accidents
factory 182–182
Age of Great Cities, The (Vaughan) 146
agricultural labourers 12, 13, 15, 41–41, 53, 65, 114, 250, 263–263
agriculture, improvements in 59–59
Ainsworth and Crompton (factory) 229
Alison, Dr A. (Sheriff) 131–131, 143, 146, 147–8, 152, 155, 272, 273
Alison, Dr W. P. 76
Allendale 249
Alston, G. 72–3
Alton Locke (Kingsley) 18
Anti-Corn Law League 10, 121, 148, 238, 269, 278, 279
apprentices 171, 211, 213, 225
Apprentices’ Act 1802 171, 186
Arch, Joseph 269n
aristocracy 17, 30, 39, 52, 267
Artisan, The 77–9, 80–81, 129, 137
Ashley, Lord 153, 165, 166, 169, 179, 189, 190–190, 255, 289n
see also Shaftesbury, Earl of
Ashton 55, 83, 84, 107, 156, 197, 239
Ashworth, Edmund (manufacturer) 179, 200n, 232
associations 150
and competition 111
secret 225
and law 280
see also trade unions
asthma 181, 215, 248, 252, 266
Austen, Jane 18
Bacton 286
Baines, E. 159
Bardsley, Dr 150
Barham, Dr 248
Barnsley 82
Barry, Sir David 174, 176, 180, 181
Basford Workhouse 287
Beer Act 1830 152
beerhouses 152
beggars 120, 121, 122, 131, 150, 186, 265, 277
Belfast 57
Belper 258
Bently and White Sawmill 230
Birmingham 43, 59, 78–78, 140, 211–211, 236, 237, 246, 286
Bishop, Theresa 74
blacklegs 15, 19, 226, 227, 229, 230
Bolton 55, 83, 105, 107, 121, 179, 229, 239
bone-cutting 214
Borthwick (M.P.) 289n
bourgeoisie
attitude towards proletariat 275–275
and Communism 29
conservatism 151
and education 139, 140, 141, 142, 148
emancipation of 38
Engels denounces 11, 17, 18, 19
and improved machinery 161
responsibilities of 127
reverence for money 151, 275–275
and wage increases 62, 113–113
Bowers (manufacturer) 196
housing 81–81
Brickmakers’ Union 234
Bright, John 39
British Association 44
Brocklehurst, Mr (silk manufacturer) 209
Brougham, Henry 16
Broughton, Upper and Lower 85, 86
burial-grounds (pauper) 287
Burns, Mary 13
Bussey (Chartist) 237
Byron, Lord George Gordon 16, 245
Caledonian Canal 61
Cambridgeshire 268
capitalism
Chesterton on 24
and ‘reserve army’ of labour 14
and ruling class 17
in Third World 21
and working class 36
capitalists 15
‘Captain Swing’ disorders 13, 267–267
carding engine 54
Carlyle, Thomas 13, 20, 21, 103, 123–123, 125, 144–144, 231n, 272, 276, 289
Carmarthen 271
Carr, E. H. 10
Cartwright, Edmund 54
Champneys, Revd. W. 120
Chartism/Chartists 10, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 23, 31, 39, 40, 41, 148, 160, 191, 201n, 233, 235–235 passim, 256, 257, 261, 269, 274, 288, 289, 292
Chesterton, G. K. 24
children
in agriculture 264
as apprentices 171
conditions in factories 171
and crime 213
debility in 14, 132, 178, 206, 218
diseases of 132, 137, 171, 172–172, 177, 217, 218, 251
earnings 167
hours of working 37, 171, 172, 186, 188, 190, 203
at mines 247, 248, 249–249, 253, 254, 255
minimum age of employment 188
morality 205, 206, 207, 212–212, 214, 216
and State intervention 16
stunted growth 178, 182, 214, 217, 218, 251
supporting unemployed parents 169
see also education
Children’s Employment Commission Report 94n, 139, 140–140, 142, 203, 205, 206, 208, 212, 247–247, 249, 254, 255, 260
China
and Malthus 21
and trade 35
Chorlton-on-Medlock 85, 86, 98, 135, 136
clothing of workers 102–102, 108, 129, 133, 206, 208, 212, 213, 217, 265, 266, 272, 277, 287
Cobbett, William 13
Commission for Investigating the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Class 210
Commission of Religious Instruction 77
Common land 280
Commonwealth 39
Communism 29, 30, 38, 243, 244, 291–291
Communist Manifesto (Marx) 19
Commutation Bill 1838 272
competition 10
centralizing tendency 117
English v. Irish workmen 125–125
foreign 23, 38, 204, 289, 290, 291
among manufacturers 35, 111, 227, 229
of ‘surplus population’ 281
town v. country 66
among Welsh farmers 270
among workers 50, 108, 111, 112, 115, 116, 209, 228, 260
Complete Suffrage Association 241
Congleton 58
consumption 130, 181, 206, 207, 214, 215, 217, 220, 248
Cork 131
Corn Laws 263
Corn Laws, repeal of 35, 39, 63, 142, 238, 239, 240, 241, 268, 269, 275, 278, 290, 291
cottage industry 11
cottage system 37, 195, 197–197, 200–200n, 255, 259
cotton industry/workers 11, 55–55, 82, 144–144, 159, 163, 165, 175, 181–181, 186, 193n, 209, 245
cotton-printing 207–207
Cotton-Spinners’ Union 230
Coventry 285
Cowell, Commissioner 170, 174, 178
Cowen, Dr 136
crime 16, 19, 80, 154–154, 213, 216, 224, 265–265 passim, 273, 284
Crompton, Samuel 54
Darlston 213
Davy, Sir Humphry 60
De Quincey, Thomas 14
Deeply Dale 208
Deism 151
Democratic Party 236
Derby 55, 78, 203, 204, 258, 268
Derbyshire 207
Devonshire 56
Dickens, Charles 18
Diderot, Denis 245
diseases of agricultural workers 266
due to atmosphere 175–175, 181, 188–188, 214, 218, 220, 248, 252
of children 132, 137, 171, 172–172, 177, 217, 218, 251
and drunkenness 133–133
female physique 179
of miners 248–248, 251–251, 253
of pottery workers 217
dissenters 190
distilleries, secret 152
division of labour 62, 82, 83, 116
and handicrafts 219
and lace industry 205
and manufacture 66
spinning and weaving 53
doffers 165
Dorset 57
Douglas, Mr (manufacturer) 174
dressmakers 219–219
drinking 20, 125, 129, 133–133, 143, 151–151, 173, 178, 192, 193, 255, 267
Drinkwater, Commissioner 174
Dudley 79
Duke of Bridgewater’s Canal 60
Dunfermline 175
Durham Chronicle 59
East End (London) 42, 45–45, 210
Eccles 234
Edinburgh
death rate 135
Irish in 123
typhus in 131
education
and crime 155
independent 245
and indoctrination 14, 201n, 244
limits of 139–139, 148, 212–212
of miners 254
in Potteries 218
and religion 140–140, 151, 190
in Sheffield 215–215
Emerson, Ralph Waldo 15
enclosure 280
England 23
crime in 155
decline of industrial monopoly 37, 38–38, 43–43, 290
and free trade 43
industrial progress 35
landowners in 17
manufacturers’ domination 41
and ‘surplus population’ 120
as ‘workshop of the world’ 40
English Socialism 20, 29, 186, 243, 292
epilepsy 217–217
Ermen, Godfrey 22
Ermen and Engels 22
Essex 268
Examiner 241
Factories’ Inquiry Commission’s
Report 169, 172–172, 187–187, 195, 204, 207, 211, 232
Factory Acts 40, 63, 159, 172, 185–185, 188, 189, 190–190, 203
factory inspectors 188
factory regulations 193–193
factory routine, tedium of 14, 192
factory system 184, 186, 201n, 208
and handloom weavers 164
and labour movement 245
and metal trade 211
origins of 54
and wife’s supremacy 168
factory workers
banding together 16
improved conditions 42
and new technology 14, 41, 159–159, 163
see also women; children; diseases
family, dissolution of 20, 154, 200n, 218–218
Faraday, Michael 261
Faucher, Léon 211
Feuerbach, Ludwig 30
Fielden (manufacturer) 289n
file-cutting 214
fines 193, 194, 195, 209, 255–255
flax-spinning 54, 57, 161, 165, 175, 181
Fleet Papers (Oastler) 190
food 104–104, 129, 132, 133, 206, 207, 208, 212, 213, 217, 220, 265, 266, 271, 285
Foster, John 16
Fourierism 29
fraud 105–105
free trade 35, 39–39, 43, 44, 196, 197, 241, 244, 263, 268, 269, 276
French Revolution 38, 39, 236, 237
Frost, John (Chartist) 237
Galway, Ann 73
Gaskell, Mrs Elizabeth 18
Gaskell, Peter 11, 102, 134, 152, 155, 289
General Working Men’s Association of London 236
Germany
bourgeoisie 11
paternalism 12
as competitor 37
Gilbert’s Act 287
Girard, Philippe Henri de 57
Glasgow
age of operatives 179
death rate 135–135
drunkenness 152
housing 79–79
and miners’ union 257
and secret association 225
typhus in 131
Glasgow Thugs 230
Graham (Registrar-General) 135, 140
Grainger, Commissioner 206
Grainger Report 203 Green Acres Moor 182
Greenwich 285
grinders’ asthma 215
Halifax Guardian 197
Hamilton, Duke of 255
hand-weavers/weaving 12, 16, 50–50, 54, 79, 95, 111, 161, 163–163, 209
hand-work 54, 62, 66, 159, 207
Hard Times (Dickens) 18
Hargreaves, James 52
Harpur 179
Haslam, Messrs 258
Haswell Colliery, Durham 253, 261
Hawkins, Dr (Medical commissioner for Lancashire) 169, 170, 174, 177–177, 187, 192
Heathcoat, John 56
Helvétius, Claude 245
Hennen, Dr 77
Herne 289
Hertfordshire 268
Highworth 269
Hinckley 204
Hindley (manufacturer) 289n
Holbach, Paul 245
Holland, Dr P. N. 136
homeless 74–74
Hood, Thomas 221n
Home, Commissioner 140–140, 214
Homer, Inspector 189
hosiery manufacture 55–55
housing 23, 36–36, 70–70, 76–76, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87–87, 129–129, 200n, 213, 221, 266, 271, 275
Hull 67
Huntsman, Benjamin 59
hush-shops 152
Ibbetson (factory owner) 229
Illuminated Magazine 285
immorality see sexual licence
India 35
industrial revolution 23–23, 50, 65
Inspector of Workhouses 76
Ireland
agriculture 271–271
debates about proletariat 63
and mining 250
Poor Law 288
population growth 62
relationship to England 40, 272, 273
typhus in 131
weaving in 57
Irish immigration/immigrants 15, 20–20, 71, 72, 92, 98, 101, 103, 107, 112, 123–123, 149–149, 193n,273
iron production 58–58
jerry shops 152
jiggers 217
job insecurity 14, 143–143, 154
Johns, Dr 166
Journal of the Statistical Society 72
Justices of the Peace 193, 210, 221, 256, 257, 258, 259, 279, 280, 281, 287
Kapital, Das (Marx) 37
Kay, Dr James 89, 98, 99, 100–100, 102, 124, 177, 193n
Kelley-Wischnewetzky, Mrs F. 8, 34
Kennedy (mill-owner) 193
Kingsley, Charles 18
Kitchen (factory-owner) 230
Knight, Dr 214–214
‘Knobsticks’
see blacklegs
labour movement 15, 65, 223–223, 292
crime as revolt 224
destruction of machinery 224–224
and factory-workers 159
nucleus of 245
right of free association 225
in U.S.A. 21–21
lace machine 56
Lancashire 11, 12, 23, 35, 55, 56, 57, 60, 80, 82, 95, 135, 141, 155, 159, 169n, 178, 187, 207, 211, 216, 245, 251, 254, 261, 268
landlords 91
laudanum 134–134
law of England 279–279
as reflection of bourgeois interests 235
working class lack of respect for 235
Law of Population 281
Leach, James 160, 162, 194, 195, 208, 209, 210
Lee, Dr (preacher) 77
Leeds 12, 56, 57, 80–80, 121, 174, 175n, 177
Leeds Mercury 196
Leicester 56, 78, 170, 196, 203, 204, 205, 258, 285
Lenin, Vladimir 23
Leone Levi & Giffen 42
Lever, Charles 15
Life of Jesus (Strauss) 245
Limerick 131
Lincoln 268
Lindley 56
‘Little Ireland’ 15, 36, 98–98 passim, 130
Liverpool 55, 67, 78, 79, 104, 123, 131, 135, 136, 137, 166
Liverpool Mercury 105
lodging-houses 79, 102, 249, 266 London
character 68–68
and Chartism 236
housing 71–71
homeless in 74–74
ill-paid workers in 108
typhus in 130
London, Bishop of 280
London, Jack 11
London Fever Hospital 130, 210
Londonderry, Marquis of 14, 260
Lovett, William 236
lower middle class 62, 67, 237, 290 291
Luddites 12
Lyell, Professor 261
Lyons, revolt at (1834) 233
MacAdam, John 60
machine-work
victory over hand-work 54, 65, 82, 159, 207
Mackintosh, Commissioner 174, 179, 181, 187
Makellar, Dr 252
Malthus, Thomas 21, 114, 115, 162, 281, 282, 283, 284
accidents in 182
brickmakers’ battle (1843) 234–234
childrens’ health 181
commercial district 85–85
and Corn Law abolition 238
and Engels’s socialism 17
and Factory Acts 190
factory workers’ ages 179
factory workers’ health 177–177
housing 79, 86, 87–87, 100, 275
‘Little Ireland’ 15, 36, 98, 99, 100–100, 130
medical aid 134
pauper burial ground 287
pawnshops 152
and silk weaving 58
strikes 156
towns surrounding 84–84
typhus 130
women as wage earners 167
workhouse 21
Manchester Guardian 104–104, 106–106, 135, 156, 166, 182, 196, 254, 255, 277
Manchester Infirmary 182
Manners, Lord John 289n
manufacturing towns
death-rate compared with that of country 137
effects of atmosphere 92, 128–128
effects on human nature 68–68, 147–147
homeless in 74–74
rapid growth of 66
see also housing
Marx, Eleanor 22
Marx, Karl 9, 10, 11, 15, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 37, 38, 41
Mary Barton (Gaskell) 18
master artificers 62
Masters’ and Servants’ Act 63
Mathew, Father 153
Mayhew, Henry 15
Mead, Edward P. 199–199
measles 137
meat
for workers 107, 121, 204, 206, 207, 284
Medical and Surgical Journal 77, 180
middle classes 15, 27–27, 30, 39, 40, 62, 63, 66, 103
Middleton Workhouse 287
Middlesex 155
Miles, Mr (M.P.) 281
Midlands 21
milliners 220
Miner’s Advocate 257
mill hands 15, 95, 100, 112–112
miners/mining 16, 19, 37, 58, 59, 65, 225, 247–247, 280
Miners’ Union 255
Mining Journal 254
Mitchell, Commissioner 249
Morning Chronicle 18, 204, 269
mortality rates 13, 18, 79, 129, 131, 135–135, 248–248
Mottram Moor 239
Mould-runners 217
mules 52, 54, 55, 82, 160, 164, 178, 231, 232
nailers 213
Nasmyth, James 14–14
New Lanark 186
night-work 172–172, 188, 191, 203, 205, 218
Norfolk 268
Northampton 207
Nottingham 55, 56, 78, 175, 203, 204, 206
Oastler, Richard 167, 189–189, 237
O’Connell, Daniel 274
O’Connor, Feargus 103
Oldham 16, 55, 83, 85, 156, 182, 197
Oxford 207
Padgin Saw-Works 229
Paine, Thomas 59
Paisley 58
Palgrave, Inglis 44
patent medicines 134
Patteson, Judge 258
Pauling & Henfrey (brick firm) 234
pawnshops 152–152
Peel, Sir Robert 171, 186, 191, 261, 288
Penicuik, East Lothian 252
People’s Charter 39, 41, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 278–278, 291
Percival, Dr 171
‘Peterloo Massacre’ 17
‘philanthropy’ 18, 36, 117, 122, 186, 224, 243, 276–276
Philosophy of Manufacturers (Ure) 184–184
Phoenix Works (Manchester) 194
physicians 134
point-net machine 56
police
and beggars 120
conduct towards working man 280
lack of respect for 235
sanitary 99
Poor Law 1834 21, 117, 119, 120, 121, 190, 229, 237, 241, 264, 265, 266, 267, 270, 281, 282–282 passim, 287, 288
Poor Law Amendment Bill 1844 288
poor-rates 117, 121, 122, 265, 266, 277, 281
Poor Relief Bill 63
population, centralization of 66–66, 68, 128, 146–146
population growth 23, 55, 56–56, 59, 60, 62, 116, 155
Pounder, Robert 167–167
poverty
of agricultural workers 264, 265, 267, 270
of hand-weavers 164
ignored by middle class 63
and Irish 15, 71, 76, 271, 272
and Malthus 21
and Poor Law 283
and rents 72
Power, Commissioner 174, 176, 204
power-loom 54, 82, 160–160, 163, 164, 208, 232
preparatory frames 54
printing 56
proletariat
see working class
Property (Proudhon) 245
property, centralization of 65, 66, 67
prostitution 20, 71, 80, 99, 152, 153, 170, 195, 207, 216, 255
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph 245
public-houses 152
‘puddling’ 58
Punch 221n
quack doctors 134
Quarrybank 200n
Radical Party 236, 238, 281, 289n
Radnor, Earl 269
railways 61, 80, 89, 90, 100, 280–280, 287
‘Rebecca’ disturbances 270–270
Redistribution Bill 41
Reform Act 1832 17, 39, 63, 225, 236, 237, 282
Reform Act 1867 41
Reform Act 1884 41
religion
and agricultural workers 269–269
and education 140–140, 151, 190
working mens’ indifference to 151, 243, 254–254
Renfrewshire 55
‘reserve army’ of labour 14, 41, 118–118
see also surplus population
revenue officers 266
revolution
Engels foresees 19, 38, 64, 291–291
Revue des deux Mondes 211
rickets 132
Roberton (gynaecologist) 180
Roberts, W. P. 257, 258, 260, 261, 262, 281
Robson, George 285–285
Rochdale 55, 56, 83, 106, 107, 161, 197
Royal Commission on the Housing of the Poor: Report 37
Rural Rides (Cobbett) 13
sabotage 19
Saddleworth 182
St Brides, London 287
St Giles (London) 71, 72, 79, 147
Salford 10, 85, 86, 99–99, 135, 152, 156, 166, 190
Sanitary Condition of the Working Class,
Saunders, Inspector 189
Scarborough 177
schools
proletarian 244
Scotland
blacklegs 15
crime 155
housing 76–76
nail forges 216
lack of Poor Law 288
and ‘surplus population’ 120
typhus 131
weaving 57
women workers in 181
working hours 175
scrofula 132, 177, 185, 203, 206
Seaham 260
Sedgeley 213
serfs, compared with factory workers 198–198
‘Seven Dials’ (London) 36
sewing women 219–219
see also Ashley, Lord
sexual licence 20, 151, 153, 173, 193, 205, 206, 216, 255, 266
Shales Moor 229
Sharp (factory owner) 232
Sharp, Surgeon 174
Sharp, Roberts & Co. 232
sheep-breeding 58
Sheffield 59, 78, 141, 211, 214–214, 229, 230, 237
Shelley, Percy Bysshe 13, 16, 245
silk-weaving 16, 57–57, 165, 174, 188, 209–209
Slough Workhouse 286
small-holders/holdings 53, 269, 270
smallpox 137
Smellie, Surgeon 179
smelting 58–58
Smith, Adam 115
smuggling 265, 266 ‘social war’ 16, 19, 69, 156, 224, 232–232
socialism 20, 22, 23, 30, 38, 44, 45, 148, 242–242, 245, 269, 274
Somerset 58
‘Song of the Shirt, The’ (Hood) 221n
Southey, Robert 10
Speculation 118
spinners
impact of new machinery 53, 54
working conditions 178–178
spinning throstle 54, 55, 159–159, 164, 181, 182
Staffordshire 43, 59, 121, 211, 216, 247, 252
Stalybridge 15, 55, 83, 84–84, 238
Stanhope 249
starvation 69–69, 107, 108, 109, 113, 114, 115, 122, 143, 208, 233, 244, 282
Statistical Society 12
stay-making 220
Steam King, The (Mead) 199–199 steamboats 61, 68
Stephens (Methodist parson) 237, 241, 291
Stirner, Max 69
stocking loom 56
stocking-weavers 16, 21, 203–203
Stockport 83, 84, 106, 121, 156, 160, 179, 190, 239, 287
Stoke 216
Strauss, David 245
breaking 15
causes 228
courage in 16, 23, 233–233, 235
1842 uprising 239–239
and factory rules 193
as schools of war 233
and secret associations 225
unsuccessful 227–227
Sturge (Radical) 240–240
Suffolk 268
Sugar Question 191n
Sun 197
Sunday schools 139, 140, 141, 186, 213, 214
‘surplus population’ 115, 116, 117, 119, 120–120, 264, 265, 278, 281, 282, 284
Sussex 267
‘Swedish tables’ 249
Sybil (Disraeli) 18
Symons, J. C. 79, 141, 143, 225, 251
Taylor (Chartist) 237
technology
and agricultural workers 42
employers’ attitude towards 14–14
and home weavers 51
and loss of working man’s independence 218–218
unemployment and 14, 41, 159–159, 163, 216
and wage reduction 160, 161–161
temperance societies 153
Ten-Hours Bill 35, 165, 186–186, 189, 190, 191–191, 237, 241, 281
tenant farmers 53–53, 270, 271, 272
Thompson, E. P. 12
threshing machines 264
tithes 272
‘Tommy Shops’ 196
Toryism and Lancashire workers 23
trade unions
and agricultural workers 269n
and cities 148
masters’ acquiescence in 35, 40
and miners 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262
objectives 225
organization 226
and ten hours’ law 186
see also ‘New Unionism’; associations
‘tramping’ 226
Truck Act 1831 196
truck-system 35, 37, 195–195, 198, 201n, 205, 255, 258
Tufnell, Commissioner 174
Turton 200n
Twelve Hours Bill 191
unemployment
and technology 14, 41, 159–159, 163, 208–208
and trade unions 225–225
United States of America (U.S.A.)
labour movement in 21–21
‘universal suffrage’ 41, 236, 241
Ure, Dr Andrew 14, 148, 159, 184–184, 188, 201n, 231, 232
Vaughan, Dr 146–146
wages
of agricultural labourers 264, 265, 266
and food 107–107
high 144, 162, 184–184, 225, 231–231, 278, 279
influences upon 228
low 69, 132, 143–143, 162, 163, 203, 204, 213, 220, 221, 263
payment of 104
reduction 121, 160, 161–161, 227, 229, 231, 238
and technology 14
withholding of as fine 193, 255–255
Wakefield 258
Wales
agriculture 270–270
Chartist uprisings 237
communications 60
insurrection 1839 234
and ‘surplus population’ 120
Walsall 213
Waterford 131
Watt, James 54
weavers
fines 194
impact of new machinery 50–50, 111
Wedgwood, Josiah 59
Wednesbury 213
Wednesfield 213
Weekly Chronicle 241
whooping cough 137
Wightman, Judge 258
William Bailey & Brothers 239
Williams, Judge 258
Wiltshire 56
Wolverhampton 79, 140–140, 211, 213
women
in agriculture 264
effects of factory work on physique 135, 179
irregular menstruation 180–180
lace-makers 206
moral problems 169–169
support of family 165–165, 218–218
working during pregnancy 179–179, 212
Wood (mill-owner) 177
Wood, Francis 231
Wood, James 231
wool manufacture 54, 56–56, 58, 161, 165
Wordsworth, William 10
workhouses 21, 89, 220, 239, 266, 271, 284–284
working class
definition of 12
and family life 20, 154, 200n, 218–218
insecurity of 14, 143–143, 154
as intellectual leader 16
share in benefits of monopoly 44
as ‘slave labour’ 114, 115, 149, 193–193, 198, 199, 219, 256
working hours 18, 36, 37, 42, 51, 53, 116, 159, 163, 171, 172, 173, 175, 180, 186, 188, 189, 190, 203, 204, 219
Wright (factory manager) 174