, noise from, 274
isolation test, 223
J
jumper wire, 2
K
king valve, 237
Klixon overload relay, 90
L
leak detector, 312
leak testing, 221-227
isolation test, 223
vacuum pump in, 225
limit switch, 99
insertion type, 102
surface mount, 101
line side, 2
line tap valve, 236
linked circuit breaker, 81
liquid line filter-drier, 190
load side, 2
lock-out relay, 130
amperages for, 45
hot-shotting, 45
reverse rotation technique for, 46
low pressure control, 96
low-voltage wiring circuit, 129
M
magnamedia filter, 197
manifold and gauges, 310
manometer, 199-201
mechanical protection controls, 93
mechanical refrigeration system, 138-157
compressor for, 140
condenser for, 141
dampers in, 142
evaporator-DX, 153
fan cycling in, 142
metering devices for, 154
water source for, 149
water-cooled condenser for, 144
metering devices, 154
accurater, 156
automatic expansion valve, 155
capillary tube, 155
thermostatic expansion valve, 154
meters (electricity), 2, 4, 7, 8
calculating rate charges from, 9, 10
mechanical refrigeration system, 154
schematic of, 12
monochlorodifluoromethane, 132
motor starters, 82-88
auxiliary switches for, 84
bimetal contact switch in, 82
contactors vs., 82
manual, 84
rotation direction and, 88
motors
capacitor start, 48
capacitor start and run, 48
capacitor types used in, 49
noisy bearings in, 275
repulsion induction, 49
schematic of, 85
shaded-pole, 48
single-phase, operating currents for, 44
split-phase, 48
three-phase, operating currents for, 44
circuitry of, 21
ohmmeter use of, 24
testing compressor with, 40
N
network (electric), 1
ninety-five-five solder, 177
evaporator, 276
hot gas pulsations, 275
motor bearings, 275
reversing valves, 276
vibration and, 275
non-trip circuit breakers, 71
nut drivers, 314
O
odors, 277
ohmmeter, 21
basic circuitry for, 23
multimeter used as, 24
oil pressure failure control, 168, 171
oil trap, 175
once-through water sources, 149
open-drive compressor, 37
open-windings, 41
optional controls, 166-172
ORO valve, 298
gas routing through, 299
oxygen-acetylene soldering outfit, 312
P
permanent split capacitor (PSC), 53
pigtail, 188
pipe cutter, 185
piping, 173-175
bonnets and pigtails for, 188
brass fittings for, 183
flare and compression fittings for, 182-189
oil trap in, 175
soft copper seats for, 187
tools for, 184
vibration eliminator in, 180
pneumatic thermostatic controls, 113-115
pneumatic valve, 116
polyphase motors (see three-phase motors), 53
pressure control valve
automotive, 284
water, 152
pressure relief devices, 95
preventive maintenance, 261-265
propeller fans (see axial fans) psychrometer, 159
psychrometrics, 158
pulleys and belts, 213-220
belt replacement in, 216
double-sheaved pulley in, 219
fan speeds and, 217
fixed single pulley in, 215
measuring for size of, 214
sheave alignment in, 218, 219, 220
single-sheaved pulley in, 216
width chart for, 215
PVC conduit, 16
PVC piping, 174
Q
quick-blow element, 55
quick-trip circuit breakers, 74
R-11 refrigerant, 133
R-12 refrigerant, 132
automotive air conditioning system and, 285
mechanical refrigeration system and, 138
R-22 refrigerant, 132
mechanical refrigeration system and, 138
R-500 refrigerant, 133
re-heat process, 159
reach-in coolers, 299
multiple evaporators in, 301
receiver, 119
automotive, 281
reciprocal mechanical system, 138,139
components of, 139
compressor for, 140
condenser, 141
evaporator-DX, 153
metering devices for, 154
water source for, 149
reed valves, 47
refrigerants
color coding of, 133
operating pressures for, 144
properties of, 131-137
R-11 trichloromonofluoromethane, 133
R-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane), 132
R-22 (monochlorodifluoromethane), 132
R-500 (dichlorodifluoromethane), 133
safety in handling, 135
temperature/pressure chart for, 134
refrigeration, 290-308
condensing section for, 293
defrost heater circuit and switches for, 296
domestic refrigerator, 301
door seals for, 300
multiple evaporators in, 301
reach-in coolers, 299
remote systems for, 290
walk-in coolers, 291
walk-in freezers, 295
refrigeration valves, 47
refrigerators, 301-308
compressor for, 303
condensing section for, 303
evaporator fan and motor in, 306
power supply to, 302
refrigerant pressure in, 305
relative humidity, 158
relays, 57
bimetallic contacts in, 61
contactors vs., 61-63
current, 57
hot-wire, 59
Klixon overload, 90
lock-out, 130
potential, 58
single-pole, single-throw, 59
remote refrigeration systems, 290
replaceable-core shell-type filter/drier, 123
repulsion induction motors, 49
resistance, 13
checking, 21
electrical components, 28
resistive rods, 295
resistors, 28
reverse rotation technique (compressors), 46
reversing valve (heat pumps), 244
noisy, 276
rotation (compressor) test, 41
run capacitors, 49
compressor horsepower and, 53
S
safety controls, 89-98
sail switch, 100, 103, 167, 169
scrubbers, 198
seats, 187
semi-hermetic compressors, 37
electrical connecting terminals for, 39
field repairs for, 238-239
service disconnect codes, 71
service entrance conduit, 3
service manifold, 230
charging and, 233
shaded-pole motors, 48
sheave alignment, 218, 219, 220
shell-and-core filter-drier, 193
sight glasses, 124
charging systems and, 231
Sil-Fos solder, 177
silver solder, 178
operating currents for, 44
single-pole, single-throw relay, 59
slow trip circuit breakers, 75
slow-blow element, 55
solar energy, 326-329
soldering, 176-181
solenoid valves (condensing unit), 124, 171
split-phase motors, 48
squirrel cage fans (see centrifugal fans), 202
star-wired load, 12
compressor horsepower and, 53
Stay Brite solder, 177
step-down transformers, 1-3, 5, 65
step-up transformers, 68
strainers (condensing unit), 123, 195
substations, 4
suction line filter-driers, 191
supplemental heat control, 97
swaging tool, 318
T
temperature control valve, 292
temperature conversion chart: Celsius to Fahrenheit, 136
temperature/pressure chart, 134
ten-percent electrical variance rule, 69
test meters, 19-29
TEX valve, 292
thermistors, 28
thermo-bank, 327
thermometers, 315
thermostatic expansion valve, 154
automotive, 283
accustats as, 115
ambient, 116
bi-metal, 109
differential in, 111
hot water (solar) sensing, 327
leveling sub-base for mercury switch, 111
pneumatics in, 113
preventive maintenance for, 265
wiring requirements for, 110
three-phase distribution panel and meter, 12
three-phase motors, 53
operating currents for, 44
wiring details of, 84
throttling fans, 209
time-delay circuit breaker, 75
tools, 309-322
transformer, 64-70
distance between control and, 66
installing protection fuse for, 68
placement of, 164
primary and secondary windings of, 64
step-down, 65
step-up, 68
testing of, 69
wattage rating for, 65
trichloromonofluoromethane, 133
troubleshooting, 266-277
blown fuse or tripped circuit breaker, 270
cleaning up compressor burn-out, 271-274
condensing unit and evaporator inoperative, 267
evaporator blowing warm air, 267
insufficient cooling, 269, 270
insufficient cooling, icing on suction lines, 269
intermittant operation, 271
noise, 274
odors, 277
tube-and-tube water-cooled condenser, 146
tube-in-shell water-cooled condenser, 148
V
vacuum pump, 225
vibration control, 275
vibration eliminator, 180, 181
volt-amps, 65
voltage, 13
ac, checking, 19
current vs., 7
testing for, 23
voltmeter, circuit breaker testing with, 75
W
walk-in coolers, 291
walk-in freezers
condensing section for, 297
refrigerants used for, 295
water float switch, 105
water pumps, throttling of, 209
induced-draft/forced-draft tower, 151
once-through, 149
water tower, 149
water towers, 149
induced-draft/forced-draft, 151
water-cooled condensers, 144, 145
acid circulating pump, 147
coil-in-shell, 148
head pressure in, 152
tube-and-tube, 146
tube-in-shell, 148
watts, equation for, 65
wet-bulb temperature, 158
window units, 252-260
wire
coding abbreviations for, 18
cords chart for, 17
current in, 7
diameter and carrying capacity of, 6
wiring schematics, 126-130
abbreviations used in, 130
electrical symbols used in, 128