Index

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a-: meaning

AAA

Abbott, Edward

ABC of emergency medicine

abdomen: anatomy; ‘e causa ignota’ (e.c.i.) symptoms; electric eel; fast track post-operative care; first laparotomy; incision size; insufflation; nomenclature; operation avoidance; see also hernia

abdominoplasty

abortion

Abraham

abscess: anal fistula; ancient Greek treatment; buttocks; cause; definition; fever; fluctuation; mouth; subphrenic; toes; tuberculosis

acid reflux

acidity

acidosis

acupuncture

acute: definition

Adam and Eve

addiction

adenoids

adrenal glands: etymology; shock

adrenaline: shock; shock treatment

Adrian IV, Pope

Adrian VI, Pope

Ağca, Mehmet Ali

age of patient

AIDS

Al Qaeda

Albert, Prince

Albucasis

alchemy

Alexander VIII, Pope

Alien (1979)

Allatius, Leo

allergies

alveoli

amnesia: anaesthesia; brain damage

amputation: definition; etymology; legs; speed; toes

Amsterdam

an-: meaning

anaemia: blood loss; stomach cancer

anaesthesia: in brain surgery; definition; development; electric eel; local; modern; respiration

anaesthesiology

anaesthetists

anal fistula

analgesics

anamnesis

anarchism

anatomy: abdomen; definition; terminology

androids

aneurysms

angioplasty

animals

ankles

anorexia nervosa

antibiotics

antibodies

antisepsis

anus

AO Foundation

aorta

aortic aneurysm

aortic dissection

apnoea

appendectomy

appendicitis

appendix

Apronius, Lucius (junior)

Apronius, Lucius (senior)

Arderne, John

Aristotle

Arms: subclavian steal syndrome

arteries: aneurysms; blockage; blood pressure sensors; circle of Willis; circulation; definition; diabetes type; evolution; lungs; tobacco; vascular surgery; vasodilation

arteriosclerosis: age of patient; definition; evolution; modern growth in; pathology

arthritis

arthroscopy

arthrosis

artificial ventilation

Artis Zoo

asepsis see sterile

Ash, Dr

asphyxia

assassination attempts: John Paul II, Pope; Kennedy, John F.; Lenin, Vladimir; Sisi, Empress

assistants

asthma

astronauts

atherosclerosis see arteriosclerosis

Atossa, Queen

auscultation

Australopithecus afarensis

authority

autoclaves

autoimmune diseases

autopsies: definition; Kennedy, John F.; Sisi, Empress

back hernia

bacteria: cancer; chronic infections; Clostridium sp.; fever; infection; intestines; operating theatre sterility; prosthesis; septic shock; tuberculosis; urine

baculum

balance

Bar Kochba, Simon

barbers

bariatric surgery

Barnard, Christiaan

Barolitanus, Marianus Sanctus

barriers

Bassini, Edoardo

battlefield wounds: abdomens; Bassini, Edoardo; boiling oil; early surgeons; Prince William (son of George II); Stuyvesant, Peter; see also amputation; bullet wounds

Baxter, Charles

Beaulieu, Jacques

bed-rest

Benedict XVI, Pope

Bennell, Miles

bile ducts

Billroth, Theodor: burial; fame; gastrointestinal surgery; goitre; on heart surgery; on varicose veins

biopsy

bladder: cancer; infection

bladder stones

Blair, Dr

blocked arteries see arteriosclerosis

blood: cauterisation; coagulation; coughing; in faeces; pH value; surgeons’ clothing; theory of humours; types; in urine; vascular surgery; vomiting

blood poisoning

blood pressure: blood loss; gastric bypass; lungs; regulation; as risk factor; shock

blood transfusions

bloodletting: Caroline, Queen of England; definition; history and beliefs; Louis XIV; Walpole, Robert; Washington, George; see also fleam

Body Snatchers, The (Finney)

bone strength

bones

Boniface VI, Pope

Boniface IX, Pope

Borchardt, Moritz

botulism

Bovie, William

Boyle, William

Bozzini, Philipp

brain: asphyxia; EEG; shock; syphilis; trauma; tumours; see also stroke

breastfeeding of popes

breath, bad

breathing: ABC of emergency medicine; asphyxia; circulatory system; infection; see also intubation; tracheotomy

bronchiectasis

Brown, Gustavus Richard

Brown-Séquard, Charles-Édouard

bullet wounds: Kennedy, John F.; Lenin, Vladimir; Oswald, Lee Harvey; Pope John Paul II; Prince William (son of George II)

burns

buttocks

Byzantines

cachexia

Caesianus, Lucius Apronius

callus

Cambyses, King

cameras; see also laparoscopy

cancer: bacteria; barriers; colon; definition; development course; electric eel; melanoma; metastasis; modern growth in; non-Hodgkin lymphoma; pancreas; prostate; stages; stomach; surgery; terminology; tobacco; treatment; see also tumours

carbolic acid

carbon dioxide

carcinoma

cardiac arrest

cardiac surgery

cardiac tamponade

cardiogenic shock

cardiologists

cardiology: definition

cardiosurgery: definition

cardiovascular diseases

Caroline, Queen of England

carotid artery

Carpenter, John

Carrel, Alexis

Carrico, Charles James

Carter, Jimmy

cartilage

Castiglione, Giancarlo

castration

Cathedral of St John, ’sHertogenbosch, Netherlands

Cato

cause

cauterisation

CCD chip

Celestine IV, Pope

Çelik, Oral

cell membranes

cellophane

cellulitis

Celsus, Aulus Cornelius

cerebrovascular accident (CVA) see stroke

Charlemagne

Chauliac, Guy de

chemotherapy

childbirth

chimney sweeps

chimpanzees

China

chirurgeons: etymology; sixteenth century; see also surgeons

chloroform

cholecystectomy

cholecystitis

cholera

cholesterol

chondrocytes

Christianity; see also popes

Christie, Agatha

chronic: definition

cigarettes

circulating assistant

circulation: ABC of emergency medicine

circulatory system: components; definition; lungs; metastasis; process; shock; see also arteries; heart; veins

circumcision

clamps

Clark, William Kemp

cleft palates

Clement XII, Pope

Clostridium perfringens

co-morbidities

coagulation; see also electrocoagulation

cocaine

coccyx

codes of practice

colon: cancer; obstruction

colostomy

Columbus, Christopher

coma

complaints

complications; see also morbidity

computerisation

conductors (musical)

Connally, John

consciousness: anaesthesia; shock

consent

constipation

contagion

contour operation

contraception

corpses: dissection and hand-washing; exhumed for trial

corsets

cosmetic surgery

coughing blood

CPR

Craik, James

Cronos

crossectomy

Crucitti, Francseco

cryogenics

curare

curative: definition

cure: compared to healing; definition; see also healing

Cushing, Harvey

cystoscope

cysts, pilonidal

cytomegalovirus infection (CMV)

Darius the Great

d’Arsonval, Jacques-Arsène

Darth Vader

DeBakey, Michael

deduction

defecation

defibrillation

dehydration

Democede of Croton

depression, post-natal

Desormeaux, Antonin Jean

detectives

diabetes

diagnosis

diaphragm

Diba, Farah

Dick, Elisha Cullen

Dickens, Charles

Dietrich, Marlène

digestive system; see also gastrointestinal tract; pancreas

Dinah

dis-: meaning

disinfectant see antisepsis

dislocation; see also reposition

dissection

dissemination

diuretics

divide: definition

Doot, Jan de

Dotter, Charles

double-blind trials

Douglas, John

Doyle, Arthur Conan

drain (noun)

drain (verb)

Drew, Charles

Dubost, Charles

duodenum

duty of care

Duval, Peter

dys-: meaning

dysphagia

dysuria

e causa ignota’ (e.c.i.)

ears: embryological development; Ménière’s disease

Eastcott, H. H.

Easter Sunday

eating disorders

ec-: meaning

ECG (electrocardiography)

Edward VII

Edward VIII

EEG (electroencephalography)

eels

Egyptians, ancient

Einstein, Albert

elective surgery

electric eels

electricity

electrocoagulation

Elisabeth, Empress see Sisi, Empress

embolism

embryos

emergence

emergency treatment: ABC; primary tasks; risks

emphysema

end-of-life care; see also palliative care

endocrinology

endolymphatic shunt

endoscopy

enemas

epidemiology

epiploon see omentum

epispasm

Erasistratus

erection

E.T. (1982)

ether

eunuchs

evidence-based

evolution

ex-: meaning

examinations of patients

excision

expectative treatment; see also waiting

exposure: definition

extraterrestrials

eyes

facial prosthesis

faeces containing blood

Fagniez, Pierre-Louis

fainting

fallopian tubes

falsifiability

Fantastic Voyage (1966)

Faraday cages

Farinelli

fast track post-operative care

fat removal

Félix de Tassy, Charles-François

fever

fibroblasts

fiction

Finney, Jack

fistula: definition; Louis XIV; Pedoux, Jules; Pope Leo X; seton method

Fitz, Reginald

Flandrin, Georges

fleam; see also bloodletting

Fleischer, Richard

fluctuation

fluoroscopy

foetal surgery

folk tales

food hygiene

forceps

foreskin

fractures: ankles; early ancestors; healing; repositioning; scars; traumatology

Francis, Pope

Frankenstein, Viktor

French Revolution

Freud, Sigmund

Friedrich III

fruit as measurement

funerals, Middle Ages

Galen

gall bladder: Halsted, William; laparoscopy; Pope John Paul II; Shah of Iran; surgical incisions; triad

gall stones

gamma rays

gangrene: arteriosclerosis; cause; definition; Louis XIV; popes; process; septic shock

Garibaldi, Giuseppe

gas exchange

gastrectomy

gastric acid

gastric bypass

gastroenterologists

gastrointestinal surgery

gastrointestinal tract; see also intestines; oesophagus; stomach

gastroscope

gender balance in surgery

General Internal Medicine (GIM)

-genic: meaning

George I

George II

George V

George VI

Gilbert, Scott

gills

Gilmore, James

glasses

Glenn, Frank

gloves

Glück, Themistocles

gluttony

-gnosis: meaning

Go, Peter

goitre

Good Friday

gout

Graham, Evarts

granulomas

Gray, Tom

Greek gods

Greeks, ancient

greenhouse gases

Greenlees, James

groin hernia

GSV (great saphenous vein)

guilds

gynaecologists

Habsburgs

Hacker, Viktor von

Hadrian

haematemesis

haem-: meaning

haematoma

haematuria: definition

haematuris

haemoptysis

haemorrhoids

Halsted, William

hamburgers

Hammurabi, Code of

hand washing

hands: anatomical snuffbox

‘happy milk’

Harrison, Michael

Hartmann, Henri

Harvey, Thomas

Harvey, William

healing: compared to curing; definition; see also wound healing

health care policy

heart: blood pressure; cardiac tamponade; cardiogenic shock; ECG; fibrillation; function; pacemakers; transplants; valve replacement; whales; see also cardiac surgery

heart attack

heart transplants

heartburn

Heliogabalus

Heller, Thérèse

hemi-: meaning

Henchcliffe, Margaret

hepatitis

hepatosplenomegaly

Heraclitus

hernia: definition; diaphragmatic; etymology; evolutionary cause; femoral; groin; keyhole surgery; placebo operations; spinal discs; umbilical

Herodotus

Herophilus

Hervey, John

Hesiod

Hill, John

Hill, Rose

hip, artificial

Hippocrates

Hippocratic oath

HIV

Hivites

Holmes, Sherlock

holy relics

homeopathy

homosexuality: Lully, Jean-Baptiste; Pope Leo X

horror carnis

hospital policies

Houdini, Harry

House, William

hula hoops

Hültl, Hümér

Humes, James

humours

hygiene: bladder stones; clean underwear; development; phimosis

hypertension

hypospadias

hypothalamus

hypovolemic shock

hysterectomies

I & D see drain (verb)

idiopathic: definition

ileostomy

ileus

Illouz, Yves-Gerard

imaging

immune system

impotence

incidence: definition

incision: definition; etymology; size

incontinence: definition; eunuchs; stone-cutters

indication: definition

induction

infarction; see also stroke

infection: breathing rate; chronic; dissemination; surgeons; see also inflammation; pathogens; pus

inflammation: appendicitis; definition; fever; indications; process overview; terminology; wound healing

inguinal canal

inguinal hernia

Innocent VIII, Pope

inspection

instruments, surgical

insufflation

interleukin-6

intermittent claudication

internists

intestinal anastomosis

intestines: anatomy; diagnosis; groin hernia; leakage; obstruction; peritonitis; strangulation; surgery; tumours; umbilical hernia

intravenous drip

intubation

invasive treatment

iodine deficiency

ischaemia

Islam

-itis: meaning

Jackson, Michael

jargon

‘jeep seat’

Jenkins, M. T.

Jesus Christ

Jewish rebellion, third

Johanson, Donald

John Paul I, Pope

John Paul II, Pope

John XXI, Pope

John XXIII, Pope

Johnson, Lyndon Baines

joints, artificial see prosthesis

Jonah and the whale

Jones, Peter

Jones, Ron

Julius III, Pope

Kaplan, Fanya

Kehlet, Henrik

Kelling, Georg

Kelly, Howard

Kennedy, John F.

keyhole surgery; see also laparoscopy

kidneys: acidity; blood pressure sensors; lumbotomy; nephrology; shock; transplants

Klemperer, Georg

knees: arthroscopy; artificial

knives

knots

Koch, Robert

Kocher, Theodor

Kok, Henk de

Krohn, Juan María Fernández y

Kubrick, Stanley

La Vallière, Louise de

Laetitia, Sister

Langenbeck, Bernhard von

language

laparoscopy; see also keyhole surgery

laparotomies

laparotomy: definition

Larrey, Dominique Jean

laryngoscope

larynx

lasers

Lassone, Joseph-Marie-François de

laughing gas

Law of Laplace

lead jackets

lead poisoning

Lear, Tobias

learning curve

legs: arteriosclerosis; blocked artery development course; Dietrich, Marlène; Lully, Jean-Baptiste

Leiter, Joseph

Lenin, Vladimir

Leo V, Pope

Leo X, Pope

Leo XI, Pope

leprosy

leucocytes see white blood cells

leukaemia

Levi

Lichtenstein, Irving

life insurance

life quality

ligature: definition; see also suturing

‘light conductor’

lipoma

liposuction

Lister, Joseph

Liston, Robert

lithotomy

lithotomy position

lithotripsy

liver

lobectomy

local: definition

localisation

logic

Louis XIV

Louis XV

Louis XVI

Louise, Princess

loupes

Lourdes

Lucas, George

Lucheni, Luigi

Lucy

Lully, Jean-Baptiste

lumbotomy

lungs: anatomy; blood supply; bronchiectasis; cancer; lobectomy; pneumectomy; pulmonology; resection

luxation; see also dislocation

lymph

lymph nodes

lymph vessels

lymphangitis

lymphocytes

McBurney, Charles

McClelland, Robert

McCoy, Leonard

McDowell, Ephraim

macrophages

macroscopic: definition

malaria

malnutrition

Marais, Marin

Marcellus II, Pope

Marescaux, Jacques

Margaret, Princess

Marian operation

Marie-Antoinette

Marie-Thérèse of France

Marius, Gaius

Marley, Bob

Martin IV, Pope

Mary, Queen (George V’s wife)

masks

mathematics problems: brain damage

Mathijsen, Antonius

Matrix, The (1999)

meat digestion

meat, fear of

medical error see complications

medical imaging

medical journals

medical records

medical specialisms

medical terminology

medical test results

medical tests

Medici, Giovanni di Lorenzo de’

Medicine: specialisation

Meekren, Job van

melanoma

melena

memory loss see amnesia

Ménière’s disease

mesentry

metabolism

metastasis

Michael II, Byzantine emperor

Michaels, Dr (fictional character)

microwaves

Middle Ages medicine

Mikulicz, Johann von

military surgery see battlefield wounds

‘milk of amnesia’

MOF (multiple organ failure)

Mohammed

Mohammed Reza Pahlavi

Moore, Jerry

morbidity: definition; etymology; learning curve; see also complications

Moreau, Jacques-Louis

Moreschi, Alessandro

Morgagni, Giovanni Battista

mortality: assistants; definition; etymology; learning curve; spectators

Morton, Thomas

Morton, William

Moseley, Bruce

Mouret, Phillipe

mouth: abscess; cancer

mummification

Murphy’s sign

Murray, Joseph

muscle relaxants

muscles: abdomen

music: bladder stones; brain damage

Napoleon Bonaparte

narcosis; see also anaesthesia

navel

neck: bullet wounds; carotid artery; hernia

necrosectomy

necrosis

needle-holder

nephrologists

Nero

nervous system: definition; electricity; hernia; sympathetic

neurosurgeons

Nissen, Rudolf

nitrous oxide

Nitze, Maximilian

Nobel Prize

Nour, Fouad

obduction

obesity: anatomy; bariatric surgery; Caroline, Queen of England; definition; fat removal; popes; as risk factor; Romans

observation

Observationes Medicae (Tulp)

obstetrics

obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS)

occlusion: definition

Odre, Ann

oesophagus: cancer; resection

oil, boiling

-oma: meaning

omentum

oncological surgery

oncologists

opera singers

operating theatres: eighteenth-century; electricity; modern; sterility

operations: anaesthesia; intubation; learning curve; lege artis; mors in tabula; origins of; post-operative complications; risk factors; shock; team members; without anaesthesia; see also surgery

operative report

opium

optic nerve

organ failure

orthopaedics: definition; etymology; evolutionary cause; original scope

OSAS (obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome)

Osiris

-osis: meaning

osteoarthritis

osteoblasts

osteoclasts

osteocytes

osteopathy

osteoporosis

osteosynthesis

Oswald, Lee Harvey

outcome (of care): definition

ovaries

oxygen: asphyxia; barriers; electric eel; heart; ischaemia; shock

pacemakers

paediatic surgery

palliative care; see also end-of-life care

palpation

panacea

pancreas

Panionios

Papal Zouaves

paparazzi

Paracelsus

paralysis

parasites: infection

parathyroid glands

Paré, Ambroise

Parkinson’s disease

Pasteur, Louis

pathogens; see also bacteria; parasites; viruses

pathological: definition

patient consent

patient examinations

patient plate

patient relationship

Paul of Aegina

Paul VI, Pope

Pavlov, Ivan

Péan, Jules-Émile: fame; gastrectomy; shoulder prosthesis; splenectomy

Pedoux, Jules

penis: circumcision; circumcision reversal; impotence; phimosis; see also castration

penis bone

per primam

per secundam

percussion

perianal: definition

pericardium

perineum

peritoneum

peritonitis

Perry, Malcolm Oliver: and Kennedy, John F.; and Oswald, Lee Harvey

Persians, ancient

personality changes: brain damage; lead poisoning

Peters, Paul

Petrucci, Alfonso

Petz, Aladár von

pH value: blood; body; definition

phimosis

Pichault de La Martinière, Germain

Pickwick Papers, The (Dickens)

piezoelectricity

piles

pilgrimage

Pitanguy, Ivo

Pius III, Pope

Pius VII, Pope

Pius IX, Pope

placebos

plaster casts

plastic mesh

plastic surgeons

Pliny the Elder

Plutarch

pneumectomy

pneumonia

Poirot, Hercule

Polak, Jacob

pollakisuria

Polycrates of Samos

popes

Popper, Karl

Porta, Luigi

portal veins

post-natal depression

post-operative care: bed-rest; fast-track

post-operative complications

Pott, Percival

pregnancy: ectopic; embryological development; smoking; Victoria; see also childbirth

prehistory

prepuce

prevalence: definition

Price, Jacques

Price-Thomas, Clement

primary see per primam

primum non nocere

probability

probe

proctology

prognosis

propofol

prostate

prosthesis: definition; osteoarthritis; shoulder; vascular surgery

Psamtik, Pharoah

pubmed

pulmonologists

purgative

pus: appendicitis; definition; development course; early wound treatment; fever; infection; subphrenic abscess; see also abscess

quality of care

radiation treatment

radical: definition; etymology

radiologists

Rameses V

Ranby, John

‘rebound tenderness’

recurrence rate

Red Riding Hood

refrigeration

regional: definition

Rembrandt

reposition; see also dislocation

research literature

resection

respiration: ABC of emergency medicine; acidity; asphyxia; intubation

restless legs

resuscitation: definition; Kennedy, John F.

retroperitoneum

Rhen, Ludwig

rheumatism

ribs

Rickles, Harry

risk factors: definition; see also diabetes; malnutrition; obesity; smoking

risks

Rob, C. G.

robotics

Roddenberry, Gene

Romanis of Cremona, Joannes de

Romans: castration; circumcision; obesity; surgical instruments; suturing; varicose veins

Roncalli, Angelo (Pope John XXIII)

Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad

Rosetti, Franciscus

Roux, César

Royal College of Surgeons

Rozanov, Vladimir Nikolaevich

Ruby, Jack

Russell, Helena

Ruysch, Frederik

Rydigier, Ludwik

sacrifice

sacrum

St Martin island

St Paul

Salgarello, Giovanni

salt

saphenous arch

Sarah (Abraham’s wife)

sarcoma

scalpels

scars: artery wall strengthening; at birth; hernia; see also healing; wound healing; wounds

Schneider, Romy

science fiction

scientific method

scintigraphy

Scott, Ridley

scrotum: cancer; definition; human lack of penis bone; see also castration

scrub nurse

scrubs

secondary see per secundam

Seldinger, Sven Ivar

Semm, Kurt

Semmelweis, Ignaz

septic shock

sexual intercourse

Shah of Iran

Shah of Persia

Shakespeare, William

Shelley, Mary

Shepard, Alan B.

Shipton, John

Shires, Tom

shock; see also circulatory system

shoulder prosthesis

side effect; see also complications

sign see symptoms

Simeon

Simeon, Eleazar ben

Simpson, James Young

sins, deadly

sinus: definition

Sisi, Empress

Sisinnius, Pope

skeletal-muscle pump

skin

Skywalker, Luke

slaves

sleep: obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS); placebo operations

slipped discs

Smilovitz, Sam

Smith, George

smoking

snoring

Snow, John

snuffbox, anatomical

Space:

specialisation

specula

Spielberg, Steven

spina bifida

spinal cord

spine

spleen

splenectomy

stapling machines

Star Trek

Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back (1980)

stenosis: definition

Stephen II, Pope

Stephen VI, Pope

sterile: definition

sterilisation

sterility; see also hygiene

stethoscopes

stitching see suturing

stoma

stomach: acid reflux; cancer; gastrectomy; mucous membranes; perforation; tumours; ulcers

stone-cutters

stroke: definition; George I; Lenin, Vladimir; pathology; see also infarction

Stuyvesant, Peter

subclavian steal syndrome

subcutaneous tissue

suffocation see asphyxia

surgeon–patient relationship

surgeons: administrative tasks; attitude required; clothing; competence; cowboys; definition; diagnosis; etymology; gender balance; guilds; learning curve; as part of the treatment; Pope John XXI; specialisms; triad for bad; see also codes of practice

surgery: basic actions; definition; discovery of basic procedures; double-blind trials; evidence-based; jargon; minimal invasive; mors in tabula; placebo operations; planes; specialisms; telesurgery; treatment options; see also emergency treatment; laparoscopy; operations

surgical instruments

surgical technologist

survival rates

suturing: abdominal wound healing; absorption; fish; knots; ligature communication; needles and threads; nomenclature; process overview

swallowing

sym-: meaning

sympathetic nervous system

symptoms: definition; diagnosis; waiting cure

syn-: meaning

syphilis

Sztáray de Sztára et Nagymihály, Irma

Tague, James

Talmud

tamponade

Taylor, Elizabeth

technology

teeth

telesurgery

temperature

tennis elbow

terminology

testicles; see also castration

testosterone

tests

tetanus

Theodore II, Pope

Thesaurus Pauperum (Pope John XXI)

Thing, The (1982)

thoracic surgery

thoracotomy

thorax

thrombosis

thymus

thyroid gland

Tiberius

tinnitus

tissue: definition

titanium

tobacco

Todd, Jane

toes

-tomy: meaning

total: definition

Total Recall (1990)

tourism

tourniquet

toxins

tracheotomy

transient ischaemic attack (TIA)

transplantation surgery

transposition: definition

trauma

traumatology

Trendelenburg, Friedrich

triad

trials, double-blind

trocars

truth

tuberculosis

Tulp, Nicolaes

tummy tucks

tumourectomy

tumours: brain; definition; etymology; metastasis; ovaries; stomach; types; see also cancer

Turing, Alan

2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)

typhoid

ubi pus, ibi evacua

ulcers

umbilical cord

umbilical hernia

underwear

Uranus

Urban VII, Pope

urethra

urgency surgery see emergency treatment

urgency (urination)

urinary catheter see drain

urination

urine: bacteria; blood; shock

urologists

Usher, Francis

uterine fibroids

uvula

Van der Heijden, Luc

van Savoyen, Carel

varicose veins

vascular prosthesis

vascular surgery

vasoconstriction

vasodilation

veins: bloodletting; circulation; definition; intravenous drip; portal; valves; varicose; vascular surgery

Vercelli

vertebrae

vertigo

Vesalius, Andreas

vestibular system

vets

Victoria

virtual reality

viruses: cytomegalovirus (CMV); fever; infection

vision, brain damage

vitallium

vocal cords

Volkmann, Richard von

vomiting of blood

votive offerings

waiting

Waldenström’s macroglobulinaemia

walking

walking upright

Walpole, Robert

war; see also battlefield wounds

Warren, Earl

Warren, John

Warren Commission

Washington, George

Weisz, Bess

Welch, Raquel

white blood cells: definition; infection

Whitehead, Gordon

William, Prince (son of George II)

Willis, Thomas

‘window-shopping legs’

windpipe

Wolters, Marno

women in surgery

wound healing: circumcision; definition; historical treatment; infection; per primam; per secundam; scars; suturing; see also fractures; gangrene

wounds: battlefield treatment; definition; early ancestors; gangrene; Middle Ages treatment

X-ray image intensifier

X-rays

Xerxes

Yaoting, Sun

Yeltsin, Boris

Zacarelli, Adriano

Zapruder, Abraham

Zevit, Ziony

zoos