Aduatuci / Atuatuci tribe 25, 155, 188–9, 194
Aedui tribe or federation xvi, 66, 84, 111–13, 114, 198, 199
migration 152, 153, 159
relations with Rome 107–8, 196, 210
Agache, Roger 69
Agesinates tribe 140
Agricola, Gnaeus Julius 104–6, 253, 264, 266, 267–8, 269, 270, 273
agriculture xv, 8, 12, 149, 180, 191, 194
Agrippina the Younger 249
Alban, Saint 237
Alexander the Great 96, 99, 100
Allobroges tribe 160, 176
Ambarri tribe 152, 160
Ambiani tribe 56, 72, 160
Ambigatus, king of the Celts 151
Ambrosius (Emrys) Aurelianus 224, 256, 291
Amphitryon 115
Ananes / Anani tribe 158
Andosini tribe 5
Andossus, god 306
Antikythera Mechanism 87–9, 95, 100
Antoninus Pius, emperor 50, 52
Apollo, god 172, 179, 291
Aquitanian tribes 114, 194
Archimedes 142
Aristotle 90, 91, 132, 133, 140, 143, 162
Armorican tribes 191
Arnold, Matthew ix
art, Celtic see La Tène
Arthur, king of the Britons 223–4, 256, 289–90
Arverni tribe or federation 84, 107, 180, 182, 202, 208
defeat by Rome 176–7, 187, 192
in Gallic War 31, 32, 196, 197
migration 152, 159
Arvii tribe 143, 155
Astérix 29, 82, 297
astronomy 16, 88–9, 96, 98–100, 101, 105–6, 108, 121, 123, 129, 131, 147, 148
Atacini tribe 138–9, 155
Atrebates tribe
British 211, 216, 229, 245
Gaulish 155, 211, 216
Attila the Hun 185
augury see divination
Augustan Settlement 207
Augustus, emperor 110
Aulerci federation 152, 159
see also Cenomani; Eburovices
Ausci tribe 114
Ausetani tribe 155
Ausonius, Decimus Magnus 109, 279
Avienus, Rufus Festus 22
Aylesford Bucket 121, 123, 124, 245, 247, 292
azimuth 13, 14, 327
Babylonians 88, 91, 96, 131, 142
bards xv, 9, 74, 130, 169, 216, 220, 255, 256, 272
Battersea Shield 245, 247
battles, siting of xii, 176, 192–3, 198–9, 209, 251–6, 259–63, 265
Bebruces tribe 6, 10
Bebryx, legendary king, father of Pyrenea 6, 8
Belenos / Belenus, god 220
Belgae tribe 258
Belgic tribes 78, 114, 150, 210
Beli the Great, legendary king of the Britons 225, 234
Belinus the Great, legendary king of the Britons 220, 222, 223, 233, 234, 236, 238, 241, 243, 246
Bellovaci tribe 76, 77, 125, 204, 208
Bellovesus, nephew of Ambigatus 151–2, 155, 156, 164, 169
Beltane, festival 125
Bergistani tribe 155
Bituitos, king of the Arverni 176–7, 180, 192
Bituriges tribe 65, 80–82, 108, 137, 194, 196, 198, 208
etymology 80
hegemony 61–2, 78, 151
migration 150–64
Bituriges Vivisci tribe 208
Boii tribe or federation 150, 153, 158, 163, 164, 171, 183
Book of Invasions, The (Lebor Gabála Érenn) 273, 277
Book of Kells, The (Leabhar Cheanannais) 280
Boudica, queen of the Iceni 258–64, 268, 271, 286, 289, 290, 291
boundaries 35–7, 53, 63, 66, 163, 207, 223, 248, 280, 285, 297
see also tripoints
boundary place names 35–6
Brahmanism 120
Brennos, leader of expedition to Delphi 123, 171, 173
Brennos, leader of expedition to Rome 171
Breogán, legendary king of Galicia 273, 278, 279
Bretannos, legendary king, father of Celtine 212, 216
Breton language 40, 50, 61, 115
Brigantes tribe
British xvi, 251, 252, 256, 269, 273
Irish 273
Brigit, Saint 233, 274, 278, 279
Britanni (Britons) 25, 92, 101, 102, 104, 121, 189, 215, 249–50
see also Pretani
British tribes 216–17, 245, 268
‘briva’ place names 28
Bronze Age xv, 10, 26, 55, 59–60, 184, 224, 291, 305, 310
Brunehaut, mythical queen 29
Buccacircius, wind 7
Budenicenses tribe 146, 155
Cadurci tribe 200, 201, 202
Caepio, Quintus Servilius 174
Caereni tribe 270
Caesar, Gaius Julius 105, 149–50, 170, 187
in Britain 67, 72, 92, 102, 121, 189–91, 224
on Celts 25, 75
on Druids 109–10, 113, 116, 119, 131, 132, 139, 145, 191, 209, 210, 215, 279
Gallic War 28–9, 31–4, 67, 70, 72, 76, 184, 188–204
in Gaul 42, 72, 103, 107, 112–13, 182
on Gaulish message system 31, 33, 36–7
genocidal strategy 194–5, 204
geographical knowledge xvi, 102–4, 114
on Hercynian Forest 25, 162, 163, 165, 169
journeys 28–9, 103, 109, 202–3
as legendary figure 29, 80, 185
see also Commentarii de Bello Gallico
Caledones tribe 270
Caledonian tribes 264, 267, 269, 270, 272
calendars 125
Egyptian 88
Gaulish (Coligny calendar) xiii, 131–2
Metonic 88
Caleti tribe 145
Calgacus, leader of Caledonians 104–5, 267
Callimachus 172, 173
Canepa, Albino de 303–4
Cantabrian tribes 194
Cantiaci / Cantii tribe 190, 242
Caratacus, leader of British resistance 249–57, 268, 270, 290
Carnonacae tribe 270
Carnutes tribe 31, 152, 160, 198, 316–17, 319
carnyx (war-trumpet) 33, 36, 120, 130, 263
Carte archéologique de la Gaule 45, 294
Carte de France (Cassini) 70, 294
Carte de l’État-major 294
Carthaginians 14, 17, 60, 89, 91–2, 101, 102, 139, 287
Cartimandua, queen of the Brigantes xvi, 256, 270
cartography xiii, 15, 44, 96, 101, 105–6, 141, 161, 320
see also maps; portolan charts
Carvetii tribe 271
Cassini family 55, 70, 106, 141
Cassius Dio Cocceianus 253, 258, 259, 263, 269
Cassivellaunus, leader of British resistance 190, 196, 215
Catalauni tribe 159, 216
Cathars 138
Catholic Church 73, 83
Cato the Younger 194
Catuvellauni tribe 216, 229, 237, 262, 270
Celtiberians 17
Celtillus, father of Vercingetorix 196
Celtine, lover of Herakles 8–9, 16, 27, 212
Celtoligurians 15
‘Celtomaniacs’ 44
Celts
in Carthaginian army 22, 126
customs xv, 23–5
dress 22, 23–4
extent 3, 5, 59, 167–9
festivals 125, 129
foreign views of xvii, 3, 9, 13, 23–5, 108–9, 179–80, 190
in Gaul 15, 114, 132
in Italy 9, 17, 27, 149–61, 176, 183, 249–50
mythology xv, 5, 9–11, 90
origins x–xi, 5, 57, 114–16, 149, 269, 270, 305
in Roman army 253
tribal gatherings 139, 297
tribal names 216, 270
see also coins; colonization; Gauls; Gaulish language; La Tène art; maps; roads; temples; urban planning
Celtus, son of Celtine and Herakles 8, 115
Cenomani (Aulerci Cenomani) tribe 153, 155, 160, 319
Censorinus, Lucius Lentulius 208
centuriation 15, 55, 246
chainmail 199
Chappe telegraph system 32
chariots see vehicles
Christ of the Golden Beard 287
Christianity 73–5, 82–3, 124, 237
Christianization 120, 280–87
Britain 239
Gaul 74–5, 76
Ireland 274, 277–80
Christopher, Saint 75
Chronicle (Robert of Gloucester) 244
Cicero, Marcus Tullius xvi, 108, 117, 159, 179, 189–190, 211
Cicero, Quintus Tullius 108, 190
Cimbri tribe or federation 169
Circius, wind god 178
circumambulation 130, 200, 284
Cistercian abbeys 76, 78
Claudius, emperor 160, 208, 209, 249, 250
Cleopatra VII 167
Cocidius, god 284
coins
British 76, 216, 229
Carthaginian 102
Celtiberian 138
Celtic xvii, 76, 119, 168–9, 292–3
Cyrenean 92, 102
Gaulish 66, 76, 123, 171, 180, 185, 216
Massalian 69, 92
Roman ix, 45
Coligny calendar see calendars
colonization 9, 59–60, 149–75
Columba, Saint 284
Columbus, Christopher 98
Commentarii de Bello Gallico (Caesar and Hirtius) xvi, 25, 28, 72, 104, 113, 131, 150, 188, 191, 197, 229
Commios / Commius, king of the Atrebates 211
Consoranni tribe 155
Continental Celtic language group xii, 61
Corbulo, Gnaeus Domitius 253
Cornavii tribe 270
Cornovii tribe 218, 219, 251, 254
‘corpse roads’ 285
Crassus, Publius Licinius 202
Crawford, Alexander Lindsay, 4th Earl of 266
cross, ‘Celtic’ 41, 280
Cú Chulainn, mythical hero 149
‘Cult of the Severed Head’ 24, 75
Cunedda, legendary king 233
Cunobelinus, king of the Britons 233, 249
Cynesians, inhabitants of ‘the extreme west of Europe’ 3
Dacians 163
Dame de Vix, La 27, 40, 57, 198
Damnonii tribe 270
Darius III 100
David I of Scotland 266
De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae (Gildas) 281
De mirabilibus auscultationibus (Pseudo-Aristotle) 15
Deceangli tribe 252
Degree Confluence Project 49
Delamarre, Xavier 41
Demetae tribe 234
Denis, Saint 75
Devil 74, 138, 185, 223, 284
Dicaearchus of Messana 97
Dindsenchas 114
Diodorus Siculus xvii, 65, 115, 120, 131, 139, 150, 159, 175, 204
Diogenes Laertius 117
dioptras 99, 147
Diviciacus / Divitiacus, leader of the Aedui xvi, 107–9, 111, 116, 131, 159, 191, 279
divination 37, 108, 146, 151
astronomical 13
botanomantic 119
mathematical 131
zoomantic 156, 259, 286
Dobunni tribe 229
Domitus, Caius Servilius 208
Drappes, leader of the Senones 200
Druids xiv, 40, 62, 82, 107–34, 145, 151, 155, 156, 158, 159, 163–4, 169, 176, 220, 255, 256
of Anglesey 90, 192, 236, 251–3, 257, 258, 263, 264
councils 41, 61, 139
dress 127, 292
education system 61, 64, 88, 109–34, 215, 279
etymology 115–16
female xi, 124, 131, 146, 253, 258, 263
geographical knowledge xii, 22, 113–14, 181
Irish 274, 279–80
latter-day 76, 279–80, 284, 286
mathematics 120, 124–5, 141
medicine 130
origins 119, 210, 211, 215–16, 227
persecution 111, 191, 235, 250, 264
political role 109, 110, 130–31, 160, 186–7, 191, 198, 199, 209, 246, 280
religion 75, 76, 108, 116, 117, 120, 125–30, 161, 209, 251, 256, 280
scientific knowledge xi, xiii, 88, 120, 121, 129, 131–4, 137, 177, 228, 231, 242, 291
sphere of influence 269–70
Dumnonii tribe 236, 252
Dumnorix, rebel leader of the Aedui 108
Durotriges tribe 222, 236, 257
Eburones tribe 195
Eburovices (Aulerci Eburovices) tribe 145
eclipses 16, 88, 100, 106, 131
ecliptic 129
ellipse 121, 129–30, 171, 228, 284
emporia 15
Ephorus / Ephoros 132
epicyclic gearing 88, 100
Epona, goddess 74, 75
equinoctial lines see parallels
equinox 12, 125, 126, 149, 191
Eratosthenes of Cyrene 95–6, 97, 106, 134, 187
Erigone 190
Etruscans xi, 11, 13, 28, 59, 145, 151, 186
Euclid of Alexandria 124
Euclidean geometry xii, 147
Eudoxus of Kyzikos 101
Euripides 117
Euthymenes 91
Excalibur 298
exploration 91–4, 100–102
‘fairy paths’ 285
Fir Bolg, legendary inhabitants of Ireland 277–8
Fonteius, Marcus 179
Four Royal Roads see Royal Roads
Froissart, Jean 202
frontiers see boundaries
Frontinus, Sextus Julius 211
Galates, son of Celtine and Herakles 8, 115
Galatians 167
Gallerand, retired postman 80–81
Gallic War 28–9, 67, 70, 72, 76, 81, 176, 188–204, 210–11, 216
general uprising 31–4, 185, 191, 196–200
siege of Alesia 140, 161, 198–200, 209, 210, 253–4
siege of Avaricum 194, 195
siege of Uxellodunum 201–4
Gallic War see Commentarii de Bello Gallico
Gallizenas, priestesses 146
Gaulish language xii, xv, 11, 25–6, 35, 40–1, 90, 279
Gauls
colonization 27, 115, 149–75
confederation 33–4, 61, 196–200
councils 24, 72, 77, 171, 192, 198
customs 23–4
dress 24
humour 25
hunger for news 32–3
living conditions 112
message system 31–7, 196, 258
military strategy xii, 24, 172, 176, 184, 191–3, 195, 198–9
origins x–xi, 5, 57, 114–16, 149, 156, 169, 305
religion 123, 208
riddles xvii, 25, 115, 117
technology 16, 26–8, 33, 60
genocide 10, 194–5, 204
Geoffrey of Monmouth 160, 220, 223, 233, 234, 237, 238, 246, 256
Geography (Ptolemy) 270, 273
Geography (Strabo) 93, 106
geometry xii, 147, 121–2, 127–30, 141–2
Germanic tribes 59, 107, 109, 145, 169, 187, 194, 195, 269
Germans, in Roman army 198, 269
Geryon, mythical tyrant 115
Gildas 281
Glanici tribe 216
Glastonbury Festival 186
gnomons 53, 91, 96, 317
Golaseccan culture 145
gold 6, 10, 24, 27, 28, 60, 120, 121, 173–4, 187, 256
Google Maps 295
‘Gorillai’ 101
‘graua’ place names 265
Great Bear see Ursa Major
Great Circle (orthodrome) 295–6
Greek language 10, 40, 90, 100, 113, 117, 118, 173
Greeks 102, 110, 115, 138, 171–3
colonists 9, 48, 98, 151, 152, 157
influence in Gaul 10, 15–17, 27, 55, 57, 92, 119, 120, 132
see also meridians; temples
Gregory I, Pope 280, 284
Gregory of Tours 43
gromas 147, 295
Guide Michelin 80, 82
Guinevere, queen 290
Gulf Stream 102
Gundestrup Cauldron 122, 126, 127, 167, 169
Gutuater / Gutuatrus, leader of Gaulish revolt 191–2
Hallstatt culture 55, 57, 145
Hamo, legendary Roman commander 234
Hannibal 5, 17–22, 73, 99, 100, 126, 156, 179, 192, 290
Hannibella, elephant 20
Hanno the Carthaginian 101
Helvetii tribe or federation 84, 108, 145, 162, 166, 188, 194, 198
migration 149–50, 152, 169, 195
Henry of Huntingdon 238
Herakles / Hercules x, 5–11, 16–22, 30, 41–2, 50, 62, 87, 109, 115, 138, 139–40, 142, 152, 156, 157, 172, 176–8, 181, 187, 212, 220
avatars 10, 14, 75, 117, 287
Hercuniates tribe 163, 166
Heritage Gateway 294
Herod the Great 167
Herodotus 3
Higden, Ranulf 245
Highland Clearances 150
Hipparchos 98–9
Hippolytus of Rome 110, 120
Hirtius, Aulus 191, 201, 202
Historia Anglorum (Henry of Huntingdon) 238
Historia Brittonum (Nennius?) 225–6
Historia Naturalis (Pliny) 99
Historia Regum Britanniae (Geoffrey of Monmouth) 220, 237, 246
Historic Environment Record 294
History Against the Pagans (Orosius) 176, 272
History of the Gauls (Timagenes) 114, 116
Hobbit, The (Tolkien) xii
Holy Grail 223
Homer 90, 93, 117
Hymn to Delos (Callimachus) 172
Iberians 15, 59, 126, 169, 187
Irish connections 273, 277, 278–80
Iceni tribe 235, 236, 252, 258, 259, 262, 264
I-Hsing (Yi Xing) 148
Imbolc, festival 125, 279
Institut Géographique National 294
Insubres / Insubri tribe 152, 160
Irish language 11, 50
Iron Age x, xv, xvi
Isaiah 37
James, Saint 73, 287
Jerome, Saint 25
Jesus Christ 41, 74, 124, 167
journey times 5, 27, 28–9, 165
Justinus, Marcus Junianus 150, 155
Keltoi 3, 22
Kent Archaeological Rescue Unit 260
Kermaria obelisk 62
klimata 97–101, 132, 138–9, 143, 206, 227, 231, 265, 289
Knights Templar 78
Lady of Vix see Dame de Vix
Laietani tribe 155
language see Breton; Continental Celtic; Gaulish; Greek; Irish; Latin; Tartessian; Welsh
lanternes des morts 317
La Tène art 27–8, 57, 61, 120–3, 133
‘bio-inspired’ 120
cruciform pattern 41, 62
geometrical basis 22, 121
numismatic xvii
‘pelta’ 281
Ultimate La Tène style 280
La Tène culture 57
Latin language 26, 27, 61, 100, 115, 178, 211, 215
latitude, determination of 91, 92, 96, 98, 101, 131
see also klimata; parallels
latitude sailing 98
Latobrigi / Latovici tribe 150
Lemovices tribe 210
Leuci tribe 216
ley lines xiv–xv, 223, 245, 293
Libui / Libici tribe 153, 158
Life of Caesar (Plutarch) 195
Ligurians 7, 59, 90, 145, 156
see also Celtoligurians
Lingones tribe 140, 153, 158–9, 198, 205, 216, 319, 323
literacy xv, 113
Livy (Titus Livius) 17, 19, 20, 61, 150, 152, 153, 155–6, 158, 160
Lleu Llaw Gyffes, mythical hero 218, 245, 253
Llevelys, legendary king of France 225–8, 231
Lludd, legendary king of Britain 225–8, 231, 234, 236, 241, 256, 270, 292, 296
longitude, determination of 98, 99
line of mid- 62, 65, 220
see also meridians
Lord of the Rings, The (Tolkien) xii
Lords of the Isles 265
Louernios, king of the Arverni 180
Louis XV 27
Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus) 50
Lucatmael, Irish Druid 279
Lucian of Samosata 9–10, 117
Lucius, legendary king of Britain 291
Lucterius, leader of the Cadurci 200–201, 207
Lugaid, legendary king 274
Lugh / Lugus, god 65–6, 74, 156, 206, 227, 242, 281
as Mercury 72, 208–9
in Britain 218, 245, 253, 291
in Ireland 149, 173, 226, 274, 277
Lugh place names 65, 217
Lughnasadh, festival 125, 276
Mabinogion, The 225
Macbeth, king of the Scots 272
Macha, legendary queen 9
mandorla 124
Mandubii tribe 139, 140, 229, 317
mappa mundi 187, 238
maps 70, 83, 93, 95, 96
analysis of 47
Celtic 55, 111, 137, 156, 158, 238, 265
medieval 41, 95, 187, 236–9, 285
projections 44, 294–6, 303
Roman 55, 105
verbal 113, 149, 150
see also cartography; Ordnance Survey; portolan charts
Marius, Gaius 187
Martianus, Caius Servilius 208
Martin, Saint 74
Martyrology of Óengus, The (Félire Óengusso) 274, 279
Massaliots 90, 91, 153, 156, 157, 172, 176
Mauléon, Bastard de 202
measurement
angles 51, 89, 131, 141, 147
circumference of earth 95–6, 131
distance 29, 37, 43, 55–6, 69–70, 165
time xv, 53, 96, 98, 100, 102
Mediomatrici tribe 140, 153, 160, 164, 181, 210
Mela, Pomponius 110, 114, 117, 131, 146, 162, 163
Melqart, god 10, 14, 18
Mélusine, fairy 80, 146
Mercator, Gerardus 303
Mercator projection 239, 295, 296, 303–4
Mercury, god 72, 208–9
meridians
British 219–24, 234, 235, 236, 239, 259, 263, 265, 270, 272, 284, 289, 290–92
Caledonian 270–72
Chinese 148
Gaulish 62, 64, 65–84, 137–8, 206, 219, 220–21, 224, 235, 289
Greek 98, 137–8
Irish 221–2
London 224, 234, 236, 289, 291–2
Ordnance Survey 220, 221
Paris 62, 64
Roman 220, 221
Welsh 235, 236, 270
Merlin / Myrddin 78, 80, 224, 226, 228, 256, 290
Merrie England (Edward German) 218
metallurgy 60, 121
Meteorology (Aristotle) 133
‘mid hills’ 54–9
‘Midday Mountains’ 53
‘middle’ places 55–9, 62
Midgard xii
migrations 9, 131, 149–75, 181, 205, 277
Milky Way 7, 287
mining 11, 57, 112, 174, 180, 203
Ministry of Culture (France) 201
mistletoe 108, 120–21, 130
mnemonics 113–14
Molmutius, legendary king of the Britons 246
monasteries 40, 73, 238, 270, 274, 277–8, 282–3, 284–5
monetary union 180
Montaigne, Michel de, 197, 198
Morini tribe 72, 155, 205
muri gallici 23, 81
music 130
Myrddin see Merlin / Myrddin
Napoleon III 197, 201
National Monuments Record 294
National Trust 225
natural science (physiologia) 108
navigation 20, 98–9, 105, 132–3, 145–6, 163, 303
Nemetes tribe 162, 164, 216
nemeton sanctuaries 50, 64, 73, 78, 217–18, 222, 266, 270–71, 281, 284
Neolithic Age xiv–xv, 73, 161, 184, 278
Nero, emperor 208
Nervii tribe 143, 155, 193, 194, 195
Ninth Legion 264
Norse mythology xii, 119
north, determination of 147–8
oak 28, 108, 298
Celtic names for 115, 162
in art 119–21
in dress 127
in religion 113, 119, 264, 315
‘oak’ place names 140
oc language 63
Odysseus 15, 119
Ogmios, god 10, 14, 75, 117
oikoumene 96–8, 137–8, 230, 231
oïl language 63
omphalos 41, 47, 280
British 227–9, 235, 285, 292
Caledonian 270
Christian 41
Gaulish 41, 62, 137, 287
Greek 41, 62, 101–2, 137, 172–5
Irish 62, 222, 274–8
On the Ocean / Peri tou okeanou (Pytheas) 93
oppida xvi, 11, 69, 76, 78, 111–12, 179, 274, 296–7
abandonment 70, 72, 205, 209
coordination 77–9, 143–6, 154–60, 166, 184–7, 234, 235
creation 182–4
Ora Maritima (Avienus) 22
Ordnance Survey, Britain 220, 293, 294
Ordnance Survey, Ireland 294
Ordovices tribe 251, 254
Orosius, Paulus 176, 272
Osismi tribe 92, 146, 155
Ostorius Scapula, Publius 252, 257
Oxubii tribe 229
Panhellenic Games 88
parallels (lines of latitude)
Aberystwyth / Pendinas 231, 235, 259, 263, 264, 265, 289
Châteaumeillant 62, 78, 79, 137, 231, 265
Delphi 137–8, 231, 265
Dinas Emrys 230–31
Fisterra 138, 287
Montrose 265–6, 270
Oxford 231–4, 235, 237
see also klimata
Paris, Matthew 237–41, 242
Parisii tribe
Gaul 64, 77, 123, 150, 196, 198, 208, 216
Yorkshire 150, 216
Patrick, Saint 130, 277, 279, 284
Patroclus of Bourges, Saint 286
Paul, Saint 167
Pausanias 171–2, 173
periploi 91, 96
Persian road-builders 37
Peutinger Map 43, 69–70
Philip II of Macedonia 66
Philostratus, Lucius Flavius 14
Phocaeans 55
Phoenician alphabet 278
Phoenicians 10
pi (π) 141–2
Pictones / Pictavi tribe 198, 208, 216
Picts 216, 280–81, 298, 327
pilgrimage 3, 73–4, 79–80, 83–4, 173, 186, 277, 285, 286–7
Planhol, Xavier de xii
Pliny the Elder 10, 99, 100, 106, 119, 150, 156, 163, 194, 215
Plutarch 131, 150, 151, 164, 195, 197, 199
Poenius Postumus 257, 262
pole star 91
Polyaenus 131
Polybius 17–20, 33, 150, 153, 158, 160
Pontius Pilate 270
population patterns 56, 59, 297
portolan charts 147, 165, 278, 303–4
Posidonius 24, 130, 173–4, 175
Pretani / Pritani / Pret(t)anoi, inhabitants of Britannia 5, 115, 216
see also Britanni
protohistory xv–xvi
Pseudo-Aristotle 15
Ptolemy, Claudius 163, 218, 270, 273
Pyrenea, lover of Herakles 6, 8, 139
Pythagoras 110, 120, 123, 129, 130, 132, 133, 140, 141, 143
Pythagorean triangle 121, 123–5, 228, 231, 242
Pythagoreanism 116, 120, 226
Pytheas of Marseille xiii, 90–95, 96, 102, 175, 210, 215, 272
qanats 148
qibla 148
‘randa’ place names 35–7, 63
Rauraci tribe 150, 162
Ravenna Cosmography 50, 218
Rediones / Redones tribe 143
refraction 14, 227
Regina, Saint 281, 284
Regni / Regnenses tribe 242
reincarnation 116, 131, 193, 210
Reine, Sainte see Regina
Remi tribe 155, 159, 205, 208, 210
Rhind Papyrus 142
rhumb line (loxodrome) 98, 99, 132–3, 226, 279, 295–6
ritual deposition 174, 175, 251, 256, 298
roads
alignment of xiii, 29–30, 70–71
Gaulish 26, 28–31, 132, 205–6, 209–10
Roman 26, 29–31, 79–80, 176–7, 205–6, 209–10, 218, 223, 237, 238, 241–4, 248, 289
see also Royal Roads
Robert of Gloucester 244
Roberts, Stephen G. 297–8
Romanization
Britain 268
Gaul 177–80, 205–10
Romans 17, 23, 102, 107, 130, 145
expansion of empire 26, 89, 153, 176–80
geographical knowledge 96
view of Celts 9, 13, 23–5, 179–80, 190, 203, 272
see also coins; colonization; maps; meridians; temples; urban planning
Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland 294
Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales 294
Royal Roads 237–46, 261, 271, 289
‘royal sites’ (Ireland) 274–8
Ruteni tribe 155, 196, 198, 201, 202
sacrifice 12, 110, 126, 173, 284
human 50, 108, 125, 127, 209, 255–6
Sacrovir, leader of Gaulish revolt 191–2
Sagii tribe 155
Salassi tribe 160
Salyi / Sallyes / Saluvii tribe 152, 153, 156–7, 158, 176
Samhain, festival 125
Samian ware ix, 179, 268
sanctuaries, Celtic xii, xiv, 13, 14, 21, 31, 41, 43, 48, 50
see also nemeton sanctuaries
Santones tribe 149, 198
Sardones tribe 115
Sardus, son of Herakles 115
Saxons 226, 238, 248, 255
‘Schema Britanniae’ (Matthew Paris) 237–9
scientific knowledge, transmission of xv, 89–90, 96, 105, 148–9, 181
Second Augustan Legion 257, 262
Seduni tribe 155, 194
Segobriges tribe 16
Segovesus, nephew of Ambigatus 151, 163–4, 169
Senones tribe 145, 152, 153, 158, 159, 198, 200
Sequani tribe xvi, 26, 112, 155, 198, 208
Sertorius, Quintus 102
Severinus, Quintus Julius 208
Sextius Calvinus, Gaius 176
shrines see temples
Silures tribe 104, 251, 252, 257
Silvanus, god 51, 52
slavery
Celtic 8, 112, 251
Roman 28, 177, 178, 188, 194, 195, 197, 200, 211, 269, 279
Sol Invictus cult 317
solar wheels 14, 62, 199, 280, 317
solstices xi, 12–13, 62, 95, 125
solstitial bearings xi, xii–xiii, 12–14, 16, 21, 112, 125, 131–3, 139, 141, 144, 158–61, 165, 171–2, 295–6
in Britain 226–7, 230, 239–45, 253–4, 256, 259, 261, 264, 269, 271, 282–6, 289, 293, 327
in Ireland 275–8
roads 205–6, 211, 231
temples 13, 126, 200, 209, 260
towns 13, 209–10
‘sound-lines’ 36
standardization 14, 29, 227–8, 234, 275
Strabo 93, 105–6, 156, 158, 165, 175
‘subrectangular enclosures’ 127–8
Suebi tribe 192
Suetonius Paulinus, Gaius 253, 257, 262, 263, 264
sundials 53, 89, 179, 295
‘sunwise’ processions 130, 284
surveying 49, 56, 105, 127, 147, 220
boundaries 51–3, 96, 141, 147, 277–8
Mediolana 44, 60
roads 51, 241–4, 262
see also centuriation
Syrians, in Roman army 51, 52
Tacitus, Cornelius 103–6, 110
on Boudican revolt 258, 263
on invasion of Caledonia 265, 267, 269
on invasion of Wales 251, 252, 254, 256
tangent ratios
Britain (4:3) 226, 227–8, 231, 235, 242–8
Gaul (11:7) 141–2, 155, 218, 226, 227, 235
Ireland (9:5) 276
Tarbelli tribe 187
Tarquinius Priscus, Lucius 16, 150–51
Tartessian language 278–9
Taurini tribe 152, 157
Tauriscus, mythical tyrant 115, 156
Tectosages see Volcae Tectosages
temples
Bronze Age 55, 184, 185
Etruscan xi
Celtic xi, xii, xiv, 13, 54, 55, 75, 114, 125–30, 200, 208–9, 259–60, 297
Christian 74–5, 126, 281, 291
Gallo-Roman 78
Greek 55, 126–30
Roman xi, 128, 259
prehistoric 12, 161, 184, 185
Teutones tribe or federation 169
Thom, Alexander 295
Three Mother Goddesses 21, 74
Timagenes 114, 115, 116, 120, 129, 174
time see measurement
Timosthenes of Rhodes 97
tin routes 3, 6, 8, 91, 102, 205, 287
Togodumnus, brother of Caratacus 250
Tolistobogii / Tolistoboii tribe 171
Tolkien, J. R. R. xii
toponymy 45, 59
treasure 83, 173–5, 179, 187, 197, 256
Treveri tribe 114, 204, 317
triads 113–14, 117, 131, 149
triangulation 49, 51, 55, 98, 99, 106, 147, 295
Tricastini tribe 152, 153, 157
Trinovantes tribe 196, 258, 259
tripoints 219, 222, 224, 235, 236, 246, 254, 263, 286, 297–8
Trocmii tribe 171
‘trods’ 285
Trojans 107, 115
Tulingi tribe 150
Turones / Turoni tribe 198, 208
Turquin, Pierre 193
Tuscans 152, 157
Twelfth Legion 189
Tydfil, Saint 233
Uberi tribe 160
Ucuetis, god 200
Unelli / Veneli tribe 195
urban planning
British 245
Celtic xi, xii, 209–10
Etruscan xi, 13
Roman xi, 209–10
see also Milton Keynes; oppida
Ursa Major 91, 123, 204, 315
Vadé, Yves xii, 44, 50
Varro Atacinus, Publius Terentius 189
Vasco da Gama 98
vehicles 26–7, 28, 204
Veliocasses tribe 143
Veneti tribe 105, 143, 160, 194
Venus, goddess 187
Veragri tribe 155
Vercingetorix, leader of the Gauls xvi, 140, 192, 196–200, 207, 249, 254, 284, 290
vesica piscis 124
Vion, Éric 47
Virgin Mary 73, 74, 124, 186
Viridomarus, protégé of Diviciacus 109
Viromandui tribe 143
Volcae Tectosages tribe 170–71, 173–4
Vortigern, British warlord 223–4, 226, 255–6, 290
Votadini tribe 236
warfare 24, 172, 183, 184, 191, 192, 251–7, 258–64
see also battles, siting of
Watkins, Alfred xiv, 223
‘Way of St James’ (Milky Way) 287
Welsh language 40, 50, 115
Weogora tribe 236
‘wheel towers’ 317
wine 17, 55, 57, 80, 84, 173, 178, 190, 268
amphorae 81, 82, 156, 186
Celts’ addiction to 24, 90, 151–2, 189
paraphernalia 28
Yggdrasil 119
Zeus, god 41, 101, 119, 172, 315
zodiac 14, 129, 133