aardwolf. See Proteles cristatus
Adcrocuta
Aelurodon: brain of; coevolution of, with prey; evolution of; jaw of; neck of; teeth of
Aelurodon asthenostylus
Aelurodon ferox, plate 4
Aelurodon mcgrewi
Aelurodon montanensis
Aelurodon stirtoni
Aelurodon taxoides
Aelurodontina
Aeluroidea
Aepycamelus
Aepycamelus major
Africa: canids in; hunting dog in; raccoon dog in
African hunting dog. See Lycaon pictus
African palm civet. See Nandinia
Ailuropoda melanoleuca
Alopex
Alopex lagopus
Amphicyonidae
anatomy. See canid anatomy
Andrewsarchus mongoliensis
Antarctica, ice sheet in
Antón, Mauricio
arboreality, and claws
Archaeocyon; body size of; evolution of; teeth of
Archaeocyon falkenbachi
Archaeocyon leptodus
Archaeocyon pavidus
Archaeotherium mortoni
arctic fox. See Vulpes lagopus
Arctoidea
Argentina, canids in
artiodactyls
Asia, canids in
Atelocynus
Atelocynus microtis
auditory bulla
Australia
baculum
Barbourofelis loveorum
Bassariscus astutus
bat-eared fox. See Otocyon megalotis
bear dogs. See Amphicyonidae
bears. See Ursidae
Belyaev, Dmitry K.
Beringia
biological species concept
Blastomeyx gemmifer
body size: of borophagines; of canids; and climate,; Cope’s rule on; of hesperocyonines; of hyaenids; and hunting; in Ice Age; of mammals of late Eocene; of mammals of late Miocene; of mammals of late Oligocene; of mammals of Pleistocene; and sexual dimorphism
bone cracking; teeth for
bone crushing. See bone cracking
Borhyaena
Borhyaena tuberata
Borhyaenidae
Borophaginae; body size of; brain of; coevolution of, with prey; endemism of; evolution of; functional morphology of; geographic dispersal of; intercontinental migrations by; skull and neck of; species of; teeth of
Borophagini
Borophagus; body size of; brain of; evolution of; geographic dispersion of; jaw of; as scavenger vs. hunter; teeth of
Borophagus diversidens plate 7
Borophagus dudleyi
Borophagus hilli
Borophagus littoralis
Borophagus orc
Borophagus parvus
Borophagus pugnator
Borophagus secundus, plate 5
brown hyena. See Parahyaena brunnea
browsers
buffalo
bush dog. See Speothos venaticus
Caedocyon
Caedocyon tedfordi
camelids
canid anatomy; body size; brain; claws; dome of head and frontal sinus; ear bones; jaw; limbs; maxilloturbinates; neck; paedomorphic features; phalanges; rostrum; skull; standing posture; turbinates See also teeth
canid evolution; convergent, with hyaenids; in Eocene ; in middle Miocene; in Oligocene; in Paleocene; and physical environment; in Pleistocene; in Pliocene; of proto-canids; timeline of
Canidae; domestication of; endemism of; in Eurasia; fossil record of; geographic dispersal of; hunting behavior and social activity of; intercontinental migrations by; mating systems of; phylogeny of; sexual dimorphism of; species of; subfamilies of; zoogeography. See also canid anatomy; canid evolution; Caninae; Canis
Caninae; evolution of; geographic dispersal of; head of; intercontinental migrations by; species of
Canis; body size of; evolution of; geographic dispersal of; morphology of; sexual dimorphism of
Canis adustus
Canis africanus
Canis antonii
Canis armbrusteri
Canis arnensis
Canis aureus
Canis brachyurus
Canis brevicephalus
Canis cedazoensis
Canis chihliensis
“Canis” cipio
Canis dirus, plate 8; anatomy of; body size of; evolution of; geographic dispersal of; sexual dimorphism of; skull and head of
Canis edwardii
Canis etruscus
Canis falconeri
Canis ferox
Canis gezi
Canis latrans; ear of; evolution of; interbreeding of, with wolf; sexual dimorphism of; skull of
Canis lepophagus, plate 7
Canis longdanensis
Canis lupus; brain of; and domestic dogs; European distribution of; evolution of; head and neck of; interbreeding of, with coyote; pack range of; skeleton of; skull and mandible of; social hunting by
Canis lupus chanco
Canis lupus dingo
Canis lupus familiaris; breeds of; as distinct species; genetic history of; morphology of; skull and mandible of
Canis lupus lupus
Canis lupus occidentalis
Canis lupus variabilis
Canis lycaon
Canis mesomelas
Canis mosbachensis
Canis nehringi
Canis palmidens
Canis rufus
Canis simensis
Canis teilhardi
Canis variabilis
Canis–Xenocyon–Cuon–Lycaon lineage
carnassials
Carnivora; body size of; brain of; dedicated herbivory in; dietary habits of; endemism of; geographic dispersal of; hunting behavior and social activity of; as scavenger vs. hunter; sexual dimorphism of; skull and jaw of; teeth of See also carnivoran evolution
carnivoran evolution: in Eocene; in middle Miocene; in Oligocene; in Paleocene; in Pleistocene; in Pliocene
carnivores, as distinguished from carnivorans
carotid artery, and auditory bulla
Carpocyon
Carpocyon compressus
Carpocyon limosus
Carpocyon robustus
Carpocyon webbi
cats. See Felidae
cave bear. See Ursus spelaeus
Cenozoic era
Cerdocyon; evolution of; geographic dispersal of
Cerdocyon avius
Cerdocyon sp. A
Cerdocyon thous
Cerdocyon–Nyctereutes lineage
Cerdocyonina
Chasmaporthetes
China, canids in
Chrysocyon
Chrysocyon brachyurus
Chrysocyon sp. A
Cimolestes cerberoides
cimolestids
cladogram
claws
Coffee Ranch Quarry
competitive group feeding
convergent evolution
Cope, Edward Drinker
Cope’s rule
Coppinger, Lorna
Coppinger, Raymond
Cormocyon
Cormocyon copei
Cormocyon haydeni
coyote. See Canis latrans
crab-eating fox (zorro). See Cerdocyon
Cranioceras skinneri
Creodonta
Crocuta
Crocuta crocuta
Crusafont-Pairó, Miguel
Cuon
Cuon alpinus; evolution of; geographic dispersal of; head of; neck of
Cuon alpinus fossilis
cursoriality
Cynarctina
Cynarctoides
Cynarctoides acridens
Cynarctoides emryi
Cynarctoides gawnae
Cynarctoides harlowi
Cynarctoides lemur
Cynarctoides luskensis
Cynarctoides roii
Cynarctoides whistleri
Cynarctus
Cynarctus crucidens
Cynarctus galushai
Cynarctus marylandica
Cynarctus saxatilis
Cynarctus voorhiesi
Cynodesmus
Cynodesmus martini
Cynodesmus thooides
Cynoidea
Cynotherium
Cynotherium sardous
Damuth, John
Daphoenodon
Daphoenodon superbus
Davis, Simon J. M.
Dayan, Tamar
de Bonis, Louis
dentition. See teeth
Desmocyon
Desmocyon matthewi
Desmocyon thomsoni
dhole. See Cuon alpinus
Diamond, Jared
diet, skulls, jaws, and teeth as indicators of See also feeding styles
digitigrade posture
digits
dingo. See Canis lupus dingo
Dinohippus–Equus lineage
dire wolf. See Canis dirus
dispersal, of canids
dogs. See Canidae; specific species
domestication; and behavior modification; of canids; of felids; and human waste dumps; and morphology; of New World dogs; and paedomorphic features; of wolves
Drake Passage
Dusicyon australis
ear bones
eating styles. See feeding styles
Ectopocynus
Ectopocynus antiquus
Ectopocynus intermedius
Ectopocynus simplicidens
ectotympanic bone
endemism
Enhydrocyon, plate 2; evolution of; jaw of; as scavenger vs. hunter; teeth of
Enhydrocyon basilatus
Enhydrocyon crassidens
Enhydrocyon pahinsintewakpa
Enhydrocyon stenocephalus
entotympanic bone
Eocene epoch
Eocene Hothouse
Eocene–Oligocene boundary
Epicyon; brain of; coevolution of, with prey; evolution of; hunting by; as scavenger vs. hunter; teeth of
Epicyon aelurodontoides
Epicyon haydeni; body size of; head of; teeth of
Epicyon saevus
Epicyon–Borophagus lineage
Equus
Eucyon; evolution of; leg bones of; Old World fossils of
Eucyon adoxus
Eucyon davisi, plate 6
Eucyon intrepidus
Eucyon monticinensis
Eucyon odessanus
Eucyon zhoui
Eucyon–Canis–Lycaon clade
Euoplocyon
Euoplocyon brachygnathus
Euoplocyon spissidens
Eurasia: canid migrations to; canids in; horses in; Ice Age mammals in; raccoon dog in
Europe, Wolf Event in
evolution; convergent; Cope’s rule on; of predator with prey; and speciation. See also canid evolution
evolutionary species concept
Falkland Island fox. See Dusicyon australis
feeding styles: browsing; grazing; herbivory; hypercarnivory; hypocarnivory; mesocarnivory
Felidae; claws of; domestication of; geographic dispersal of; and humans; hunting behavior of; limbs of; morphological diversity of; neck of; phalanges of; posture of; rostrum of; skull of; teeth of
femur, in standing posture
fennec fox. See Vulpes zerda
Flower, William Henry
Flynn, John J.
foods. See feeding styles
forests, at Eocene–Oligocene boundary
fossils
foxes: arctic fox; bateared fox; crab-eating zorro; evolution of; Falkland Island fox; fennec fox; gray fox; island gray fox; kit fox; red fox; swift fox
Galusha, Ted
genetics, of domestic dog
giant deer
giant ground sloth
giant panda. See Ailuropoda melanoleuca
Gittleman, John L.
glaciation: in Antarctic; in Ice Age; in Oligocene
grasslands
gray fox. See Urocyon cinereoargenteus
gray wolf. See Canis lupus
grazers
Great American Biotic Interchange
Great Rift Valley
gyri
Hall, E. Raymond
Hare, Brian
Hayonim Cave (Israel)
Hemiauchenia, plate 7
herbivores; body size of; at Eocene–Oligocene boundary; in Miocene; social complexity of; teeth of
Hertel, Fritz
Hesperocyon; body size of; brain of; claws of; evolution of; fossil record of
Hesperocyon coloradoensis
Hesperocyon gregarius, plate 1; body size of; evolution of; skeleton of; skull and mandible of
Hesperocyoninae: body size of; endemism of; evolution of; head shape of; intercontinental migrations by; species of; teeth of
Hipparion
Holarctic
Holliday, Jill A.
Holocene epoch
Homo erectus
homology
Hoplophoneus primeavus
horses: endemism of; evolution of; geographic dispersion of; one-toed; three-toed; as unguligrade
humans: and canids; and domestication of canids; as hunter-gatherers; waste dumps of
Hunt, Robert M., Jr.
Hunter-Schreger Bands (HSB)
hunting: and body size; by canids vs. felids; by canids v. hyaenids; by hunter-gatherers; vs. scavenging; social
Hyaena hyaena
Hyaenictitherium
Hyaenictitherium wongi
Hyaenidae: body size of; classification of; convergent evolution of, with canids; evolution of; geographic dispersal of; hunting behavior of; and humans; standing posture of; teeth of
Hyaenodon
Hyaenodon horridus
Hyaenodontidae
Hyainailouros; H. sulzeri
hyenas. See Crocuta crocuta; Hyaena hyaena
hypercarnivory
hypocarnivory
Ice Age
ice sheets: in Antarctic; in Ice Age; in Oligocene
Ictitherium
Ictitherium ebu
interbreeding: as biological species concept; of coyote and wolf
island gray fox. See Urocyon littoralis
Isthmus of Panama
jaw: anatomy of; biomechanical principles and function of; fossils of; as indicator of diet; strength of
Jenks, S. M.
John Day Fossil Beds National Monument
Kennett, James P.
keratin
Khlopachev, Gennady A.
kit fox. See Vulpes macrotis
land bridge; Beringia; and Great American Biotic Interchange; Isthmus of Panama
Leonard, Jennifer A
leopard, skull of
Leptauchenia decora
Leptocyon; evolution of; geographic dispersal of; limb of; teeth of
Leptocyon delicatus
Leptocyon gregorii
Leptocyon mollis
Leptocyon vafer
Leptocyon vulpinus
Leptomeryx
limbs: of canids; of herbivores; of horses
Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin
Linnaeus, Carolus
lion
llama
Lukeino Formation
Lycalopex
Lycaon: in Africa; body size of; brain of; evolution of; geographic dispersal of
Lycaon magnus
Lycaon pictus; geographic dispersal of; head of; neck of; origin of; reconstruction of; skull and mandible of; social hunting by
Macdonald, David W.
Mammal Species of the World (Wozencraft)
mammals: browsers; domestication of; endemism of; and Great American Biotic Interchange; intercontinental migrations by; in late Eocene; in late Miocene; in late Oligocene; in Paleocene See also specific species
Mammuthus columbi, plate 8
mandible. See jaw
mandibular condyle
maned wolf. See Chrysocyon brachyurus
masseter muscle
masseteric fossa
mastodonts
mating behavior
maxilloturbinates
Mayr, Ernest
meline (Old World) badgers
mesocarnivory
Mesocyon
Mesocyon brachyops
Mesocyon coryphaeus
Mesocyon temnodon
Mesocyon–Enhydrocyon group
Mesocyon–Sunkahetanka–Enhydrocyon group
Mesohippus
mesonychids
metacarpals
Metalopex
Metalopex merriami
metatarsals
Metatomarctus
Metatomarctus canavus
Miacidae
Miacis
Miacis kessleri
Miacis sylvestris
Microtomarctus
Microtomarctus conferta
Mid-Miocene Climactic Optimum
Miocene epoch
Miohippus gidleyi
molecular biology
Mongolia, canids in
monophyletic branches
Morales, Jorge
Morey, Darcy F.
morphological species
Mustelidae
muzzle. See rostrum
Nandinia
Natufian culture
natural selection
neck, of canids
Neohipparion, plate 4
Neohipparion coloradense
Neohipparion leptode
Nimbacinus dicksoni
Nimravidae
Nobis, Günter
North America; and Beringia; canid fossil sites in; and canid intercontinental migrations; canids in; and Great American Biotic Interchange; hesperocyonines in; and Isthmus of Panama
Nowak, Ronald M.
Nurocyon chonokhariensis
Nyctereutes
Nyctereutes abdeslami
Nyctereutes donnezani
Nyctereutes megamastoides
Nyctereutes procyonoides
Nyctereutes sinensis
Nyctereutes sinensis–megamastoides lineage
Nyctereutes terblanchei
Nyctereutes tingi
Old World, canids in
Oligocene epoch
Olsen, John W.
Olsen, Stanley J.
Olyor Fauna
oreodonts
Osborn, Henry Fairfield
Osbornodon; body size of; evolution of
Osbornodon brachypus
Osbornodon fricki, plate 3
Osbornodon iamonensis
Osbornodon renjiei
Osbornodon scitulus
Osbornodon sesnoni
Osbornodon wangi
Osteoborus
Otarocyon
Otarocyon cooki
Otarocyon macdonaldi
Otocyon
Otocyon megalotis
Oxetocyon
Oxetocyon cuspidatus
Oxydactylus wyomingensis
Pachycrocuta
Pachycrocuta brevirrostris
pack hunting. See hunting: social
paedomorphic features
Palaeolagus
Paleocene epoch
Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
Paracynarctus
Paracynarctus kelloggi
Paracynarctus sinclari
Paraenhydrocyon
Paraenhydrocyon josephi
Paraenhydrocyon robustus
Paraenhydrocyon wallovianus
Parahyaena brunnea
Paratomarctus
Paratomarctus euthos
Paratomarctus temerarius
Peking Man
phalanges
Philotrox
Philotrox condoni
Phlaocyon
Phlaocyon achoros
Phlaocyon annectens
Phlaocyon latidens
Phlaocyon leucosteus
Phlaocyon mariae
Phlaocyon marslandensis
Phlaocyon minor
Phlaocyon multicuspus
Phlaocyon taylori
Phlaocyon yatkolai
Phlaocyonini
phytoliths
Pickford, Martin
plantigrade posture
Pleistocene epoch,
Pliocene epoch
Plioviverrops
posture
predation: and body size; by canids vs. felids; by canids vs. hyaenids; and coevolution vs. scavenging
premolars
Procyonidae
Prohesperocyon
Prohesperocyon wilsoni
Proteles cristatus
Protepicyon
Protepicyon raki
Protepicyon–Epicyon–Borophagus lineage
Protictitherium
proto-canids
Protoceras skinneri
Protocyon
Protocyon scagliarum
Protocyon troglodytes
Protomarctus
Protomarctus optatus
Prototocyon
Prototocyon curvipalatus
Prototocyon recki
Psalidocyon
Psalidocyon marianae
Pseudalopex
Pseudalopex culpaeus
Pseudalopex gymnocercus
Pseudalopex sechurae
Pseudalopex vetulus
Pseudhipparion retrusum
raccoon
raccoon dog. See Nyctereutes
Radinsky, Leonard
Rancho La Brea
red fox. See Vulpes vulpes
red panda
red wolf. See Canis rufus
rete mirabile
retractile claws
Rhizocyon
Rhizocyon oregonensis
ringtail. See Bassariscus astutus
Rook, Lorenzo
rostrum, length of
saber-toothed cats
Sablin, Mikhail V.
Sacco, Tyson
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Savolainen, Peter
scavenging
sea level changes, in Ice Age
semiplantigrade posture
semiseptum
sexual dimorphism
short-eared dog. See Atelocynus
Siller-Zubiri, Claudio
Sinonyx
skeletal morphology, and reconstruction of life appearance
skull: fossilized; function of; as indicator of diet
Smilodon
social hunting. See hunting: social
Soria, Dolores
South America; and canid intercontinental migrations; canids in; cerdocyonines in; and Great American Biotic Interchange; and Isthmus of Panama
speciation
species: biological species concept; evolutionary species concept; morphological
Speothos
Speothos pacivorus
Speothos venaticus
spotted hyena. See Crocuta crocuta
standing posture
Steppan, Scott J.
stratigraphy
stride
striped hyena. See Hyaena hyaena
sulci
Sunkahetanka
Sunkahetanka geringensis
swift fox. See Vulpes velox
Synoplotherium
Synoplotherium vorax
Synthetoceras tricornatus
Systema naturae (Linnaeus)
Tasmanian Passage
Tasmanian wolf. See Thylacinus cynocephalus
Tedford, Richard
teeth; of amphicyonids; basined talonid; for bone cracking; of borhyaenids; of borophagines; bunodont; of canines; carnassials; of carnivorans; of cimolestids; enamel on; of felids; of grazers; of herbivores; of hesperocyonines; high-crowned; of hyaenids; of hyaenodonts; for hypercarnivory; for hypocarnivory; hypsodont; incisors; as indicator of diet; and length of rostrum; of mesonychids; metaconule; of miacids; molars; postcarnassial molars; premolars; selenodont; supernumery; of thylacinids; of ursids; of viverravids
Teleoceras fossiger
temporalis muscle
Tephrocyon
Tephrocyon rurestris
Texoceros, plate 6
Theriodictis
Theriodictis platensis
Theriodictis? sp. A
Theriodictis tarijensis
thylacinids
Thylacinus cynocephalus
tibia, in standing posture
toes
Tomarctus
Tomarctus brevirostris
Tomarctus hippophaga
Truyols-Santonja, Jamie
Tunggur Formation
Tungurictis
turbinates
tympanic bulla. See auditory bulla
ungulates
unguligrade posture
Urocyon
Urocyon cinereoargenteus
Urocyon littoralis
Urocyon minicephalus
Urocyon progressus
Ursidae
Ursus spelaeus, skull of
Valla, François
Van Valkenburgh, Blaire
Vila, Calres
Viverravidae
Vulpes; evolution of; geographic dispersal of; legs and stride of; sexual dimorphism of; teeth of
Vulpes alopecoides
Vulpes angustidens
Vulpes beihaiensis
Vulpes bengalensis
Vulpes cana
Vulpes chama
Vulpes chikushanensis
Vulpes corsac
Vulpes ferrilata
Vulpes galaticus
Vulpes kernensis
Vulpes lagopus
Vulpes macrotis
Vulpes pallida
Vulpes praecorsac
Vulpes praeglacialis
Vulpes riffautae
Vulpes rueppelli
Vulpes ruffautae
Vulpes stenognathus
Vulpes velox
Vulpes vetus
Vulpes vulpes; geographic dispersal of; sexual dimorphism of; skull of
Vulpes zerda
Wang, Xiaoming
Wayne, Robert K.
Wenzhong, Pei
Werdelin, Lars
Wesley-Hunt, Gina D.
Wolf Event
wolves: dire wolf, plate 8; domestication of; geographic dispersal of; gray wolf; interbreeding of, with coyote; maned wolf; neck of; red wolf; social hunting by; Tasmanian wolf
woolly mammoth
woolly rhinoceros
Wozencraft, W. Christopher
Xenocyon
Xenocyon dubius
Xenocyon lycaonoides
Xenocyon texanus
Yushe basin
Zhanxiang, Qiu
zorro. See Cerdocyon; Lycalopex; Pseudalopex