| BC | |
| 8th century | Hallstatt kingdoms in eastern Alps and middle Danube; Tartessian culture and language in south-western Iberia. |
| c. 680 | Oldest dated features of Emain Macha (Navan Fort, Northern Ireland). |
| c. 600 | Massalia founded by Greeks from Phocaea; ‘Keltoi’ living on northern shores of Mediterranean. |
| 6th century | Hill forts in Bohemia; Massalian trading posts on the Mediterranean; Lepontic (a Celtic language) spoken in northern Italy and Alps. |
| Late 6th century | ‘Princely residences’ in Burgundy (‘the Lady of Vix’),Marne, Rhineland; Massalian and Greek wine imported to central Gaul. |
| c. 500 | Carthaginian navigators reach equatorial West Africa and North Atlantic coasts. |
| 5th century | La Tène culture, from the Balkans to eastern Gaul; hill forts in southern Gaul, open settlements in the north. |
| Early 4th century | Gaulish migrations to northern Italy and to lands in and beyond the Hercynian Forest. |
| 396 | Destruction of settlement on site of future Mediolanum (Milan). |
| 387 | Celtic occupation of Rome. |
| 350 | Aristotle, Meteorology: klimata and zodiacal circle. |
| 335 | Celtic envoys meet Alexander the Great in Macedonia. |
| 331 | Lunar eclipse observed at Arbela, Syracuse and Carthage, perhaps also at Rhodes and Athens (international longitude experiment?). |
| c. 325 | Voyage of Pytheas of Massalia. |
| 310–260s | Belgic tribes arrive in northern Gaul from Germany and Central Europe. |
| c. 300 | Euclid’s Elements; invention of the dioptra; definition of meridians and parallels by Dicaearchus. |
| c. 280 | Battle of Ribemont-sur-Ancre; Celts invade Illyricum, Pannonia, Macedonia; first coins minted in Gaul (principally Arvernian). |
| 279 | Celtic army plunders Delphi. |
| 278 | Gauls cross the Hellespont; Tolistobogii, Trocmii and Volcae Tectosages settle in Galatia. |
| 250–41 | Gauls recruited for Carthaginian army in Sicily. |
| c. 240 | Eratosthenes calculates circumference of earth; invention of solstitial armillary sphere. |
| 225 | Battle of Telamon (Tuscany): defeat of Celtic coalition by Rome. |
| 218 | Hannibal marches from Spain to Italy; September – crossing of the Rhone; November – crossing of the Alps. |
| 197 | Eastern and southern Iberia divided into two Roman provinces, Hispania Citerior (‘Nearer’) and Ulterior (‘Further’). |
| 196–189 | Rome conquers Celtic northern Italy (later, the province of Gallia Cisalpina). |
| 187 | Completion of Via Aemilia. |
| 182–133 | Celtiberian Wars. |
| 181 | Massalia appeals to Rome for help against Ligurian pirates. |
| c. 180 | Oppida in central Germany, Bohemia, Moravia, Hungary. |
| c. 175–50 | Gundestrup Cauldron. |
| c. 150 | Hipparchus calculates klimata and meridians; Antikythera Mechanism; Polybius travels through southern Gaul. |
| 146 | Fall of Carthage. |
| 133 | Siege and destruction of Numantia. |
| c. 130 | German oppida (Basel, Berne, Breisach, Bad Nauheim, Manching, etc.). |
| 125–121 | Roman conquest of southern Gaul. |
| 123 | Roman garrison at Aquae Sextiae (Aix-en-Provence). |
| 121 | Defeat of Arverni (King Bituitos) and Allobroges; foundation of Roman province of Gallia Transalpina (later, Gallia Narbonensis). |
| c. 120–110 | First Gaulish oppida (Besançon, Bibracte, Châteaumeillant, etc.); monetary union of Aedui, Lingones and Sequani; Boii oppidum at Bratislava. |
| 118 | Foundation of Narbo Martius (Narbonne); construction of Via Domitia. |
| 113–101 | Cimbri and Teutones invade Danube Basin, northern Italy, Gaul and northern Iberia. |
| 106 | Treasure of Tolosa (Toulouse) stolen by Roman proconsul. |
| 102 | Teutones defeated at Aquae Sextiae (Aix-en-Provence) by Gaius Marius. |
| Late 2nd century | First coins minted in Britain. |
| Early 1st century | Posidonius travels through Gaul; international trading ports in southern Britain. |
| c. 80–70 | Collapse of oppida in southern Germany (Finsterlohr, Heidengraben, Heidetränk, Manching), and Rhineland (Fossé des Pandours, Donnersberg); German provinces of Inferior (‘Lower’) and Superior (‘Upper’). |
| c. 70 | Earliest visible occupation of Alesia oppidum. |
| 63 | Diviciacus the Aeduan Druid asks Roman Senate for military aid. |
| 62–61 | Revolt of Allobroges crushed by Rome. |
| 61 | Gaius Julius Caesar governor of Gallia Transalpina. |
| 58–51 | Gallic War. |
| 58 Helvetian migration; defeat of Helvetii and of German tribes by Caesar. | |
| 57 Defeat of Belgic tribes. | |
| 56 Defeat of Alpine and Atlantic tribes. | |
| 55 Expeditions to Britain and across the Rhine. | |
| 54 Second expedition to Britain. | |
| 53 Second crossing of the Rhine. | |
| 52 General uprising of Gaulish tribes; Spring – Siege of Avaricum (Bourges); battle of Lutetia (Paris); August–September – siege of Alesia (Alise-Sainte-Reine) and surrender of Vercingetorix. | |
| 51 Autumn – battle of Uxellodunum. | |
| c. 50 | Founding of Calleva (Silchester); Aylesford Bucket. |
| 46 | Revolt of Bellovaci. |
| 44 | Assassination of Caesar. |
| 43 | Foundation of Colonia Copia Felix Munatia, later Lugdunum (Lyon). |
| 39–29 | Revolts of Rhineland tribes and Morini. |
| c. 37 | Celtic mercenaries in Judea. |
| 27 | Augustan Settlement at Narbonne organizes division of Gaul north of Gallia Narbonensis into three provinces (Aquitania, Belgica, Lugdunensis); abandonment of Gaulish oppida continues. |
| c. 5 | Birth of Jesus Christ. |
| AD | |
| 9 | Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (German tribes massacre three Roman legions). |
| 10 | 1 August – Birth of Claudius at Lugdunum (Lyon). |
| c. 20 | Druidism outlawed by Tiberius. |
| 21 | Revolts of Aedui, led by Sacrovir, and Treveri, led by Florus; rumours of pan-Gallic and German uprising. |
| c. 30 | Crucifixion of Jesus Christ. |
| 43 | Roman legions land on the coast of Cantium (Kent); Roman fortress at Camulodunum (Colchester). |
| 48 | Gauls from Gallia Comata admitted to the Senate. |
| 51 | Last stand of Caratacus in Wales. |
| c. 54 | Druidism outlawed by Claudius. |
| 60–61 | Massacre of Druids on Mona (Anglesey); revolt of Iceni and allies led by Boudica: destruction of Camulodunum (Colchester), Londinium (London) and Verulamium (St Albans). |
| 78 | Surrender of Mona. |
| 83 or 84 | Battle of Mons Graupius. |
| 122 – c. 126 | Building of Hadrian’s Wall. |
| 142 – c. 154 | Building of Antonine Wall. |
| 252 | Martyrdom of St Regina at Alesia (Alise-Sainte-Reine). |
| Mid-3rd century? | Martyrdom of St Alban at Verulamium (St Albans). |
| 316 | Birth of St Martin of Tours. |
| c. 387 | Birth of St Patrick. |
| Early 5th century? | Roman withdrawal from Britain. |
| Mid-5th century? | Vortigern invites Saxons to Britain; Saxons defeated by Ambrosius Aurelianus. |
| c. 451 | Birth of St Brigit. |
| Before 474 | Arvernian aristocrats abandon ‘Celtic speech’ (Sidonius Apollinaris). |
| 597 | Gregorian mission to Britain; Augustine first Archbishop of Canterbury. |