Notes
INTRODUCTION: “THE TRUE INDEX OF HIS HEART”
1. David Herbert Donald, Lincoln (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995), p. 565.
2. Frederick Douglass, The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass from 1817 to 1882 As Written by Himself (London, 1882), p. 319.
3. “Survey Ranks Obama 15th Best President, Bush Among Worst,” U.S. News and World Report, July 2, 2010, http://politics.usnews.com/news/articles/2010/07/02/survey-ranks-obama-15th-best-president-bush-among-worst.html.
4. James David Barber, The Presidential Character: Predicting Performance in the White House, 3rd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1985), pp. 1, 4, 5.
5. Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), p. 177.
6. Ralph W. Haskins, LeRoy P. Graf, and Paul H. Bergeron et al., eds., The Papers of Andrew Johnson (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1967–2000), vol. 1, p. xxx.
7. John W. Abel and LaWanda Cox, “Andrew Johnson and His Ghost Writers: An Analysis of the Freedmen’s Bureau and Civil Rights Veto Messages,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 48, no. 3 (Dec. 1961), pp. 467–68.
8. William Herndon, quoted in Foner, Reconstruction, p. 176.
9. Foner, Reconstruction, p. 177.
10. Quoted in ibid., pp. 176–77.
11. Hans L. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson: A Biography (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), p. 241; Eric Foner, A Short History of Reconstruction, 1863–1877 (New York: Harper and Row, 1990).
12. See, e.g., Glenna R. Schroeder-Lein and Richard Zuczek, eds., Andrew Johnson: A Biographical Companion (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2001), p. 142.
13. Alan Brinkley and Davis Dyer, eds., The Reader’s Companion to the American Presidency (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), p. 210.
14. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, pp. 279, 341; Foner, Short History of Reconstruction, p. 84.
15. Gordon S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1969), p. 551, quoting Alexander Hamilton on the importance of establishing “energy” in the executive branch of the American government.
1: THE TAILOR’S APPRENTICE
1. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, p. 19.
2. Ibid., p. 20.
3. Ibid., pp. 3, 19.
4. Ibid., p. 19.
5. Merril D. Peterson, ed., The Political Writings of Thomas Jefferson (Charlottesville, Va.: The Thomas Jefferson Foundation, 1993), p. 61.
6. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, p. 19.
7. Ibid., p. 2.
8. Papers of Andrew Johnson, vol. 1, p. 85.
9. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, p. 5.
10. Ibid., p. 7.
11. Ibid., p. 27.
12. Ibid., p. 29.
13. Andrew Johnson to Valentine Sevier, June 7, 1832, Papers of Andrew Johnson, vol. 1, p. 14.
2: ASCENT
1. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, p. 37.
2. Andrew Johnson Historic Site, “Slaves of Andrew Johnson,” http://www.nps.gov/anjo/historyculture/slaves.htm.
3. Schroeder-Lein and Zuczek, Andrew Johnson: A Biographical Companion, p. 269.
4. “Slaves of Andrew Johnson.”
5. Quoted in Werner Sollors, “Presidents, Race, and Sex,” in Jan Ellen Lewis and Peter S. Onuf, eds., Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson: History, Memory and Civic Culture (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1998), p. 202. One source suggests that DNA testing had ruled Johnson out as the father of Dolly’s children. There is much reason to doubt this. When I contacted representatives at the Andrew Johnson Homestead, they said they had no knowledge of any DNA testing done on Johnson or Dolly’s descendants. In truth, any such test done on a former president would almost certainly have garnered worldwide attention. Moreover, the only reliable test that could give information about possible paternity (Y chromosome testing) would apply only to Dolly’s son and not her two older daughters. See “Legacies: A President’s Former Slave Back at the White House,” Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society News, March/April 2010, www.aaghs.org.
6. Foner, Reconstruction, p. 178.
7. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, p. 22.
8. Milo M. Quaife, ed., The Diary of James K. Polk During His Presidency, 1845–1849 (Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1910), vol. 4, p. 264.
9. Quoted in Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, p. 76.
10. Quoted in ibid., p. 77.
11. Foner, Reconstruction, p. 248.
3: GOVERNOR AND SENATOR JOHNSON
1. Papers of Andrew Johnson, p. 172.
2. Quoted in Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, p. 90.
3. Ibid., p. 93.
4. Quoted in ibid., p. 133.
5. Quoted in ibid., p. 97.
6. Quoted in ibid., p. 120.
4: DISUNION
1. Foner, Reconstruction, p. 177.
2. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, p. 133.
3. Papers of Andrew Johnson, vol. 4, pp. 3–51.
4. Ibid., pp. 204–61.
5. Quoted in Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, p. 136.
6. Kenneth Greenberg, “The Appearance of Honor, and the Honor of Appearance,” in Mark M. Smith, ed., The Old South (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2001).
7. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, p. 143.
8. Quoted in ibid., p. 144.
9. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/csa_scarsec.asp; http://americancivilwar.com/documents/isham_harris.html.
10. Larry Gara, The Liberty Line: The Legend of the Underground Railroad (Lexington: University of Kentucky, 1961), p. 154.
11. Peter Maslowski, Treason Must Be Made Odious: Military Occupation and Wartime Reconstruction in Nashville, Tennessee, 1862–1865 (Millwood, N.Y.: KTO Press, 1978).
12. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, pp. 154–55.
13. Quoted in ibid., p. 166.
5:FROM MILITARY GOVERNOR TO VICE PRESIDENT
1. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, p. 182.
2. Papers of Andrew Johnson, vol. 7, pp. 251–53.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, p. 189; Howard Means, The Avenger Takes His Place: Andrew Johnson and the 45 Days That Changed the Nation (New York: Harcourt, 2006), p. 89.
6. Papers of Andrew Johnson, vol. 7, p. 506.
7. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, pp. 189–90.
8. Ibid., p. 190.
9. Quoted in ibid., p. 191.
10. Papers of Andrew Johnson, vol. 7, p. xi.
6: MR. PRESIDENT
1. Edward Steers Jr., Blood on the Moon: The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2001), p. 111. Booth had met Browning several times before.
2. David Herbert Donald and Harold Holzer, eds., Lincoln in the Times: The Life of Abraham Lincoln, as Originally Reported in the New York Times (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2005), p. 324.
3. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, p. 365.
4. Papers of Andrew Johnson, vol. 13, p. xi.
5. Howard K. Beale, The Critical Year: A Study of Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1930), p. 26.
6. Foner, Reconstruction, p. 177.
7. Ibid.
8. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, p. 180.
9. Ibid., pp. 229–30.
10. Quoted in ibid., p. 221.
11. Quoted in ibid., p. 220.
7: THE PRESIDENT OBSTRUCTS
1. Albert Castel, The Presidency of Andrew Johnson (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1979), p. vii.
2. Ibid.
3. Carl C. Hodge and Cathal J. Nolan, eds., U.S. Presidents and Foreign Policy, 1789 to the Present (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2007), pp. 138–39.
4. Abraham Lincoln, speech, April 11, 1865, in Richard Hofstadter and Beatrice K. Hofstadter, eds., Great Issues in American History: From Reconstruction to the Present Day, 1864–1981 (New York: Vintage Books, 1982), p. 14.
5. Quoted in Foner, Reconstruction, p. 179.
6. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, p. 171.
7. Quoted in ibid., p. 236.
8. Ibid., p. 223.
9. Ibid., p. 225.
10. Foner, Reconstruction, p. 69. The bill’s hesitant language stemmed from the drafters’ uncertainty about the legality of confiscation. Some questioned whether Article III, Section 3 of the Constitution prevented total forfeiture of property, even that of rebels. There was still much federal land that could have been distributed without confiscating the rebels’ land. There is also the question whether a broad interpretation of public use under eminent domain could have provided a framework for government action. Given the composition of the Supreme Court during that era and its hostility to any measures designed to protect black rights, it is unlikely that such a plan could have succeeded.
11. Quoted in ibid., p. 199.
12. Ibid.
13. Quoted in Milton Meltzer, Thaddeus Stevens and the Fight for Negro Rights (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1967), p. 173.
14. All quotes are in Foner, Reconstruction, p. 114.
15. Quoted in ibid.
16. Hans Trefousse, Carl Schurz: A Biography (New York: Fordham University Press, 1998), p. 145.
17. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, pp. 225–26.
18. Quoted in Foner, Reconstruction, p. 151.
19. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, p. 232.
8: IMPEACHMENT
1. For a deep analysis of the battle between Johnson and the Congress, see Bruce Ackerman, We the People: Transformations (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998), pp. 17–25. For analysis of Johnson’s impeachment, see Michael Les Benedict, The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), p. 39.
2. Schroeder-Lein and Zuczek, Andrew Johnson: A Biographical Companion, p. 171.
3. Quoted in Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, p. 236.
4. Quoted in ibid., p. 242.
5. Quoted in ibid., p. 266.
6. Ibid., p. 250.
7. Quoted in ibid., p. 243.
8. Ibid., p. 279.
9. Benedict, Impeachment and Trial, p. 33.
10. Ibid., p. 35.
11. Josiah Bunting III, Ulysses S. Grant (New York: Times Books, 2004), pp. 79–81.
12. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, p. 315.
13. Quoted in ibid., p. 319.
14. Ibid., p. 318.
15. Ibid., p. 323; Schroeder-Lein and Zuczek, Andrew Johnson: A Biographical Companion, p. 71.
16. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, p. 334.
EPILOGUE: THE AFTERMATH
1. Robert W. Winston, High Stakes and Hair Triggers: The Life of Jefferson Davis (New York: Henry Holt, 1930), p. 234.
2. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, p. 345.
3. Schroeder-Lein and Zuczek, Andrew Johnson: A Biographical Companion, p. 209.
4. Quoted in Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, p. 372.
5. Ibid., p. 379.