1Albanië, Bosnië-Herzegovina, Bulgarije, Estland, Griekenland, Hongarije, Kroatië, Letland, Litouwen, Montenegro, Noord-Macedonië, Polen, Roemenië, Servië, Slovenië, Slowakije en Tsjechië.
2David E. Sanger en William J. Broad, ‘A New Superpower Competition Between Beijing and Washington: China’s Nuclear Buildup’, The New York Times, 30 juni 2020.
3Michael R. Pompeo, ‘Communist China and the Free World’s Future’, speech bij The Richard Nixon Presidential Library, Yorba Linda, CA, 23 juli 2020.
1Mario Draghi, ‘President of the European Central Bank at the Global Investment Conference in London 26 July 2012’, speech beschikbaar via European Central Bank.
2Orbán maakte deze opmerking tijdens de Globsec-bijeenkomst 2018.
3Roos van Hennekeler, ‘Orbán smoort niet het virus, maar de pers’, NRC Handelsblad, 31 maart 2020.
4Joost Dobber, ‘Brexitdeal brengt opluchting maar ook volop nieuwe barrières’, Financieele Dagblad, 27 december 2020.
5Julian E. Barnes en Helene Cooper, ‘Trump Discussed Pulling U.S.. From NATO, Aides Say Amid New Concerns Over Russia’, The New York Times, 14 januari 2019.
6Sam Levin, ‘Donald Trump Backs Brexit, Saying UK Would Be “Better Off” Without EU’, The Guardian, 6 mei 2016.
7Clara van der Wiel, ‘Ursula von der Leyen: “We staarden in de afgrond”’, NRC Handelsblad, 24 juli 2020.
8Bas Soetenhorst, ‘Critici herinneren RIVM aan sussende taal: “Ze zaten er constant naast”’, Het Parool, 18 maart 2020.
9Jason Horowitz et al., ‘Italy, Pandemic’s New Epicenter, Has Lessons for the World’, The New York Times, 21 maart 2020.
10Stand eind augustus 2020, geraadpleegd op Worldometer.
11European Solidarity Tracker, Europese Commissie.
12Alexandra Brzozowski en Natasha Foote, ‘EU Leaders Agree to Shut External Borders, Grapple With Coronavirus Response’, Euractiv, 18 maart 2020.
13‘Een pleidooi van eurofonds-directeur Regling voor een Europees financieel antwoord op de coronacrisis’, NRC Handelsblad, 2 april 2020.
14Josef Janning, ‘Dutch Courage: Is The Netherlands Overconfident in Its EU Influence?’, European Council on Foreign Relations, 30 januari 2019.
15Yvonne Hofs, ‘Wat is er nou zo verschrikkelijk aan eurobonds? “Ze zijn gewoon niet nodig”, vindt Wopke Hoekstra’, de Volkskrant, 4 april 2020.
16‘Prominente Nederlandse economen: Een Europese aanpak is ook in ons belang’, NRC Handelsblad, 31 maart 2020; Aidan Regan et al., ‘It Is Time for Brussels to Launch a Eurobond’, Financial Times, 23 maart 2020.
17‘Minister Hoekstra “zeer tevreden” over akkoord Europees steunpakket voor coronacrisis’, Het Parool, 9 april 2020.
18‘Portugal’s Costa Criticises Netherlands over Commitment to EU’, Euractiv en Reuters, 11 april 2020.
19Philip de Witt Wijnen en Clara van der Wiel, ‘Wopke Hoekstra had al geen beste reputatie in de EU, maar nu ergert zelfs Berlijn zich’, NRC Handelsblad, 9 april 2020.
20Valentina Romei, ‘Why Italy’s Economy is Stagnating’, Financial Times, 13 november 2018.
21‘Merkel geïrriteerd over “kinderlijk gedrag” Rutte tijdens EU-top’, de Volkskrant, 25 februari 2020.
22Béatrice Mathieu en Charles Haquet, ‘Pays-Bas: Mark Rutte, l’homme qui oublie de balayer devant sa porte’, L’Express, 21 juli 2020.
23Juurd Eijsvoogel en Stéphane Alonso, ‘Merkel draaide maar Den Haag zag het niet aankomen’, NRC Handelsblad, 8 juli 2020.
24Toespraak van minister-president Mark Rutte voor de Bertelsmann Stiftung, Berlijn, 2 maart 2018, beschikbaar via Rijksoverheid.
25Churchill Lezing van minister-president Mark Rutte bij het Europa Instituut van de Universiteit van Zürich, 13 februari 2020, beschikbaar via Rijksoverheid.
26Clara van der Wiel, ‘Emoties en verwijten tijdens uitputtingsslag in Brussel’, NRC Handelsblad, 19 juli 2020.
27‘Europeans Show Record Support for the Euro’, Eurobarometer, 481, Brussel, 29 november 2019.
28‘Eurobarometer Survey Shows Highest Support for the EU in 35 Years’, 23 mei 2018, beschikbaar via Europees Parlement.
1Yun Sun, ‘March West: China’s Response to the U.S. Rebalancing’, Brookings Institution, 31 januari 2013.
2‘China’s Belt and Road Initiative in the Global Trade, Investment and Finance Landscape’, OECD Business and Finance Outlook, 2018, p. 5.
3‘President Xi Jinping Delivers Important Speech and Proposes to Build a Silk Road Economic Belt with Central Asian Countries’, 7 september 2013, beschikbaar via ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken van China.
4Wang Yiwei, ‘China and Europe: BRI and the 17+1 Initiative’, Valdai Discussion Club, 2 januari 2020.
5William Callahan, ‘The Implications Of “Tianxia” As A New World System’, US-China Institute, University of Southern California, 4 december 2008.
6President Xi’s rede voor het 19de partijcongres, ‘Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era’, persbureau Xinhua, 18 oktober 2017, pp. 24 en 25.
7‘Dubrovnik Guidelines for Cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European Countries’, persbureau Xinhua.
8Paul Krugman, ‘Catastrophic Stability’, The New York Times, 25 september 2011.
9‘Grieken betalen vanaf 2020 Nederland geleende 3,2 miljard euro terug’, Algemeen Dagblad, 18 augustus 2018.
10‘Dijsselbloem: “Te veel gevraagd van de Grieken, het is geen succesverhaal”’, Algemeen Dagblad, 1 september 2018.
11Yanis Varoufakis, Adults in the Room. My Battle with Europe’s Deep Establishment (Londen: Bodley Head, 2017), pp. 320-321.
12Jason Horowitz en Liz Alderman, ‘Chastised by E.U., a Resentful Greece Embraces China’s Cash and Interests’, The New York Times, 26 augustus 2017.
13Yanis Varoufakis, Adults in the Room, pp. 320-321.
14Simon Rabinovitch, ‘EFSF Head Optimistic of China’s Support’, Financial Times, 28 oktober 2011.
15Patrycja Pendrakowska, ‘Poland’s Perspective on the Belt and Road Initiative’, Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies, 7, 2 (2018), pp. 190-206.
16Viktor Orbáns rede in Baăile Tuşnad (Tusnádfürdő) op 26 juli 2014, beschikbaar via The Budapest Beacon.
17Xavier Richet, ‘Geographical and Strategic Factors in Chinese Foreign Direct Investment in Europe’, Asian Economic Papers, 18, 2 (2019), pp. 102-119.
18‘Berlin Approves Kuka Sale to Midea’, Deutsche Welle, 17 augustus 2016.
19Stuart Lau, ‘I love China’, South China Morning Post, 19 februari 2020.
20Marno de Boer, ‘Huiswerk voor Stef Blok, “Kamer eist dat hij zijn China-strategie overdoet”’, Trouw, 30 september 2019.
21Joris Kooiman, ‘Chinese invloed? De haven is er niet bang voor’, NRC Handelsblad, 19 december 2019.
22Michel Jak, ‘New Silk Road Calls for Rotterdam to Take On a Directing Role’, Port of Rotterdam, 27 februari 2018.
23Joanna Kakissis, ‘Chinese Firms Now Hold Stakes In Over A Dozen European Ports’, National Public Radio, 9 oktober 2018.
24Frank Dikötter, Mao’s Great Famine. The History of China’s most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958-62 (Londen, Berlijn, New York: Bloomsbury, 2010).
25‘Why France’s Farmers Worry about China’, The Economist, 27 maart 2018.
26‘The EU’s Response to China’s State-Driven Investment Strategy’, European Court of Auditors, september 2019.
27Thilo Hanemann et al., ‘Chinese FDI in Europe: 2018 Trends and Impact of New Screening Policies’, Rhodium Group (RHG) en het Mercator Institute for China Studies (MERICS), 6 maart 2019.
28‘The EU’s Response to China’s State-Driven Investment Strategy’, European Court of Auditors, september 2019.
29Wei Chen et al., ‘A Forensic Examination of China’s National Accounts’, Brookings Institution, maart 2019.
30‘Chinese Investment in Europe and North America Hits 9-Year Low; Signs of Recovery for 2020’, Baker McKenzie, 8 januari 2020.
31Flora Rencz, ‘The BRI in Europe and the Budapest-Belgrade Railway Link’, European Institute for Asian Studies, oktober 2019.
32Milera Petrova en Frans-Paul van der Putten, ‘Building the “Belt and Road” in Europe?’, Clingendael Institute, april 2020.
33Thomas S. Eder en Jacob Mardell, ‘Belt and Road Reality Check: How to Assess China’s Investment in Eastern Europe’, MERICS, 7 oktober 2018.
34Sebastian Horn et al., ‘China’s Overseas Lending’, Kiel Institute for the World Economy, 3 juli 2019.
35Alexander Saeedy, ‘How Greece’s Busiest Port Reveals the Perils of Privatization’, The Nation, 1 juni 2018.
36Tasos Kokkinidi, ‘Greek Archaeological Council Derails COSCO’s Investment Plan for Piraeus’, Greek Reporter, 3 april 2019.
37Dana Heide et al., ‘EU Ambassadors Band Together Against Silk Road’, Handelsblatt, 17 april 2018.
38European Court of Auditors, ‘The EU’s Response to China’s State-Driven Investment Strategy’, september 2019.
39Jan-Peter Kleinhans, ‘5G vs. National Security: A European Perspective’, Stiftung Neue Verantwortung, februari 2019.
40‘Stad: Geen Chinese propaganda bij Gronings Confucius Instituut’, RTV Noord, 29 juni 2019.
41‘Studenten in Nederland vrezen China: “Sommigen durven hun mond niet open te doen”’, NOS, 17 februari 2021.
42‘The Global Race to 5G’, CTIA, april 2018, geüpdatet in 2019.
43Dominic Barton et al., ‘Artificial Intelligence: Implications for Europe’, McKinsey Global Institute, april 2017.
44‘The Age of Artificial Intelligence’, Europese Commissie, 27 maart 2018.
45‘Who is Leading the 5G Patent Race?’, IPlytics, november 2019.
46Sara Salinas, ‘Six Top US Intelligence Chiefs Caution Against Buying Huawei Phones’, CNBC, 13 februari 2018.
47Tom Mile, ‘Huawei Allegations Driven by Politics not Evidence: U.N. Telecoms Chief’, Reuters, 5 april 2019.
48Sven Afhüppe et al., ‘Huawei-Chef Ren Zhengfei: “5G ist für die USA eine Art Atombombe”’, Handelsblatt, 17 april 2019.
49‘Former EU Official Suspected of Spying for China’, Euractiv, 15 januari 2020.
50Johan Leupen en Bert van Dijk, ‘Chinese spionnen stelen kostbare bedrijfsgeheimen van ASML’, Financieele Dagblad, 11 april 2019.
51‘EU-China. A Strategic Outlook’, European Commission and HR/VP Contribution to the European Council, Brussel, 12 maart 2019.
52Laurens Reculus, ‘Europe’s Huawei Plan Explained’, Politico, 29 januari 2020.
53Laurens Cerulus en Annabelle Dickson, ‘UK Takes the European Way on Huawei’, Politico, 28 januari 2020.
54Zie voor de doelstellingen: ‘Xi Jinping’s report at 19th CPC National Congress’, Xinhua, 18 oktober 2018.
55Volgens de Italiaanse opiniepeiler SWG.
56‘Covid-19 and Europe-China Relations: A Country-Level Analysis’, European Think Tank Network on China, 29 april 2020, p. 18.
57Steven Lee Myers en Alissa J. Rubin, ‘Its Coronavirus Cases Dwindling, China Turns Focus Outward’, The New York Times, 18 maart 2020.
58Persconferentie van Zhao Lijian, woordvoerder Buitenlandse Zaken China, 5 maart 2020.
59Stand op 28 april 2020 volgens Worldometers.
60Vivian Wang, ‘China’s Coronavirus Battle is Waning. Its Propaganda Fight is Not’, The New York Times, 8 april 2020.
61Shengjie Lai et al., ‘Effect of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions for Containing the COVID-19 Outbreak in China’, medRxiv en University of Southampton, maart 2020.
62‘Short Assessment of Narratives and Disinformation around the Covid-19/Corona Virus Pandemic’, European External Action Service (EEAS), 24 april 2020.
63Laurence Dodds, ‘China Floods Facebook With Undeclared Coronavirus Propaganda Ads Blaming Trump’, The Daily Telegraph, 5 april 2020.
64Zie bijvoorbeeld de open brief van de Chinese ambassadeur in het Financieele Dagblad, 1 mei 2020.
65Marije Vlaskamp, ‘Chinese ambassadeur over coronavirus: “Landen gebruiken deze ramp als politiek wapen tegen ons”’, de Volkskrant, 3 februari 2020.
66‘Covid-19 and Europe-China Relations: A Country-Level Analysis’, European Think Tank Network on China, 29 april 2020, p. 18.
67Matt Apuzzo, ‘Top E.U. Diplomat Says Disinformation Report Was Not Watered Down for China’, The New York Times, 30 april 2020.
68Mark Mazzetti et al., ‘Officials Are Said to Press Spies to Link Virus and Wuhan Labs’, The New York Times, 30 april 2020.
69Jon Cohen, ‘Trump “Owes Us an Apology”’, Science Magazine, 24 juli 2020.
70Zie bijvoorbeeld het overzicht ‘Significant Cyber Incidents’ van CSIS.
71Li Yuan, ‘Ousting U.S. Reporters, China Signals Confidence in Its Own Message’, The New York Times, 18 maart 2020.
72Agence France-Presse, ‘China Outraged After Brazil Minister Suggests Covid-19 is Part of “Plan for World Domination”’, The Guardian, 7 april 2020.
73Steven Lee Myers et al., ‘In China-India Clash, Two Nationalist Leaders With Little Room to Give’, The New York Times, 17 juni 2020.
74Neil Thomas op Twitter, 25 maart 2020.
75‘EU HRVP Josep Borrell: The Coronavirus Pandemic and The New World it Is Creating’, European External Action Service (EEAS), 24 maart 2020.
76‘EU-China. A Strategic Outlook’, European Commission and HR/VP Contribution to the European Council, Brussel, 12 maart 2019.
77Alan Crawford en Peter Martin, ‘China’s Coronavirus Diplomacy Has Finally Pushed Europe Too Far’, Bloomberg, 21 april 2020.
78‘EU-China Summit: Defending EU Interests and Values in a Complex and Vital Partnership’, persbericht van voorzitter Michel en voorzitter Von der Leyen, beschikbaar via de Raad van de Europese Unie, 22 juni 2020.
79‘White Paper on Levelling the Playing Field as Regards Foreign Subsidies’, European Commission, 17 juni 2020.
80Holly Ellyatt, ‘Is Italy Playing With Fire When It Comes to China?’, CNBC, 27 maart 2019.
81‘Internal Chinese Report Warns Beijing Faces Tiananmen-Like Global Backlash Over Virus’, Reuters, 4 mei 2020.
82Andreas Kluth, ‘Europe Just Declared Independence From China’, Bloomberg, 5 september 2020.
1Christopher Andrew en Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and In The West (Londen: Penguin Books, 2018), pp. 285 en 598.
2Andreas Förster, Auf der Spur der Stasi-Millionen: Die Wien-Connection (Berlijn: Argon, 1998), pp. 29-31.
3Catherine Belton, Putin’s People: How the KGB Took Back Russia and Then Took On The West (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2020), p. 43.
4De bank is op de zwarte lijst van het Amerikaanse ministerie van Financiën gezet.
5Zie Catherine Belton, Putin’s People, hoofdstuk 4.
6Reid Standish, ‘Will Putin Be Russia’s President For Life?’, Foreign Policy, 10 maart 2020.
7Karen Dawisha, Putin’s Kleptocracy. Who owns Russia? (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014).
8Catherine Belton, Putin’s People.
9Anders Åslund, Russia’s Crony Capitalism. The Path from Market Economy to Kleptocracy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019).
10Anders Åslund, Russia’s Crony Capitalism, p. 47.
11Gleb Bryanski, ‘Russian Patriarch Calls Putin Era “Miracle of God”’, Reuters, 8 februari 2012.
12Anders Åslund, Russia’s Crony Capitalism, p. 174.
13Peter Pomarantsev, Nothing Is True and Everything Is Possible (Londen: Faber and Faber, 2015), p. 55.
14Andrew Rettman, ‘EU Assigns Funds and Staff to “Eastern Partnership”’, EU Observer, 20 maart 2009.
15Andrew Rettman, ‘EU and Ex-Soviet States to Make Pro-Democracy Pledge: EU Leaders to Discuss Response to Economic Crisis’, EU Observer, 18 maart 2009.
16Vladimir Poetin, ‘On the historical unity of Russians and Ukrainians’, 12 juni 2021, via: en.kremlin.ru.
17Het ontwerpverdrag ‘Treaty between The United States of America and the Russian Federation on security guarantees’ is te vinden op de website van The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, via mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/rso/nato/1790818/.
18De ontwerpovereenkomst ‘Agreement on measures to ensure the security of the Russian Federation and member states of the North Atlantic treaty organization’ is te vinden op de website van The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation via: https://mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/rso/nato/1790803/.
19Een goed inzicht in deze episode verschaft James Goldgeier in ‘Promises made, promises broken’, War on the rocks, November 2016, warontherocks.com.
20Marta Domínguez-Jiménez en Niclas Poitier, ‘FDI Another Day: Russian Reliance on European Investment’, Bruegel, 17 februari 2020.
21Gudrun Persson, The War of the Future, Russian Studies (Rome: NATO Defense College, 2017), p. 7.
22Martin Kragh et al., ‘Conspiracy Theories in Russian Security Thinking’, Journal of Strategic Studies, 2020.
23Evgeny Finkel en Yitzhak M. Brundy, ‘Russia and the Colour Revolutions February 2012’, Democratization, 19, 1, pp. 15-36.
24Zie bijvoorbeeld: Donald N. Jensen en Peter B. Doran, ‘Chaos as a Strategy’, Rapport Centre for European Policy Analyses, 15 november 2018.
25Mark Galeotti, ‘Controlling Chaos: How Russia Manages Its Political War in Europe’, European Council of Foreign Relations, 1 september 2017.
26Catherine Belton, Putin’s People, p. 191.
27Zie Williamson Murray en Peter R. Mansoor (eds.), Hybrid Warfare. Fighting Complex Opponents from the Ancient World to the Present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
28Qiao Liang en Wang Xiangsui, Unrestricted Warfare. Two Air Force Senior Colonels on Scenarios for War and the Operational Art in an Era of Globalization (Beijing: PLA Literature and Arts Publishing House, 1999).
29Ofer Fridman, ‘Hybrid Warfare or Gibridnaya Voyna? Similar, but Different’, The RUSI Journal, 162, 1 (2017), pp. 42-49.
30Kristin Ven Bruusgaard, ‘Russian Strategic Deterrence’, Survival, 58, 4 (2016), p. 12.
31Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation (2010) paragraaf 19.b.
32Russian National Security Strategy, beschikbaar via Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos, originele tekst beschikbaar via Kremlin.ru.
33Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament, Russia, 21 juli 2020.
34Catherine Belton, Putin’s People, pp. 364 en 439.
35Christo Grozev, ‘World’s Most Wanted Man Jan Marsalek Located in Belarus: Data Points to Russian Intel Links’, Bellingcat en Der Spiegel, 18 juli 2020.
36Dmitry Adamsky, Cross-Domain Coercion: The Current Russian Art of Strategy (Parijs: IFRI Security Studies Center, 2015), pp. 10 en 41-43.
37Zie bijvoorbeeld Rob de Wijk, The Art of Military Coercion (Amsterdam: AUP, 2015), pp. 119-129.
38Kristin Ven Bruusgaard, ‘Russian Strategic Deterrence’, p. 18.
39Dmitry Adamsky, ‘From Moscow with Coercion: Russian Deterrence Theory and Strategic Culture’, Journal of Strategic Studies, 41, 1-2 (2018), pp. 33-60.
40NATO, ‘Capstone Concept for the Military Contribution to Countering Hybrid Threats’, 2010, 2; zie een vergelijkbare definitie van het European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats in Center of Excellence, ‘What Is Hybrid CoE?’, Hybrid CoE.
41Zie bijvoorbeeld Michael Mazarr, Mastering the Gray Zone. Understanding a Changing Era of Conflict (Arlington: Strategic Studies Institute, 2015).
42Jacques Follorou, ‘La Haute-Savoie. Camp de base d’espions russes spécialisés dans les assassinats ciblés’, Le Monde, 4 december 2019.
43Jörg Diehl et al., ‘Wie russische Hacker Angela Merkels Mailkonten knackten’, Der Spiegel, 8 mei 2020.
44Hij komt voor op de ‘most wanted’-lijst van de FBI.
45‘How Russian Agents Hunt Down Kremlin Opponents’, Der Spiegel, 9 december 2019. Zie ook: ‘Suspected Assassin In The Berlin Killing Used Fake Identity Documents’, Bellingcat, 30 augustus 2019.
46Jack Stubbs, ‘Facebook Says Russian Influence Campaign Targeted Left-Wing Voters in U.S., UK’, Reuters, 15 september 2020.
47Michael S. Schmidt en Nicole Perlroth, ‘U.S. Charges Russian Intelligence Officers in Major Cyberattacks’, The New York Times, 19 oktober 2020.
48‘FSB Team of Chemical Weapon Experts Implicated in Alexey Navalny Novichok Poisoning’, Bellingcat, 14 december 2020.
49‘Hackers AIVD leverden cruciaal bewijs over Russische inmenging in Amerikaanse verkiezingen’, de Volkskrant, 26 januari 2018.
50‘Hoe slim (of dom) waren de Russische OPCW-hackers?’, NOS, 5 oktober 2018.
51‘Novichok: Victim Found Poison Bottle in Branded Box’, BBC News, 24 juli 2018.
52‘Supplementary written evidence submitted by Dr. Victor Madeira’, House of Commons, Defence Committee, 25 maart 2016.
53Voor een overzicht: Gustav Gressel, ‘Fellow Travellers: Russia, anti-Westernism, and Europe’s political parties’, European Council on Foreign Relations, 14 juli 2017.
54‘Brief inzake desinformatie en beïnvloeding verkiezingen’, ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken, 13 december 2018.
55‘Nieuwe ontwikkelingen beleidsinzet bescherming democratie tegen desinformatie’, ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken, 13 mei 2020.
56‘Geobsedeerde Kajsa Ollongren is terug en waarschuwt: “Rusland verspreidt desinformatie over het coronavirus!”’, De Dagelijkse Standaard, 14 mei 2020.
57Andreas Kouwenhoven en Wilmer Heck, ‘Hoe Russische desinformatie hier in een gratis krant belandt’, NRC Handelsblad, 28 september 2020.
58Harry van Bommel, ‘Oekraïne is beter af als bufferstaat’, Clingendael Spectator, 17 maart 2016.
59Andrew Higgins, ‘Fake Ukrainians: How a Group of Russians Tilted a Dutch Vote’, The New York Times, 16 februari 2017.
60‘Baudet verwijst in apps naar Russische betalingen’, NPO Radio 1, 16 april 2020.
61Huib Modderkolk, ‘Baudet ging in zee (misschien zelfs tegen betaling) met Russische propagandist’, de Volkskrant, 16 april 2020.
62Jaarverslag 2018, Algemene Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdienst.
63Robert van der Noorda en Coen van de Veen, ‘Het MH17 complot’, De Groene Amsterdammer, 22, 29 mei 2019.
64Huib Modderkolk en Tom Kreling, ‘Russische manipulatie en sabotage in MH17 onderzoek’, de Volkskrant, 5 maart 2020.
65Joost Niemöller, ‘Open brief aan Trump: “Start nu objectief onderzoek naar MH17”’, De Nieuwe Realist, 23 januari 2017.
66Goeran B. Johansson, Vladimir Putin. A Geostrategic Russian Icon in the Shadow of Ukraine (Morrisville: Lulu Press, 2019), p. 14.
67Steven Derix, ‘Moskou manipuleert MH17-proces met hulp van blogger “Max uit Nederland”’, NRC Handelsblad, 6 maart 2020.
67Steven Derix, ‘Moskou manipuleert MH17-proces met hulp van blogger “Max uit Nederland”’, NRC Handelsblad, 6 maart 2020.
68Robert van der Noordaa en Coen van de Ven, ‘Nederlandse MH17-activist blijkt schaakstuk voor Russische inlichtingendienst’, De Groene Amsterdammer, 12 november 2020.
69Bert Lanting en Robert van der Noordaa, ‘Deze journalist vond “zak vol resten” die de Russen wel heel handig uitkwam’, de Volkskrant, 13 mei 2017.
70‘Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly’, Kremlin.ru, 1 maart 2018.
71Will Worley, ‘Russia Causes Alarm With “Largest Ever” Military Drills in Belarus’, The Independent, 21 augustus 2017.
72‘Russia’s Grom-2019 Strategic Nuclear Excersise, Strategic Comments’, IISS, 25, comment 35, 2019.
73Harald Nielsen, Die DDR und die Kernwaffen: die nukleare Rolle der Nationalen Volksarmee im Warschauer Pakt (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1998); Petr Lunak, ‘Planning for Nuclear War. The Czechoslovak War Plan of 1964’, Cold War International History Project Bulletin, 2001, pp. 289-298; Torsten Diedrich en Rüdiger Wenzke, Die Streitkra?fte der DDR und Polens in der Operationsplanung des Warschauer Paktes (Potsdam: Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt, 2010); Kyle Mizokami, ‘Revealed: How NATO Planned To Win World War Three In Europe’, The National Interest, 2016; Congressional Research Service United States, ‘Nonstrategic Nuclear Weapons’, 2017.
74Kyle Mizakomi, ‘Revealed: How the Warsaw Pact Planned to Win World War Three in Europe’, The National Interest, 2 juli 2016.
75David Nowak, ‘Report: Russia to Allow Pre-Emptive Nukes’, Associated Press, 14 oktober 2009.
76Kristin Ven Bruusgaard, Russian Strategic Deterrence, p. 12.
77David A. Shlapak en Michael W. Johnson, Reinforcing deterrence on NATO’s Eastern Flank (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2016).
78Michael Shurkin, The Abilities of the British, French, and German Armies to Generate and Sustain Armored Brigades in the Baltics (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2017).
79‘Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security between NATO and the Russian Federation’, NATO, mei 1997.
80Zie voor een vertaling van het concept: Réseau Voltaire.
81Cristina Gallardo, ‘Reports Boris Johnson Is on a Ventilator Are “Russian disinformation”’, Politico, 6 april 2020.
82‘Secret Labs and George Soros’, EUvsDisinfo, 18 mei 2020.
83Dit voorbeeld en tientallen andere zijn te vinden op EU DisinfoLab.
84Jarron Kamphorst, ‘EU-onderzoekers signaleren veel Russisch nepnieuws’, Trouw, 20 maart 2020.
85Julian E. Barnes en David E. Sanger, ‘Russian Intelligence Agencies Push Disinformation on Pandemic’, The New York Times, 28 juli 2020.
86William J. Broad, ‘Putin’s Long War Against American Science’, The New York Times, 13 april 2020.
87Mededeling van de Commissie aan het Europees Parlement en de Raad, ‘Europese strategie voor energiezekerheid’ (SWD 330 final), Brussel, 2014.
88Mededeling van de Commissie aan het Europees Parlement en de Raad, het Europees Economisch en Sociaal Comité, het Comité van de Regio’s en de Europese Investeringsbank, ‘Een kaderstrategie voor een schokbestendige energie-unie met een toekomstgericht beleid inzake klimaatverandering’ (COM 80 final), Brussel, 2015.
89Samenvatting van de World Energy Outlook 2020 van International Energy Agency.
1‘Joint Statement of the Foreign Ministers on the EU Commitment to the Western Balkans’ European Integration’, beschikbaar via website ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken, Republiek Polen, 11 juni 2019.
2‘Joint Letter by Presidents Tusk, Sassoli, Juncker and President-elect Von der Leyen on the Opening of Accession Talks with North Macedonia and Albania’, Europese Raad, 3 oktober 2019.
3Beáta Huszka, ‘The Power of Perspective: Why EU Membership Still Matters in the Western Balkans’, European Council of Foreign Relations, 7 januari 2020.
4Efi Koutsokosta, ‘Zaev Warns: “EU Accession Halt Could Cause a Rise of Nationalism in the Balkans”’, Euronews, 31 oktober 2019.
5Jennifer Rankin, ‘EU Failure to Open Membership Talks with Albania and North Macedonia Condemned’, The Guardian, 18 oktober 2019.
6Voor een overzicht van de activiteiten van een hele reeks landen in de Westelijke Balkan, zie: Arlinda Rrustemi, Rob de Wijk, Connor Dunlop, Jovana Perovska, Lirije Palushi, Geopolitical Influences of External Powers in the Western Balkans (Den Haag: HCSS, 2019).
7‘Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. An Economic and Investment Plan for the Western Balkans’, European Commission, 6 oktober 2020.
1Alexandra Brzozowski, ‘In Brussels, Pompeo Calls for Principled Realism’, Euractiv, 4 december 2018.
2Edward Luce, ‘Henry Kissinger: “We Are in a Very, Very Grave Period”’, Financial Times, 20 juli 2018.
3Sherisse Pham, ‘The US Is Stepping Up Pressure on Europe to Ditch Huawei’, CNN, 12 februari 2019.
4‘Remarks by President Trump at the World Economic Forum’, The White House, 21 januari 2020.
5Sarantis Michalopoulos, ‘Tusk: With Friends like Trump, Who Needs Enemies’, Euractiv en AFP, 17 mei 2018.
6George Bush, ‘Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union’, The American Presidency Project, 29 januari 1991.
7Randall L. Schweller en Xiaoyu Pu, ‘After Unipolarity: China’s Visions of International Order in an Era of U.S. Decline’, International Security, 36, 1 (2001), pp. 41-72.
8Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of Great Powers (New York: Vintage Books, 1987), p. XV.
9De DPG is een interne set van militaire richtlijnen die doorgaans om de paar jaar wordt opgesteld door het US Department of Defense. Het document wordt verstrekt aan de militaire leiders en civiele hoofden van het departement om hen te voorzien van een geopolitiek kader voor de beoordeling van de gewenste militaire capaciteiten en budgettaire behoeften.
10‘Excerpts From Pentagon’s Plan: “Prevent the Re-Emergence of a New Rival”’, The New York Times, 8 maart 1992.
11Zie de website van The Project for the New American Century.
12Neta C. Crawford, ‘United States Budgetary Costs of the Post-9/11 Wars Through FY2019: $5.9 Trillion Spent and Obligated’, Watson Institute, Brown University, 14 november 2018.
13‘Report on the Russian Active Intelligence Measures Campain and Interference in the 2016 U.S. Election. Volume 5: Counterintelligence and Threats’, Intelligence Committee, 116de congres, eerste sessie (2020).
14Susan E. Rice, ‘Why Does Trump Put Russia First?’, The New York Times, 30 juni 2020.
15Zie de reconstructie van Julian E. Barnes en Helene Cooper, ‘Trump Discussed Pulling U.S. From NATO, Aides Say Amid New Concerns Over Russia’, The New York Times, 14 januari 2019.
16‘2019 Missile Defense Review’, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 2019.
17David M. Herszenhorn, ‘Trump’s Europe Strategy: Nothing’, Politico, 4 juni 2020.
18David M. Herszenhorn, ‘Trump’s Europe Strategy: Nothing’, Politico, 4 juni 2020.
19‘Very aggressive: Trump Suggests Montenegro Could Cause World War Three’, The Guardian, 19 juli 2018.
20‘Emmanuel Macron Warns Europe: NATO is becoming brain-dead’, The Economist, 7 november 2019.
21‘NATO Secretary General Announces Increased Defence Spending by Allies’, NATO, 29 november 2019.
22‘Full Transcript of Interview with Donald Trump’, The Times, 16 juni 2017.
23‘Joint U.S.-EU Statement Following President Juncker’s Visit to the White House’, Europese Commissie, 25 juli 2018.
24Florian Eder, ‘Trump Invites Juncker to Washington to Talk Trade’, Politico, 26 juni 2018.
25Elliot Smith, ‘Trump Claims the EU Has “No Choice” But to Agree a New Trade Deal’, CNBC, 22 januari 2020.
26Paul Dallison, Trump: ‘Europe Treats Us Worse Than China’, Politico, 27 juni 2019.
27David Gelles, ‘How Boeing vs. Airbus Became Trump vs. Europe’, The New York Times, 6 oktober 2019.
28Chad P. Bown en Soumaya Keynes, ‘Why did Trump end the WTO’s Appellate Body?’ Peterson Institute for International Economics, 4 maart 2020.
29Joshua P. Zoffer, ‘The Dollar and the United States’ Exorbitant Power to Sanction’, AJIL Unbound, 113 (2019), pp. 152-156; Justin Scheck en Bradley Hope. ‘The Dollar Underpins American Power. Rivals Are Building Workarounds’, The Wall Street Journal, 29 mei 2019.
30‘Remarks of Secretary Lew on the Evolution of Sanctions and Lessons for the Future at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace’, U.S. Department of the Treasury, 3 maart 2016.
31Zie voor alle rapporten van de website van het Internationaal Atoomenergieagentschap (IAEA).
32‘Remarks by President Trump on the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action’, The White House, 8 mei 2016.
33Heiko Maas, ‘Making Plans for a New World Order’, Handelsblatt, 22 augustus 2018.
34‘The Euro’s Global Role in a Changing World: A Monetary Policy Perspective’, toespraak van Benoît Cœuré, lid van de Raad van Bestuur van de Europese Centrale Bank, bij de Raad van Buitenlandse Zaken, New York, 15 februari 2019.
35Kees Versteegh, ‘Al sinds de Tweede Wereldoorlog doen de VS aan medische spionage. Moet Nederland dat ook gaan doen?’, NRC Handelsblad, 20 maart 2020.
36Anne Applebaum, ‘The Coronavirus Called America’s Bluff’, The Atlantic, 15 maart 2020.
37Kurt M. Campbell en Rush Doshi March, ‘The Coronavirus Could Reshape Global Order’, Foreign Affairs, 18 maart 2020.
38‘Coronavirus Turns Germans More Critical of US: Survey’, Deutsche Welle.
39‘Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)’, WHO, 16-24 februari 2020.
40Patricia Cohen, ‘Struggling in a Good Economy, and Now Struggling in a Crisis’, The New York Times, 16 april 2020.
41‘The territorial impact of COVID-19: Managing the crisis across levels of government’, OECD-beleid in reactie tot het coronavirus (COVID-19), geüpdatet 16 juni 2020.
42‘China Daily Lead Story – Nation Set to be largest economy in 2028’, Centre for Economic and Business Research, 28 december 2020.
43Salman Ahmed en Rozlyn Engel (red.), ‘Making U.S. Foreign Policy Work Better for the Middle Class’, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2020.
44Joseph R. Biden, Jr, ‘Why America Must Lead Again: Rescuing U.S. Foreign Policy After Trump’, Foreign Affairs, maart-april 2020.
45Isaac Chotiner, ‘Why John Mearsheimer Blames the U.S. for the Crisis in Ukraine’, The New Yorker, 1 maart 2022
1‘The European Defend Fund’, factsheet van de Europese Commissie, 2019.
2‘Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe’, European External Action Service, juni 2016.
3Jean-Claude Juncker, ‘State of the Union Address 2016: Towards a Better Europe: A Europe That Protects, Empowers and Defends’, Europese Commissie, 14 september 2016.
4Jean-Claude Juncker, ‘State of the Union Address’, Europese Commissie, 13 september 2017.
5Jean-Claude Juncker, ‘State of the Union Address’, Europese Commissie, 12 september 2018.
6Conclusies van de Europese Raad, 1-2 oktober 2020.
7Ursula von der Leyen, ‘A Union That Strives for More: My Agenda for Europe’, Europese Commissie, z.d.
8Nick Gutteridge, ‘“Little Britain” Downing Street Fires “No Deal” Warning Shot as Michel Barnier Says UK Must Accept It’s Not “equal” to the EU’, The Sun, 25 april 2020.
9D.L. Spar en D.B. Yoffie. ‘A Race to the Bottom or Governance from the Top?’, in: Aseem Prakash en Jeffrey A. Hart (red.), Coping with Globalization (Londen: Routledge, 2000), pp. 31-51.
10Anu Bradford, The Brussels Effect (New York: Oxford University Press, 2020).
11Adam Satariano en Matina Stevis-Gridneff, ‘Big Tech Turns Its Lobbyists Loose on Europe, Alarming Regulators’, The New York Times, 14 december 2020.
12‘EU-China. A Strategic Outlook’, European Commission and HR/VP Contribution to the European Council, Brussel, 12 maart 2019.
13‘Joint declaration by the President of the European Council, the President of the European Commission, and the Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization’, NATO, 8 juli 2016.
14Zie website van Economists for Free Trade.
15Zie website van Economists for Free Trade.
16Daniel J. Ikenson et al., ‘The Ideal U.S.-U.K. Free Trade Agreement: A Free Trader’s Perspective’, Cato Institute, 18 september 2018.
17Zie voor een reconstructie van de onderhandelingen: Daniel Boffey, ‘Bust-ups and Brinkmanship: Inside Story of How the Brexit Deal was Done’, The Guardian, 24 december 2020.
18Anand Menon en Catherine Barnard, ‘Trading on WTO Terms: What Does it Mean?’, UK in a changing Europe, 2 juni 2020.
19Agatha Kratz et al., ‘Chinese FDI in Europe: 2019 Update’, Rhodium Group en Merics, 4 augustus 2019.
20‘Grieppandemie: potentiële bedreiging voor economie en financieel systeem’, De Nederlandsche Bank, 2006.
21Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach et al., ‘The Changing Landscape of American Life Expectancy’, The Hamilton Project, juni 2016.
22John Eligon et al., ‘In the Wake of Covid-19 Lockdowns, a Troubling Surge in Homicides’, The New York Times, 11 augustus 2020.
23Aaron Reeves et al., ‘Economic Suicides in the Great Recession in Europe and North America’, The British Journal of Psychiatry, 205 (2014), pp. 246-247.
24‘Coronavirus raakt bevoorrading, Action overweegt spullen buiten China in te slaan’, Algemeen Dagblad, 3 februari 2020.
25Joe Miller et al., ‘European Companies Face Coronavirus Hit to Supply Chains’, Financial Times, 26 februari 2020.
26Grace Hearty, ‘Rare Earths: Next Element in the Trade War?’, CSIS, 20 augustus 2019.
27Henry Farrell en Abraham L. Newman, ‘Chained to Globalisation: Why It’s Too Late to Decouple’, Foreign Affairs (2020), pp. 71-80.
28Patrick McGee, ‘Volkswagen Gives Suppliers Ultimatum on Emissions’, Financial Times, 17 februari 2019.
29Elisabeth Braw, ‘Blindsided on the Supply Side’, Foreign Policy, 4 maart 2020.
30‘From Mine to Factory: Volkswagen Makes Supply Chain Transparent With Blockchain’, persbericht Volkswagen, 23 april 2019.
31‘The Steam Has Gone Out of Globalisation’, The Economist, 24 januari 2019.
32Harold L. Sirkin et al., ‘The Shifting Economics of Global Manufacturing’, Boston Consultancy Group, 19 augustus 2014.
33‘Global trade growth loses momentum as trade tensions persist’, World Trade Organisation, 2 april 2019.
34Henry Farrell en Abraham L. Newman, ‘Chained to Globalisation: Why It’s Too Late to Decouple’, Foreign Affairs (2020), pp. 71-80.
35‘Navigating The Rising Tide of Uncertainty’, PWC, 23rd Annual Global CEO Survey 2020.
36‘3D Printing: A threat to Global Trade’, ING, september 2017.
37Victoria K. Wells et al., ‘Behaviour and Climate Change: Consumer Perceptions of Responsibility’, Journal of Marketing Management, 27, 7 (2010), pp. 803-833.
38‘Game Changer? How the Recovery Fund Will Shake up EU Bond Markets’, Reuters, 21 juli 2020.
39Conclusies van de Europese Raad, 1-2 oktober 2020.
40Ulrike Franke en Tara Varma, ‘Independence Play: Europe’s Persuit of Strategic Autonomy,’ European Council of Foreign Relations, juli 2019, p. 35.
41Steven Erlanger, ‘Europe Welcomes Biden, but Won’t Wait for Him’, The New York Times, 18 januari 2021.
1Klaas Knot, ‘HJ Schoo-lezing’, De Nederlandsche Bank, 2 september 2020.
2Katharina Gnath, ‘EU Single Market Boosts Per Capita Incomes by Almost 1,000 Euros a Year’, Bertelsmann Stiftung, 8 mei 2019.
3Douglas Barrie et al., ‘Defending Europe: Scenario-Based Capability Requirements for NATO’s European Members’, IISS, april 2019.
4Caitlyn Gribbin, ‘Malcolm Turnbull Declares He Will “Stand Up” for Australia in Response to China’s Criticism’, ABC, 9 december 2017.
5Max Bergmann, ‘Europe’s Geopolitical Awakening’, Foreign Affairs, 20 augustus 2020.
6Tim Sweijs en Koen van Wijk, ‘The Evolving Position of The Netherlands in the World’, Strategic Monitor (2020), HCSS.
7‘China’s Belt and Road Initiative in the Global Trade, Investment and Finance Landscape’, OECD (2018), p. 14.