1. Eric Lichtblau, “Nazis Were Given ‘Safe Haven’ in U.S., Report Says,” New York Times, 13 November 2010.
2. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 74.
3. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 77.
4. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 78.
5. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 79.
6. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 85–86.
7. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 150–74; “John Demjanjuk, Convicted Nazi Death Camp Guard, Dies Aged 91,” Guardian, 17 March 2012; Robert D. McFadden, “John Demjanjuk, 91, Dogged by Charges of Atrocities as Nazi Camp Guard, Dies,” New York Times, 17 March 2012.
8. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 151.
9. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 154.
10. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 155.
11. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 151–74, 575–76; “John Demjanjuk, Convicted Nazi.”
12. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 601. Several Internet sources, including articles for which historian Richard Breitman was interviewed, claim that he was born in 1924. That would have made him seventeen in 1941, which makes it difficult to accept that he was an SS or SD officer in August 1942. Therefore, the birth year of 1918 seems more likely. See Breitmen, “Tscherim Soobzokov”; “An American Nazi Living in New Jersey,” Atlantic, July 12, 1974; Albert J. Parisi, “Pipe-Bomb Death Puzzles Authorities,” New York Times, September 15, 1985; Robert Weiner, “CIA Sheltered NJ Man with Nazi Past: Justice Dept. Inquiry Saw War Criminals Were Given Safe Haven,” New Jersey Jewish News, November 17, 2010.
13. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 342–43.
14. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 343.
15. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 343–44; Brewda, “KGB and Mossad.”
16. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 345.
17. Brewda, “KGB and Mossad,” 56.
18. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 346.
19. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 601.
20. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 348.
21. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 350.
1. Johnson, “Summary.”
2. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 1.
3. For an in-depth examination of Andrija Artuković, see chapter 6.
4. For a more detailed account of the Karl Linnas case, see chapter 7.
5. For a more detailed analysis of the Otto von Bolschwing case, see chapter 4.
6. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 2. See also Rosenbaum, “Introduction to the Work.”
7. “Simon Wiesenthal Biography: Activist (1908–2005),” Biography.com, 2 April 2014, www.biography.com/people/simon-wiesenthal-9530740.
8. “Simon Wiesenthal Biography”; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), “Janowska,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed 17 June 2016, www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005279.
9. “Simon Wiesenthal Biography.”
10. “Simon Wiesenthal Biography.”
11. “Holtzman, Elizabeth,” United States House of Representatives, History, Art & Archives, accessed 17 June 2016, http://history.house.gov/People/Detail/15213.
12. “Holtzman, Elizabeth.”
13. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 2–3.
14. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 3–4.
15. Ruffner, “CIA’s Support.” See also U.S. General Accounting Office, Widespread Conspiracy, 33–34.
16. Ruffner, “CIA’s Support.” See also U.S. General Accounting Office, Widespread Conspiracy.
17. Ruffner, “CIA’s Support.” See also U.S. General Accounting Office, Widespread Conspiracy; and Hearings before the Subcommittee, vols. 1–2.
18. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 3–4.
19. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 4–6.
20. Rosenbaum, “Introduction to the Work,” 2.
21. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 6.
22. Act to Amend the Immigration and Nationality Act.
23. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 7–9.
24. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 10–11.
25. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 11.
26. Rosenbaum, “Introduction to the Work,” 3–4.
27. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 11.
28. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 11–12.
29. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 12–13.
30. Rosenbaum, “Introduction to the Work,” 3–4.
31. Feis, “OSI’s Prosecution,” 8.
32. Feis, “OSI’s Prosecution,” 8.
33. See the chapters on Klaus Barbie (2) and Josef Mengele (3).
34. Feis, “OSI’s Prosecution,” 9.
35. Feis, “OSI’s Prosecution,” 10–12.
36. Feis, “OSI’s Prosecution.”
37. Rosenbaum, “Introduction to the Work,” 5; Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” v. See also White, “Barring Axis Persecutors.” For more detail on Waldheim, see chapter 5.
38. Rosenbaum, “Introduction to the Work,” 5; “Verfahren wegen Verbrechen.”
39. “Former Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim,” United Nations, 22 June 2016, www.un.org/sg/en/content/formersg/kurt-waldheim; Rosenbaum, “Introduction to the Work,” 5; Jonathan Kandell, “Kurt Waldheim Dies at 88; Ex-UN Chief Hid Nazi Past,” New York Times, 14 June 2007.
40. Rosenbaum, “Introduction to the Work,” 5–6.
41. Rosenbaum, “Introduction to the Work,” 6–7. See also Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act.
42. USA PATRIOT Act.
43. Gordon, “OSI’s Expanded Jurisdiction,” 25.
44. Gordon, “OSI’s Expanded Jurisdiction,” 25.
45. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 599; Ralph Blumenthal, “The Last Nazi Hunter,” Parade, 4 April 2010.
46. Blumenthal, “Last Nazi Hunter”; Matt Pearce, “Holocaust Suspect Dies in Michigan after Avoiding Deportation,” Los Angeles Times, 9 July 2014.
47. “Posts Tagged ‘Office of Special Investigations,’” Main Justice: Politics, Policy and the Law, Sunday, 16 May 2010, www.mainjustice.com/tag/office-of-special-investigations/ (site discontinued).
1. Morgan, Uncertain Hour, 204.
2. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team (HEART), “Klaus Barbie: The Butcher of Lyon,” Holocaust Research Project, accessed 20 January 2016, www.holocaustresearchproject.org/nazioccupation/barbie.html; American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE), “Klaus Barbie (1913–1991),” Jewish Virtual Library, accessed 23 June 2016, www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Barbie.html; Morgan, Uncertain Hour, 204.
3. “Klaus Barbie: Department of Justice; FBI; Department of State; CIA; Counter Intelligence Corps Files,” Paperless Archives, accessed 3 February 2016, www.paperlessarchives.com/barbie.html; Morgan, Uncertain Hour, 204–5; Paris, Unhealed Wounds, 41.
4. Morgan, Uncertain Hour, 205–6.
5. Paris, Unhealed Wounds, 43; Morgan, Uncertain Hour, 206; HEART, “Klaus Barbie.” The facts about Barbie’s life in 1937 and 1938 are a bit muddled. The record is muddied, which makes determining an exact timeline of events difficult. According to Paris, the school in Bernau was an SD, not an SS, school. She also claims that Barbie attended both the Bernau school and the leadership course in Berlin in 1937. Morgan concurs that Barbie attended a training course in Bernau in 1937, but at an SS school. Morgan also claims that Barbie’s first postcourse deployment was to Düsseldorf. The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team muddies the waters even more. According to the Holocaust Research Project, “After service in the Berlin vice squad he was transferred to Dusseldorf and in 1937 after joining the Nazi Party, and graduated from the SD school at Bernau and was sent to an exclusive leadership course in Berlin Charlottenburg. For three months from September 1938 he served with the 39th Infantry Regiment before returning to Charlottenburg for his final training and exams.”
6. Paris, Unhealed Wounds, 43.
7. Paris, Unhealed Wounds, 43–44; Morgan, Uncertain Hour, 206.
8. Paris, Unhealed Wounds, 43–44; Morgan, Uncertain Hour, 206; HEART, “Klaus Barbie.”
9. Paris, Unhealed Wounds, 44–45.
10. HEART, “Klaus Barbie.”
11. “Murderous Barbie Has No Regrets about Crimes,” Digibron, 10 March 1983.
12. HEART, “Klaus Barbie”; Paris, Unhealed Wounds, 44–46; “Ernst Cahn and Alfred Kohn Bridge Amsterdam,” STIWOT, accessed 15 December 2016, http://en.tracesofwar.com/article/27733/Ernst-Cahn-and-Alfred-Kohn-bridge-Amsterdam.htm.
13. Paris, Unhealed Wounds, 45–46.
14. Paris, Unhealed Wounds, 76.
15. AICE, “Klaus Barbie (1913–1991).”
16. AICE, “Klaus Barbie (1913–1991)”; Paris, Unhealed Wounds, 27.
17. AICE, “Klaus Barbie (1913–1991).”
18. Paris, Unhealed Wounds, 93–94.
19. “Children’s Ghosts Confront the ‘Butcher of Lyons’ in French Courthouse,” Guardian, 28 May 2015; “May 11, 1987: Butcher of Lyon on Trial,” History.com, accessed 15 December 2016, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/butcher-of-lyon-on-trial/print.
20. “Jean Moulin (1899–1943),” British Broadcasting Corporation, accessed 15 March 2016, www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/moulin_jean.shtml.
21. “Jean Moulin (1899–1943).”
22. AICE, “Klaus Barbie (1913–1991).”
23. Paris, Unhealed Wounds, 106; HEART, “Klaus Barbie.”
24. AICE, “Klaus Barbie (1913–1991)”; HEART, “Klaus Barbie”; Paris, Unhealed Wounds, 101–9.
25. HEART, “Klaus Barbie.”
26. “Earl Browning Obituary,” Telegraph, 6 November 2013.
27. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 372.
28. “Earl Browning Obituary.”
29. Ralph Blumenthal, “U.S. Agents Tell of Shielding Barbie,” New York Times, 17 July 1983.
30. “Earl Browning Obituary”; AICE, “Klaus Barbie (1913–1991)”; HEART, “Klaus Barbie”; Steinacher, Nazis on the Run, 203; Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 372, 374; Wolfgang Saxon, “Klaus Barbie, 77, Lyons Gestapo Chief,” New York Times, 26 September 1991.
31. “Earl Browning Obituary.”
32. “Earl Browning Obituary”; AICE, “Klaus Barbie (1913–1991)”; HEART, “Klaus Barbie”; Steinacher, Nazis on the Run, 203; Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 372, 374; Saxon, “Klaus Barbie, 77.”
33. Steinacher, Nazis on the Run, 90.
34. Steinacher, Nazis on the Run, 90, 203.
35. Paris, Unhealed Wounds, 121.
36. Steinacher, Nazis on the Run, 203; “May 11, 1987.”
37. “May 11, 1987.”
38. “Earl Browning Obituary”; Saxon, “Klaus Barbie, 77”; Paris, Unhealed Wounds, 121–22.
39. Steinacher, Nazis on the Run, 204.
40. Steinacher, Nazis on the Run, 204.
41. Gustavo Sanchez, “In Pursuit of Bolivia’s Secret Nazi,” Guardian, 10 September 2008. See also Steinacher, Nazis on the Run, 203–4.
42. Georg Bönish and Klaus Wiegrefe, “From Nazi Criminal to Postwar Spy: German Intelligence Hired Klaus Barbie as Agent,” Spiegel Online, 20 January 2011, www.spiegel.de/international/germany/from-nazi-criminal-to-postwar-spy-german-intelligence-hired-klaus-barbie-as-agent-a-740393-druck.html.
43. Steinacher, Nazis on the Run, 204–5.
44. “Solinger” was the handler’s code name.
45. Bönish and Wiegrefe, “Nazi Criminal to Postwar Spy.”
46. Bönish and Wiegrefe, “Nazi Criminal to Postwar Spy.”
47. Bönish and Wiegrefe, “Nazi Criminal to Postwar Spy.”
48. While some sources contend that Barbie’s identity was discovered in 1971, others list the date as 1972. While it is possible that the discovery occurred in late 1971, Beate Klarsfeld publicly identified Altmann as Barbie on 28 January 1972.
49. Paris, Unhealed Wounds, 121–23; Goda, “Manhunts,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 426–27.
50. Paris, Unhealed Wounds, 121–23; Goda, “Manhunts,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 426–27; Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 371.
51. William Rogers, qtd. in Goda, “Manhunts,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 427.
52. “Hugo Banzer, 75, Ex-Dictator; Guided Bolivia to Democracy,” New York Times, 6 May 2002; Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 371–72.
53. “May 11, 1987.”
54. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 372.
55. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 373.
56. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 373–74.
57. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 374.
58. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 375.
59. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 375.
60. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 375.
61. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 376–78.
62. “Klaus Barbie: Women Testify of Torture at His Hands,” Philadelphia Inquirer, 23 March 1987; Paris, Unhealed Wounds, 27, 106–7; Steve Holland, “On Trial with Klaus Barbie: The French Resistance,” Philly.com, 3 February 2016, http://articles.philly.com/1987-05-10/news/26161943_1_jews-and-resistance-fighters-jean-moulin-french-resistance (site discontinued); HEART, “Klaus Barbie”; AICE, “Klaus Barbie (1913–1991)”; “May 11, 1987”; Rone Tempest, “Klaus Barbie, Wartime ‘Butcher of Lyon,’ Dies: Gestapo; Cancer Claims Ex-Nazi Convicted of Deporting French Jews to Death Camps in World War II,” Los Angeles Times, 26 September 1991.
63. Tempest, “Klaus Barbie, Wartime.”
1. Posner and Ware, Mengele, 4.
2. USHMM, “Josef Mengele,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed 20 January 2016, www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007060; “Angel of Death: Josef Mengele,” The Holocaust: Crimes, Heroes and Villains, 20 January 2016, http://auschwitz.dk/Mengele.htm; Posner and Ware, Mengele, 4–5.
3. Posner and Ware, Mengele, 4.
4. Posner and Ware, Mengele, 5.
5. “February 07, 1979: The ‘Angel of Death’ Dies,” History.com, accessed 16 December 2016, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-angel-of-death-dies/print.
6. “February 07, 1979”; USHMM, “Josef Mengele”; “Josef Mengele, Nazi War Criminal,” About Education, accessed 22 April 2016, http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/thehistoryofargentina/p/Josef-Mengele-Nazi-War-Criminal.htm; AICE, “Josef Mengele (1911–1979),” Jewish Virtual Library, accessed 25 July 2014, www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Mengele.html; “Angel of Death”; Posner and Ware, Mengele, 7–15.
7. Posner and Ware, Mengele, 14–16.
8. Posner and Ware, Mengele, 10–15. For more on the work of von Verschuer and others during this period, see Weingert, “German Eugenics.”
9. Posner and Ware, Mengele, 17; “February 07, 1979.”
10. “February 07, 1979.”
11. HEART, “Josef Mengele: ‘The Angel of Death,’” Holocaust Research Project, accessed 25 July 2014, www.holocaustresearchproject.org/othercamps/mengele.html.
12. Yehuda Koren and Eilat Negev, “How the Seven Dwarfs of Auschwitz Fell under the Spell of Dr. Death: The Hideous Experiments Carried Out by Nazi Josef Mengele on Seven Trusting Brothers and Sisters,” Daily Mail, 15 February 2013.
13. Rees, Ultimate Infamy, 180.
14. Posner and Ware, Mengele, 29–30.
15. Posner and Ware, Mengele, 29.
16. Andy Walker, “The Twins of Auschwitz,” BBC News Magazine, 28 January 2015, www.bbc.com/news/magazine-30933718.
17. Walker, “Twins of Auschwitz”; Posner and Ware, Mengele, 34.
18. “Eva and Miriam,” The Holocaust: Crimes, Heroes and Villains, 20 May 2016, www.auschwitz.dk/eva.htm.
19. Rees, Ultimate Infamy, 180–81. See also “Eva and Miriam.”
20. “Eva and Miriam.”
21. Yehuda Koren and Eilat Negev, “The Dwarves of Auschwitz,” Guardian, 23 March 2013.
22. Koren and Negev, “Dwarves of Auschwitz.”
23. Koren and Negev, “Seven Dwarfs of Auschwitz.”
24. Koren and Negev, “Seven Dwarfs of Auschwitz.”
25. Koren and Negev, “Seven Dwarfs of Auschwitz.”
26. Koren and Negev, “Seven Dwarfs of Auschwitz.”
27. Koren and Negev, “Seven Dwarfs of Auschwitz.”
28. Koren and Negev, “Seven Dwarfs of Auschwitz.”
29. Walker, “Twins of Auschwitz.”
30. USHMM, “Josef Mengele.”
31. Gerald L. Posner and John Ware, “Fugitive: How Nazi War Criminal Josef Mengele Cheated Justice for 34 Years,” Chicago Tribune, 18 May 1986; Posner and Ware, Mengele, 59–60.
32. Posner and Ware, “Fugitive”; Posner and Ware, Mengele, 60–61.
33. Posner and Ware, “Fugitive”; Posner and Ware, Mengele, 61–62.
34. Posner and Ware, “Fugitive.” See also Posner and Ware, Mengele, 61–62.
35. Posner and Ware, “Fugitive”; Posner and Ware, Mengele, 62–64.
36. Steinacher, Nazis on the Run, 24. See also Posner and Ware, “Fugitive.”
37. Posner and Ware, “Fugitive”; Posner and Ware, Mengele, 63–65.
38. Posner and Ware, “Fugitive”; Steinacher, Nazis on the Run, 24; USHMM, “Josef Mengele.”
39. Steinacher, Nazis on the Run, 25; Posner and Ware, “Fugitive”; USHMM, “Josef Mengele”; Posner and Ware, Mengele, 68–85.
40. Posner and Ware, “Fugitive”; Steinacher, Nazis on the Run, 25; Posner and Ware, Mengele, 86–87.
41. Posner and Ware, “Fugitive”; Steinacher, Nazis on the Run, 25; Posner and Ware, Mengele, 88–89.
42. Posner and Ware, “Fugitive”; Steinacher, Nazis on the Run, 25, 49–52, 97; Posner and Ware, Mengele, 89–93.
43. “Josef Mengele, Nazi War Criminal”; “Josef Mengele in South America,” About Education, 22 April 2016, http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/Nazis/fl/Josef-Mengele-in-South-America.htm; Posner and Ware, “Fugitive”; Posner and Ware, Mengele, 94–106.
44. Posner and Ware, “Fugitive”; Posner and Ware, Mengele, 109–12.
45. HEART, “Josef Mengele”; Posner and Ware, “Fugitive”; Posner and Ware, Mengele, 117–24.
46. Posner and Ware, “Fugitive”; Goda, “Manhunts,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 431; Posner and Ware, Mengele, 124–32.
47. Posner and Ware, “Fugitive”; Goda, “Manhunts,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 431–33; Posner and Ware, Mengele, 14–54.
48. Posner and Ware, “Fugitive.”
49. Posner and Ware, “Fugitive.” See also Posner and Ware, Mengele, 161–64.
50. Posner and Ware, “Fugitive”; Posner and Ware, Mengele, 165–73.
51. Posner and Ware, “Fugitive”; Posner and Ware, Mengele, 173–81.
52. Posner and Ware, “Fugitive.”
53. Posner and Ware, “Fugitive.”
54. Posner and Ware, “Fugitive”; Posner and Ware, Mengele, 220–29, 241–43.
55. Posner and Ware, “Fugitive”; “Josef Mengele, Nazi War Criminal.” See also Posner and Ware, Mengele, 271–83.
56. Posner and Ware, “Fugitive.”
57. Posner and Ware, “Fugitive”; Posner and Ware, Mengele, 284–89.
58. See the Simon Wiesenthal Center website, accessed 16 December 2016, www.wiesenthal.com/site/pp.asp?c=lsKWLbPJLnF&b=4441471#.V0w6s_krLIV.
59. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 390–91.
60. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 391–92. See also Goda, “Manhunts,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 432–36.
61. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 392–93.
62. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 393.
63. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 393–94.
64. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 394–95.
65. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 395.
66. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 395–96.
67. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 396.
68. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 396–97.
69. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 398–99.
70. Nick Evans, “Nazi Angel of Death Josef Mengele ‘Created Twin Town in Brazil,’” Telegraph, 21 January 2009.
71. Rees, Ultimate Infamy, 226.
72. AICE, “Josef Mengele (1911–1979).”
1. It is possible, however, that von Bolschwing actually attended London University, where he studied law. See “Romanian Projects: Available Info on Alfred Otto von Bolschwing,” CIA, accessed 16 December 2016, www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/1705143/BOLSCHWING,%20OTTO%20(VON)%20%20%20VOL.%201_0009.pdf.
2. Ruffner, “Case of Otto Albrecht,” 62.
3. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 259; Naftali, “CIA and Eichmann’s Associates,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 343; Ruffner, “Case of Otto Albrecht,” 62–63; “Romanian Projects.” There is some discrepancy about the year in which von Bolschwing joined the Nazi Party. According to Feigin, he joined the Nazi Party in 1932, while Naftali dates his membership in the party from 1929.
4. Naftali, “CIA and Eichmann’s Associates,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 343–44.
5. Naftali, “CIA and Eichmann’s Associates,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 339, 343–44; Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 259.
6. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 259.
7. Naftali, “CIA and Eichmann’s Associates,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 344; Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 259; “Romanian Projects.”
8. Naftali, “CIA and Eichmann’s Associates,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 344. See also Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 259. Von Bolschwing was referring to the anti-Jewish riots that occurred in the summer of 1935 along the Kurfurstendamm, which was the main shopping avenue in Berlin.
9. Naftali, “CIA and Eichmann’s Associates,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 344.
10. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 259.
11. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 259–60.
12. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 259–60.
13. Naftali, “CIA and Eichmann’s Associates,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 340, 344–45; Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 259–60.
14. There is some discrepancy about when von Bolschwing received this new assignment. According to Feigin, he was sent in January 1940, but Naftali puts the date as March 1940. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 260; Naftali, “CIA and Eichmann’s Associates,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 345.
15. Naftali, “CIA and Eichmann’s Associates,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 345.
16. Clark, “European Fascists.”
17. Rashke, Useful Enemies, 59.
18. An alternate spelling of Valerian Trifa is Viorel Trifa.
19. Rashke, Useful Enemies, 59–60; Naftali, “CIA and Eichmann’s Associates,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 345–46; Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 260; Ruffner, “Case of Otto Albrecht,” 63.
20. Rashke, Useful Enemies, 59.
21. Rashke, Useful Enemies, 59–60.
22. Rashke, Useful Enemies, 60.
23. Cummings, Cold War Radio, 151; Rashke, Useful Enemies, 59–60; Ruffner, “Case of Otto Albrecht,” 63; Naftali, “CIA and Eichmann’s Associates,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 345.
24. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 260; Rashke, Useful Enemies, 60–61; Naftali, “CIA and Eichmann’s Associates,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 345–46.
25. Naftali, “CIA and Eichmann’s Associates,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 345–46; Ruffner, “Case of Otto Albrecht,” 63.
26. Naftali, “CIA and Eichmann’s Associates,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 346.
27. Naftali, “CIA and Eichmann’s Associates,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 345–46; Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 260; “Romanian Projects.”
28. Naftali, “CIA and Eichmann’s Associates,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 346.
29. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 260–61; Ruffner, “Case of Otto Albrecht,” 63; Naftali, “CIA and Eichmann’s Associates,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 346–47.
30. Naftali, “CIA and Eichmann’s Associates,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 354.
31. Simpson, Blowback, 40; Naftali, “CIA and Eichmann’s Associates,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 347; Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 261; Rashke, Useful Enemies, 68. For more information about the Gehlen Organization, see Rashke, Useful Enemies.
32. Ruffner, “Case of Otto Albrecht,” 63; Naftali, “CIA and Eichmann’s Associates,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 346–47; Goda, “Tracking the Red Orchestra,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 296; Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 261.
33. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 261; Ruffner, “Case of Otto Albrecht,” 63.
34. Naftali, “CIA and Eichmann’s Associates,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 347–48.
35. Ruffner, “Case of Otto Albrecht,” 63; Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 261; Naftali, “CIA and Eichmann’s Associates,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 348–49.
36. Naftali, “CIA and Eichmann’s Associates,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 350; Ruffner, “Case of Otto Albrecht,” 63–64.
37. Ruffner, “Case of Otto Albrecht,” 67; Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 261; Naftali, “CIA and Eichmann’s Associates,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 352–53.
38. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 261–62.
39. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 262.
40. Ruffner, “Case of Otto Albrecht,” 63–68; Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 262–63; Naftali, “CIA and Eichmann’s Associates,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 353.
41. Ruffner, “Case of Otto Albrecht,” 69; Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 263; Naftali, “CIA and Eichmann’s Associates,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 353.
42. Naftali, “CIA and Eichmann’s Associates,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 343; Tamara Feinstein, ed., “Uncovering the Architect of the Holocaust: The CIA Names File on Adolf Eichmann,” National Security Archive, http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB150/.
43. Ruffner, “Case of Otto Albrecht,” 69.
44. Ruffner, “Case of Otto Albrecht,” 69; Naftali, “CIA and Eichmann’s Associates,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 345; Feinstein, “Uncovering the Architect.”
45. Ruffner, “Case of Otto Albrecht,” 69; Naftali, “CIA and Eichmann’s Associates,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 354; Operation Gladio, “Otto von Bolschwing,” 12 December 2012, http://operation-gladio.net/otto-von-bolschwing (site discontinued).
46. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 2–4.
47. Ruffner, “Case of Otto Albrecht,” 69.
48. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 263.
49. Ruffner, “Case of Otto Albrecht,” 69–70; Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 263–65.
50. Ruffner, “Case of Otto Albrecht,” 70; Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 264–65.
51. Ruffner, “Case of Otto Albrecht,” 70.
52. Ruffner, “Case of Otto Albrecht,” 70–71.
53. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 265–66; Ruffner, “Case of Otto Albrecht,” 71.
54. Ruffner, “Case of Otto Albrecht,” 71; “Man, 71, Is Ordered to Reply to Charge of Serving the Nazis,” New York Times, 29 July 1981.
55. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 266.
56. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 266–67; Ruffner, “Case of Otto Albrecht,” 71–72; “Man, 71, Is Ordered”; “Otto von Bolschwing: Ex-Captain in Nazi SS,” obituary, New York Times, 10 March 1982; Operation Gladio, “Otto von Bolschwing.”
1. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 310.
2. Herzstein, Waldheim, 27.
3. Herzstein, Waldheim, 27, 34–35; Jonathan Kandell, “Kurt Waldheim, Former UN Chief, Is Dead at 88,” New York Times, 15 June 2007; “Kurt Waldheim,” obituary, Telegraph, 15 June 2007.
4. Herzstein, Waldheim, 35–37; “Former Secretary-General: Kurt Waldheim,” United Nations, 4 July 2016, www.un.org/sg/en/content/formersg/kurt-waldheim.
5. Herzstein, Waldheim, 37, 38.
6. Herzstein, Waldheim, 37–40.
7. Herzstein, Waldheim, 40–41.
8. Herzstein, Waldheim, 40–45.
9. For more on the “gentlemen’s agreement,” see Herzstein, Waldheim, 48.
10. Herzstein, Waldheim, 47–49, 50.
11. Herzstein, Waldheim, 50; Sher et al., “Matter of Kurt Waldheim,” 21.
12. Herzstein, Waldheim, 51.
13. Herzstein, Waldheim, 50–53.
14. Herzstein, Waldheim, 53.
15. Herzstein, Waldheim, 53–55.
16. Waldheim, qtd. in Kandell, “Kurt Waldheim Dies.”
17. Herzstein, Waldheim, 55–56.
18. Herzstein, Waldheim, 55–56; Kandell, “Kurt Waldheim Dies”; John M. Goshko, “Kurt Waldheim; Led U.N. Austria; Suspected of Nazi Ties,” Washington Post, 15 June 2007; Kandell, “Waldheim, Former UN Chief”; Rosenbaum and Hoffer, Betrayal, 22, 23, 84, 430; Sher et al., “Matter of Kurt Waldheim,” 21.
19. Herzstein, Waldheim, 58.
20. Herzstein, Waldheim, 48.
21. Herzstein, Waldheim, 57–59; Kandell, “Kurt Waldheim Dies”; Kandell, “Waldheim, Former UN Chief”; “Kurt Waldheim,” obituary, Telegraph; Rosenbaum and Hoffer, Betrayal, 22–23, 77, 84, 88; Sher et al., “Matter of Kurt Waldheim,” 22.
22. Herzstein, Waldheim, 61.
23. Herzstein, Waldheim, 61–62.
24. Qtd. in Herzstein, Waldheim, 62–63.
25. Herzstein, Waldheim, 63.
26. Herzstein, Waldheim, 63–65; Sher et al., “Matter of Kurt Waldheim,” 22–23.
27. Herzstein, Waldheim, 65–66; Rosenbaum and Hoffer, Betrayal, 7.
28. Rosenbaum and Hoffer, Betrayal, 15. For a more complete discussion of the CIA assessment, see “Waldheim, Kurt,” vol. 1, and “Waldheim, Kurt,” vol. 2, Second Release of Name Files under the Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Disclosure Acts, RG 263, Records of the Central Intelligence Agency, 1894–2002, NARA.
29. Qtd. in Rosenbaum and Hoffer, Betrayal, 15–16. See also Ruffner, “Kurt Waldheim,” 54; and Goshko, “Kurt Waldheim.”
30. Herzstein, Waldheim, 155.
31. Herzstein, Waldheim, 156, 159; Rosenbaum and Hoffer, Betrayal, 83.
32. Herzstein, Waldheim, 159, 163–64.
33. Herzstein, Waldheim, 166–69; Rosenbaum and Hoffer, Betrayal, 174–75.
34. Herzstein, Waldheim, 169. See also Rosenbaum and Hoffer, Betrayal, 175.
35. Herzstein, Waldheim, 170.
36. “Former Secretary-General.”
37. “Former Secretary-General.”
38. “Former Secretary-General.”
39. “Former Secretary-General.”
40. “Former Secretary-General.”
41. “Former Secretary-General”; “Appointment Process,” United Nations, accessed 8 July 2016, www.un.org/sg/appointment.shtml.
42. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 310. For a detailed account of his investigation and release of information about Waldheim’s World War II military record, see also Rosenbaum and Hoffer, Betrayal.
43. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 310.
44. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 310–11; Sher et al., “Matter of Kurt Waldheim,” 31–34.
45. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 311.
46. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 311–12.
47. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 312.
48. Wistrich, Austrians and Jews, 257. See also Rosenbaum and Hoffer, Betrayal, 129–36.
49. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 312.
50. Rosenbaum and Hoffer, Betrayal, 257–58; Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 312.
51. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 312–13.
52. Rosenbaum and Hoffer, Betrayal, 291.
53. Sher et al., “Matter of Kurt Waldheim,” 21.
54. Sher et al., “Matter of Kurt Waldheim,” 23.
55. Sher et al., “Matter of Kurt Waldheim,” 28–29.
56. Sher et al., “Matter of Kurt Waldheim,” 30.
57. Sher et al., “Matter of Kurt Waldheim,” 30.
58. Sher et al., “Matter of Kurt Waldheim,” 23.
59. Qtd. in Sher et al., “Matter of Kurt Waldheim,” 36.
60. Sher et al., “Matter of Kurt Waldheim,” 36.
61. Sher et al., “Matter of Kurt Waldheim,” 37.
62. Sher et al., “Matter of Kurt Waldheim,” 39; Herzstein, Waldheim, 108, 113–14.
63. Sher et al., “Matter of Kurt Waldheim,” 41–43. For more information on Waldheim’s role in the deportations, see Rosenbaum and Hoffer, Betrayal, 418–20.
64. Sher et al., “Matter of Kurt Waldheim,” 45–48.
65. Sher et al., “Matter of Kurt Waldheim,” 24–25, 50.
66. Sher et al., “Matter of Kurt Waldheim,” 51–52. For a more detailed account of the aftermath of the operation, see Sher et al., “Matter of Kurt Waldheim,” 52–74; and Rosenbaum and Hoffer, Betrayal, 122–25.
67. Sher et al., “Matter of Kurt Waldheim,” 70–73.
68. Sher et al., “Matter of Kurt Waldheim,” 70–75; Rosenbaum and Hoffer, Betrayal, 123.
69. Sher et al., “Matter of Kurt Waldheim,” 25–26.
70. Mazower, Inside Hitler’s Greece, 190.
71. Mazower, Inside Hitler’s Greece, 191–92.
72. Mazower, Inside Hitler’s Greece, 192.
73. Mazower, Inside Hitler’s Greece, 192–94.
74. Mazower, Inside Hitler’s Greece, 194.
75. Qtd. in Mazower, Inside Hitler’s Greece, 196–97.
76. Mazower, Inside Hitler’s Greece, 197.
77. Mazower, Inside Hitler’s Greece, 197–98. For more on Waldheim’s activities in Greece, including the deportation of Jews from Corfu, see Rosenbaum and Hoffer, Betrayal, 192–98, 220–24.
78. Sher et al., “Matter of Kurt Waldheim,” 26–27.
79. Rosenbaum and Hoffer, Betrayal, 453–54.
80. For additional information about the World Jewish Congress–Wiesenthal feud, see Rosenbaum and Hoffer, Betrayal.
81. Rosenbaum and Hoffer, Betrayal, 217–18, 221–23.
82. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 314; Sher et al., “Matter of Kurt Waldheim,” 204.
83. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 313.
84. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 314–15, 321–23; Rosenbaum and Hoffer, Betrayal, xvii.
1. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 239. Some sources suggest that Andrija Artuković was born in Klobuk, Herzogovina. See Ryan, “Attitudes toward the Prosecution,” in Braham, Contemporary Views, 213–14.
2. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 239.
3. Tomasevich, War and Revolution, 35.
4. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 239–40; Ryan, Quiet Neighbors, 3; HEART, “The Jasenovac Extermination Camp: ‘Terror in Croatia,’” Holocaust Research Project, accessed 16 December 2016, www.holocaustresearchproject.org/othercamps/jasenovac.html.
5. HEART, “Jasenovac Extermination Camp.”
6. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 239.
7. HEART, “Jasenovac Extermination Camp.”
8. Ryan, Quiet Neighbors, 3.
9. HEART, “Jasenovac Extermination Camp.”
10. HEART, “Jasenovac Extermination Camp”; Ryan, Quiet Neighbors, 3; Goda, “Nazi Collaborators,” in Breitman et al., Intelligence and the Nazis, 230–31.
11. HEART, “Jasenovac Extermination Camp”; Ryan, Quiet Neighbors, 3; Goda, “Nazi Collaborators,” 230–31; Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 239; Butler, “Artukovitch File.”
12. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 240.
13. Butler, “Artukovitch File.”
14. Butler, “Artukovitch File”; Nesho Djuric, “Yugoslav War Crimes Trial to Begin: Artukovic Was Croatian Officer,” Sun-Sentinel, 13 April 1986; “Andrija Artukovic, 88, ‘Butcher of the Balkans,’” Chicago Tribune, 19 January 1988; Ryan, Quiet Neighbors, 3.
15. HEART, “Jasenovac Extermination Camp.”
16. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 248.
17. Butler, “Artukovitch File”; Kennedy, “Deed Agreeable to God,” 194.
18. Kennedy, “Deed Agreeable to God,” 193–94.
19. Kennedy, “Deed Agreeable to God,” 191, 193–99.
20. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 251; Rashke, Useful Enemies, 58.
21. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 240–41.
22. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 240–41.
23. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 241–42; United States of America ex rel. Branko Karadzole, Consul General, Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia, Complainant, v. Andrija Artukovic, Defendant, 170 F. Supp. 383 (S.D. Calif. 1959).
24. Artukovic v. Boyle, 107 F. Supp. 11 (S.D. Calif. 1952); Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 242.
25. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 242–43.
26. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 242–43; Karadzole, 170 F. Supp. 383.
27. Karadzole, 170 F. Supp. 383.
28. Ryan, “Attitudes toward the Prosecution,” in Braham, Contemporary Views, 213.
29. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 244.
30. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 240–45; Ryan, “Attitudes toward the Prosecution,” in Braham, Contemporary Views, 213. There is a slight discrepancy regarding the date of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ ruling. Feigin says June 1981, while Ryan claims the ruling was issued on 1 July 1981.
31. “Board of Immigration Appeals,” U.S. Department of Justice, 24 March 2016, www.justice.gov/eoir/board-of-immigration-appeals.
32. Ryan, “Attitudes toward the Prosecution,” in Braham, Contemporary Views, 213.
33. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 244–45.
34. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 245–46. The Office of International Affairs, which was housed in the Department of Justice, was in charge of extraditions.
35. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 246–47.
36. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 247.
37. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 248.
38. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 248.
39. Ralph Blumenthal, “Andrija Artukovic, 88, Nazi Ally Deported to Yugoslavia, Is Dead,” New York Times, 19 January 1988; “War Criminal Andrija Artukovic Dies in Yugoslav Prison Hospital,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 19 January 1988; Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 246–48, 569.
40. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 253.
1. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 271.
2. In 1202 Bishop Albert of Livonia founded the Livonian Brothers of the Sword. The Livonian Knights were a German military and religious order. Wearing a white robe with a red cross and sword, the Livonian Knights pursued their purpose of conquering and Christianizing the Baltic region.
3. Under the terms of the Versailles Treaty, Poland gained complete independence. In addition, Poland acquired the German provinces of Posen and Western Prussia and half of Silesia.
4. Toomas Hiio, “German Occupation in Estonia, 1941–1944,” Estonica: Encyclopedia about Estonia, 12 August 2009, www.estonica.org/en/History/1939-1945_Estonia_and_World_War_II/German_occupation_in_Estonia_1941-1944/.
5. Hiio, “German Occupation in Estonia.”
6. United States of America, Plaintiff, v. Karl Linnas, Defendant, 527 F. Supp. 426 (E.D. N.Y. 1981).
7. Maripuu, “Execution of Estonian Jews,” in Hiio, Maripuu, and Paavlo, Estonia, 1940–1945, 652.
8. Linnas, 527 F. Supp. 426; Maripuu, “Execution of Estonian Jews,” in Hiio, Maripuu, and Paavlo, Estonia, 1940–1945, 652; Weiss-Wendt, Murder without Hatred, 198, 200.
9. Maripuu, “Execution of Estonian Jews,” in Hiio, Maripuu, and Paavlo, Estonia, 1940–1945, 653.
10. Maripuu, “Execution of Estonian Jews,” in Hiio, Maripuu, and Paavlo, Estonia, 1940–1945, 653.
11. Maripuu, “Execution of Estonian Jews,” in Hiio, Maripuu, and Paavlo, Estonia, 1940–1945, 653; Weiss-Wendt, Murder without Hatred, 198, 200; Linnas, 527 F. Supp. 426.
12. Linnas, 527 F. Supp. 426.
13. Linnas, 527 F. Supp. 426.
14. Linnas, 527 F. Supp. 426.
15. Legge, “Karl Linnas Deportation Case,” 32.
16. Linnas, 527 F. Supp. 426; Legge, “Karl Linnas Deportation Case,” 32–33.
17. Linnas, 527 F. Supp. 426; Legge, “Karl Linnas Deportation Case,” 29.
18. Linnas, 527 F. Supp. 426, app. B.
19. Hinojosa, “Summary.”
20. Linnas, 527 F. Supp. 426.
21. Linnas, 527 F. Supp. 426.
22. Linnas, 527 F. Supp. 426.
23. Linnas, 527 F. Supp. 426; Legge, “Karl Linnas Deportation Case,” 29–30; Rashke, Useful Enemies, 253.
24. Allen, “Nazi War Criminals,” 6; Legge, “Karl Linnas Deportation Case,” 26, 29–30.
25. Linnas, 527 F. Supp. 426.
26. Legge, “Karl Linnas Deportation Case,” 30.
27. Legge, “Karl Linnas Deportation Case,” 30–32; Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 271; Rashke, Useful Enemies, 253.
28. Legge, “Karl Linnas Deportation Case,” 30.
29. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 271.
30. Legge, “Karl Linnas Deportation Case,” 34.
31. See chapters 1 and 6 for a detailed discussion of the Holtzman Amendment.
32. Legge, “Karl Linnas Deportation Case,” 34.
33. Legge, “Karl Linnas Deportation Case,” 34–35; Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 271–72.
34. Legge, “Karl Linnas Deportation Case,” 34–38; Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 271.
35. Legge, “Karl Linnas Deportation Case,” 38–39.
36. Legge, “Karl Linnas Deportation Case,” 34, 38–40; Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 271–72.
37. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 271–72; Legge, “Karl Linnas Deportation Case,” 38–40.
38. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 272.
39. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 273.
40. Legge, “Karl Linnas Deportation Case,” 40; Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 273.
41. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 273–74.
42. Legge, “Karl Linnas Deportation Case,” 40.
43. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 274–75; Legge, “Karl Linnas Deportation Case,” 39–40.
44. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 276.
45. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 276–77.
46. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 278.
47. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 279.
48. Beiner, “Due Process for All,” 293; Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 277–85.
49. Legge, “Karl Linnas Deportation Case,” 44–45; Beiner, “Due Process for All,” 293–94; “Karl Linnas Deported,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 22 April 1987; William J. Eaton, “Deported War Criminal Dies in Soviet Hospital,” Los Angeles Times, 3 July 1987; Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 287.
1. For a more extensive examination of Operation Paperclip, see Intelligence and Investigative Dossiers: Impersonal File, 1939–80, Containers 79–85, Army Staff: Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence, G-2, Entry A1 134-A, RG 391, Records of the Investigative Records Repository, NARA; Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip; Lasby, Project Paperclip; Beyerchen, “German Scientists”; Simpson, Blowback; and Hunt, Secret Agenda.
2. The hiding of these files and their subsequent recovery by American forces is discussed in greater detail in chapter 10.
3. Report on Operation “BACKFIRE,” vol. 1, Scope and Organization of the Operation, WO file 33/2554, TNA, 1.
4. Report on Operation “BACKFIRE,” 1:1. Film footage of the rocket-firing tests still exists. See the following website to view some of the film: “Operation Backfire Tests at Altenwalde/Cuxhaven,”-v2rocket.com, accessed 16 December 2016, www.v2rocket.com/start/chapters/backfire.html.
5. Report on Operation “BACKFIRE,” 1:12; Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip, 176; Neufeld, Von Braun, 211–12. Both von Braun and Rudolph are discussed in greater detail in chapters 9 and 10.
6. Report on Operation “BACKFIRE,” 1:12.
7. Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip, 8.
8. Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip, 12.
9. Deputy Chiefs of Staff Committee, DCOS (45) 66, Draft Reply to FMW 168, 12 September 1945, CAB file 121/427, TNA.
10. Deputy Chiefs of Staff Committee, Extract from DCOS (45), Twelfth Meeting, 13 September 1945, CAB file 121/427, TNA.
11. Report on Operation “BACKFIRE,” 1:21.
12. Report on Operation “BACKFIRE,” 1:21, 23.
13. Report on Operation “BACKFIRE,” 1:26; “Operation Backfire Tests.”
14. Report on Operation “BACKFIRE,” 1:26; “Operation Backfire.”
15. Report on Operation “BACKFIRE,” 1:26; “Operation Backfire.”
16. Group Captain Wilson, “Exploitation of German Scientists,” memo, 29 October 1945, CAB file 122/334, TNA. See also Judt and Ciesla, Technology Transfer.
17. Cabinet Office to Joint Staff Mission, 12 December 1945, CAB file 122/344, TNA.
18. Cabinet Office to Joint Staff Mission, 12 December 1945, TNA.
19. Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip, 176–78, 262; Simpson, Blowback, 27–30.
20. Lasby, Project Paperclip, 77.
21. Lasby, Project Paperclip, 77.
22. Lasby, Project Paperclip, 78.
23. Beyerchen, “German Scientists,” 291–92; “The Alsos Mission,” Atomic Heritage Foundation, accessed 25 September 2015, www.atomicheritage.org/history/alsos-mission; Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip, 175–76.
24. “Alsos Mission.”
25. “Alsos Mission”; Beyerchen, “German Scientists,” 292.
26. Beyerchen, “German Scientists,” 292; Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip, 145. See also Defense Scientists Immigration Program, “Standard Operation Procedure,” 15 March 1958, box 1, DEFSIP Administrative Records, 1958–70, Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency, RG 330, Records of the Secretary of Defense, NARA; Bosquet N. Wev, Captain, USN, “Memorandum for Lieut. General S. J. Chamberlin, Director of Intelligence, GSUSA, Subject: Proposed Presentation to Mr. Hoover Reference Immigration of German Specialists,” 7 May 1945, Army-Intelligence Decimal File, 1941–48, box 1001, RG 319, Records of the Army Staff, NARA; and “Scientists and Technicians OMGUS, 1945–46,” General Correspondence, 1944–45, box 22, AG 231.2, Records of U.S. Occupation Headquarters, World War II, U.S. Group Control Council, RG 260, Military Agency Records, NARA.
27. Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip, 145.
28. Lasby, Project Paperclip, 79–80.
29. Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency, “Revised Objective List of German and Austrian Scientists,” 2 January 1947, container 82, RG 319, NARA; Joint Chiefs of Staff, Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency, “US-UK Combined Allocation List, January 1951” (revision of previous list dated October 1949), container 81, RG 319, NARA; Beyerchen, “German Scientists,” 292.
30. Lasby, Project Paperclip, 88; Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip, 178–80.
31. Lasby, Project Paperclip, 89; Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip, 180–81.
32. Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip, 191–95; Lasby, Project Paperclip, 107; Simpson, Blowback, 33.
33. Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip, 194, 201–2.
34. Simpson, Blowback, 34–35; Neufeld, Von Braun, 219.
35. Simpson, Blowback, 36.
36. Simpson, Blowback, 36; Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip, 225, 227; 247–48; Bosquet N. Wev, “Memorandum: Proposed Presentation to Mr. Hoover Reference Immigration of German Specialists,” 7 May 1945, box 1001, RG 319, NARA.
37. Simpson, Blowback, 36–39; Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip, 248; H. Graham Morison, “German Specialists and Scientists in the United States under the Protective Custody of the Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency,” 6 November 1947, Army-Intelligence Decimal File, box 1001, RG 319, NARA.
1. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 332, 335, 337. See also Ward, Dr. Space, 157; Neufeld, Von Braun, 475; and Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip, 426–27.
2. Franklin, American in Exile, 11.
3. Ward, Dr. Space, xi.
4. Franklin, American in Exile, 38.
5. FBI report, 11 February 1949, file 77-693, El Paso Field Office, 3. This document is included in FBI, Arthur Rudolph, released under the Freedom of Information Act. All FBI documents, unless otherwise noted, come from this published file.
6. Franklin, American in Exile, 39.
7. Franklin, American in Exile, 7–19, 23–27, 38–54, 58–63; FBI report, 11 February 1949, file 77-693, El Paso Field Office, 3.
8. Franklin, American in Exile, 65–66, 70–71, 75–79, 81–82.
9. Franklin, American in Exile, 83–85, 88–91, 97; Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 331–32.
10. “Arthur Rudolph,” Operation Paperclip, accessed 15 December 2016, www.operationpaperclip.info/arthur-rudolph.php; “Operation Backfire.”
11. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 332.
12. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 332; “Arthur Rudolph.”
13. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 332.
14. The Displaced Persons Act and the Refugee Relief Act were “two of the most far-reaching immigration laws ever enacted by Congress.” Their purpose was to allow the oppressed, including the victims of Nazi persecution and political refugees fleeing from communism, to immigrate to the United States. Between 1948 and 1953 more than six hundred thousand people immigrated to the United States from various countries under these acts. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 1.
15. FBI report, 11 February 1949, file 77-693, El Paso Field Office, 3.
16. FBI report, 11 February 1949, file 77-693, El Paso Field Office, 5.
17. FBI report, 22 September 1951, file BH 105-179; FBI report, 17 April 1962, file 151-13, Tampa Field Office, 1; “Arthur Rudolph”; Pershing II Weapon System, TM 9-1425-386-10-1, Department of the Army, June 1986, ch. 2, p. 1, http://pershingmissile.org/PershingDocuments/manuals/TM%209-1425-386-10-1.pdf; Headquarters, Department of the Army, “The Pershing Project Office,” https://history.redstone.army.mil/miss-pershing.html. Much of FBI file BH 105-179 has been blacked out.
18. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 332; “Arthur Rudolph.”
19. Franklin, American in Exile, app. A, “Transcript of U.S. Army Interrogation of Arthur Rudolph in June 1947,” 169–85.
20. Franklin, American in Exile, app. A, 169–85.
21. SA report, 17 April 1962, file 151-13, Tampa Field Office.
22. SA report, 4 May 1962, file 151-11, San Diego Field Office.
23. SA report, 4 May 1962, file 151-37, Birmingham Field Office.
24. Memorandum from Director, FBI, to SAC, Washington Field, 6 April 1962, 1–2; AIRTEL from SAC, El Paso (151-6) (P) to Director, FBI, 10 April 1962, 1; SA report, Tampa Field Office, 1; SA report, 4 May 1962, file AQ 151-4, Albuquerque Field Office, 1–2; SA report, San Diego Field Office, 1–3; SA report, Birmingham Field Office, 1–6; report, 4 May 1962, file 151-6, El Paso Field Office, 1–2; IC report, 5 May 1962, file BA 151-57, Baltimore Field Office, 1–2; report from an unnamed office, 7 May 1962, file 151-87, Washington DC Field Office, 1–3.
25. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 333.
26. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 333–34; Franklin, American in Exile, app. A, 169–85.
27. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 333–34.
28. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 334.
29. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 334.
30. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 334–35; Franklin, American in Exile, app. D, “The ‘Indictment’: Record of Meeting between the OSI and Rudolph’s Attorney in September 1983,” 353–55.
31. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 334–35; Franklin, American in Exile, app. D, 343–47; and app. G, “Agreement between Rudolph and the Justice Department,” 353–55.
32. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 335.
33. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 335.
34. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 336.
35. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 336.
36. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 336.
37. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 337.
38. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 337.
39. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 335–38; Franklin, American in Exile, app. H, “OSI Letter Which Transmitted ‘Evidence’ of Rudolph’s ‘Guilt’ to West German Government,” 357–59.
40. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations,” 338.
1. Reinke, German Space Policy, 470.
2. “Wernher von Braun,” Famous Scientists: The Art of Genius, accessed 17 December 2015, www.famousscientists.org/wernher-von-braun/; Ward, Dr. Space, 10–11; Petersen, Missiles for the Fatherland, 30–31; Neufeld, Von Braun, 12–24.
3. Ward, Dr. Space, 11.
4. Ward, Dr. Space, 12; “Wernher von Braun”; Neufeld, Von Braun, 25–27.
5. Ward, Dr. Space, 12.
6. Ward, Dr. Space, 12.
7. Neufeld, Von Braun, 25.
8. Neufeld, Von Braun, 31.
9. Neufeld, Von Braun, 31.
10. Ward, Dr. Space, 14–16; Neufeld, Von Braun, 37–38.
11. Ward, Dr. Space, 15–16.
12. Neufeld, Von Braun, 39–44; Ward, Dr. Space, 16–17.
13. Ward, Dr. Space, 20. For more on Arthur Rudolph, see chapter 9.
14. Ward, Dr. Space, 17.
15. Reinke, German Space Policy, 23; Ward, Dr. Space, 17–18; Neufeld, Von Braun, 49. For more on Dornberger, see chapters 8 and 9.
16. Ward, Dr. Space, 19–20; Cornwell, Hitler’s Scientists, 148–51.
17. “An Oral History with Mr. Karl Heimburg and Mr. Bernhard R. Tessmann,” interview by Dr. Charles Bolton, 6 March 1992, Huntsville AL, vol. 399, Stennis Space Center History Project, Mississippi Oral History Program, USM, 3–4 (hereafter cited as “Oral History,” USM).
18. “Oral History,” USM, 4; “Generalmajor Dr. Walter Robert Dornberger,” Some of the Prisoners Held At Special Camp 11, accessed 16 December 2015, www.specialcamp11.co.uk/Generalmajor_Dr_Walter_Dornberger.htm.
19. Heike Hasenauer, “Rocket Pioneers,” U.S. Army, 6 October 2008, www.army.mil/article/13102/Rocket_pioneers/.
20. “Oral History,” USM, 1–3; “Karl L. Heimburg,” Public Affairs Office, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, 27 March 1972, www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/karl_heimburg_biography.pdf.
21. Hasenauer, “Rocket Pioneers.”
22. For more information on Lt. Gen. Walter Dornberger, see chapters 8 and 9.
23. “Oral History,” USM, 4–7.
24. Ward, Dr. Space, 22.
25. Hasenauer, “Rocket Pioneers.”
26. Hasenauer, “Rocket Pioneers”; Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip, 12–15; Ward, Dr. Space, 22.
27. Hasenauer, “Rocket Pioneers.”
28. Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip, 32–34; “Bernhard Tessmann,” Operation Paperclip, accessed 20 July 2016, www.operationpaperclip.info/bernhard-tessmann.php.
29. McGovern, Crossbow and Overcast, 4.
30. McGovern, Crossbow and Overcast, 4–6, 108–9, 112, 115–17.
31. McGovern, Crossbow and Overcast, 117; Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip, 68.
32. Lt. Col. Edmund Tilley, G.S., Special Investigations, Field Information Agency, Technical/“T” Force, 69 H.Q., Control Commission for Germany, BAOH, “List of Documents on Guided Missiles Found at OBERJOCH in June 1947,” 19 June 1947, FO 1031/12, TNA.
33. For a more detailed discussion of these events, see Bower, Paperclip Conspiracy; McGovern, Crossbow and Overcast; and Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip.
34. McGovern, Crossbow and Overcast, 130, 145.
35. “Oral History,” USM, 10.
36. For a more detailed examination of Arthur Rudolph, see chapter 9.
37. For a more detailed explanation of Operations Backfire, Overcast, and Paperclip, see chapter 8.
38. “Oral History,” USM, 12–13.
39. “Dr. Wernher von Braun: First Center Director, July 1, 1960–Jan. 27, 1970,” MSFC History Office, accessed 21 December 2015, http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/vonbraun/bio.html; “Marshall Space Flight Center,” NSL Photography: The Photography of Ned S. Levi, accessed 31 January 2017, www.nslphotography.com/ScienceEngineeringandIndustry/Space-Exploration/Marshall-Space-Flight-Center/i-c4HHvT6.
40. “Dr. Wernher von Braun”; “Marshall History Overview,” NASA, accessed December 12, 2015, www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/history/overview.html.
41. “MSFC Organization Announcement,” 5 December 1968, signed Wernher von Braun, Director.
42. Wolfgang Saxon, “Arthur Rudolph,” obituary, New York Times, 3 January 1996.
43. “Dr. Wernher von Braun.”
44. Saxon, “Arthur Rudolph”; “Biography of Wernher von Braun”; “Oral History,” USM.
45. Books about these scientists and their experiments include Cornwell, Hitler’s Scientists; Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip; Beyerchen, Scientists under Hitler; Weikart, From Darwin to Hitler; Weikart, Hitler’s Ethic; Bergman, Nazi Darwinian Worldview; and Lifton, Nazi Doctors.
46. Lifton, Nazi Doctors, 33–35, 452; Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip, 75–77.
47. USHMM, “Portrait of Kurt Blome as a Defendant in the Medical Case Trial at Nuremberg,” accessed 31 January 2017, https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1036650; Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip, 75–77.
48. United States v. Alfried Krupp et al. (Case 10), 16 August 1947–31 July 1948, “B) Organizations: Summary,” Records of the U.S. Nuremberg War Crimes Trials Interrogations, 1946–49, roll 7, M 1019, RG 238, War Crimes Records, NARA, 3–4; Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip, 7, 160–61; Bower, Paperclip Conspiracy, 294; Lifton, Nazi Doctors, 452; Cornwell, Hitler’s Scientists, 360–61. See also Pozos, “Nazi Hypothermia Research”; and Deichmann, Biologists under Hitler.
49. Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip, 48, 160–63.
50. Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip, 48, 160–65.
51. “Tabun (GA): Nerve Agent,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 26 May 2015, www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/emergencyresponsecard_29750004.html.
52. “Facts about Sarin,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 20 May 2013, https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/sarin/basics/facts.asp.
53. Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip, 49, 75–76.
54. Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip, 75–76.
55. Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip, 76–78. See also Capt. Harry K. Lennon, “Preliminary Interrogation Report: Prisoner; Dr. Blome, Kurt,” 2 July 1945, RG 153, Records of the Office of the Judge Advocate General, War Crimes Branch, NARA. A copy of this one-page report is also on microfilm, Interrogation Records Prepared for War Crimes Proceedings at Nuremberg, 1945–47, roll 23, M 1270, NARA.
56. Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip, 159–65; “Kurt Blome,” Operation Paperclip, accessed 23 December 2015, www.operationpaperclip.info/kurt-blome.php.
57. United States of America v. Karl Brandt et al. (Case 1), 21 November 1946–20 August 1947, Records of the United States, Nuremberg Trials, Collection of World War II, RG 238, War Crimes Records, NARA, 6, accessed 23 December 2015, https://www.archives.gov/resea,rch/captured-german-records/microfilm/m887.pdf (site discontinued). See also United States of America v. Karl Brandt et al. (Case 1), 21 November 1946–20 August 1947, roll 28, M 1270; rolls 32 and 37, M 887, Records of U.S. Military Tribunals at Nuremberg, 1945–47, NARA.
58. Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip, 160–65.
59. Bower, Paperclip Conspiracy, 294; “Kurt Blome”; Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip, 292–98, 364.
60. Feigin, “Office of Special Investigations.”