1. Matt Rodewald, “Family Demands Change after 77-Year-Old Is Killed in a Pedestrian Crash,” Fox 10 Phoenix, March 13, 2018, https://www.fox10phoenix.com/news/family-demands-change-after-77-year-old-is-killed-in-pedestrian-crash.
2. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Road Safety Topics, “Pedestrian Safety,” accessed February 2, 2020, https://www.nhtsa.gov/road-safety/pedestrian-safety.
3. National Safety Council, “Pedestrian Fatalities 2018 Overview,” accessed March 26, 2020, https://injuryfacts.nsc.org/motor-vehicle/road-users/pedestrians/.
4. Author’s note: According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 6,283 pedestrians were killed in 2018 compared to 4,092 in 2009—a 53 percent increase over ten years (the beginning of 2009 through the end of 2018). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts, 2018 Data, “Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes: Overview,” October 2019, https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812826; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts, 2009 Data, “Pedestrians,” accessed April 10, 2020, https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/811394.
5. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, “Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes.”
6. Rodewald, “Family Demands Change.”
7. Bree Burkitt, “Man Hit, Killed by Car; Police Seeking Driver,” Arizona Republic, March 11, 2018, https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2018/03/11/man-dies-after-being-hit-car-phoenix-police-searching-driver/414708002/.
8. Wasim Riaz, Sveinung Berg Bentzrød, and Carl Alfred Dahl, “1975: 41 døde i Oslo-trafikken, 2019: Én død i trafikken,” January 2020, https://www.aftenposten.no/osloby/i/dO0rzz/1975-41-doede-i-oslo-trafikken-2019-en-doed-i-trafikken.
9. European Commission, “Traffic Safety Basic Facts on Pedestrians,” Directorate General for Transport, June 2018, https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/sites/roadsafety/files/pdf/statistics/dacota/bfs20xx_pedestrians.pdf.
10. St. Louis Federal Reserve, “Moving 12-Month Total Vehicle Miles Traveled,” updated August 15, 2019, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/M12MTVUSM227NFWA.
11. Author’s note: In 2009, the total miles driven by Americans was 2,932.4 billion. In 2018, it was 3,224.9 billion, a 9.97 percent increase. Federal Highway Administration, Policy Information, “December 2009 Traffic Volume Trends,” accessed April 10, 2020, https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/tvtw/09dectvt/index.cfm; Federal Highway Administration, Office of Highway Policy Information, “December 2018 Traffic Volume Trends,” accessed April 10, 2020, https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/travel_monitoring/18dectvt/.
12. Tim McMahon, “Inflation Adjusted Gas Prices,” InflationData.com, accessed March 20, 2020, https://inflationdata.com/articles/inflation-adjusted-prices/inflation-adjusted-gasoline-prices/.
13. R. J. Cross and Tony Dutzik, “Driving into Debt: The Hidden Cost of Risky Auto Loans to Consumers and Our Community,” Frontier Group, February 13, 2019, https://frontiergroup.org/reports/fg/driving-debt.
14. Angie Schmitt, “The Best Tool for Reducing Traffic Deaths? More Transit!,” Streetsblog USA, August 29, 2018, https://usa.streetsblog.org/2018/08/29/the-best-tool-for-reducing-traffic-deaths-more-transit/.
15. Wen Hu and Jessica B. Cicchino, “An Examination of the Increases in Pedestrian Motor Vehicle Crash Fatalities during 2009–16,” Journal of Safety Research 67 (September 2018): 37–44.
16. Highway Loss Data Institute, “Vehicle Information Report, 1981–2019 Vehicle Fleet, Facts and Figures,” December 2018.
17. Jato Dynamics, “U.S. New Vehicle Sales Saw a Slight Increase in 2018 as SUVs Continue to See Market Share Growth,” press release, February 27, 2019, https://www.jato.com/usa/u-s-new-vehicle-sales-saw-a-slight-increase-in-2018-as-suvs-continue-to-see-market-share-growth/.
18. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Status Report, “On Foot, At Risk,” May 8, 2018.
19. Eric D. Lawrence, Nathan Bomey, and Kristi Tanner, “Death on Foot: America’s Love of SUVs Is Killing Pedestrians,” Detroit Free Press, July 1, 2018, https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/2018/06/28/suvs-killing-americas-pedestrians/646139002/.
20. National Complete Streets Coalition, Smart Growth America, “Dangerous by Design 2019,” January 2019, https://smartgrowthamerica.org/dangerous-by-design/.
21. Governors Highway Safety Association, “Pedestrian Traffic Fatalities by State: 2018 Preliminary Data,” February 2019, https://www.ghsa.org/sites/default/files/2019-02/FINAL_Pedestrians19.pdf.
22. Bill Fulton, “Large Sun Belt Metro Areas Continue to Drive Growth,” Rice University Kinder Institute for Urban Research, March 23, 2018, https://kinder.rice.edu/2018/03/23/large-sun-belt-metro-areas-continue-drive-growth.
23. United States Census Bureau, “QuickFacts,” population, 2018, https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/philadelphiacountypennsylvania; https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/phoenixcityarizona.
24. Will Maher, “Poverty Face Sheet: Suburban Poverty,” Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin–Madison, no. 14, 2017–2018, https://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/factsheets/pdfs/FactSheet14-Suburban-Poverty.pdf.
25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Motor Vehicle Traffic-Related Pedestrian Deaths—United States, 2001–2010,” Morbidity and Mortality Report 62, no. 15 (April 19, 2013): 277–82, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6215a1.htm#fig.
26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Distracted Driving,” accessed March 20, 2020, https://www.cdc.gov/motorvehiclesafety/distracted_driving/index.html.
27. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts, 2016 Data, “Distracted Driving 2016,” April 2018, https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812517.
28. Zendrive Research, “Largest Distracted Driving Behavior Study,” April 2017, https://zendrive.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Zendrive_Distracted_Driving_2017.pdf.
29. Zendrive Research, “Largest Distracted Driving Behavior Study.”
30. Jonathan O’Callaghan, “Drivers Are More Distracted Than Ever Before—and Taking Your Eyes off the Road for Just 2 Seconds Increases Accident Risk 24 Times,” Daily Mail, March 18, 2015, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3000917/Drivers-distracted-taking-eyes-road-just-2-seconds-increases-accident-risk-24-times.html.
31. International Transport Forum, Road Safety Data, “Road Safety Annual Report 2019: Canada,” October 7, 2019, https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/canada-road-safety.pdf.
32. J. L. Nasar and D. Troyer, “Pedestrian Injuries due to Mobile Phone Use in Public Places,” Journal of Accident Analysis and Prevention 57 (August 2013): 91–95, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23644536.
33. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Pedestrian Safety,” accessed March 20, 2020, https://www.cdc.gov/motorvehiclesafety/pedestrian_safety/index.html.
34. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts, 2017 Data, “Pedestrians,” March 2019, https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812681.
35. Mike Maciag, “Pedestrians Dying at Disproportionate Rates in America’s Poorer Neighborhoods,” Governing, August 2014, https://www.governing.com/gov-data/pedestrian-deaths-poor-neighborhoods-report.html.
36. Author’s note: The National Household Travel Survey showed that the percentage of trips walked by Americans declined from 10.5 percent to 10.4 percent of trips between 2009 and 2017 (the latest year for which data are available); the report notes, however, that this change was within the margin of error. Federal Highway Administration, “Summary of Travel Trends, National Household Travel Survey 2017,” July 2018, https://nhts.ornl.gov/assets/2017_nhts_summary_travel_trends.pdf.
37. Transportation for America, “Rethinking the Gas Tax: Suddenly It’s the Theme of 2013,” January 31, 2013, http://t4america.org/2013/01/31/rethinking-the-gas-tax-suddenly-its-the-theme-of-2013/.
38. Griffin Smith Jr., “The Highway Establishment and How It Grew and Grew and Grew,” Texas Monthly, April 1974, https://www.texasmonthly.com/travel/the-highway-establishment-and-how-it-grew-and-grew-and-grew/.
39. Author’s note: Bike and pedestrian programs are contained within a program called Transportation Alternatives, funded at $850 million annually (Federal Highway Administration, “Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act, or ‘Fast Act,’” Transportation Alternatives, accessed March 20, 2020, https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/fastact/factsheets/transportationalternativesfs.cfm). The total annual surface transportation budget is about $60 billion (Angie Schmitt, “The 5-Year, $300 Billion ‘FAST Act’ Will Extend Transpo Policy Status Quo until 2020,” Streetsblog USA, December 2, 2015, https://usa.streetsblog.org/2015/12/02/5-year-300-billion-fast-act-will-extend-transpo-policy-status-quo-to-2020/), making the biking and walking share 1.4 percent.
40. Anthony Derrick, “Mayor Durkan Proposes Major Actions to Achieve Vision Zero Goals and Increase Traffic Safety,” City of Seattle, Office of the Mayor, December 10, 2019, https://durkan.seattle.gov/2019/12/mayor-durkan-proposes-major-actions-to-achieve-vision-zero-goals-and-increase-traffic-safety/.
1. Mark Dent, “How Roosevelt Boulevard Became the Most Dangerous Road in Philadelphia,” Billy Penn, February 6, 2017, https://billypenn.com/2017/02/06/how-roosevelt-boulevard-became-the-most-dangerous-road-in-philadelphia/.
2. Matthew DeLuca, “Driver Accused of Killing Philly Mother, Boys Had History of Driving Violations,” NBC News, July 18, 2013, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/driver-accused-killing-philly-mother-boys-has-history-driving-violations-flna6C10677250.
3. Latanya Byrd, in-person interview, July 11, 2019.
4. Joseph A. Slobodzian, “Teen Recounts Hit-Run That Killed Her Sister, 3 Nephews,” Philadelphia Inquirer, July 10, 2015, http://www.philly.com/philly/news/20150710_Teen_recounts_hit-run_that_killed_her_sister__3_nephews.html.
5. Byrd, in-person interview.
6. Byrd, in-person interview.
7. Tony Hanson, “Trial Ordered for Pair in Roosevelt Blvd. Crash That Killed Mom, 3 Kids,” CBS 3 Philadelphia, October 29, 2013, https://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2013/10/29/trial-ordered-for-pair-in-roosevelt-blvd-crash-that-killed-mom-3-kids/.
8. Chris Palmer, “Appeals Court Reverses Some Counts against Drag Racer Who Killed 4 on Roosevelt Blvd.,” Philadelphia Inquirer, December 8, 2017, https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/crime/drag-racing-crash-roosevelt-boulevard-philly-counts-reversed-20171208.html.
9. Dent, “How Roosevelt Boulevard Became Dangerous.”
10. Tanya Snyder, “Dangerous by Design: How the U.S. Builds Roads That Kill Pedestrians,” Streetsblog USA, May 24, 2011, https://usa.streetsblog.org/2011/05/24/dangerous-by-design-how-the-u-s-builds-roads-that-kill-pedestrians/.
11. David Sachs, “5 Percent of Denver Streets Account for Half of All Traffic Deaths,” Streetsblog Denver, July 25, 2017, https://denver.streetsblog.org/2017/07/25/5-percent-of-denver-streets-account-for-half-of-all-traffic-deaths/.
12. Mid-Region Council of Governments, Safety Analysis, “The High Fatal and Injury Network,” accessed March 21, 2020, http://www.mrcog-nm.gov/255/Safety-Analysis.
13. Michael Smith and Jennifer Smith, “Safety for Whom?,” Strong Towns, August 1, 2018, https://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2018/7/31/safety-for-whom.
14. Emiko Atherton, telephone interview, July 5, 2019.
15. New York City Department of Transportation, “Automated Speed Enforcement Program Report 2014–2017,” June 2018, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/speed-camera-report-june2018.pdf, 11.
16. Jason Laughlin, “Speed Cameras Approved for Roosevelt Boulevard,” Philadelphia Inquirer, May 16, 2019, https://www.inquirer.com/transportation/speed-camera-roosevelt-boulevard-philadelphia-vision-zero-20190516.html.
17. Michael B. Smith, “Walkable Rockford: Exploratory Research of Pedestrian Collisions on Arterials in Rockford, Illinois,” University of Illinois, Fall 2018.
18. Angie Schmitt, “Research Explains Why Pedestrians ‘Break the Rules,’” Streetsblog USA, January 7, 2019, https://usa.streetsblog.org/2019/01/07/research-explains-why-pedestrians-break-the-rules/.
19. Schmitt, “Research Explains.”
20. Winnie Hu, “No Longer New York City’s ‘Boulevard of Death,’” New York Times, December 3, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/03/nyregion/queens-boulevard-of-death.html.
21. Gersh Kuntzman, “First Death on Queens Boulevard since 2015 Vision Zero Fix,” Streetsblog NYC, December 17, 2018, https://nyc.streetsblog.org/2018/12/17/first-death-on-queens-boulevard-since-2015-vision-zero-fix/.
22. Historic census data can be found here: https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/PopulationofStatesandCountiesoftheUnitedStates1790-1990.pdf.
23. Doug Monroe, “Where It All Went Wrong,” Atlanta, August 1, 2012, https://www.atlantamagazine.com/great-reads/marta-tsplost-transportation/.
24. Sally Flocks, personal interview, July 7, 2019.
25. Karen Pooley, “Segregation’s New Geography: The Atlanta Metro Region, Race, and the Declining Prospects for Upward Mobility,” Southern Spaces, April 15, 2015, https://southernspaces.org/2015/segregations-new-geography-atlanta-metro-region-race-and-declining-prospects-upward-mobility/.
26. Katherine Schaeffer, “In a Rising Number of U.S. Counties, Hispanic and Black Americans Are the Majority,” Pew Research Center, November 20, 2019, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/11/20/in-a-rising-number-of-u-s-counties-hispanic-and-black-americans-are-the-majority/.
27. Data USA, “Clayton County, Georgia,” accessed March 13, 2020, https://datausa.io/profile/geo/clayton-county-ga.
28. Flocks, personal interview.
29. Chico Harlan, “A Lonely Road,” Washington Post, December 28, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/12/28/deep-south-4/?utm_term=.cfda8df2f742.
30. Georgia Department of Transportation, “Pedestrian Safety Action Plan, 2018–2022,” accessed April 10, 2020, http://www.dot.ga.gov/DriveSmart/Travel/Documents/BikePed/BikePedSAP.pdf, 46.
31. Chelsea Prince, “Clayton County Police Department Works to Reduce Pedestrian Fatalities on Tara Boulevard,” Clayton News Daily, December 5, 2016, https://www.news-daily.com/news/clayton-county-police-department-works-to-reduce-pedestrian-fatalities-on/article_08fd7525-319c-5d27-9ad5-ff999154ad37.html.
32. Lin Pei-Sung et al., “Application of Demographic Analysis to Pedestrian Safety,” Transportation Research Board, April 2017, https://trid.trb.org/view/1468235.
33. Charles T. Brown, telephone interview, July 1, 2019.
34. Angie Schmitt, “Cities Want to Save Lives with Lower Speed Limits, but States Stand in the Way,” Streetsblog USA, December 22, 2016, https://usa.streetsblog.org/2016/12/22/cities-want-to-save-lives-with-lower-speed-limits-but-states-stand-in-the-way/comment-page-5/.
35. American Planning Transit Association, “Cities with Higher Public Transit Use Can Cut Their Road Traffic Death Rate in Half,” press briefing, August 28, 2018, http://apta.vzaar.me/16584254.
36. Brian C. Tefft, “Impact Speed and a Pedestrians Risk of Severe Injury or Death,” AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, September 2011, https://aaafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/2011PedestrianRiskVsSpeedReport.pdf.
37. Frank C. Palmer, “Physics and Math for Drivers,” US Department of Labor Safety Standards, vol. 8, no. 1 (January–February 1959), 6.
38. Neil Arason, No Accident: Eliminating Death and Injury on Canada’s Roads (Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2014), 200.
39. Smart Growth America, National Complete Streets Coalition, “Dangerous by Design,” 2019, https://smartgrowthamerica.org/app/uploads/2019/01/Dangerous-by-Design-2019-FINAL.pdf.
40. Richard Retting, “Pedestrian Traffic Fatalities by State: 2017 Preliminary Data,” Governors Highway Safety Association, February 28, 2018, https://www.ghsa.org/sites/default/files/2018-03/pedestrians_18.pdf.
41. Atherton, telephone interview.
42. Geoff Boeing, “Off the Grid . . . and Back Again? The Recent Evolution of American Street Network Planning and Design,” paper presented at the ninety-ninth annual meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, January 12–16, 2020.
43. Boeing, “Off the Grid.”
44. Governors Highway Safety Association, “Pedestrian Traffic Fatalities by State: 2018 Preliminary Data,” February 2019, https://www.ghsa.org/sites/default/files/2019-02/FINAL_Pedestrians19.pdf.
45. Complete Streets Advisory Board, letter, May 30, 2018, http://usa.streetsblog.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2018/05/CSAB-Letter-of-Resignations-final.pdf, 1.
46. Angie Schmitt, “Phoenix Will Continue to Let People to Die in the Streets,” Streetsblog USA, April 24, 2019, https://usa.streetsblog.org/2019/04/24/phoenix-council-votes-to-continue-letting-people-to-die-in-the-streets/.
47. Schmitt, “Phoenix Will Continue.”
48. Atherton, telephone interview.
1. Portland Bureau of Transportation, “Bicycles in Portland Fact Sheet,” updated April 2019, https://www.portlandoregon.gov/transportation/article/407660.
2. Corey Pein, “The Other Portland,” Willamette Week, October 11, 2011, https://www.wweek.com/portland/article-18071-the-other-portland.html.
3. Portland Bureau of Transportation, “Appendix A: East Portland Demographic Overview,” East Portland in Motion: A Five-Year Implementation Strategy for Active Transportation, March 2012, https://www.portlandoregon.gov/transportation/article/372607, A7.
4. Meera Powell, “Report: Traffic Deaths Remain Higher in East Portland,” Oregon Public Broadcasting, June 11, 2019, https://www.opb.org/news/article/portland-report-reducing-traffic-fatalities/.
5. Pein, “Other Portland.”
6. Pein, “Other Portland.”
7. Hannah Chinn, “Blindsided: Portland Spends Millions to Stop Cars from Killing People. It’s Not Working,” Willamette Week, accessed March 13, 2020, https://www.wweek.com/blindsided/.
8. Powell, “Report: Traffic Deaths.”
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Motor Vehicle Traffic-Related Pedestrian Deaths—United States, 2001–2010,” Morbidity and Mortality Report 62, no. 15 (April 19, 2013): 277–82, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6215a1.htm#fig.
10. Ben Bradford, “One Way Oakland Is Fighting Racial Inequality? By Fixing Potholes,” Marketplace, May 15, 2019, https://www.marketplace.org/2019/05/15/one-way-oakland-is-fighting-racial-inequality-by-fixing-potholes/.
11. Xuehao Chu, “An Assessment of Public Transportation Markets Using NHTS Data,” National Center for Transit Research at CUTR University of South Florida, Tampa, March 2012, https://www.nctr.usf.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/77920.pdf, 28.
12. Monica Anderson, “Who Relies on Public Transit in the U.S.?,” Pew Research Center, April 7, 2016, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/04/07/who-relies-on-public-transit-in-the-u-s/.
13. Amelie G. Ramirez et al., “The State of Latino Housing, Transportation, and Green Space: A Research Review,” Salud America!, May 14, 2019, https://salud-america.org/the-state-of-latino-housing-transportation-greenspace-research/.
14. Federal Highway Administration, “Mobility Challenges for Households in Poverty,” National Household Travel Survey Mobility Brief, 2014, https://nhts.ornl.gov/briefs/PovertyBrief.pdf.
15. Robert Schneider, telephone interview, June 10, 2019.
16. Charles T. Brown, telephone interview, July 1, 2019.
17. Eric D. Lawrence, Nathan Bomey, and Kristi Tanner, “Death on Foot: America’s Love of SUVs Is Killing Pedestrians,” Detroit Free Press, July 1, 2018, https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/2018/06/28/suvs-killing-americas-pedestrians/646139002/.
18. Doug Tribou, “Kaffer: As Detroit’s Streetlights Burn Out, Fixing Them Is a Test for the City,” Morning Edition, Michigan Radio, May 9, 2019, https://www.michiganradio.org/post/kaffer-detroits-streetlights-burn-out-fixing-them-test-city.
19. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts, 2017 Data, “Pedestrians,” March 2019, https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812681.
20. J. B. Wogan, “How Streetlights Can Bridge Racial Gaps in Cities,” Government Technology, August 11, 2016, https://www.govtech.com/fs/How-Streetlights-Can-Bridge-Racial-Gaps-in-Cities.html.
21. Chris Gautz, “$185M Bond Sale Flips Switch on Purchase of 55,000 Streetlights for Detroit,” Crain’s Detroit, June 26, 2014, https://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20140626/NEWS/140629890/185m-bond-sale-flips-switch-on-purchase-of-55000-streetlights-for.
22. Todd Scott, “Detroit Public Lighting Improvements Reducing Pedestrian Fatalities,” Detroit Greenways Coalition, July 16, 2018, https://detroitgreenways.org/detroit-public-lighting-improvements-reducing-pedestrian-fatalities/.
23. Scott, “Detroit Public Lighting Improvements.”
24. Author’s note: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the overall pedestrian fatality rate for the United States is 1.58 deaths per 100,000 population. For Native American or Alaskan men, it is 7.73. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Motor Vehicle Traffic-Related Pedestrian Deaths.”
25. Kathryn Quick and Guillermo Narváez, “Understanding Roadway Safety in American Indian Reservations: Perceptions and Management of Risk by Community, Tribal Governments, and Other Safety Leaders,” University of Minnesota Center for Transportation Studies, October 2018, http://www.cts.umn.edu/Publications/ResearchReports/reportdetail.html?id=2720.
26. Quick and Narváez, “Understanding Roadway Safety.”
27. Quick and Narváez, “Understanding Roadway Safety.”
28. Wesley Marshall and Nicholas Ferenchek, “Why Cities with High Bicycling Rates Are Safer for All Road Users,” Journal of Transport and Health 13 (June 2019), https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214140518301488?via%3Dihub.
29. Marshall and Ferenchek, “Why Cities with High Bicycling Rates Are Safer.”
30. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts, 2016 Data, “Pedestrians,” March 2018 (revised), https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812493.
31. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Motor Vehicle Traffic-Related Pedestrian Deaths.”
32. Graham Beck, “Streets Safe for Walking,” AARP, March 23, 2009, https://www.aarp.org/home-garden/livable-communities/info-03-2009/streets_safe_for_walking.html.
33. Kay Fitzpatrick et al., “Improving Pedestrian Safety at Unsignalized Crossings,” Transit Cooperative Research Program and National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, report 112, 2006.
34. Nuala Sawyer, “Senior Pedestrian Killed at Fell and Baker,” SF Weekly, October 5, 2017, http://www.sfweekly.com/news/senior-pedestrian-killed-at-fell-and-baker/.
35. J. H. Kell and I. J. Fullerton, Manual of Traffic Signal Design, 2nd ed. (Washington, DC: Institute of Transportation Engineers, 1991), https://trid.trb.org/view/349378.
36. Jordi Jordan Berrett, “Pedestrian Walking Speeds at Signalized Intersections in Utah,” Brigham Young University, March 1, 2019, https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8130&context=etd.
37. Newsroom, US Census Bureau, “Older People Projected to Outnumber Children for First Time in U.S. History,” March 13, 2018, https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2018/cb18-41-population-projections.html.
38. Charles Zegeer et al., “Analysis of Elderly Pedestrian Accidents and Recommended Countermeasures,” Transportation Research Record 1405 (1993): 56–63, http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1993/1405/1405-009.pdf.
39. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Motor Vehicle Traffic-Related Pedestrian Deaths.”
40. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts, 2017 Data, “Pedestrians,” March 2019, https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812681.
41. Mike Maciag, “Pedestrians Dying at Disproportionate Rates in America’s Poorer Neighborhoods,” Governing, August 2014, https://www.governing.com/topics/public-justice-safety/gov-pedestrian-deaths-analysis.html.
42. Caitlin D. Cottrill and Piyushimita (Vonu) Thakuriah, “Evaluating Pedestrian Crashes in Areas with High Low-Income or Minority Populations,” Accident Analysis and Prevention 42, no. 6 (November 2010): 1718–28, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001457510001284?via%3Dihub.
43. Kaci L. Hickox et al., “Pedestrian Traffic Deaths among Residents, Visitors, and Homeless Persons—Clark County, Nevada, 2008–2011,” weekly report, Centers for Disease Control, June 18, 2014, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6328a1.htm.
44. Audrey McGlinchy, “Housing Austin’s Homeless Will Reduce Road Deaths, but That Will Require a Big Investment,” KUT, May 17, 2018, https://www.kut.org/post/housing-austins-homeless-will-reduce-road-deaths-will-require-big-investment.
45. McGlinchy, “Housing Austin’s Homeless.”
46. McGlinchy, “Housing Austin’s Homeless.”
47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Impaired Driving: Get the Facts,” accessed March 24, 2020, https://www.cdc.gov/motorvehiclesafety/impaired_driving/impaired-drv_factsheet.html.
48. B. F. Grant et al., “Prevalence of 12-Month Alcohol Use, High-Risk Drinking, and DSM-IV Alcohol Use Disorder in the United States, 2001–2002 to 2012–2013: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions,” JAMA Psychiatry 74, no. 9 (2017): 911–23, DOI:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.2161.
1. Julianne Hing, “Raquel Nelson and the Aggressive Prosecutions of Black Mothers,” Colorlines, July 28, 2011, https://www.colorlines.com/articles/raquel-nelson-and-aggressive-prosecutions-black-mothers.
2. Angie Schmitt, “Raquel Nelson Sentenced to Year of Probation, Granted Option of New Trial,” Streetsblog USA, July 26, 2011, https://usa.streetsblog.org/2011/07/26/raquel-nelson-granted-option-of-new-trial/.
3. Rebecca Burns, “Report: Metro Atlanta Ranks No. 8 for Pedestrian Danger,” Atlanta, May 20, 2014, https://www.atlantamagazine.com/news-culture-articles/report-metro-atlanta-ranks-no-8-for-pedestrian-danger/.
4. Angie Schmitt, “Georgia Prosecutor Continues Case against Raquel Nelson,” Streetsblog USA, September 11, 2012, https://usa.streetsblog.org/2012/09/11/georgia-prosecutor-continues-case-against-raquel-nelson/.
5. Phil Villarreal, “Report: Arizona Is Deadliest State for Pedestrians,” ABC 15 Arizona, February 28, 2018, https://www.abc15.com/news/state/report-arizona-is-deadliest-state-for-pedestrians.
6. Antonia Noori Farzan, “Killer Streets: Phoenix Is a Death Trap for Pedestrians like Kacie Clark,” Phoenix New Times, June 27, 2018, https://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/south-central-light-rail-survives-phoenix-city-council-vote-10870233.
7. Bree Burkitt and Agnel Philip, “On Phoenix’s Most Dangerous Streets, Little Has Been Done to Address the Pedestrian Death Toll,” Arizona Republic, April 1, 2019, https://www.azcentral.com/in-depth/news/local/arizona-investigations/2019/04/01/pedestrian-deaths-phoenix-slow-fix-areas-where-walkers-dying/3009674002/.
8. Angie Koehle, “Jaywalking Continues to Be a Deadly Problem in Arizona,” ABC 15 Arizona, August 31, 2018, https://www.abc15.com/news/roads/jaywalking-continues-to-be-a-deadly-problem-in-arizona.
9. City of Phoenix, “Agenda: City Council Policy Session,” April 23, 2019, https://www.phoenix.gov/cityclerksite/City%20Council%20Meeting%20Files/4-23-19%20Policy%20Agenda.pdf, 9.
10. Lindsey Blest, “2 School District of Lancaster Elementary Students Hit by Truck on Way to School,” Lancaster Online, December 11, 2018, https://lancasteronline.com/news/local/school-district-of-lancaster-elementary-students-hit-by-truck-on/article_1f7b56d2-fd4a-11e8-814a-271119abfa1a.html.
11. Alex Peterson, “PennDOT: Safety a ‘Shared Responsibility’ between Drivers, Pedestrians,” WHTM Harrisburg, December 12, 2018, https://www.abc27.com/news/local/penndot-safety-a-shared-responsibility-between-drivers-pedestrians/1654312417.
12. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Road Safety Topics, “Pedestrian Safety,” accessed May 6, 2019, https://www.nhtsa.gov/road-safety/pedestrian-safety.
13. American Automobile Association, “Exchange: Tips for Pedestrian Safety,” accessed May 6, 2019, https://exchange.aaa.com/safety/pedestrian-safety/tips-pedestrian-safety/#.XNB2RC3MzOQ.
14. Alissa Walker, “Pedestrian-Shaming Campaigns Have Got to Stop,” Curbed, October 28, 2016, https://www.curbed.com/2016/10/28/13455962/pedestrian-shaming-streets-safety-campaigns.
15. Doug MacEachern, “You Can’t Protect Stupid Pedestrians from Themselves,” AZCentral, August 13, 2014, https://www.azcentral.com/story/dougmaceachern/2014/08/13/governing-pedestrians-dangerous-phoenix-tucson/14007489/.
16. Kevin Lewis, “7 Pedestrians Killed by Vehicles in Mont. County since June 1, Laziness a Key Factor,” WJLA Washington, DC, August 22, 2018, https://wjla.com/news/local/pedestrians-killed-montgomery-county-md.
17. Stephanie Tinoco, “Family of Man Hit and Killed by Charlotte Police Car Wants Answers,” WSOC, June 9, 2018, https://www.wsoctv.com/news/local/pedestrian-injured-when-struck-by-police-officer/760515021/.
18. Lavendrick Smith, “80-Year-Old Man Seriously Injured He Ran in Front of Cop Car, CMPD Says,” Charlotte Observer, June 1, 2018, https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article212322309.html; Kimberly Johnson, “80-Year-Old Man Hit by Police Car while Crossing Road in the Rain,” Charlotte Patch, May 31, 2018, https://patch.com/north-carolina/charlotte/pedestrian-hit-cmpd-officer-while-crossing-s-tryon-street; Tinoco, “Family of Man Hit, Killed.”
19. Tinoco, “Family of Man Hit, Killed.”
20. Tara Goddard et al., “Does News Coverage of Traffic Crashes Affect Perceived Blame and Preferred Solutions? Evidence from an Experiment,” Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, December 2019, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590198219300727.
21. Heather Magusin, “If You Want to Get Away with Murder, Use Your Car: A Discursive Content Analysis of Pedestrian Traffic Fatalities in News Headlines,” Common Earth Journal, October 2017, https://journals.macewan.ca/earthcommon/article/view/1229/1026.
22. Magusin, “If You Want.”
23. Magusin, “If You Want.”
24. E. Scheffels, J. Bond, and L. E. Monteagut, “Framing the Bicyclist: A Qualitative Study of Media Discourse about Fatal Bicycle Crashes,” Transportation Research Record 2673, no. 6 (April 18, 2019): 628–37, https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198119839348.
25. Goddard et al., “Does News Affect Perceived Blame?”
26. Tara Goddard, telephone interview, December 2, 2019.
27. Goddard, telephone interview.
28. Kendall Forward, “East Cleveland Community Speaks Out after Woman Was Killed at Dangerous Intersection,” 19 Action News, January 2, 2020, https://www.cleveland19.com/2020/01/03/east-cleveland-community-speaks-out-after-woman-killed-dangerous-intersection/.
29. Kevin Freeman, “Governor Visits Intersection in East Cleveland Where Woman Was Hit and Killed,” Fox 8 Cleveland, January 7, 2020, https://fox8.com/2020/01/07/governor-visits-intersection-in-east-cleveland-where-woman-was-hit-and-killed/.
30. Barron Lerner, One for the Road: Drunk Driving Science since 1900 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012), 55.
31. Christopher Robbins, “NYPD Finally Makes Sweeping Changes to Crash Investigations,” Gothamist, March 11, 2013, https://gothamist.com/news/nypd-finally-makes-sweeping-changes-to-crash-investigations.
32. Matt Richtel, “It’s No Accident: Advocates Want to Speak of Car ‘Crashes’ Instead,” New York Times, May 23, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/23/science/its-no-accident-advocates-want-to-speak-of-car-crashes-instead.html.
33. Lauren Easton, “Ready to Lowercase ‘Internet’ and ‘Web,’” Associated Press Blog, April 2, 2016, https://blog.ap.org/products-and-services/ready-to-lowercase-internet-and-web.
34. Kristi Finney, telephone interview, September 20, 2018.
35. Aimee Green, “Teen Driver Was a .16 Three Hours after Crash, Gets Five Years in Prison for Killing Cyclist,” Oregonian, December 21, 2011, https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2011/12/teen_driver_was_a_16_three_hou.html.
36. Finney, telephone interview.
37. Finney, telephone interview.
38. Rodney Thrash, “Raquel Nelson’s Jaywalking Case Headed Back to Cobb State Court,” Marietta Patch, April 17, 2013, https://patch.com/georgia/marietta/raquel-nelson-s-jaywalking-case-headed-back-to-cobb-state-court.
39. NPR Staff, “Child’s Death Casts Light on Pedestrian Traffic Woes,” All Things Considered, July 30, 2011, https://www.npr.org/2011/07/30/138855279/convicted-suburban-mom-has-city-planners-nervous.
40. CNN Wire Staff, “Mom Granted New Trial in Death of Son Struck by Driver,” CNN, July 11, 2011.
41. Thrash, “Raquel Nelson’s Jaywalking Case.”
42. Sami K. Martin, “Mom Who Faced More Prison Time Than Drunk Driver Has Charges Dropped,” Christian Post, June 14, 2013, https://www.christianpost.com/trends/mom-who-faced-more-prison-time-than-drunk-driver-has-charges-dropped.html.
43. Yolanda Pierce, “Why Persecute the Poor for Being Poor?,” Guardian, August 19, 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2011/aug/19/why-persecute-poor-raquel-nelson.
44. Angie Schmitt, “Raquel Nelson Finally Cleared of Homicide Charges, Pleads to Jaywalking,” Streetsblog USA, June 14, 2013, https://usa.streetsblog.org/2013/06/14/raquel-nelson-finally-cleared-of-homicide-charges-pleads-to-jaywalking/.
1. Ben Conarck, “Video Shows Jacksonville Cop Threatening Young Black Man with Jail after Jaywalking,” Florida Times-Union, June 26, 2017, https://www.jacksonville.com/news/public-safety/2017-06-26/video-shows-jacksonville-cop-threatening-young-black-man-jail-after.
2. Topher Sanders, Kate Rabinowitz, and Benjamin Conarck, “Walking while Black: Jacksonville’s Enforcement of Pedestrian Violations Raises Concerns That It’s Another Example of Racial Profiling,” ProPublica/Florida Times-Union, November 16, 2017, https://features.propublica.org/walking-while-black/jacksonville-pedestrian-violations-racial-profiling/.
3. Sanders, Rabinowitz, and Conarck, “Walking while Black.”
4. Steve Patterson, “Jacksonville Remains One of Country’s Most Dangerous Cities for Pedestrians, Study Says,” Florida Times-Union, January 10, 2017, https://www.jacksonville.com/news/2017-01-10/jacksonville-remains-one-country-s-most-dangerous-cities-pedestrians-study-says.
5. Sanders, Rabinowitz, and Conarck, “Walking while Black.”
6. Sanders, Rabinowitz, and Conarck, “Walking while Black.”
7. Sarah Heise, “Sacramento PD: Officer Beat Pedestrian after Confrontation,” KCRA, April 11, 2017, https://www.kcra.com/article/sacramento-pd-officer-beat-pedestrian-after-confrontation/9260550.
8. Anita Chabria, Nashelly Chavez, and Phillip Reese, “‘Racial Profiling’? Jaywalking Tickets Disproportionately Given to Black People in Sacramento,” Sacramento Bee, April 14, 2017, https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/crime/article144743834.html.
9. Gene Balk, “Seattle Police Writing Fewer Jaywalking Tickets, but High Rate Still Issued to Black Pedestrians,” Seattle Times, July 20, 2017, https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/data/seattle-police-are-writing-fewer-jaywalking-tickets-but-high-rate-still-issued-to-black-pedestrians/.
10. Dyer Oxley, “Seattle Could Be on the Road to Nixing Its Jaywalking Law,” My Northwest (blog), July 24, 2017, http://mynorthwest.com/700636/seattle-council-and-jaywalking/.
11. Aiden Lewis, “Jaywalking: How the Car Industry Outlawed Crossing the Road,” BBC, February 12, 2014, https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26073797.
12. Richard Retting, “Pedestrian Traffic Fatalities by State: 2017 Preliminary Data,” Governors Highway Safety Association, February 28, 2018, https://www.ghsa.org/sites/default/files/2018-03/pedestrians_18.pdf.
13. W. H. Hunter, J. C. Stutts, and W. E. Pein, “Pedestrian Crash Types: A 1990’s Informational Guide,” Federal Highway Administration Publication No. FHWA-RD-96-163, April 1997, https://ntlrepository.blob.core.windows.net/lib/20000/20000/20099/PB98109671.pdf.
14. Peter Norton, Fighting Traffic: The Dawn of the Motor Age in the American City (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008).
15. Kat Eschner, “Henry Bliss, America’s First Pedestrian Fatality, Was Hit by an Electric Taxi,” Smithsonian, September 13, 2017, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/henry-bliss-americas-first-pedestrian-fatality-was-hit-electric-taxi-180964852/.
16. Norton, Fighting Traffic, loc. 597 of 4858, Kindle.
17. Norton, Fighting Traffic, loc. 357 of 4858, Kindle.
18. Norton, Fighting Traffic, loc. 376 of 4858, Kindle.
19. Peter Norton, email correspondence, December 7, 2018.
20. Norton, Fighting Traffic, loc. 928 of 4858, Kindle.
21. Rebecca Burns, “Report: Metro Atlanta Ranks No. 8 for Pedestrian Danger,” Atlanta, May 20, 2014, https://www.atlantamagazine.com/news-culture-articles/report-metro-atlanta-ranks-no-8-for-pedestrian-danger/.
22. Sally Flocks, telephone interview, July 2, 2019.
23. Flocks, telephone interview.
24. Jason A. Leonard and Richard Liotta, “Pedestrian Jaywalking under Facilitating and Nonfacilitating Conditions,” Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 15, no. 3 (Fall 1982): 469–73, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1308291/.
25. Brian Mullen, Carolyn Copper, and James Driskell, “Jaywalking as a Function of Model Behavior,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 16, no. 2 (June 1, 1990): 320–30, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0146167290162012.
26. Ann H. Do, Stacy A. Balk, and Jim W. Shurbutt, “Why Did the Pedestrian Cross the Road,” Public Roads 77, no. 6 (May–June 2014), https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/14mayjun/04.cfm.
27. Robert J. Schneider et al., “Exploratory Analysis of Driver Yielding at Low-Speed, Uncontrolled Crosswalks in Milwaukee, Wisconsin,” Transportation Research Record 2672, no. 35 (December 1, 2018): 21–32, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118782251.
28. Jon Hilkevitch, “Many Drivers Ignoring Crosswalk Law: Study,” Chicago Tribune, September 7, 2014, https://www.chicagotribune.com/ct-crosswalk-survey-getting-around-met-0908-20140907-column.html.
29. Tara Goddard and Kimberly Barsamian Kahn, “Racial Bias in Driver Yielding Behavior at Crosswalks,” National Institute for Transportation and Communities, April 2014, https://ppms.trec.pdx.edu/media/project_files/NITC-SS-733_Racial_Bias_in_Driver_Yielding_Behavior_at_Crosswalks.pdf.
30. Nichole Morris, “Evaluation of Sustained Enforcement, Education, and Engineering Measures on Pedestrian Crossings,” Minnesota Department of Transportation, July 2019, http://www.dot.state.mn.us/research/reports/2019/201929.pdf.
31. Angie Schmitt, “To Get Drivers to Yield, St. Paul Uses Psych Trick,” Streetsblog USA, October 18, 2018, https://usa.streetsblog.org/2018/10/18/want-drivers-to-yield-to-pedestrians-you-gotta-play-mind-games/.
32. Morris, “Evaluation of Sustained Enforcement.”
1. “Family Mourns Toddler’s Death after Being Hit by Car Outside Deerfield Beach Home,” NBC 6 Miami, October 16, 2017, http://www.newslocker.com/en-us/region/hialeah/im-angry-mom-of-toddler-struck-and-killed-by-car-speaks/view/.
2. Linda Trischitta, “Driver Pulled from Car and Beaten after Hitting and Killing Toddler,” South Florida Sun-Sentinel, October 16, 2016, https://www.sun-sentinel.com/local/broward/deerfield-beach/fl-sb-deerfield-child-struck-folo-20171016-story.html.
3. Erica Rakow, “1-Year-Old Boy Struck by SUV in Deerfield Beach Dies,” WPLG Channel 10, October 16, 2017, https://www.local10.com/news/1-year-old-boy-struck-by-suv-in-deerfield-beach-dies.
4. Trischitta, “Driver Pulled from Car.”
5. US Energy Information Administration, “Crossover Utility Vehicles Overtake Cars as the Most Popular Light-Duty Vehicle Type,” July 19, 2018, https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=36674.
6. Sebastian Blanco, “Hyundai’s Alabama Plant Ready to Make More SUVs Whenever Demand Requires It,” Forbes, September 28, 2018, https://www.forbes.com/sites/sebastianblanco/2018/09/28/hyundais-alabama-plant-ready-to-make-more-suvs-whenever-demand-requires-it/#1d4d2c640c79.
7. Tom McParland, “Why Ford Killed Its Cars,” Jalopnik, April 25, 2018, https://jalopnik.com/why-ford-killed-its-cars-1825546289.
8. Janet Nguyen, “Why American Auto Companies No Longer Want to Sell Actual Cars,” Marketplace, November 26, 2018, https://www.marketplace.org/2018/11/26/why-american-car-companies-are-no-longer-selling-cars/.
9. Blanco, “Hyundai’s Alabama Plant.”
10. “The Most Expensive Cars to Insure,” US News and World Report, June 3, 2009, https://cars.usnews.com/cars-trucks/daily-news/090603-the-most-expensive-cars-to-insure.
11. Alexis Madrigal, “Why Crossovers Conquered the American Highway,” Atlantic, July 10, 2014, https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/07/how-the-crossover-conquered-americas-automobile-market/374061/.
12. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, “New Car Assessment Program Frontal Barrier Impact Test,” Report Number TR-P27001-03-NC, 2007 Hyundai Santa Fe, August 2016.
13. WTHR.com Staff, “13 Investigates Reveals Hidden Dangers in Your Vehicle’s ‘Blind Zone,’” WTHR 13, April 25, 2019, https://www.wthr.com/article/wthrs-blind-zone-check.
14. KidsandCarsUSA, “PSA: 62 Children behind SUV,” YouTube, February 22, 2011, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fn0RocUSLmk.
15. KidsandCars.org, “Backovers: Chart, Statistics, Graphics,” accessed March 29, 2020, https://www.kidsandcars.org/how-kids-get-hurt/backovers/.
16. Author’s note: These kinds of crashes—frontovers and backovers—are often not counted in official pedestrian safety records because they are not considered traffic collisions by the federal agencies because they occur mostly on private property.
17. Angie Kohle, “Frontover Deaths Involving Kids Skyrocketing with Truck and SUV Popularity,” ABC 15 Arizona, June 4, 2018, https://www.abc15.com/news/roads/frontover-fatalities-involving-kids-skyrocket-with-popularity-of-big-trucks-and-suvs.
18. Eric D. Lawrence, Nathan Bomey, and Kristi Tanner, “Death on Foot: America’s Love of SUVs Is Killing Pedestrians,” Detroit Free Press, July 1, 2018, https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/2018/06/28/suvs-killing-americas-pedestrians/646139002/.
19. Nathan Bomey, telephone interview, June 4, 2019.
20. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, “On Foot, At Risk,” status report, vol. 53, no. 3 (May 8, 2018), https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/4453716/Insurance-Institute-for-Highway-Safety.pdf.
21. Author’s note: There is not a single agency that tracks these data, but with a tape measure, I was able to get a rough measure on the height of different vehicles’ front ends. The measurements will vary somewhat according to model year and tire pressure.
22. C. K. Simms and D. P. Wood, “Pedestrian Risk from Cars and Sport Utility Vehicles—a Comparative Analytical Study,” Journal of Automobile Engineering 22, no. 8 (August 1, 2006), https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/576d/d6cff506d0af4fb44d8a45b6d474d72b115d.pdf.
23. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, “New Car Assessment Program,” request for comments, December 16, 2015, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2015/12/16/2015-31323/new-car-assessment-program.
24. Paul Marks, “SUVs Double Pedestrians’ Risk of Death,” New Scientist, December 12, 2003, https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn4462-suvs-double-pedestrians-risk-of-death/.
25. Hannah Sparling, “Dear Drivers: This Man Would Like You to Stop Hitting Him,” Cincinnati Enquirer, November 20, 2018, https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2018/11/20/dear-drivers-stop-running-into-man/1423666002/.
26. Neil Kelly, telephone interview, February 15, 2019.
27. J. D. Kraemer and C. S. Benton, “Disparities in Road Crash Mortality among Pedestrians Using Wheelchairs in the USA: Results of a Capture–Recapture Analysis,” BMJ Open 5, no. 11 (2015), DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008396.
28. Angie Schmitt, “Meet the Cincinnati Wheelchair User Struck Three Times by Drivers,” Streetsblog USA, February 19, 2019, https://usa.streetsblog.org/2019/02/19/meet-the-cincinnati-wheelchair-user-struck-three-times-by-drivers/.
29. Insurance Institute for Traffic Safety, “Vehicles Are Packing More Horsepower, and That Pushes Up Travel Speeds,” May 2016, https://www.iihs.org/news/detail/vehicles-are-packing-more-horsepower-and-that-pushes-up-travel-speeds.
30. A. T. McCartt and W. Hu, “Effects of Vehicle Power,” Traffic Injury Prevention 18, no. 5 (July 4, 2017): 500–507, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27753503.
31. Chuck Squatrigalia, “EPA to Automakers: The Horsepower War Is Over,” Wired, January 29, 2008, https://www.wired.com/2008/01/epa-to-automake/.
32. United States Environmental Protection Agency, “2019 Automotive Trends Report,” EPA-420-S-20-001, accessed March 11, 2020, https://www.epa.gov/automotive-trends/highlights-automotive-trends-report.
33. Eric Lawrence, telephone interview, May 14, 2019.
34. Christopher Duerringer, “Be a Man—Buy a Car! Articulating Masculinity with Consumerism in Man’s Last Stand,” Southern Communication Journal 30, no. 2 (2015): 137–52, https://doi.org/10.1080/1041794X.2015.1017654.
35. United Nations, “Global Technical Regulation No. 9,” November 18, 2004, https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/main/wp29/wp29wgs/wp29gen/wp29registry/ECE-TRANS-180a9app1e.pdf.
36. Safety Research and Strategies Inc., “European Pedestrian Crash Standards Will Make Global Changes in Car Design,” April 1, 2005, https://www.safetyresearch.net/blog/articles/european-pedestrian-crash-standards-will-make-global-changes-car-design-inevitable.
37. Lloyd Alter, “Teslas Sold in Europe Have an ‘Active Hood’ to Protect Pedestrians. American Pedestrians? Look Both Ways,” Treehugger, April 13, 2017, https://www.treehugger.com/cars/teslas-sold-europe-have-active-hood-protect-pedestrians-american-pedestrians-look-both-ways.html; Green Car Congress, “Buick Introduces Active-Hood Technology in China; Developed with GHBMC,” October 1, 2017, https://www.greencarcongress.com/2017/10/20171001-buick.html.
38. Claus Pastor, “Correlation between Pedestrian Injury Severity in Real-Life Crashes and Euro NCAP Pedestrian Test Results,” Federal Highway Research Institute, 2005, https://cdn.euroncap.com/media/1375/23esv-000308page1-0-3f5feddf-09ec-4066-ba89-064ea19356c7.pdf.
39. C. DiMaggio, M. Durkin, and L. Richardson, “The Association of Light Trucks and Vans with Pediatric Pedestrian Fatality,” International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion 13, no. 2 (2006): 95–99.
40. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, “New Car Assessment Program,” 2015.
41. Brian Latouf, “Comment on the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Notice: New Car Assessment Program: General Motors LLC—Comment,” February 16, 2006, https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=NHTSA-2015-0119-0330.
42. Tom Stricker, “Comment on the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Notice: New Car Assessment Program: Comment from Tom Stricker,” February 26, 2016, https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=NHTSA-2015-0119-0274.
43. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, “NHTSA Announces Coming Upgrades to New Car Assessment Program,” press release, October 16, 2019, https://www.nhtsa.gov/press-releases/ncap-upgrades-coming.
44. Mary Bellis, “The History of Airbags,” ThoughtCo., August 9, 2019, https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-airbags-1991232; Linda Greenhouse, “High Court Backs Airbags Mandate,” New York Times, June 25, 1983, https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/25/us/high-court-backs-airbags-mandate.html.
45. Shaun Kildare, telephone interview, November 13, 2019.
46. Christina Rogers, “European Safety-Styled Cars Due in U.S.,” Automotive News, April 23, 2012, https://www.autonews.com/article/20120423/OEM03/304239967/european-safety-styled-cars-due-in-u.s.
47. Angie Schmitt, “WRONG! Safety Officials Think Tech Gadgets Will Save Pedestrians from Monster SUVs,” Streetsblog USA, May 16, 2019, https://usa.streetsblog.org/2019/05/16/wrong-safety-officials-think-tech-gadgets-will-save-pedestrians-from-monster-suvs/.
48. Russ Rader, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, email interview, May 16, 2019.
49. Jesse Snyder, “Crossovers and SUVs Fatten Profit Margins,” Automotive News, July 24, 2017, https://www.autonews.com/article/20170724/RETAIL01/170729911/crossovers-and-suvs-fatten-profit-margins.
50. Snyder, “Crossovers and SUVs.”
51. Vera Pardee, “Sexy Ads Created Hot Demand for SUVs. Now Automakers Are Using Those Preferences to Weaken Fuel Efficiency,” CNBC, April 5, 2018, https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/05/sexy-suv-ads-created-demand-now-being-used-to-attack-fuel-standards.html.
52. Jeremy Deaton, “Car Companies Aren’t Even Trying to Sell Electric Cars,” Huff Post/Nexus News Media, January 14, 2019, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/electric-cars-climate-detroit_b_5c3cb981e4b0bc885f74afc8.
53. Matt Robinson, “10 Images That Show Just How Fat Cars Have Become,” Car Throttle, accessed March 29, 2020, https://www.carthrottle.com/post/10-images-that-show-just-how-fat-cars-have-become/.
54. Nathan Bomey, “Cars Get Bigger to Compete with SUVs, Meet Demand for Roomier Interiors,” Detroit Free Press, January 17, 2018, https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/detroit-auto-show/2018/01/17/car-suv-size-detroit-auto-show/1038125001/.
55. Keith Bradsher, High and Mighty: SUVs—the World’s Most Dangerous Vehicles and How They Got That Way (Cambridge, MA: Public Affairs, 2002).
56. Bradsher, High and Mighty, 96.
57. Bradsher, High and Mighty, 96.
58. Matthew Curtin, “BMW Unveils Bulletproof Car,” Wall Street Journal, September 2, 2014, https://www.wsj.com/articles/bmw-and-daimler-unveil-bulletproof-cars-1409149977.
59. Hannah Elliot, “The Market for Bulletproof Vehicles Is Exploding,” Los Angeles Times, November 10, 2019, https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2019-11-10/the-market-for-bulletproof-vehicles-is-exploding.
60. Samuel S. Monfort and Joseph M. Nolan, “Trends in Aggressivity and Driver Risk for Cars, SUVs, and Pickups: Vehicle Incompatibility from 1989–2016,” Traffic Injury Prevention (TIP), August 2019, https://www.iihs.org/topics/bibliography/ref/2176.
61. Kelly Pleskot, “Police Forces Are Opting for SUVs Instead of Sedans,” MotorTrend, January 1, 2017, https://www.motortrend.com/news/police-opting-suvs-instead-sedans-report/.
62. Doug DeMuro, “The Most Popular Police Car Is . . . ,” Autotrader, November 2016, https://www.autotrader.com/car-news/most-popular-police-car-258655.
63. Phoebe Wall Howard, “Ford Police Interceptor, an SUV That Hits 150 mph, Is Best-Selling Law Enforcement Vehicle,” Detroit Free Press via WUSA9, October 4, 2018, https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/nation-now/ford-police-interceptor-an-suv-that-hits-150-mph-is-best-selling-law-enforcement-vehicle/465-60d1f3b7-2cde-4a21-9ad7-510d6ea4fb37.
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66. Bomey, telephone interview.
67. Bomey, telephone interview.
1. UPI News Service, “Man Arrested for Painting Crosswalk,” January 31, 2008, https://www.realitytvworld.com/news/man-arrested-for-painting-crosswalk-50049879.php.
2. “Vallejo Man Arrested for Painting His Own Crosswalk,” CBS Sacramento, May 31, 2013, https://sacramento.cbslocal.com/2013/05/31/vallejo-man-arrested-for-painting-his-own-crosswalk/.
3. Kate Ryan, “DC Residents Join Forces to Paint Crosswalk after Pedestrian’s Death,” WTOP, April 29, 2019, https://wtop.com/dc/2019/04/2-dc-residents-join-forces-to-paint-crosswalk-after-pedestrians-death./.
4. Dan Albert, Are We There Yet? The American Automobile Past, Present, and Driverless (New York: Norton, 2019), 269.
5. Christopher Monsere, telephone interview, November 14, 2019.
6. Comments by Peter Furth given at the policy briefing hosted by Boston City Council’s Committee on Parks, Recreation, and Transportation, December 6, 2016, Northeastern University, http://www.northeastern.edu/peter.furth/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Pedestrian-Friendly-Traffic-Signal-Policies-Boston.pdf.
7. National Committee on Uniform Traffic Control Devices Signals Committee, “NCUTCD Proposal for Changes to the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices,” June 21, 2018, https://ncutcd.org/wp-content/uploads/Sponsor%20Comments/2018B/Attach03.18B-GMI-01.ExitNumbering.pdf.
8. Bill Schultheiss (@schlthss), “Another issue with regards to cost was concern installing pedestrian signals would trigger installation of crosswalks, curb ramps, sidewalks, and in some cases require utility work. This cost could be 5-50 thousand per intersection,” Twitter, January 10, 2019, 11:04 a.m., https://twitter.com/schlthss/status/1083394093848375296?s=20.
9. Bill Schultheiss (@schlthss), “Of course when we discuss cost of infrastructure we are making policy decisions and value judgments regarding who is important and who’s life has value. Our design decisions are *social engineering* the behavior of society,” Twitter, January 16, 2019, 11:16 a.m., https://twitter.com/schlthss/status/1083397142134358017?s=20.
10. Bill Schultheiss, telephone interview, November 16, 2019.
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13. Veronica Davis, telephone interview, January 21, 2020.
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15. Davis, telephone interview.
16. Davis, telephone interview.
17. Bill Schultheiss, “How Many Deaths Does It Take to Question ‘Standard Practice’?,” PE Magazine, November–December 2018, https://www.nspe.org/resources/pe-magazine/november-2018/how-many-deaths-does-it-take-question-standard-practice.
18. National Association of City Transportation Officials, “Member Cities,” accessed February 28, 2020, https://nacto.org/member-cities/.
19. Federal Highway Administration, “Questions and Answers about Design Flexibility for Pedestrian and Bicycle Facilities,” Bicycle and Pedestrian Program, July 25, 2014, https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/guidance/design_flexibility_qa.cfm.
20. Dongho Chang (@dongho_chang), “We are piloting a new approach for greenway crossings. We build the appropriate treatments at arterial crossings and count/evaluate usage afterward. This tells us if the treatments have been successful or if additional revisions are needed for the community,” Twitter, January 30, 2019, 3:11 p.m., https://twitter.com/dongho_chang/status/1090704061668544512?s=20.
21. Art Pearce and Lewis Wardrip, “DRAFT Spacing Guidelines for Marked Pedestrian Crossings,” Portland Bureau of Transportation, November 1, 2018.
22. John MacFarlane, “In ‘Paradigm Change,’ Montreal Prioritizes Pedestrians over Cars at Traffic Lights,” CBC News, November 18, 2019, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/montreal-puts-pedestrian-safety-first-at-traffic-lights-1.5363500?__vfz=medium%3Dsharebar.
23. Hanna Lindberg and Maria Håkansson, “Vision Zero 20 Years: How Dreams Can Become Reality,” AF Consult, April 2017, https://www.afconsult.com/contentassets/8f0c19f4f7d24aa5bdbfd338128391ec/2017057-17_0194-rapport-nollvision-eng_lr.pdf.
24. Nathalie Rothschild, “How Sweden Became the EU’s Road Safety Champion,” Euro News, last updated February 20, 2018, http://www.euronews.com/2018/02/20/how-sweden-became-the-eu-s-road-safety-champion.
25. Vehicle and Traffic Safety Center at Chalmers, “Record Low Number of Fatalities in Road Traffic 2017,” January 11, 2018, https://www.saferresearch.com/news/record-low-number-fatalities-road-traffic-2017.
26. Author’s note: Deaths per 100,000 population were, in the United States, 14.86 (2000) and 12.4 (2017); and in Sweden, 6.7 (2000), 2.3 (2017).
27. Zainab Mudallal, “Why Sweden Has the World’s Safest Roads,” Quartz, December 31, 2014, https://qz.com/319940/why-sweden-has-the-worlds-safest-roads/.
28. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts, “Critical Reasons for Crashes Investigated in the National Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Survey,” February 2015, https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812115.
29. Center for Active Design, “Vision Zero: Learning from Sweden’s Successes,” accessed March 29, 2020, https://centerforactivedesign.org/visionzero.
30. Daniel Firth, Skype interview, December 4, 2019.
31. Firth, Skype interview.
32. Lisa Groeger, “Unsafe at Many Speeds,” ProPublica, May 25, 2016, https://www.propublica.org/article/unsafe-at-many-speeds.
33. Bo Bjerre et al., “A Swedish Alcohol Ignition Interlock Programme for Drink-Drivers: Effects on Hospital Care Utilization and Sick Leave,” Addiction 102, no. 4 (March 12, 2007), https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01726.x.
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35. Emma Fitzsimmons, “Traffic Deaths in New York City Drop to 200, a Record Low,” New York Times, January 1, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/01/nyregion/traffic-deaths-decrease-nyc.html.
36. Marco Conner, telephone interview, December 6, 2019.
37. New York City Department of Transportation, “Protected Bicycle Lanes in NYC,” September 2014, https://www.streetsblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/2014-09-03-bicycle-path-data-analysis.pdf.
38. New York City, “Vision Zero, Year 5 Report,” March 2019, https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/visionzero/downloads/pdf/vision-zero-year-5-report.pdf.
39. Laura Bliss, “The Incredibly Cheap Street Fix That Saves Lives,” Citylab, January 26, 2018, https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2018/01/the-incredibly-cheap-street-fix-that-saves-lives/551498/.
40. Karen Hao and Amanda Shendruk, “One Small Change to New York’s Intersections Is Saving Pedestrians’ Lives,” Quartz, September 21, 2018, https://qz.com/1315305/one-small-change-to-new-yorks-intersections-is-saving-pedestrians-lives/.
41. Conner, telephone interview.
42. Conner, telephone interview.
43. Conner, telephone interview.
44. Brock Keeling, “SF Declares State of Emergency for Traffic Deaths. Can It Save Pedestrians?,” Curbed San Francisco, November 8, 2019, https://sf.curbed.com/2019/11/8/20952029/san-francisco-pedestrian-safety-deaths-emergency-traffic-cars.
45. Danielle Leigh, “New York City Ends 2019 with Overall Increase in Traffic Deaths,” WABC, December 31, 2019, https://abc7ny.com/5802477/.
46. “PBOT Says 2019 Has Been a Particularly Deadly Year on Local Roads; 42 Traffic Deaths So Far,” Fox 12 Oregon, November 11, 2019, https://www.kptv.com/news/pbot-says-has-been-a-particularly-deadly-year-on-local/article_0d037d30-0515-11ea-9eeb-4f5686f94601.html.
47. Hannah Chinn, “Blindsided: Portland Spends Millions to Stop Cars from Killing People. It’s Not Working,” Willamette Week, accessed March 13, 2020, https://www.wweek.com/blindsided/.
48. Chinn, “Blindsided.”
49. Chinn, “Blindsided.”
50. Jonathan Maus, direct message, November 19, 2019.
51. International Transport Forum/OECD, Road Safety Data, “Road Safety Annual Report 2019: Sweden,” October 7, 2019, https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/sweden-road-safety.pdf.
52. Xinhua, “Norway Best in World in Traffic Safety: Report,” Global Times, June 27, 2018, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1108618.shtml.
53. Firth, Skype interview.
54. Laura Nelson, “L.A. Backs Venice Boulevard’s Controversial ‘Road Diet’ as Activists Threaten to Sue,” Los Angeles Times, March 8, 2019, https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-venice-mar-vista-bike-lane-20190308-story.html.
55. Angie Schmitt, “Are We Starting to See Progress toward Vision Zero?,” Streetsblog USA, May 22, 2019, https://usa.streetsblog.org/2019/05/22/are-we-starting-to-see-progress-toward-vision-zero/.
56. Transport for London and Mayor of London, “Vision Zero Action Plan,” July 24, 2018, http://content.tfl.gov.uk/vision-zero-action-plan.pdf.
57. Firth, Skype interview.
1. Safe Routes to School North Carolina, “Walk to School Day Participation in North Carolina Skyrockets,” 2015, https://www.eatsmartmovemorenc.com/News/Texts/North_Carolina_Walk_to_School_Day_Report_2015.pdf.
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4. Angie Schmitt, “NC Cuts Safety Program for Kids while Pouring Billions into Roads,” Streetsblog USA, August 24, 2018, https://usa.streetsblog.org/2018/08/24/north-carolina-dot-cuts-road-safety-program-for-kids-while-pouring-billions-into-highways/.
5. Transportation for America, “Top Ten Things to Know about the New Map-21 Transportation Law,” July 2012, http://t4america.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Top-10-Need-to-Know-MAP-21.pdf.
6. U.S. Census Bureau Newsroom, “Biking to Work Increases 60 Percent over Last Decade, Census Bureau Reports,” May 8, 2014, https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2014/cb14-86.html.
7. Alex Williams, “Cyclists Go Glam into the Night,” New York Times, October 22, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/23/fashion/for-the-bike-to-work-generation-a-move-to-fashionable-high-tech-clothing.html.
8. Tanya Snyder, “Coburn Blocks Quick Senate Vote on Transportation Extension,” Streetsblog USA, September 14, 2011, https://usa.streetsblog.org/2011/09/14/coburn-blocks-quick-senate-vote-on-transportation-extension/.
9. Andy Clarke, telephone interview, November 21, 2019.
10. Clarke, telephone interview.
11. Clarke, telephone interview.
12. Clayton Nall, telephone interview, November 23, 2019.
13. Nall, telephone interview.
14. Mary Wisniewski, “Why Americans, Particularly Millennials, Have Fallen Out of Love with Cars,” Chicago Tribune, November 12, 2018, https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-young-adults-cars-attitudes-20181106-story.html.
15. Wisniewski, “Why Americans.”
16. Congressional Research Service, “Membership of the 116th Congress: A Profile,” January 14, 2020, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R45583.pdf.
17. Nall, telephone interview.
18. Angie Schmitt, “Koch-Funded Groups: Cut All Federal Funding for Walking, Biking, Transit,” Streetsblog USA, January 29, 2015, https://usa.streetsblog.org/2015/01/29/koch-funded-groups-cut-all-federal-funding-for-walking-biking-transit/.
19. Angie Schmitt, “House Dems: We Won’t Support a Transpo Bill That Cuts Bike/Ped Funding,” Streetsblog USA, September 15, 2015, https://usa.streetsblog.org/2015/09/15/house-dems-we-wont-support-a-transpo-bill-that-cuts-bikeped-funding/.
20. Lawrence Blincoe et al., “The Economic and Societal Impact of Motor Vehicle Crashes, 2010 (Revised),” National Center for Statistics and Analysis, May 2015 (revised), https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812013.
21. Terry Lansdell, telephone interview, December 10, 2019.
22. Lansdell, telephone interview.
23. Margo Pedroso, “Most States Make Big Moves on TAP; Some Squander TAP Funds,” Safe Routes Partnership Blog, October 25, 2017, https://www.saferoutespartnership.org/blog/most-states-make-big-moves-tap-some-squander-tap-funds.
24. Margo Pedroso, telephone interview, November 27, 2019.
25. Texas Department of Transportation, “Texas Motor Vehicle Traffic Crash Facts Calendar Year 2017,” May 6, 2019, https://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot-info/trf/crash_statistics/2017/01.pdf.
26. Report of the Secretary of Transportation to the United States Congress, “Annual Report on Funding Recommendations,” 2019, https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/funding/grant-programs/capital-investments/69556/fy19-annual-report.pdf, 7; Heritage Foundation, “Transportation and Infrastructure: Don’t Spend $2 Trillion; Reduce Federal Intervention,” June 13, 2019, https://www.heritage.org/article/transportation-and-infrastructure-dont-spend-2-trillion-reduce-federal-intervention.
27. “2016 Republican Party Platform,” July 18, 2016, https://prod-static-ngop-pbl.s3.amazonaws.com/media/documents/DRAFT_12_FINAL[1]-ben_1468872234.pdf, 5.
28. Tanya Snyder, “TIGER’s Love Affair with Freight—and Bikes,” Streetsblog USA, April 26, 2013, https://usa.streetsblog.org/2013/04/26/tigers-love-affair-with-freight-and-bikes/.
29. Angie Schmitt, “Trump Turns Obama-Era Program into a Road Fund,” Streetsblog USA, December 12, 2018, https://usa.streetsblog.org/2018/12/12/tiger-is-a-roads-program-now/.
30. Pedroso, telephone interview.
31. Paul Thompson, “GO Bond-Backed Sidewalk Repair Program Taking Shape,” Northeast News, June 19, 2017, http://northeastnews.net/pages/go-bond-back-sidewalk-repair-program-taking-shape/.
32. Smart Growth America, “Dangerous by Design 2019,” January 23, 2019, https://smartgrowthamerica.org/dangerous-by-design/.
33. Angie Schmitt, “Election 2018: The Koch Brothers Lost Big in Tampa Last Night,” Streetsblog USA, November 7, 2018, https://usa.streetsblog.org/2018/11/07/election-2018-the-koch-brothers-lost-big-in-tampa-last-night/.
34. Ellin Delapaz, “Hillsborough Voters Approve Sales Tax for Roads, Transportation,” WUSF, November 6, 2018, https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/post/hillsborough-voters-approve-sales-tax-roads-transportation.
35. Richard Danielson, “Business Groups Boost All for Transportation in Florida Supreme Court,” Tampa Bay Times, October 22, 2019, https://www.tampabay.com/news/business/2019/10/22/tampa-business-groups-support-all-for-transportation-in-supreme-court/.
36. Tyler Hudson, email interview, January 30, 2019.
1. Adrienne LaFrance, “Self-Driving Cars Could Save 300,000 Lives Per Decade in America,” Atlantic, September 9, 2015, https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/09/self-driving-cars-could-save-300000-lives-per-decade-in-america/407956/?utm_source=SFTwitter.
2. Hannah Knowles, “Uber’s Self-Driving Cars Had a Major Flaw: They Weren’t Programmed to Stop for Jaywalkers,” Washington Post, November 6, 2019, https://www.boston.com/cars/car-news/2019/11/06/ubers-self-driving-cars-had-a-major-flaw-they-werent-programmed-to-stop-for-jaywalkers.
3. US Department of Transportation, “Remarks as Prepared for Delivery by U.S. Secretary of Transportation Elaine L. Chao,” AV 3.0 Roll Out, October 4, 2018, https://www.transportation.gov/briefing-room/av-30-roll-out.
4. Doug Ducey (@dougducey), “California may not want you; but AZ does! @Uber,” Twitter, December 21, 2016, 10:05 p.m., https://twitter.com/dougducey/status/811769526362611712?lang=en.
5. Laurie Roberts, “Roberts: Uber Experiment Blows Up in Gov. Doug Ducey’s Face,” Arizona Republic, May 23, 2018, https://www.azcentral.com/story/opinion/op-ed/laurieroberts/2018/05/23/uber-arizona-gov-doug-ducey-experiment-blows-up-his-face/639118002/.
6. Julia Carrie Wong, “California Threatens Legal Action against Uber Unless It Halts Self-Driving Cars,” Guardian, December 16, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/dec/16/uber-defies-california-self-driving-cars-san-francisco.
7. Simon Romero, “Wielding Rocks and Knives, Arizonans Attack Self-Driving Cars,” New York Times, December 31, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/31/us/waymo-self-driving-cars-arizona-attacks.html.
8. Governors Highway Safety Association, “Autonomous Vehicles,” accessed February 29, 2020, https://www.ghsa.org/state-laws/issues/autonomous%20vehicles.
9. Kyle Wiggers, “Waymo’s Autonomous Cars Have Driven 20 Million Miles on Public Roads,” VentureBeat, January 6, 2020, https://venturebeat.com/2020/01/06/waymos-autonomous-cars-have-driven-20-million-miles-on-public-roads/.
10. Amri Efrati, “The Uber Whistleblower’s Email,” The Information, December 10, 2018, https://www.theinformation.com/articles/the-uber-whistleblowers-email.
11. Timothy Lee, “Police: Uber Driver Was Streaming Hulu Just before Fatal Self-Driving Car Crash,” Ars Technica, June 22, 2018, https://arstechnica.com/cars/2018/06/police-uber-driver-was-streaming-hulu-just-before-fatal-self-driving-car-crash/.
12. Laura Bliss, “Former Uber Backup Driver: ‘We Saw This Coming,’” Citylab, March 27, 2018, https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2018/03/former-uber-backup-driver-we-saw-this-coming/556427/.
13. Pete Bigelow, “NTSB Scrutinizes ‘Automation Complacency’ after Uber Crash,” Automotive News, December 11, 2019, https://www.autonews.com/mobility-report/ntsb-scrutinizes-automation-complacency-after-uber-crash.
14. Mike Isaac, Super Pumped: The Battle for Uber (New York: Norton, 2019), loc. 405 of 880, iBooks.
15. Paayal Zaveri, “Uber’s Revenue and Bookings Growth Slowed Slightly in the Second Quarter of 2018, Company Reports,” CNBC, August 15, 2018, https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/15/uber-q2-2018-revenue-bookings-slow-slightly.html.
16. “Uber IPO,” Financial Times, accessed April 1, 2020, https://www.ft.com/content/b3e70e9e-5c4d-11e9-9dde-7aedca0a081a.
17. Eric Newcomer, “Uber Revenue Slows as Quarterly Loss Surges to $1.1 Billion,” Bloomberg Technology, November 14, 2018, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-11-14/uber-revenue-slows-as-quarterly-loss-surges-to-1-1-billion.
18. Graham Rapier, “Uber and Lyft Are Betting on Self-Driving Cars to Become Profitable. But That May Not Happen, New Research from MIT Suggests,” Business Insider, May 29, 2019, https://www.businessinsider.com/uber-lyft-self-driving-taxis-may-not-help-profitability-mit-2019-5.
19. Dan Albert, telephone interview, October 22, 2019.
20. National Transportation Safety Board, “Preliminary Report Released for Crash Involving Pedestrian, Uber Technologies, Inc., Test Vehicle,” press release, May 24, 2018, https://www.ntsb.gov/news/press-releases/Pages/NR20180524.aspx.
21. Isaac, Super Pumped, loc. 403, iBooks.
22. Richard Lawler, “Uber Will Not Face Criminal Charges for Last Year’s Self-Driving Crash,” Engaget, March 5, 2019, https://www.engadget.com/2019/03/05/uber-autonomous-fatal-crash-criminal-charges/.
23. National Association of City Transportation Officials, “NTSB Finds Inadequate Safeguards in Place for Self-Driving Vehicle Testing across U.S.,” November 21, 2019, https://nacto.org/2019/11/21/ntsb-finds-inadequate-safeguards-in-place-for-self-driving-vehicle-testing/.
24. Heather Somerville, “Homeless Arizona Woman Killed by Uber Self-Driving SUV Was ‘Like Everyone’s Aunt,’” Reuters, March 20, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-autos-selfdriving-uber-victim/homeless-arizona-woman-killed-by-uber-self-driving-suv-was-like-everyones-aunt-idUSKBN1GW36P.
25. Somerville, “Homeless Arizona Woman Killed.”
26. Jake Fisher, telephone interview, October 3, 2019.
27. Eric Taub, “How Jaywalking Could Jam Up the Era of Self-Driving Cars,” New York Times, August 1, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/01/business/self-driving-cars-jaywalking.html.
28. Angie Schmitt, “Wear a Sensor Everywhere Just to Stay Alive? No Thanks,” Streetsblog USA, March 23, 2018, https://usa.streetsblog.org/2018/03/23/wear-a-sensor-everywhere-just-to-stay-alive-no-thanks/.
29. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, “Subaru Crash Avoidance System Cuts Pedestrian Crashes,” status report, vol. 53, no. 3 (May 8, 2018), https://www.iihs.org/api/datastoredocument/status-report/pdf/53/3.
30. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, “Manufacturers Make Progress on Voluntary Commitment to Include Automatic Emergency Braking on All New Vehicles,” news release, December 21, 2017, https://www.nhtsa.gov/press-releases/nhtsa-iihs-announcement-aeb.
31. Fisher, telephone interview.
32. Joan Claybrook and Advocates for Highway and Auto Safety, “NCAP at 40: Time to Return to Excellence,” October 17, 2019, https://saferoads.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/NCAP-at-40-Time-to-Return-to-Excellence-by-Joan-Claybrook.pdf.
33. Jeff Plungis, “Cars Make Progress in Pedestrian Detection, Crash Tests Show,” Consumer Reports, October 29, 2019, https://www.consumerreports.org/car-safety/cars-make-progress-in-pedestrian-detection/.
34. Ellen Edmonds, “AAA Warns Pedestrian Detection Systems Don’t Work When Needed Most,” AAA Newsroom, October 3, 2019, https://newsroom.aaa.com/2019/10/aaa-warns-pedestrian-detection-systems-dont-work-when-needed-most/.
35. Shaun Kildare, telephone interview, November 13, 2019.
36. Fisher, telephone interview.
37. Andrew Hawkins, “Tesla’s Autopilot Lulled Driver into a State of ‘Inattention’ in 2018 Freeway Crash,” Verge, September 4, 2019, https://www.theverge.com/2019/9/4/20849499/tesla-autopilot-crash-culver-city-2018-ntsb-report.
38. Dan Albert, Are We There Yet? The American Automobile Past, Present, and Driverless (New York: Norton, 2019), 277.
39. Offer Grembek, telephone interview, November 15, 2019.
40. Grembek, telephone interview.
41. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Motor Vehicle Crash Deaths: How Is the US Doing?,” Vital Signs, accessed April 1, 2020, https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/motor-vehicle-safety/index.html.
42. Angie Schmitt, “Europe Will Use Vehicle Tech to Prevent Speeding, Save Thousands of Lives,” Streetsblog USA, March 5, 2019, https://usa.streetsblog.org/2019/03/05/europe-will-use-vehicle-tech-to-prevent-speeding-save-thousands-of-lives/.
43. David Cullen, “Senate Bill Would Require Truck Speed Limiters Set at 65 MPH on All New Trucks,” Trucking Info, Heavy Duty Trucking, June 28, 2019, https://www.truckinginfo.com/335147/senate-bill-would-require-truck-speed-limiters-set-at-65-mph-on-all-new-trucks.
44. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, “Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication,” accessed January 31, 2019, https://www.nhtsa.gov/technology-innovation/vehicle-vehicle-communication.
45. David Shepardson, “Toyota Halts Plan to Install U.S Connected Vehicle Tech by 2021,” Automotive News, April 26, 2019, https://www.autonews.com/mobility-report/toyota-halts-plan-install-us-connected-vehicle-tech-2021.
46. Shepardson, “Toyota Halts Plans.”
47. Tamra Johnson, “Red Light Running Deaths Hit 10 Year High,” AAA Newsroom, August 29, 2019, https://newsroom.aaa.com/2019/08/red-light-running-deaths-hit-10-year-high/.
48. Dan Albert, electronic message, January 31, 2020.
1. World Health Organization, “Global Status Report on Road Safety 2018,” June 17, 2018, https://www.who.int/publications-detail/global-status-report-on-road-safety-2018.
2. World Health Organization, “Global Status Report.”
3. World Health Organization, “Global Status Report.”
4. Soames Job and Julie Babinard, telephone interview, June 14, 2019.
5. Richard Florida, “The Great Divide in How Americans Commute to Work,” Citylab, January 22, 2019, https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2019/01/commuting-to-work-data-car-public-transit-bike/580507/.
6. Job and Babinard, telephone interview.
7. Clare Cummings and Beatrice Obwocha, “At the Crossroads: The Politics of Road Safety in Nairobi,” World Resources Institute Case Study, March 2018.
8. Kate Turner, telephone interview, June 10, 2019.
9. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Partnership Platforms, “Child Health Initiative: Safe and Healthy Journeys to School to Reduce Emissions and Exposure to Air Pollution, Enable Active Transport, and Ensure Safe Roads,” June 1, 2016, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=29838.
10. World Population Review, “Accra Population 2020,” accessed April 1, 2020, http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/accra-population/.
11. Turner, telephone interview.
12. Saul Billingsley et al., “Step Change: An Action Agenda on Safe Walking for Africa’s Children,” Amend, FIA Foundation, https://www.fiafoundation.org/media/402416/step-change-spreads.pdf, 27.
13. Billingsley et al., “Step Change.”
14. Turner, telephone interview.
15. Job and Babinard, telephone interview.
16. Ariadne Baskin, “Africa Used Vehicle Report,” presentation for United Nations Environment, African Clean Mobility Week, March 13, 2018, https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/25233/AfricaUsedVehicleReport.pdf.
17. World Bank, “Population Ages 0–14 (% of Total Population),” 2017, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.0014.TO.ZS.
18. Billingsley et al., “Step Change.”
19. Billingsley et al., “Step Change.”
20. Turner, telephone interview.
21. Billingsley et al., “Step Change.”
22. Turner, telephone interview.
23. World Bank, The High Toll of Traffic Injuries: Unacceptable and Preventable (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2017), https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/29129/HighTollofTrafficInjuries.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y, 11.
24. Carolynn Johnson and Gonzalo Peon Carballo, “Teaching Road Safety in Mexico City,” Transportation Alternatives Vision Zero Cities Journal, November 18, 2018, https://medium.com/vision-zero-cities-journal/teaching-road-safety-in-mexico-city-e934402018c2.
25. Angelica Mercado, “Alcoholímetro baja 43% los decesos de conductores: Ssa,” Milenio, February 26, 2018, http://www.cvnoticias.com/notas/14457/alcoholmetro-baja-43-los-decesos-de-conductores-ssa.
26. Sebastián Varela, “Urban and Suburban Transport in Mexico City: Lessons Learned Implementing BRTs Lines and Suburban Railways for the First Time,” International Transport Forum, June 2015, https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/docs/varela_0.pdf, 7.
27. Jorge Cáñez, telephone interview, July 6, 2019.
28. Cáñez, telephone interview.
29. Cáñez, telephone interview.
30. Cáñez, telephone interview.
31. Johnson and Carballo, “Teaching Road Safety.”
32. Nathaniel Janowitz, “Mexico’s Pedestrian Activists Are Waging a Battle for Safer Streets,” Citylab, April 16, 2019, https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2019/04/traffic-deaths-mexico-pedestrian-road-safety-law-el-mimo/586783/.
33. Areli Carreón, email interview, July 27, 2019.
34. Maria Angelica Perez Avendaño and Gustavo Jimenez, “Mexico City’s Car Congestion Slows Economic Growth, Costs Businesses,” World Resources Institute, April 28, 2015, https://www.wri.org/blog/2015/04/mexico-city-s-car-congestion-slows-economic-growth-costs-businesses.
35. Cáñez, telephone interview.
36. Alissa Walker, “Watch Oslo Transform into a Car-Free Utopia,” Curbed, April 24, 2017, https://www.curbed.com/2017/4/14/15301558/transportation-oslo-bike-lanes-cars-streetfilms.
37. Adele Peters, “What Happened When Oslo Decided to Make Its Downtown Basically Car-Free?,” Fast Company, January 24, 2019, https://www.fastcompany.com/90294948/what-happened-when-oslo-decided-to-make-its-downtown-basically-car-free.
38. Feargus O’Sullivan, “In Madrid, a Car Ban Proves Stronger Than Partisan Politics,” Citylab, July 24, 2019, https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2019/07/madrid-car-ban-street-map-city-politics-mayor-court-decision/594487/.
39. Erin K. Sauber-Schatz et al., “Vital Signs: Motor Vehicle Injury Prevention—United States and 19 Comparison Countries,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 65, no. 26 (July 8, 2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6526e1.
40. Jessica Y. Ho, “Mortality under Age 50 Accounts for Much of the Fact That US Life Expectancy Lags That of Other High-Income Countries,” Journal of Health Affairs 32, no. 3 (March 2013), https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2012.0574.
41. World Health Organization, “Global Status Report on Road Safety 2018,” June 17, 2018, https://www.who.int/publications-detail/global-status-report-on-road-safety-2018.
42. Josef Filipowicz, “Room to Grow: Comparing Urban Density in Canada and Abroad,” Frazier Institute, January 9, 2018, https://www.fraserinstitute.org/studies/room-to-grow-comparing-urban-density-in-canada-and-abroad.
43. Statistics Canada, “Commuting to Work,” Census Program, Reference Materials, 2011, Labour, modified July 25, 2018, https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-012-x/99-012-x2011003_1-eng.cfm; Florida, “Great Divide in Commute.”
44. Author’s note: The seat belt compliance rate in the United States is 90 percent; Canada’s is 95 percent. International Transport Forum, Road Safety Data, “Road Safety Annual Report 2019: Canada,” October 7, 2019, https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/canada-road-safety.pdf, 19; International Transport Forum, Road Safety Data, “Road Safety Annual Report 2019: USA,” October 7, 2019, https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/united-states-road-safety.pdf, 9.
45. World Health Organization, “Global Status Report on Road Safety 2018,” June 17, 2018, https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2018/en/.
46. Angie Schmitt, “Here’s Why Canada’s Traffic Safety Record Is Better Than Ours,” Streetsblog USA, August 7, 2018, https://usa.streetsblog.org/2018/08/07/heres-why-canadas-traffic-safety-record-so-much-better-than-ours/.
1. Ben Fried, “The Prospect Park Road Diet: A Big Improvement That Only Goes Halfway,” Streetsblog NYC, February 28, 2012, https://nyc.streetsblog.org/2012/02/28/the-prospect-park-road-diet-a-big-improvement-that-only-goes-halfway/.
2. Amy Cohen, telephone interview, August 9, 2018.
3. New York City Department of Transportation, “Prospect Park West Bicycle Path and Traffic Calming,” accessed April 1, 2020, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/bicyclists/prospectparkwest.shtml.
4. Raphael Pope-Sussman, “The Prospect Park West Bike Lane Legal War Is Over,” Gothamist, September 21, 2016, http://gothamist.com/2016/09/21/ppw_bike_lane_lawsuit.php.
5. Steven Higashide, “The Design Bible That Changed How Americans Bike in Cities,” Atlantic, March 1, 2018, https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/03/a-new-bible-for-bike-lanes/554450/.
6. Emma Fitzsimmons, “New York City’s Pedestrian Fatalities Lowest on Record in 2014,” New York Times, January 1, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/02/nyregion/new-york-pedestrian-deaths-are-lowest-on-record.html.
7. Cohen, telephone interview.
8. Brad Aaron, “The Heart of London Adopts 20 MPH Speed Limit,” Streetsblog NYC, September 13, 2013, https://nyc.streetsblog.org/2013/09/13/the-heart-of-london-adopts-20-mph-speed-limit/.
9. Cohen, telephone interview.
10. The Middle Way Society, “Rod King on 20’s Plenty for Us,” podcast 60, April 25, 2015, http://www.middlewaysociety.org/tag/rod-king/.
11. The Middle Way Society, “Rod King on 20’s Plenty.”
12. Sarah Goodyear, “The Grassroots Campaign to Slow Down Traffic in the U.K.,” Citylab, September 22, 2015, https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2015/09/the-grassroots-campaign-to-slow-down-traffic-in-the-uk/406477/.
13. 20sPlenty, “Reducing Speed Limits from 30mph to 20mph Typically Results in More Than 20% Fewer Casualties,” May 23, 2018, http://www.20splenty.org/20mph_casualty_reduction.
14. World Health Organization, “Managing Speed,” 2017, https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/road_traffic/managing-speed/en/.
15. Sasha Goldstein, “Park Slope Mom Amy Cohen Becomes Grieving Face of Push for Lower Speed Limits Less Than a Month after Her Son’s Death on Prospect Park West,” New York Daily News, October 31, 2013, https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brooklyn/grieving-park-slope-mom-moves-council-tears-article-1.1502862.
16. Brad Aaron, “NYPD: 16,059 Pedestrians and Cyclists Injured, 178 Killed in Traffic in 2013,” Streetsblog NYC, January 31, 2014, https://nyc.streetsblog.org/2014/01/31/nypd-16059-pedestrians-and-cyclists-injured-178-killed-in-traffic-in-2013/.
17. Brad Aaron, “NYPD and Media Declare ‘Accident’ as Another Child Killed by NYC Motorist,” Streetsblog NYC, October 7, 2013, https://nyc.streetsblog.org/2013/10/07/nypd-and-media-declare-accident-as-another-child-killed-by-nyc-motorist/.
18. Amy Tam-Liao and Hsi-Pei Liao, email interview, January 30, 2020.
19. Tam-Liao and Liao, email interview.
20. Cohen, telephone interview.
21. Vision Zero Network, “From Grief to Action: Families for Safe Streets Takes the Lead in NYC,” August 11, 2015, https://visionzeronetwork.org/from-grief-to-action-families-for-safe-streets-takes-the-lead-in-nyc/.
22. David Goodman and Matt Flegenheimer, “De Blasio Announces Steps to Reduce Traffic Deaths,” New York Times, January 15, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/16/nyregion/de-blasio-announces-steps-to-reduce-traffic-deaths.html.
23. Patrick McGeehan, “New York City Council Passes Bill Lowering the Speed Limit on Most Streets,” New York Times, October 7, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/08/nyregion/new-york-city-council-passes-bill-lowering-the-speed-limit-on-most-streets.html.
24. Erin Durkin, Maria Vallaseñor, and Joseph Stepansky, “Boy, 5, Hit by Car at Brooklyn Intersection Where 12-Year-Old Was Killed in 2013, Key to Vision Zero Initiative,” New York Daily News, June 8, 2015, http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brooklyn/boy-5-hit-car-deadly-brooklyn-intersection-article-1.2250233.
25. New York City Department of Transportation, “Automated Speed Enforcement Program Report 2014–2017,” June 2018, http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/speed-camera-report-june2018.pdf, 2.
26. Jim Dwyer, “Caught on Speed Camera, a Senator Who’d Like to Shut Them Down,” New York Times, June 27, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/26/nyregion/marty-golden-school-speed-camera-ticketed-10-times.html.
27. Anna Sanders, “State Senators Propose Stop Signs to Replace Speed-Cameras near Schools,” New York Post, June 23, 2018, https://nypost.com/2018/06/23/state-senators-propose-stop-signs-to-replace-speed-cameras-near-schools/.
28. Ben Fried, “‘We Will Not Take No for an Answer’: Families for Safe Streets Demand Cuomo Act on Speed Cameras,” Streetsblog NYC, June 22, 2018, https://nyc.streetsblog.org/2018/06/22/we-will-not-take-no-for-an-answer-families-for-safe-streets-demand-cuomo-act-on-speed-cameras/.
29. Tam-Liao and Liao, email interview.
30. Cohen, telephone interview.
31. Kevin McKeever, “Speed Cameras Turned Back on with NYC Schools Back in Session,” NYC Dads Group, September 4, 2018, https://citydadsgroup.com/nyc/2018/09/school-zone-speed-cameras/.
32. Cohen, telephone interview.
33. New York City Council, “Speaker Corey Johnson, City Council Members, and Safe Streets Advocates Rally for Streets Master Plan,” October 29, 2019, https://council.nyc.gov/press/2019/10/29/1821/.
34. New York City Council, “Speaker Corey Johnson.”
35. Benjamin Kabak, “Corey Johnson’s Streets Master Plan Is a Great First Step for a More Livable NYC,” Curbed NYC, November 4, 2019, https://ny.curbed.com/2019/11/4/20948035/nyc-street-safety-corey-johnson-master-plan-analysis.
36. Barron Lerner, One for the Road: Drunk Driving Science since 1900 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012), 85.
37. Lerner, One for the Road, 82.
38. Kristi Finney, telephone interview, September 20, 2018.
39. Cohen, telephone interview.
40. Cohen, telephone interview.
41. Elizabeth Warren (@ewarren), “Traffic violence kills thousands and injures even more Americans every year. On World Day of Remembrance for Traffic Crash Victims, I’m sending my love to the families and friends of those who have lost loved ones. It’s time to #EndTrafficViolence,” Twitter, November 17, 2019, 2:33 p.m., https://twitter.com/ewarren/status/1196149347542618121?s=20.
42. Katie Herzog, “Elizabeth Warren Wants to End ‘Traffic Violence,’” The Stranger, November 19, 2019, https://www.thestranger.com/slog/2019/11/19/42040942/elizabeth-warren-wants-to-end-traffic-violence.
43. Cohen, telephone interview.
1. Alejandro Ramirez, “Nashville Remembers Pedestrians Who Were Killed in 2019,” Nashville Scene, January 20, 2020, https://www.nashvillescene.com/news/pith-in-the-wind/article/21111172/nashville-day-of-remembrance-for-pedestrians.
2. Stephen Elliott, “Nashville Missing 1,900 Miles of Sidewalks, Report Finds,” Nashville Post, January 9, 2017, https://www.nashvillepost.com/politics/metro-government/article/20848494/nashville-missing-1900-miles-of-sidewalks-report-finds.
3. Ramirez, “Nashville Remembers Pedestrians.”
4. Seena Sleem, “Day of Remembrance Honors Pedestrians Killed,” News Channel 5 Nashville, January 18, 2020, https://www.newschannel5.com/news/day-of-remembrance-honors-pedestrians-killed.
5. Sleem, “Day of Remembrance.”
6. Tara Goddard, telephone interview, December 2, 2019.
7. Walk Bike Nashville, “Impossible Crossings,” October 26, 2018, https://www.walkbikenashville.org/impossible_crossings.
8. Norman Garrick, telephone interview, January 21, 2020.
9. Garrick, telephone interview.
10. Garrick, telephone interview.
11. Lindsey Ganson, telephone interview, January 21, 2020.
12. Emiko Atherton, telephone interview, July 5, 2019.
13. Walk Bike Nashville, “Nashville Community Transportation Platform: Making Nashville a Safer and More Equitable Place to Get Around,” accessed April 2, 2020, https://www.nashvilletransportation.org.
14. Ganson, telephone interview.