The index that appeared in the print version of this title was intentionally removed from the eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
administrative boundaries. See autonomy, administrative
affirmative action: Chinese Communist; Nationalists and; Sheng Shicai “purchase” of. See also ethnopopulism; nationality policies; Soviet affirmative action policies
Afghanistan, Xinjiang refugees
agriculture; Altay; famines; Sheng Shicai payment to Soviets; Uighurs; Xinjiang grain exports; Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps reclamation projects
Ahmetjan Qasimi
Ailin, Prince
Aksu: daoyin (circuit intendant); Ili rebellion
Ali Han Tore
Allied powers: empire dismantling after World War I; World War II. See also Americans; Europe
Almaty: Chinese consulate; earthquake; Ili rebellion
Altay; arms; autonomy/administrative boundaries; Chinese Communists; daoyin (circuit intendant); Hami rebellion; Ili rebellion; Jin Shuren and; mineral wealth; minister (zhangguan); Mongols; Prince Ailin; Russian civil war; Russian traders; Sheng Shicai purges; Soviet consulate; Soviet infiltration; taxes; transport; Yang Zengxin and; zhuanyuan. See also Osman Batur
Altay City
Americans: ambassador in Taipei; archival sources; CIA; consulate in Xinjiang; dissent management; and refugees from Chinese Communists; “two Chinas” policy
Andijan
Annenkov, Boris
Anti-Imperialist Frontline (Fandi zhanxian)
Anti-Imperialist Society (Fandihui)
Apresov, Garegin
archival sources; Chinese; Soviet; Taiwan; Uighur-language source material. See also diaries; historians
aristocracy. See elites
Armenians, dependent intermediaries
armies: Hui; Ili rebellion; Jin Shuren; Kazak; Mongols; Nationalist; New Armies; People’s Liberation Army; Red Russian; Russian World War I manpower; Sheng Shicai; Turbans; warlord; Yang Zengxin resources; Zhang Peiyuan. See also arms; military; soldiers; war
arms: Altay; machine guns; Soviet atomic bomb; Soviet-supplied in Xinjiang. See also military
Association for Ethnocultural Advancement (Minzu Wenhua Cujinhui); Mongol; Uighur
Association for Mainland Refugee Assistance
atomic bomb, Soviet
Austro-Hungarian empire
Austro-Marxist ethnocultural autonomy
autonomy, administrative; Chinese Communist ethnopolitics; “eggshell autonomy”; “high-level” (gaodu zizhi); lacking in Uighur Autonomous Region; Sheng Shicai making no attempt with; Yang Zengxin and. See also ethnocultural autonomy; national determination; regional autonomy
Bachman, David
“back to the homestead” work teams, Anti-Imperialist Society
“backward”
Bakich, Andrei
Barmin, V. A.
Baytik Mountains, Osman Batur camp
begs, Turkic
Beijing: journey from Urumchi to. See also Chinese Communists; Manchu court; Qing empire
Beria, Lavrentii
Beshir Wang
Bolsheviks: Bolshevik revolution (1917–23); Ili Provisional Trade Accord; learning about Xinjiang. See also Russian civil war; Soviet Union
bomb, atomic
British: archival sources; Basutoland chief’s visit; chargé d’affaires in Beijing; consul in Urumchi; Empire; Hunza; India; India-based diplomats (1950s); King George V; and refugees from Chinese Communists; and Tibet
Bu Daoming
Buddhism. See also Lamaists
Bulgin River, Osman Batur refuge
Burhan Shahidi; Chinese Communists and; Nationalists and; Xinjiang governorship; and Xinjiang name; Yang Zengxin and
“camelgraph”
cannibalism
Carter, Jimmy
censorship, media, by Yang Zengxin
Central Daily News
chauvinism: Han; Nationalist; Russian
Chiang Ching-kuo
Chiang Kai-shek; China’s Destiny; diary; ethnopolitics; funds for refugees from Chinese Communists; Ili rebellion; Jin Shuren trial; Masud Sabri governorship; “one China” policy; and separatists; and Sheng Shicai; son; Wang Jingwei rival of; Wu Zhongxin and; Yang Zengxin and; Yolbars Khan and
China: archival sources. See also Chinese Communists; modern China; Nationalists; Qing empire; Xinjiang
China News
China’s Destiny
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
“Chinese characteristics”
Chinese Communists; affirmative action; cadres; Central Committee; challenges to; Cultural Revolution (1966–76); early setbacks; economics; “empire of nations”; ethnopolitics; ethnopopulism, Great Leap Forward (1958–61); Han members; Han migrants; Hundred Flowers movement; vs. imperialism; Mao Zemin; May 4th directive; name for Urumchi; narratives of political legitimacy; National People’s Congress; Nationalists supplanted by; People’s Liberation Army; refugees from; regional autonomy policies; Sheng Shicai purges; Sino-Soviet split; Sixth Party Congress; and Tibet; Yan’an headquarters; Yang Zengxin statue; Zhang Zhizhong and. See also Mao Zedong; People’s Republic of China
Chinese consulates, in Soviet Central Asia; Almaty; Andijan; Semipalatinsk; Tashkent; Yang Zengxin’s; Zaysan
Chinese embassy in Moscow
Chinese-language schools
Chinese-speaking Muslims. See Hui
Chongqing: Isa and Emin; Masud; Nationalist base; Sheng Shicai
Chu Anping
Chu Chia-hua
CIA
civil service examinations
Cold War
colonialism; Han; Nationalist; nationality policies and; ordinary citizens’ assessments; Sheng Shicai and; Xinjiang as “colonial name”. See also imperialism
“colony” (zhimindi) of the inner provinces, Xinjiang as
Comintern
communism. See Leninism; Marxism
Communist administrators. See Chinese Communists; Soviet Union
Confucianism
conservative ethnopolitics. See ethno-elitism
consulates: American in Xinjiang; British in Urumchi; Qing; Western concept. See also Chinese consulates; Soviet consulates
Cooper, Frederick
Cultural Revolution (1966–76)
Cumming-Bruce, F. E.
Dalai Lama
dance troupe, Zhang Zhizhong’s
Daoism
daoyin (circuit intendant): Aksu; Altay; Kashgar
Delilhan Haji
Delilhan Sugurbaev
Deng Liqun
Deng Xiaoping
dependent intermediaries
“dependent territory” (shudi)
diaries: Chiang Kai-shek; Wu Zhongxin
difference: discourse of; institutions of. See also ethnocultural difference; “politics of difference”
“disaster relief” campaign
donation campaigns
“double assimilation”
duban (military governor); Sheng Shicai
Dunhuang
Dushanzi, oil
earthquake: Almaty; Lanzhou
East Turkestan Refugee Association
East Turkestan Republic; Ahmetjan Qasimi president; armies; boundaries; briefly independent; Chinese Communists and; Ili as future capital of; Ili rebellion; Isa Yusuf Alptekin and; Nationalists countering Soviets over; Osman Batur and; Soviet support; Three Districts Revolution
economics: Altay; Chinese Communist; currency; donation campaigns; education; ethnopolitical discourse taking backseat to; exchange students; extractive; Jin Shuren; language of; military; Nationalist; rebel assets; refugees from Chinese Communists; “shared funds” (xiexiang) of “inner provinces” (neisheng); Sheng Shicai; Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps; Yang Zengxin; Yang Zengxin statue; Yolbars’ son. See also agriculture; mineral wealth; modernization; taxes; trade; workers
education: Burhan Shahidi; Sheng Shicai. See also exchange students; intellectuals; language; print culture; schools
“eggshell autonomy”
Egypt, fund-raising for refugees
elites; glass ceiling for non-Hans; Manchu bannermen; Mongol; non-Han nobility; Turkic/Muslim nobility. See also chauvinism; ethno-elitism; Han; warlords
Emin (Mohammed Emin Bugra): death; ethnopopulism; Istanbul; Nationalists and; refugee from Xinjiang
empire-state
empires: “best practices”; British; collapse of; dismembered after World War I; divide and rule; “empire of nations”; institutionalization of difference; modern China; modes of governance; national empire (minzu diguo); northern and northwestern associations; Ottoman; “politics of difference”; repertoires of rule; transition from; as type of power; as type of state. See also Qing empire; Russian empire
ethnic chauvinism, Han
ethnic classification. See also ethnocultural difference
“ethnic policy inspection” (minzu zhengce jiancha), Urumchi factories
ethnic self-rule: and nation-state. See also national determination
ethnic tensions: demographics and; Soviets remedying; Urumchi factory workers; Yang Zengxin deflecting. See also rebellions; war
ethno-elitism; Chinese Communist; Huang Musong; Japan; Jin Shuren repudiating; Khoja Niyaz; Luo Wen’gan; narratives of political legitimacy; Nationalist; Sheng Shicai and; Soviet; Uighurs excluded; Wu Zhongxin; Yang Zengxin; Yolbars Khan. See also elites
ethnocultural autonomy; Austro-Marxist; Chinese Communist; Sheng Shicai and. See also regional autonomy (diqu zizhi)
ethnocultural difference. See also ethnic classification; ethnic tensions; individual ethnic groups
ethnopolitics; archives; British in India; Chinese Communist; “enlightened”; Nationalist; Sheng Shicai; Soviet; Tibet; Wu Zhongxin; Yang Zengxin. See also affirmative action; ethno-elitism; ethnopopulism; national determination; nationality policies; “politics of difference”
ethnopopulism; Chinese Communist; Han narrative of legitimacy; Kazak/Ili; narratives of political legitimacy; Nationalists and; Sheng Shicai; Soviet; Uighur. See also affirmative action; ethnic self-rule
eunuchs
Europe: governance modes of empires. See also Allied powers; British; France; Germans; World War I; World War II
examinations, civil service
exchange students: Xinjiang refugees; Xinjiang-Germany; Xinjiang-Soviet
“expert” knowledge
extractive policies. See also taxes
famines. See also starvation
Fan Yaonan
Feng Yuxiang
Feng Zuwen
food. See agriculture; famines; starvation
France: banning veils; ethnopolitics in Vietnam
“free China”
Frontier Culture (Bianjiang wenhua)
Fu Bingchang
Fu Zuoyi
Fujian
Gansu; earthquake; Han army conscripts; Hui; Jin Shuren; Muslims; rebellions; warlords; Yang Zengxin background; Zhang Zhizhong as northwestern commissioner
Gao Boyu
geopolitics; army resources; Chinese Communists; “eggshell autonomy”; ethnopopulism and; “Han colonialism”; imperial “best practices”; imperial repertoires of rule; Inner Asian conquest dynasty; Jin Shuren; Kazak and Kyrgyz refugee crisis; nation-state; national determination valorized in; Nationalist; “politics of difference” in borderlands; Russian civil war; and Sheng Shicai switch to Nationalists; Soviet affirmative action; Tibet receiving more attention than Xinjiang; “two Chinas”; warlord; World War I; Xinjiang future (1950s); Yang Zengxin assassination; Yang Zengxin’s semiautonomous jurisdictions. See also revolution; war; West
Germans: dependent intermediaries; Jin Shuren trade; after World War I; World War II
glass ceiling, for non-Hans
governance modes; European; Japanese; Soviet; Xinjiang. See also “politics of difference”; repertoires of rule
government in exile: Tibet; Xinjiang
Great Leap Forward (1958–61)
Great War. See World War I
Guang Lu
Gucheng, siege of (1921)
guilds, Han
Guo Songling
hajj
Hami; corvée labor; khanates; land reform (1931); rebel assets; rebellions; Shah Maqsut; Yolbars Khan ordabegi (major domo)
Han; chauvinism; colonialism; crisis of political legitimacy; disgruntled peasants; “elder brother”; “exploited” but unmarked; glass ceiling imposed on non-Hans; guilds; “heathen”; Isa and Emin vs.; Japanese-trained; migrants; narrative of ethnopopulist legitimacy; narrative of nation-state; nationalism; nationalization projects; New Armies dominated by; newly defined; non-Hans to learn from; refugees from Chinese Communists; segregated; Xinjiang population percentage; Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps; Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region and; “yellow filth”
Han Fuju
Han officials; alienation of Tibet and Outer Mongolia; archival sources; caps and sashes; Chinese Communist; Comintern view of; in ethno-elitist alliance; ethnopopulist role; governance modes; Hami peasants demanding; vs. Han chauvinism; Hunza and; Ili Provisional Trade Accord; Ili rebellion; Jin Shuren; nationalist threat; Nationalists and; Qing; and Russians and Soviets; Sheng Shicai; Urumchi residents; Wang Shunan as; in Xinjiang consulates; Yang Zengxin; Yang Zengxin’s management of; after Yuan Shikai
Hedin, Sven
Hirsch, Francine
historians. See also archival sources
Hokkaido, governance modes
holy war
Huang Musong
Huang Wenbi
huaxia (civilized culture sphere)
Hui (Chinese-speaking Muslims): Gansu; Jin Shuren ousters vs.; Ma Fuxing; Ma Zhongying; religious schools; Russian; soldiers; Urumchi factory workers; in Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region; Yang Zengxin and; Yolbars Khan
Hundred Flowers movement
hunting rights, nomad
Hunza
Hunza Autonomous Region
Husayin Taiji
Hutchison, J. C.
Ili; activists in 1960s; Annenkov; autonomy/administrative boundaries; Bolsheviks and; ethnopopulism; Kazak Autonomous District; Masud Sabri from; mineral wealth; New Armies; Qing; rebellions; Soviet consulate; trade hub; in Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region; Zhang Peiyuan
Ili Provisional Trade Accord (Soviet-Xinjiang)
Ili valley: Chinese Communists; Ili rebellion; Russian soldiers; Sibe and Solon
imperialism; Anti-Imperialist Society; Chinese; Chinese Communists vs.; Han; Japan; naming Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang Weiwuer Zizhiqu) and; Western. See also colonialism; empires
India: British Empire; Hunza and; Masud Sabri; refugees from Chinese Communists; Tibet government in exile
Inner Mongolia
institutions, of difference
integrationist policies: Chinese Communist; Jin Shuren; Qing. See also national unity
intellectuals: Han; Ili rebellion; and Sheng-Soviet alliance; Uighur
Isa Yusuf Alptekin; Chinese Communists and; dance troupe; death; and East Turkestan Republic/Refugee Association; ethnopopulism; Istanbul; Nationalists and; refugee from Xinjiang
Isfahan: Paxton; refugees from Chinese Communists
Istanbul: Masud Sabri; Xinjiang refugees
Janimhan
Japan: governance modes; Han officials admiring; Hans trained by; imperialism; Manchukuo; “politics of difference”; Sino-Japanese War; Twenty-One Demands to Yuan Shikai; Wang Jingwei collaborating with; World War II
Jews
Jin Shuren; Gansu; governor of Xinjiang (1928–33); Hami khanate abolished by; Hami rebellion; Nationalists and; ouster; “politics of difference” repudiated by; and Soviets; trial
Jin state, ethnic classification
Jungaria
Kali Beg
Karashahr; Han officials fleeing posts at; Incarnate Lama of; Jin Shuren and; Manchuqjab
Kashgar; daoyin (circuit intendant); Hunza; Ili rebellion; Ma Fuxing; and self-rule; Soviet affirmative action; Soviet consulate
Kashmir: Nationalists and; Xinjiang refugees
Kazak Autonomous District, Ili
Kazak Exodus
Kazakhstan: Almaty; atomic bomb; Ili rebellion; May 4th directive; ordinary citizens’ assessments; Soviet affirmative action
Kazaks: Chinese; Delilhan family; ethnopopulism; Ili as Kazak Autonomous District; Ili rebellion; Janimhan; Kazak and Kyrgyz refugee crisis (1916); military exclusion; Nationalists and; prepubescent marriages; refugees from Chinese Communists; Soviet nationality policies; Urumchi factory workers; Xinjiang expatriate workers in Russia; Xinjiang republican ethno-elitism with; Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region. See also Altay; Osman Batur
khan, Osman Batur title
Khan Tengri
khanates; Hami; Jin Shuren abolishing
Khobdo
Khoja Niyaz Haji
Khorgas Pass
Khotan; Hami rebellion; Ili rebellion; Ma Hushan; Muslim nobility; school; short-lived separatist state
Koktogay
Korea
Kucha
Kudashev, Nikolai
Kyrgyz: Kazak and Kyrgyz refugee crisis (1916); in Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region
Kyrgyzstan
labor. See workers
Ladakh
Lamaists: Dalai Lama; Incarnate Lama of Karashahr; Incarnate Lama of Tacheng; Panchen Lama; Urumchi Lama temple
language: Chinese-language schools; Delilhan Haji skills; factory; interpreters between people and rulers; Kazak Autonomous District; print culture; Russian-language schools; Uighur calligraphy; Xinjiang name
Lattimore, Eleanor
Lattimore, Owen
legitimacy. See political legitimacy
Lenin, V. I.
Leninism. See also Bolsheviks; Marxism
Levenson, Joseph
Liankui
Liao state, ethnic classification
Lin Jing
Liu Mengchun
Liu Wenlong
Liu Zerong
Los Angeles Times
Lu Xiaozu
Luo Wen’gan
Lyuba, Viktor
Ma Fuxing
Ma Hushan
Ma Lin
Ma Shaowu
Ma Zhongying
Mackiernan, Douglas
Manas River, Ili rebellion
Manchu court; bannermen; fall (1911); and Muslim khanates; Yang Zengxin’s audience with. See also Qing empire
Manchukuo
Manchuqjab
Manchuria: Han officials; Sino-Soviet Friendship Treaty
Mannerheim, Gustaf
Mao Zedong; brother Mao Zemin; Hundred Flowers movement; and Outer Mongolia; and segregationism; and separatists; Xinjiang name
Mao Zemin
Maqsut, Shah, Muslim prince of Hami
marriages; Han-Mongol; Han-Uighur; prepubescent
Martin, Terry
Marxism: Austro-Marxist ethnocultural autonomy; Marxist-Leninist dialectics; Marxist-Leninist principles of national determination
Masud Sabri; Chinese Communists and; Nationalists and; separatist rhetoric; son; Western media on appointment; Xinjiang governorship
May 4th directive, “national revival groups”
May 4th Movement, Treaty of Versailles linked to
May 30th Incident, Northern Expedition linked to
Mecca: hajj; World Muslim Council
media: Jin Shuren trial; on Masud Sabri appointment; on refugees from Chinese Communists; Yang Zengxin censorship. See also archival sources
migrants: Han. See also refugees
military: economics; for Jin Shuren ouster; Kazak; Kazak and Kyrgyz refugee crisis (1916); Manchu and Mongol bannermen. See also armies; arms; duban (military governor); soldiers
mineral wealth, Xinjiang: Altay; Soviets and; Xinjiang Tin Mines Agreement (“Sin-Tin” accord). See also oil
Ming emperors
minzu (minority nationality) regime
minzu zhengce jiancha (ethnic policy inspection)
modern China: empire; “empire of difference”; empire in transition; historians; national empire. See also Chinese Communists; Taiwan
modernity, socialist
modernization: cultural; “primitive accumulation”; Xinjiang projects
Mohammad Jamal Khan: Commissioner (Zhuanyuan); mir of Hunza
Mohammed Emin Bugra. See Emin
monarchy
Mongolian People’s Republic
Mongols: Altay; Chinese imperialism against; elites; and Han migrants; Ili rebellion; Khobdo invasion; Lama temple in Urumchi; Qing and; Russians and; Sheng Shicai’s ethnocultural institutions; supranational civic ideology; Torgut; Xinjiang Provincial Assembly; in Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region. See also Outer Mongolia
Mou Weitong
Muccio, John
Mullaney, Thomas
Muslims; brief rise and fall of an independent Islamic state; Chinese; Chinese-language schools; elites; factory workers; Gansu; Hunza; Ili rebellion; Jin Shuren ousters; Mou Weitong on; Nationalists and; “new method” schools; Russian; and self-rule; Tibet’s fate compared; veils banned; World Muslim Council; Xinjiang Provincial Assembly; Xinjiang refugees from Chinese Communists; Yang Zengxin’s legitimacy with. See also Hami; Hui (Chinese-speaking Muslims); Turkic peoples
narratives of political legitimacy; Chinese Communist; conservative ethno-elitist; Han ethnopopulist; Nationalist; progressive ethnopopulist; refugee community; Sheng Shicai; Soviet; Yang Zengxin
nation-state; “Chinese nation-state”; empire-state instead of; geopolitics; Han narrative of; specter of
national determination; Chinese Communists and; geopolitical valorization of; Han officials and threat of; Marxist-Leninist principles; Nationalists and; Sheng Shicai and; Soviet support for; world political discourse of; Yang Zengxin and. See also ethnic self-rule; national liberation; national republics; nationalism
national empire (minzu diguo)
National Geographic
“national humiliation” (guochi): Chinese Communists and; Nationalist discourse of; Yang Zengxin and
national liberation; Chinese Communists and; Hami rebellion; Ili rebellion; Soviets and; Yang Zengxin and. See also national determination; separatism
“national representative conferences”
national republics: Chinese Communist eschewing; Mongolian People’s Republic; Soviets and. See also autonomy; East Turkestan Republic; national determination; People’s Republic of China; Republic of China (1912–49)
“national revival groups”
“national salvation” (jiuguo) goal
national sovereignty. See also national unity
national unity. See also integrationist policies; national sovereignty
nationalism; Han; Han officials and threat of; national empire and; Soviet strategy with; Yang Zengxin vs. See also affirmative action; autonomy; national determination; national liberation
Nationalists; “CC Clique”; chauvinism; Chinese Communists supplanting; Chongqing; “clans” and “tribes”; ethnopolitics; and ethnopopulism; government established by; vs. Han chauvinism; and Han migrants; and Hunza; and Ili rebellion; and Jin Shuren; Kazak recruitment for Taiwan; and Muslims; narratives of political legitimacy; “national humiliation” (guochi); and Osman Batur; “pacification commissioner”; plans for retaking mainland; propaganda campaign (1930s and 1940s); refugee funds; and refugees from Chinese Communists; Sheng Shicai and; Sino-Soviet Friendship Treaty; and Soviets; Taiwan (Republic of China); and Tibet; World War II; Wu Zhongxin disagreements; Xinjiang as province; Yang Zengxin and; Yolbars Khan and; Zhang Fengjiu as Xinjiang liaison. See also Chiang Kai-shek; Wang Jingwei
nationality policies: Chinese Communist; Sheng Shicai; Soviet. See also affirmative action; ethnic self-rule; ethnopolitics; national republics
New Armies
New Delhi, refugees from Chinese Communists
“new Qing historians”
“the next Outer Mongolia”
“the next Tibet”
Nilka County
Nilka Pass
nobility. See elites
nomads: Altay; hunting rights; resisting Russian conscription; Sheng Shicai policies; taxes on
Northern Expedition
“northern hybrid states”
Northern Wei state, ethnic classification
Office of the Chairman of the Xinjiang Provincial Government (Xinjiang Sheng Zhengfu Zhuxi Bangongchu), Yolbars Khan
oil: Dushanzi; Sheng and; Soviet interests
Osman Batur; Chinese Communists and; Ili rebellion; khan title; Mackiernan and; Nationalists and; “nobody”; refugees from Chinese Communists and; zhuanyuan of Altay
Ottoman Empire
“outer dependency”
Outer Mongolia; independent state; Mongolian People’s Republic; “national humiliation”; Soviets and; Urga; Xinjiang as “the next Outer Mongolia”
“pacification commissioner” Nationalist
Pakistan: mir of Hunza and; Xinjiang refugees
Panchen Lama
Paxton, John Hall
Pelliot, Paul
People’s Liberation Army
People’s Republic of China; “double assimilation”; “empire of nations”; Han rulers; name; national sovereignty; zhonghua. See also Chinese Communists
police/security agents, Sheng Shicai
Politburo, Soviet
political legitimacy: Han crisis of. See also narratives of political legitimacy
“politics of difference”; Chinese Communists and; empires; Jin Shuren repudiating; Nationalists and; Soviet tactics; Wu Zhongxin; Yang Zengxin. See also ethno-elitism; ethnopolitics; ethnopopulism
population: Xinjiang; Xinjiang refugees in Afghanistan
Porter, Bernard
“primitive accumulation”
prisons: Sheng Shicai purges; Urumchi
progressive ethnopolitics. See ethnopopulism
Provincial Assembly, Xinjiang
“public hygiene” campaign
purges: Sheng Shicai; Soviet Union
Puyi, last emperor of Qing dynasty
Qing empire; begs; Chinese Communists and; collapse; constitution; consulates; Court for Managing the External (Lifanyuan); ethnic classification; extractive policies; Han officials; hub-and-spoke patronage network; integrationist policies; last emperor; national empire; “new Qing historians”; repertoires of rule; revolution ending (1911); supranational civic ideology; Xinjiang provincial status (1884); Xinjiang “special conditions”; Yang Zengxin statue and. See also Manchu court
Qiu Zongjun
Rankin, K. L.
Rebel Assets Committee
rebellions; Altay vs. Sheng; Gansu; Hami; Ili; Tibet vs. Chinese Communists
Records from the Studio of Rectification (Buguozhai wendu), Yang Zengxin’s
“red expert”
Red Russians. See Bolsheviks
refugees: Association for Mainland Refugee Assistance; Bakich; from Chinese Communists; East Turkestan Refugee Association; Ili rebellion; Kazak and Kyrgyz crisis (1916); Nationalist wars; Taiwan recruitment of
regional autonomy (diqu zizhi); Chinese Communist; “eggshell autonomy”; Hunza Autonomous Region; Kazak Autonomous District; Nationalists and; semiautonomous regions under Yang Zengxin; Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region
religion: Confucianism; Daoism; schools. See also Buddhism; Muslims
repertoires of rule, imperial; Qing; Russian. See also governance modes
republic: Taiwan-based Republic of China. See also national republics; People’s Republic of China; Republic of China (1912–49)
Republic of China (1912–49); Han officials “going imperial”; Ministry of Finance; Ministry of Foreign Affairs; name for Urumchi; Yang Zengxin governor of Xinjiang (1912–28); zhonghua. See also Yuan Shikai, President of the Republic of China (1912–16)
revolution: Cultural Revolution (1966–76); ending Qing empire (1911); ending Russian empire/Bolshevik (1917–23); Three Districts Revolution
roads: Altay lacking; Jin Shuren construction; Sheng-Soviet deal
Roerich, Nicholas
Rome, Vatican Pope
Russia. See Russian empire; Russians; Soviet Union
Russian civil war; Yang Zengxin and. See also Bolsheviks; Russian soldiers; White Russians
Russian empire; Kazak and Kyrgyz refugee crisis (1916); repertoires of rule. See also Russians
Russian soldiers; Annenkov; Bakich; Ili rebellion; Jin Shuren ouster; Kashgar; Kazak and Kyrgyz refugee crisis (1916); machine guns; Red; Sheng Shicai support; White. See also Russian civil war
Russians; Altay; on “camelgraph”; Kashgar; Trans-Siberian Railway; Turkestan; on Yang Zengxin. See also Bolsheviks; Kazakhstan; Russian civil war; Russian empire; Russian soldiers; Soviet Union; Uzbekistan; White Russians
Sabik
Sadiq
Saudi Arabia; Mecca
Saypiddin Azizi
schools: Chinese-language; Khotan; “new method”; for nomads; religious; Russian-language. See also education
segregation, ethnic communities
self-rule, ethnic. See also national determination
semiautonomous regions, under Yang Zengxin
Semipalatinsk
Semireche
senate, provincial
separatism: East Turkestan Republic; ethnopopulism defusing; Isa and Emin; Khotan state; Masud Sabri; national sovereignty vs. See also national determination; nationalism
Shaanxi: Han army conscripts; Mao Zedong
Shanghai, Han officials
Shapin
“shared funds” (xiexiang) of “inner provinces” (neisheng)
Sheng Shicai; administrative talent lacking; and ethnocultural autonomy; ethnopopulism; Japanese-trained Han; and Jin Shuren’s trial; narrative of political legitimacy; Nationalists and; police/security agents; purges; rebellions vs.; Sinkiang: Pawn or Pivot? (with Allen S. Whiting); “soft-line” and “hard-line” policies; and Soviets; Taiwan; warlord; Xinjiang military governor (duban); and Yang Zengxin statue
Shipton, Eric
Sibe
Sino-Japanese War
Sino-Soviet Friendship Treaty
Sino-Swedish Scientific Expedition
slaves
socialism: with Chinese characteristics; Mao Zedong and; modernity through; Nationalists hostile to; Sheng Shicai and; Yang Zengxin and
soldiers: Han; Hui; Ili rebellion; imperial use of natives; Kazak and Kyrgyz refugee crisis (1916); refugees from Chinese Communists; Sheng Shicai qualifications; Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. See also armies; military; Russian soldiers
Solon
Soviet affirmative action policies; Austro-Marxist line and; with Chinese characteristics; Chinese Communists and; ethnopopulism; national determination; national liberation; national republics; nationality policies; Sheng Shicai “purchase” of; Yang Zengxin and
Soviet consulates: Altay; Ili; Kashgar; Urumchi
Soviet Union: Altay prospectors from; archival sources; arms supplied in Xinjiang; atomic bomb; Chinese embassy in Moscow; “empire of nations”; historians; Ili rebellion; Jin Shuren and; migrant policies and; more a “maker of nations” than a “breaker of nations”; narratives of political legitimacy; Nationalists and; and Outer Mongolia; Politburo; purges; refugees from Chinese Communists; Russian migrants; Sheng Shicai and; Sino-Soviet Friendship Treaty; Sino-Soviet split; “swallowing up” Xinjiang; “swank”; trade with Xinjiang; World War II; Xinjiang expatriates; Xinjiang as satellite of; Yang Zengxin and. See also Bolsheviks; Russians; Soviet affirmative action policies
Spencer, Herbert, The Study of Sociology
Srinagar, refugees from Chinese Communists
Stalin, Joseph: Ili rebellion; and Jin Shuren; May 4th directive; police state; purges; Sheng Shicai and; Sino-Soviet Friendship Treaty; Wu Zhongxin and
starvation. See also famines
Stein, Aurel
Stilwell, Joseph
“strategies of difference”. See also ethno-elitism; ethnopopulism; “politics of difference”
Suiyuan
Sun Shengwu
Sun Wendou
Sun Yat-sen
supranational civic ideology
Tacheng; Bolsheviks and; Chinese Communists; Ili rebellion; Incarnate Lama of; Lattimore; mineral wealth; Mongol embrace; Osman Batur conquest; pastoral stock; Russian civil war; trade
Taiwan: archival sources; Chinese Communists vs. imperialists over; “free China”; governance modes; Kazak recruitment; Nationalists/Republic of China; as province; provincial administrations; Taipei; Yolbars Khan governor of Xinjiang from (1951–71)
Tajiks
Tang dynasty
Tao Xisheng
Tarbagatai
Tashkent: Ili rebellion; Mou Weitong; Russians; Xinjiang expatriates receiving Soviet support; Yang Zengxin’s consulates
Tatars. See also Burhan Shahidi
taxes: by Jin Shuren; Manchu; Muslim elites controlling; Xinjiang’s base; by Yang Zengxin on Altay Kazak nomads
Taylor, Jay
telegrams, published, Yang Zengxin’s Records from the Studio of Rectification (Buguozhai wendu)
telegraph system
telephony services
Thousand-Buddha Caves
Three Districts Revolution
Tianshan, name
Tibet; Chinese Communists and; Dalai Lama; government in exile; lengthy estrangement; Mackiernan; narrative of ethnopolitical legitimacy; Nationalists and; “pacification commissioner”; Xinjiang as ““the next Tibet”
Timur
Torgut Mongols
trade: Ili Provisional Trade Accord; Xinjiang-Soviet
Trans-Siberian Railway, Russia
transport: Altay; camel paths; refugees from Chinese Communists. See also roads; Trans-Siberian Railway
Treaty of Versailles
Triple Seven Coup
Tsetsen Puntsag Gegeen
Turban Heads/Turbans; crossing Soviet border; Kashgar; Ma Fuxing and; racism of name; Russian; and self-rule; Turkestan; Xinjiang expatriates working in Russia
Turfan
Turkestan: Russian. See also East Turkestan Republic
Turkey: exchange students; Nationalist embassy in Ankara; Xinjiang expatriates. See also Istanbul; Ottoman Empire
Turkic peoples: Andijan workers; begs; corvée labor; entrepreneurs; expatriates in Russia; Khotan militants; nobility; pan-Turkic. See also Hami
Uighur Autonomous Archives
Uighur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang Weiwuer Zizhiqu), Xinjiang
Uighurs; agriculture; Association for Ethnocultural Advancement; calligraphy; Chinese Communist; ethnocultural autonomy; ethnopopulists; Governor Yang’s persecution of; Han chauvinism criticized by; Hui enmities with; Ili rebellion; intellectuals; Kucha; “masters of their own house” (dangjia zuozhu); Masud Sabri; military exclusion; national republics; nationalist; Nationalists and; pan-Turkic activism; prepubescent marriages; refugees from Chinese Communists; refugees to Soviet Union; religious schools; segregated; in Soviet Union; Urumchi factory workers; Xinjiang population percentage; in Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region. See also Burhan Shahidi; Isa Yusuf Alptekin
Ungern-Sternberg, Baron Roman von
United Daily News (Lianhe bao)
United Nations
unity: national. See also integrationist policies
Urumchi; affirmative action; battle for (1933–34); British consulate; demographics; factory workers; Han officials resident in; Ili rebellion; journey to Beijing from; names for; New Armies; “public hygiene” campaign; Soviet consulate; Uighur Autonomous Archives; West Park; Yang Zengxin statue; Yang Zengxin’s authority outside of. See also Xinjiang
Uzbekistan. See also Tashkent
Vietnam, French ethnopolitics in
“virtue” (de)
Wang Enmao
Wang Jingwei; ending career in disgrace and ignominy; ethnopopulist message; Jin Shuren and; and Sheng Shicai
Wang Shijie
Wang Shunan
war: Cold War; holy war; Sino-Japanese War. See also armies; rebellions; Russian civil war; World War I; World War II
warlords; armies; Beijing; Chinese Communists and; “Christian”; era of (1916–28); Feng Yuxiang; Gansu; Guo Songling; Jin Shuren vs.; Ma Zhongying; Nationalists incorporating; Sheng Shicai; Xinjiang information blockade; Yang Zengxin and
Wen Songling
West: archaeologists and explorers to Xinjiang; Bolsheviks proving difference from; consulates; governing dependent territories; history of violent displacement; imperialism; media on Masud Sabri appointment; media on Uighur and Kazak refugees; nation-state discourse; Nationalist threat; Tibet receiving more attention than Xinjiang; vicious wars unseen by; Yang Zengxin statue. See also Allied powers; Americans; Europe
White Russians: exiled in Xinjiang; soldiers
Whiting, Allen S.
workers: education vs. helping out the family; Hami corvée labor; Hui; Kazak; Turban; Turkic; Urumchi factories
world politics. See geopolitics
World Muslim Council
World War I: Allied powers dismantling empires after; Masud Sabri; Russian manpower shortages
World War II: Burma theater; Germans; Japanese surrender; Soviet Union
Wu Peifu
Wu Zexiang
Wu Zhongxin; diary; ethno-elitism; Taiwan; Xinjiang governor; and Yang Zengxin statue
Xie Bin
Xinjiang; armies; battle for (1933–34); brief rise and fall of an independent Islamic state; Burhan Shahidi governorship; Chinese collapse in; as “colony” (zhimindi) of the inner provinces; first-ever non-Han governor; global awareness of; government in exile; Great Leap Forward (1958–61); Jin Shuren governorship (1928–33); Kazak and Kyrgyz refugee crisis (1916); Masud Sabri governorship; May 4th directive; modernization projects; name; Nationalist; “the next Outer Mongolia”; as “outer dependency”/”dependent territory”; population; Provincial Assembly; provincial status (1884); refugees from Chinese Communists; Saypiddin Azizi governorship; Sheng Shicai as military governor (duban); as Soviet satellite; Soviet trade with; Soviet’s idea of two separate states; “special conditions”; Wu Zhongxin governorship; Yang Zengxin governorship (1912–28); Yolbars Khan governorship from Nationalist Taiwan (1951–71); Zhang Zhizhong governorship. See also Chinese consulates; economics; ethnopolitics; Han; Kazaks; Muslims; national republics; Uighurs; Urumchi
Xinjiang Autonomous Region, keeping or leaving out Uighurs
Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (Xinjiang Shengchan Jianshe Bingtuan)
Xinjiang Tin Mines Agreement (“Sin-Tin” accord)
Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Archives
Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang Weiwuer Zizhiqu)
Xinjiang Youth Song and Dance Troupe
Xu Bingxu
Xu Shichang
Yan Xishan
Yan’an, Chinese Communist headquarters
Yang Zengbing
Yang Zengxin; accused of parochial and reactionary mindset; and Altay; archival sources; army resources; assassinated (July 1928); and Burhan Shahidi; consulates; daily routine; deflecting ethnic tensions; and dependent intermediaries; ethno-elitism; governance modes; management of Han officials; and Masud Sabri; Muslim concubine; narratives of political legitimacy; vs. nationalism; “politics of difference”; Records from the Studio of Rectification (Buguozhai wendu); Republican governor of Xinjiang (1912–28); retirement plans; and Russian civil war; semiautonomous regions; and Soviets; statue; “stratagem of the empty citadel” (kongcheng ji); tomb; transferred to Xinjiang (1907); Wang Shunan and; web of isolation; and world outside Xinjiang; Wu Zhongxin’s diary on
Yang Zuanxu
Yangzi delta
Yao Daohong
Yaqub Beg
Ye Shanrong
Yegnarov, General-Major
Yeh, George
“yellow filth” Han
“yellow race” nationalists valorizing
Yining
Yolbars Khan; death; governor of Xinjiang from Nationalist Taiwan (1951–71); Hami ordabegi (major domo); Hami uprising; and Isa and Emin; vs. Jin Shuren; Kazak recruitment for Taiwan; and Nationalists; Office of the Chairman of the Xinjiang Provincial Government (Xinjiang Sheng Zhengfu Zhuxi Bangongchu); refugee from Xinjiang
Yuan Dahua
Yuan Shikai, President of the Republic of China (1912–16); death (1916); Japan’s Twenty-One Demands to
Yuan state, ethnic classification
Yunnan: ethnic classification projects; Nationalist provincial administration; Yang Zengxin background
Zaysan
Zhang Chunxi
Zhang Fengjiu
Zhang Peiyuan
Zhang Shaobo
Zhang Zhidong
Zhang Zhizhong: Chinese Communist; Ili rebellion; northwestern commissioner; Xinjiang governorship; Xinjiang as home of the “Turkestan nation”; Xinjiang Youth Song and Dance Troupe
Zhao Guoliang
zhonghua
Zhou Enlai
Zhu Ruichi
Zhu Shaoliang
zhuanyuan, Altay
Zuo Zongtang