1Gianni Toniolo, ‘Europe’s golden age, 1950–1973: speculations from a long-run perspective’, Economic History Review, 51 (1998), 252–66.
2International Trade Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. International Trade 1972, p. 1; International Trade Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. International Trade 1980, Table 1.
3Ibid.
4Gilbert R. Winham, International Trade and the Tokyo Round Negotiation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986).
5William H. Branson et al., ‘Trends in United States International Trade and Investment since World War II’, in Martin Feldstein (ed.) The American Economy in Transition (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1980), p. 196, Table 3–13.
1U.S. Code Congressional and Administrative News. 93rd Congress Second Session 1974. Legislative History. Trade Act of 1974, p. 7189.
2Harold G. Vatter, The U.S. Economy in the 1950s. An Economic History (New York: W. Norton & Company Inc., 1963), pp. 153 et seq.
3Peter H. Lindert, ‘U.S. Foreign Trade and Trade Policy in the Twentieth Century’, in Stanley L. Engerman and Robert E. Gallman (eds) The Cambridge Economic History of the United States, Volume III: The Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 426.
4Ibid., p. 429
5Ibid., p. 434.
6Harold G. Vatter, The US Economy, p. 179, Table 6–4.
7Angus Maddison, The World Economy: A Long-Run Comparative View (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), Appendix C, Table C–11.
8Economic Report of the President (hereinafter E.R.P). Transmitted to the Congress January 1977, pp. 45 et seq.
9William H. Branson et al., ‘Trends in United States International Trade and Investment since World War II’, in Martin Feldstein (ed) The American Economy in Transition (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1980), p. 196, Table 3–13.
10John Llewellyn et al., ‘Competitiveness and the Current Account’, in Andrea Boltho (ed.) The European Economy: Growth and Crisis (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 144.
11Antony S. Campagna, U.S. National Economic Policy, 1917–1985 (New York and London: Praeger, 1987), p. 318.
12Eric Owen Smith, The German Economy (London and New York: Routledge, 1994), p. 503; Hans-Joachim Braun. The German Economy in the Twentieth Century. The German Reich and the Federal Republic (London and New York: Routledge, 1990), p. 238.
13Klaus Hinrich Hennings ‘West Germany’, in Andrea Boltho (ed.) The European, p. 487.
14Ibid., p. 489.
15Christian Sautter, ‘France’, in Andrea Boltho (ed.)The European, p. 461.
16Guido Rey, ‘Italy’, in Andrea Boltho (ed.) The European, p. 520.
17See Alec Cairncross, The British Economy since 1945: Economic Policy and Performance, 1945–55, 2nd edn. (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1995), Chap. IV; also J. Foreman-Peck, ‘Trade and the Balance of Payments’, in N. F. R. Grafts and W. C. Woodward (eds) The British Economy since 1945 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), p. 168.
18Jacob Viner, The Customs Union Issue (London: Stevens & Sons Limited, 1950), Chap. IV.
19See Catherine R. Schenk, ‘Foreign Trade and Payments in Western Europe’, in Max-Stephan Schulze (ed.), Western Europe Economic and Social Change since 1945 (London and New York: Longman, 1999), p. 111.
20A. D. Morgan, ‘Commercial Policy’, in F. T. Blackaby (ed.) British Economic Policy 1960–74 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), p. 555, Table 12.2.
21Ernest Mandel, Europe versus America?: Contradiction of Imperialism (London: N.L.B., 1970), p. 63.
22C. Fred Bergsten, Toward a New International Economic Order. Selected Papers of C. Fred Bergsten 1972–1974 (Toronto: Lexington Books, 1975), p. 193.
23Benyamin Bardan, ‘The Cotton Textile Agreement 1962–1972’, Journal of World Trade Law, 7 (1973), 9.
24Ibid., 17.
25The official name of the Arrangement was ‘the Arrangement Regarding International Trade in Textiles’.
26Hans-Helmut Taake et al., ‘The World Textile Arrangement. The Exporter’s Viewpoint’, Journal of World Trade Law, 8 (1974), 626 et seq.; Joseph Pelzman, ‘The Multifiber Arrangement and Its Effect on the Profit Performance of the U.S. Textile Industry’, in Robert Baldwin and Anne O. Krueger (eds) The Structure and Evolution of Recent U.S. Trade Policy (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1984), p. 114.
27Luc Fauvel, ‘The Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community and North American Exports’, in Charles P. Kindleberger and Andrew Shonfield (eds) North American and Western European Economic Policies. Proceedings of a Conference Held by the International Economic Association (London: MacMillan and Co. Ltd, 1971), p. 303.
28Michael Tracy, Agriculture in Western Europe: Challenge and Response 1880–1980 (London: Granada, 1982) p. 279.
29Willard W. Cochrane, The Development of American Agriculture. A Historical Analysis (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1979), p. 147.
30Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States (hereinafter PPPUS) – John F. Kennedy, 1962. Special Message to the Congress on Foreign Trade Policy, 25 January 1962.
31Ernest H. Preeg, Traders and Diplomats. An Analysis of the Kennedy Round of Negotiations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Washington, DC: The Brooking Institute, 1970), p. 251.
32Raymond Vernon, Sovereignty at Bay: The Multinational Spread of U.S. Enterprises (London: Longman Group LtD, 1971), pp. 65–7.
33Charles P. Kindleberger, American Business Abroad: Six Lectures on Direct Investment (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1969), Lecture 1.
34Frederick T. Knickerbocker, Oligopolistic Reaction and Multinational Enterprises (Boston: Harvard University Graduate School of Business Administration, 1973).
35Peter Buckley et al., The Future of the Multinational Enterprise (London: MacMillan & Co Ltd, 1976).
36John Dunning, International Production and the Multinational Enterprise (London: George Allen Unwin, 1981), Chapter 2.
37Richard N. Cooper, The Economic of Interdependence. Economic Policy in the Atlantic Community (London: McGraw-Hill, 1968), pp. 89 et seq.
38Robert Gilpin, U.S. Power and the Multinational Corporation, (New York: Basic Books Publishers, 1971), pp. 176 et seq.
39John H. Dunning, ‘United States Foreign Investments and the Technological Gap’, in Charles P. Kindlberger and Andrew Shonfield (eds) North American, p. 398.
40Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber, The American Challenge (London: Hamish-Hamilton, 1968), Chapter I–VI.
41PPPUS – John F. Kennedy, 1962. Message to the Congress Presenting the President’s First Economic Report, 22 January 1962.
1Ernest H. Preeg, Traders and Diplomats, p. 260.
2Economic and Social Committee of the European Communities. Avis du Comité économique et sociale sur la ‘communication de la Commission au Conseil relative à l’élaboration d’une conception globale en vue des prochaines négociations multilatérales’, 24 May 1973.
3Gerard Curzon et al., After the Kennedy Round: what trade policies now? (London: Atlantic Trade Studies, 1968), p. 15.
4General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (hereinafter GATT). Contracting Parties – Twenty-Fourth Session. Summary Record of the Nineteenth Meeting, Held on Friday 24 November 1967. SR. 24/19, 12 December 1967.
5T. H. Farrer, Bart, Free Trade versus Fair Trade, 2nd edn. (London: Cassell & Company Limited, 1885), p. 6.
6PPPUS – Richard Nixon, 1969. Special Message to the Congress on United States Trade Policy, 18 November 1969.
7PPPUS – Richard Nixon, 1970. The President News Conference of July 20, 1970.
8Fred Bergsten, Toward a New International Economic Order. Selected Papers of C. Fred Bergsten (Toronto: Lexington Books, 1985), p. 196.
9United States International Economic Policy in an Interdependent World. Report to the President by the Commission on International Trade and Investment Policy (Williams Commission), July 1971 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1971).
10Bulletin of the EC (hereinafter Bull. EC), January 1971, Community – United States – Japan: Trade Policy – Problems and Outlooks. Address by Professor Dahrendorf, member of the Commission to the European Parliament, 19 January 1971.
11See Michael Bordo, ‘The Bretton Woods International Monetary System: A Historical Overview’, in Michael D. Bordo and Barry Eichengreen (eds) A Retrospective on the Bretton Woods System. Lesson for International Monetary Reform (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1993), pp. 74 et seq.
12In particular, Brian Tew, The Evolution of the International Monetary System 1945–77, 2nd edn. (London: Hutchinson, 1986), Chapter 9.
13Ibid.
14Samuel Rosemberg, American Economic Development since 1945: Growth, Decline and Rejuvenation (Houndmills: Palgrave MacMillan, 2003), p. 170.
15Charles A. Coombs, The Arena of International Finance (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1976), p. 189.
16PPPUS – Richard Nixon, 1971. Address to the Nation Outlining a New Economic Policy: The Challenge of Peace, 15 August 1971.
17Robert E. Hudec, Enforcing International Trade Law. The Evolution of the Modern GATT Legal System (Salem, NH: Butterworth Legal Publishers, 1993), p. 60.
18ERP transmitted to the Congress January 1972, p. 67.
19PPPUS – Richard Nixon, 1971. Address to the Nation.
20Charles A. Coombs, The Arena, p. 196.
21Henry Kissinger, White House Years (Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1979), p. 961.
22Ibid.
23West Germany 13.6 per cent, Japan 16.8 per cent, Belgium and the Netherlands 11.6 per cent, France and the UK 8.6 per cent, Italy and Sweden 7.5 per cent, while Canada went on floating.
24Telegram from Secretary of the Treasury Connally to the White House, Rome November 30, 1971. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976. Vol. 3, Foreign Economic policy, 1969–1972; International Monetary Policy, p. 580.
25See Bull. EC, 1971, Preparation of trade negotiations between the Community and the United States.
26See Federico Caffè, Lezioni di Politica Economica (Torino: Boringhieri, 1981), p. 332.
27Brian Tew, The Evolution, p. 160.
28John Williamson, The Failure of the World Monetary Reform (Sunbury on Thames: Thomas Nelson and Son Ltd, 1977), p. 61.
29Ibid., p. 84.
30JHB. Tew, ‘Policies aimed at improving the Balance of Payments’, in F. T. Blachaby (ed.) British Economic Policy, p. 315.
31John Llewellyn et al., ‘Competitiveness’, in Andrea Boltho (ed.) The European p. 145.
32U.S. Code Congressional and Administrative News. 93rd Congress – First Session 1973. Legislative History. Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973 (P.L. 93–86). Statement of the Honorable Earl L. Butz, Secretary of Agriculture, p. 1801.
33François Duchêne et al., New Limits on European Agriculture. Politics and the New Agricultural Policy (London: Croom Helm Ltd, 1985), p. 61.
34See J. C. Nagle, Agricultural Trade Policies (Westhead: Saxon House, 1976), p. 53.
35Timothy Josling, ‘World Food Production, Consumption and International trade. Implications for U.S. Agriculture’, in D. Gale Johnson (ed.) Food and Agricultural Policy for the 1980s (Washington, DC and London: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1981). pp. 87 et seq.
36Michael Hudson, Global Fracture. The New International Economic Order (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1977), p. 71.
37US Code Congressional and Administrative News. Agriculture and Consumer, pp. 1750–1800.
38D. Gale Johnson, World Agriculture in Disarray (London: Fontana The Trade Policy Research Centre, 1973), p. 40.
39US Code Congressional and Administrative News. Agriculture and Consumer, p. 1806.
40ERP transmitted to Congress February 1974, p. 133.
41The likelihood of such a reaction and its impact on the international trade was clearly anticipated by some top-rank members of the Nixon administration. See Memorandum for the President’s Deputy Assistant or National Security Affairs (Snowcroft) to Secretary of the Treasury Shulz. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–76. Vol. 31, Trade Policy, 1973–76, p. 649.
42Supplement 6/71 Annex to Bull. EC 9/10 – 1971. Consequence for the Community of the present situation in the monetary and commercial field, 15 September 1971.
43General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade, Basic Instruments and Selected Documents (hereinafter BISD) 18th Suppl., Report of the Working Party on the United States Temporary Import Surcharge (L3573).
44Bull. EC 2–1972, Commission Memorandum to the Council on the results of the commercial negotiations with the United States.
45GATT. Joint EC–United States Declaration – 11 February 1972. L/3670, 11 February 1972.
46Ibid.
47GATT. Joint Japan–United States Statement on International Economic Relations – 8 February 1972. L/3669, 10 February 1972.
48GATT. Council 7 March 1972. Minutes of the Meeting. C/M/76, 22 March 1972.
49PPPUS. – Richard Nixon, 1973. Special Message to the Congress Proposing Trade Reform Legislation, 10 April 1973.
50‘House Passes Trade Act; USSR Denied Tariff Concessions’, 1973 Congressional Quarterly Almanac, pp. 833 et seq.
51Commission of the European Communities. Development of an overall approach to trade in view of the coming multilateral negotiations in GATT. Memorandum from the Commission to the Council, forwarded on 9 April and amended on 22 May 1973. COM (73) 556; COM (73) 556/2.
52Economic and Social Committee of the European Communities, Brussels 21 March 1973. Exposé de M. Wallenstein, représentant de la Commission.
53GATT. Multilateral Trade Negotiations. Statement by the European Economic Community. L/3879, 4 July 1973.
54Council of the European Communities. Note de Transmission. Projet de rapport du Comité de préparation des négociations commerciales du GATT. Brussels, 10 August 1973.
55Ibid.; Briefing Paper. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–76. Vol. 31, Trade Policy, 1973–6, p. 681.
56Economic and Social Committee of the European Communities. Annexe au Procès Verbal de la 6ème réunion – Exposé de M. Phan Van Phi, 6 novembre 1973.
57GATT. Ministerial Meeting – Tokyo. Declaration of Ministers approved at Tokyo on 14 September 1973. Min (73)1, 14 September 1973.
58Economic and Social Committee of the European Communities. Annexe au Procès Verbal de la 6ème réunion.
1ERP transmitted to Congress February 1975, Chapter 4.
2Ibid.
3See in particular Frank R. Wyant, The United States, OPEC and Multinational Oil (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1977), p. 130.
4Fiona Venn, Oil Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century (Houndmills: MacMillan Education Limited, 1986), p. 143.
5Frank R. Wyant, The United States, p. 133.
6See Henry A. Kissinger, Years of Upheaval (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1982), pp. 905 et seq.
7Albert L. Danielsen, ‘Oil Price Regulations and the United States’, Journal of World Trade Law, 13 (1979), 383.
8Twenty-Fourth Annual Report of the President of the United States on the Trade Agreements Program 1979, p. 159, Tables 15 and 16.
9Ibid.
10Fiona Venn, The Oil Crisis (London and New York: Longman, 2002) p. 123
11Ernest Mandel, The Second Slump: A Marxist Analysis of Recession in the Seventies (London: N.L.B., 1978), p. 22.
12Derek H. Aldcroft, The European Economy 1914–2000, 4th edn. (London and New York: Routledge, 2002), p. 197.
13ERP transmitted to Congress, February 1974, p. 49.
14W. W. Rostow, Getting from Here to There (London: The MacMillan Press Ltd, 1979), p. 45.
15Michel Hau, Histoire Économique de l’Allemagne XIXe–XXe siècles (Paris: ECONOMICA, 1994), p. 190.
16Simon Bromley, American Hegemony and World Oil: The Industry, the State System and the World Economy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991), p. 146.
17A. P. Thirlwall, ‘The Balance of Payments Constraint as An Explanation of International Growth Rate Differences’, Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Quarterly Review, 32 (1979), 45–53.
18Ibid., p. 46.
19Alex N. McLeod, ‘The Fearsome Dilemma: Simultaneous Inflation and Unemployment’, Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Quarterly Review, 32 (1979), 378.
20Anthony S. Campagna, U.S. National Economic Policy, 1917–1985 (New York and London: Praeger, 1987), p. 400.
21Herbert Giersch et al., The Fading Miracle. Four decades of market economy in Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), p. 187.
22See Carluccio Bianchi, ‘The Balance of Payments Constraint and the Growth of the Italian Economy’, in Carluccio Bianchi e Carlo Casanova (eds) The recent Performance of the Italian Economy. Market Outcomes and State Policy (Milano: Franco Angeli, 1991), pp. 28 et seq.
23See Pierre Secret, ‘L’Activité Économique Française en 1974’, Révue d’Économie Politique, 85 (1975), 1037 et seq.
24Jean-François Eck, Histoire de l’économie française depuis 1945 (Paris: Armand Colin Éditeur, 1990), p. 45.
25Eighteen Annual Report of the President of the United States on the Trade Agreements Program–1973, Appendix A, p. 42; Twenty First Annual Report of the President of the United States on the Trade Agreements Program – 1976, Appendix A, Table 2.
26I. M. Destler, Making Foreign Economic Policy (Washington, DC: The Brooking Institution, 1980), p. 193.
27Gilbert Winham, International Trade and the Tokyo Round, p. 133.
28See I. M. Destler, American Trade Politics (Washington, DC: Institute of International Economics; New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1995), pp. 142–5.
29US Code Congressional and Administrative News. 93rd Congress-Second Session, 1974. Legislative History. Trade Act of 1974 (P.L. 93–618). Senate Report n. 93–1298, p. 7197.
30Ibid., p. 7228.
31Ibid., p. 7227.
32The International Trade Commission (formerly Tariff Commission) is the US agency especially charged with establishing the impact of imports on the domestic industry.
33U.S. Code Congressional and Administrative News. Trade Act, pp. 7306 et seq.
34Hans Mueller et al., ‘Perils in the in the Brussels–Washington Steel Pact of 1982’, The World Economy, 5 (1982), p. 263.
35US Code Congressional and Administrative News. Trade Act, pp. 7318 et seq.
36Council of the European Communities. Directives for the GATT multilateral trade negotiations (final version). Brussels, 24 April 1975, I/40/1/75 (Cos 4) rev. 1.
37Gilbert Winham, International Trade and the Tokyo Round, p. 101.
38The Grand Father Clause was a GATT provision that allowed the parties to the General Agreement not to implement some of its articles if they addressed issues already regulated in a different manner by their domestic rules.
39Saul L. Sherman, ‘Reflections on the New Customs Valuation Code’, Law and Policy in International Business, 12 (1980), 121.
40GATT. United States Statement at Meeting of Group 3 (e), 2 April 1974. MTN 3E/W/12, 2 April 1974.
41Commission of the European Communities, EC Directorate General For External Relations. Brussels 3 January 1974. Note for Information: Meeting of Special Committee (Article 113) on Friday 21 December 1973.
42Twenty-First Annual Report of the President of the United States on the Trade Agreements Program 1977, p. 23.
45BISD 23rd Suppl., United States Tax legislation (DISC).Report of the Panel presented to the Council of Representatives on 12 November 1976 (L/4422).
46BISD 23rd Suppl,. Income Tax Practices Maintained by France (L/4423); BISD 23rd Suppl., Income Tax Practices Maintained by Belgium (L/4424); BISD 23rd Suppl., Income Tax Practices Maintained by the Netherlands (L/4425).
47See Robert E. Hudec, ‘Legal Issues in US–EC Trade Policy: GATT Litigation 1960–1985’, in Robert E. Baldwin, Carl B. Hamilton, André Sapir (eds) Issues in US–EC Relations (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1988), p. 29.
48BISD 27th Suppl.,Tax Legislation (L/5271), p. 114.
1R. D. Putnam, ‘Diplomacy and Domestic Policy: the Logic of Two Level Games’, International Organization, 43 (1988), 427.
2Bull. EC 4, 1978, point 1.3.2.
3Peter H. Lindert, ‘U.S. Foreign Trade Policy in the Twentieth Century’, p. 444.
4Bull. EC, Supplement 7/1977, p. 5
5Ibid, p. 6
6Bull. EC, Supplement 7/1979, p. 9.
7Ibid, p. 11.
8David G. Tarr, ‘The Steel Crisis in the United States and the EC: Causes and Adjustments’, in Robert Baldwin, Carl B. Hamilton, André Sapir (eds) Issues in US– EC Relations, p. 177, Table 7.4.
9The data on the international position of the US, EC and Japan steel industry are taken from Walter Adams et al., ‘The Steel Industry’, in Walter Adams (ed.) The Structure of American Industry, 6th Edition (New York: MacMillan Publishing Co. Inc., 1982), p. 74. Table 1.
10Peter H. Lindert, ‘U.S. Foreign Trade Policy in the Twentieth Century’, pp. 424 et seq.
11Twenty-Second Annual Report of the President of the United States on the Trade Agreements Program 1977, p. 74.
12Bull. EC 11, 1977, point 1.3.2.
13Bull. EC 12, 1977, point 1.1.2.
14Commission of the European Communities, État d’Avancement des Travaux Concernant les Objectifs Généraux Acier et la Restructuration de la Sidérurgie Communautaire. Eléments d’Information pour la Préparation du Conseil du 27 Juin 1978. Com. (78) 290 final, 21 June 1978.
15Bull. EC 12, 1977, point 2.2.46.
16Twenty-Third Annual Report of the President of the United States on the Trade Agreements Program 1977, p. 103.
17Joseph Pelzman, ‘The Multifiber Arrangement and Its Effect on the Profit Performance of the U.S. Textile Industry’, p. 115.
18Bull. EC 7/8, 1977, points 1.5.1. et seq.
19Ibid.
20Bull. EC, Supplement 11/75, p. 15
22D. Gale Johnson, ‘The Food and Agriculture Act of 1977: Implications for Farmers, Consumers, and Taxpayers’, in William Felner (Project Director) Contemporary Economic Problems, 1978 (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1988), p. 206.
23François Houillier, ‘L’Agriculture et son Évolution depuis 1960 (La Situation en 1977)’, Revue d’Économie Politique, 88 (1978), pp. 894 et seq.
24See Takashi Shirahishi, Japan Trade Policy 1945 to the Present Day (London and Atlantic Highlands, NJ: The Athlone Press, 1989), pp. 179, 191.
25David Flath, The Japanese Economy (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 200), p. 173.
26James C. Abegglen et al., ‘Facing up to the Trade Gap with Japan’, Foreign Affairs, 57 (1978–9), 159.
27Ibid., 157
28Twenty-Third Annual Report, Appendix H.
29Bull. EC 3–1978, points 1.1.4–1.1.9.
30See John Jackson et al., Legal Problems of International Economic Relations. Cases Material and Text (St. Paul, MN: West Group, 1995), Chapter 13.
31Twenty-Third Annual Report, pp. 68 et seq.
32See Enzo Grilli, Italian Commercial Policies in the 1970 (World Bank Staff Working Paper, n. 428, October 1980), p. 28, Table IV.1.
33Ibid.
35J. M. Finger et al., ‘The Political Economy of Administered Protection’, The American Economic Review’, 72 (1982), p. 455.
36Takatoshi Ito, The Japanese Economy (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1992), p. 236.
37Ivo Van Bael, ‘Ten Years of EEC Anti-Dumping Enforcement’, Journal of World Trade Law, 13 (1979), 408.
38Twenty-Second Annual Report, p. 30.
39Data provided by Joseph M. Grieco, Cooperation among Nations. Europe, America, and Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press), p. 178, Table 7.5.
40Ibid.
41Herbert Giersch et al., The Fading Miracle. Four decades of market economy in Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992) p. 217; Also Eric Owen Smith, The West German Economy (London and Canberra: Croom Helm, 1983) pp. 93 et seq.
42H. H. Glismann et al., The Political Economy of Protection in Germany (World Bank Staff Working Paper n. 427, 1980), p. 22.
43Bela Balassa, ‘The New Protectionism and the International Economy’, Journal of World Trade Law, 12 (1978), 419.
1An in-depth analysis of the results of the Tokyo Round is provided by General Agreement on Tariff and Trade, The Tokyo Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations. Report of the Director General of GATT (Geneva: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, April 1979).
2Victoria Curzon Price, ‘Surplus Capacity and What the Tokyo Round Failed to Settle’, The World Economy, 2 (1979), 306.
3Bull. EC 11–1979, point 1.3.5.
4Twenty-Fourth Annual Report of the President of the United States on the Trade Agreements Program 1979, p. 76.
5Bob Bergland, ‘Preface – Agriculture’, Law and Policy in International Business, 12 (1980), 257.
6FAO Trade Yearbook Vol. 30, 1976: Table 5; FAO Trade Yearbook Vol. 35, 1981: Table 6.
7James P. Houck, ‘US Agricultural Trade and the Tokyo Round’, Law and Policy in International Business, 12 (1980), 266, 268
8GATT. Multilateral Trade Negotiations – Group ‘Agriculture’– Meeting of July 1977. Chairman’s Summing up and Record of Decisions. MTN/AG/7, 28 July 1977.
9GATT. Multilateral Trade Negotiations – Group ‘Agriculture’ – Statement by Australia on 20 July 1977. MTN/AG/W/27, 22 July 1977.
10Ibid.
11Timothy E. Josling et al., Agriculture in the GATT (Basingstoke: MacMillan, 1996), p. 90.
12Ibid.; also Theodore Cohn, ‘The 1978–9 negotiations for an international wheat agreement: an opportunity lost?’, International Journal, 35 (1979–80), 136; Twenty-Third Annual Report of the President of the United States on the Trade Agreements Program 1978, p. 57.
13Theodore Cohn, ‘The 1978–79 Negotiations’, 136.
14GATT. Multilateral Trade Negotiations – Group ‘Tariffs’ – Statement made by the United States Delegation at the Group ‘Tariffs’ Meeting, March 1976. MTN/ TAR/W/15, 23 March 1976.
15GATT. Multilateral Trade Negotiations – Group ‘Tariffs’ – Statement made by the Delegation of the Commission of the European Communities at the Group ‘Tariffs’ Meeting, March 1976. MTN/TAR/W/20, 26 March 1976.
16Ibid., p. 4.
17GATT. Multilateral Trade Negotiations – Group ‘Tariffs’– Tariff Cutting Formula, Proposal by Switzerland. MTN/TAR/W/34, 12 October 1976.
18Saul L. Sherman ‘Reflections’, 130.
19GATT. Multilateral Trade Negotiations – Group ‘Non-Tariff Measures’ – Sub-Group ‘Customs Matters’ – Value of Goods for the Purposes of Levying ad Valorem Duties on Customs GATT – MTN – Draft Valuation Code. MTN/NTM/W/122, 8 November 1977. GATT. Multilateral Trade Negotiations – Group ‘Non-Tariff Measures’ – Sub-Group ‘Customs Matters’ – Statement Made by the Commission of the European Communities at the Meeting of the Sub-Group of 15 November 1977. MTN/NTM/W/126, 21 November 1977.
20GATT. Multilateral Trade Negotiations Group ‘Non-Tariff Measures’ – Sub-Group ‘Customs Matters’. Meeting of November 1977. Summing-up by the Chairman. MTN/NTM/38, 18 November 1977.
21Gilbert R. Winham, International Trade and the Tokyo Round, p. 189.
22Ibid.
23Morton Pomeranz, ‘Toward a New International Order in Government Procurement’, Law and Policy in International Business, 11 (1979), 1278.
24Ibid., 1277.
25Ibid.
26GATT. Multilateral Trade Negotiations – Group ‘Non-Tariff Measures ‘– Subgroup ‘Government Procurement’. – Government Procurement Draft Integrated Text. MTN/NTM/W/174, 17 July 1978.
27GATT. Multilateral Trade Negotiations – Subsidies/Countervailing Duties – Outline of an Approach. MTN/INF/13, 23 December 1977.
28Richard R. Rivers et al., ‘The Negotiation of a Code on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures: Bridging Fundamental Policy Differences’, Law and Policy in International Business, 11 (1979), 1471 et seq.
29GATT. Multilateral Trade Negotiations – Group ‘Non-Tariff Measures’ – Subgroup ‘Subsidies and Countervailing Duties’ – Subsidies/Countervailing Duties Outline of an Arrangement. MTN/NTM/W/168, 10 July 1978.
30GATT. Multilateral Trade Negotiations – Group ‘Safeguards’ – Draft Integrated Text on Safeguards. MTN/SG/W/39, 22 June 1978.
31GATT. Multilateral Trade Negotiations – Statement by several delegations on Current Status of Tokyo Round Negotiations – Geneva 13 July 1978. MTN/INF/33, 14 July 1978.
32Bull. EC 9–1978, point 2.2.11.
33Bull. EC 10–1978, point 2.2.10.
34Commission of the European Communities. Multilateral Trade Negotiations. Communication from the Commission to the Council. COM (78) 750 final, 17 December 1978.
35Commission of the European Communities. Multilateral Trade Negotiations. Com (79)99, 23 February 1979.
37GATT Activities in 1979 and Conclusion of the Tokyo Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations (1973–79): Tariffs (Geneva: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 1980).
38Twenty-Fourth Annual Report, p. 52.
39Bull. EC 4–1979, point 1.2.7.
40House of Lords – Select Committee on the European Communities. Session 1979–80, 41st report. Final Report on the GATT Multilateral Trade Negotiations (The Tokyo Round). Minutes of Evidence Taken Before the European Communities Commission, 23 May 1979. Submission by the Department of Trade, p. 12.
41Bull. EC 11–1979, point 1.3.7.
42House of Lords – Select Committee, p. x.
43Twenty-Fourth Annual, p. 42; Bull. EC 4–1979, point. 1.2.6.
44Hugh Corbet, ‘Importance of Being Earnest about Further GATT Negotiations’, The World Economy, 2 (1979), 324.
45Twenty-Fourth Annual Report, p. 46.
46Ibid.
47For an in-depth analysis of the wine gallon method issue see Gilbert R. Winham, International Trade and the Tokyo Round, pp. 280–302.
48General Agreement on Tariff and Trade, The Tokyo Round, p. 129.
49Bull. EC 4–1979, point 1.2.4.
50Victoria Curzon Price, ‘Surplus Capacity’, p. 312.
51Robert S. Strauss, ‘Forward’, Law and Policy in International Business, 11 (1979), 1258.
52Joseph M. Grieco, Cooperation among Nations, pp. 65, 102.
53Ibid., p. 177.
54BISD 31st Suppl., Panel on Value Added-Tax and Threshold, adopted by the Committee on Government Procurement (GPR/21).
55BISD 27th Suppl., Report of the Committee on Anti-Dumping Practices presented to the Contracting Parties at the Thirty-fifth Session (L/5052).
56BISD 31th Suppl., Report of the Committee on Anti-Dumping Practices. Report (1984) presented to the Contracting Parties at their Fortieth Session (L/5724).
1Michel Pébereau, La Politique Économique de la France. Les Objectifs (Paris: Armand Colin, 1988), p. 302, Table VIII.
2Anthony S. Campagna, U.S. National Economic Policy, p. 435.
3Economic Report of the President Transmitted to the Congress January 1980, p. 54; Federal Reserve Bulletin, 66 (1980), p. 40.
4PPPUS – Jimmy Carter, 1980. Remarks and a Question-and-Answer Session with Local Residents. Lansdowne Pennsylvania, 1 October 1980.
5Commission of the European Communities, European Economy, Annual Economic Report, 1980–81 (Luxembourg: Office for Official Publication of the European Communities, 1981), p. 35
6Ibid., p. 36.
7Régis Platel, ‘L’Environnement International en 1980,’ Révue d’Économie Politique, 91 (1981), 852.
8Michel Volle, ‘Synthèse de l’Évolution de l’Économie Française en 1980 et 1981,’ Révue d’Économie Politique, 91 (1981), 813.
9See C. D’Adda et al., ‘The Italian economy in the seventies and eighties,’ in Carluccio Bianchi and Carlo Casarosa (eds) The Recent Performance of the Italian Economy. Market Outcomes and State Policy (Milano: Franco Angeli, 1991), p. 47.
10N. W. C. Woodward, ‘Inflation,’ in N. F. R. Crafts and N. W. C. Woodward (eds) The British Economy since 1945 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), pp. 191 et seq.
11Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years 1979–1990, (New York: HarperPerennial, 1995), p. 33.
12See J. Foremann-Peck, ‘Trade and the Balance of Payments,’ in N. F. R. Crafts and N. W. C. Woodward (eds) The British Economy, p. 148, Fig. 5.5.
13Twenty-Fifth Annual Report of the President of the United States on the Trade Agreements Program 1980–81, Table 5.1.
14Ibid., Table 5.2.
15Ibid., Table 5.4.
16Bull. EC, 11–1980, point 1.2.1.
17Gilbert R. Winham, ‘Robert Strauss, the MTN, and the Control of Factions,’ Journal of World Trade Law, 14 (1980), 386.
18This brief critical outline of the main points of the Trade Agreements Act is based on U.S. Code Congressional and Administrative News. 96th Congress First Session 1979. Legislative History. Trade Agreements Act of 1979 (P.L. 96–39).
19Ibid., p. 418.
20Ibid., p. 471.
21Hans Mueller et al., ‘Perils in the Brussels–WashingtonSteel Pact of 1982,’ The World Economy, 5 (1982), 264.
22‘Massive Trade Bill Sails Through Congress’ Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 1979, p. 287.
23J. M. Finger et al, ‘The Political Economy’, 455.
24Steve Jefferys, Management and Managed. Fifty Years of Crisis at Chrysler (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), pp. 206 et seq.
25Lee Iacocca, An Autobiography (New York: Bantam Books, 1984), p. 239.
26Twenty-Fifth Annual Report, Table 4.1.
27Ibid., p. 50.
28Ibid.
29See Peter Dicken, Global Shift. The Internationalization of Economic Activity. Second Edition (London: Paul Chapman Publishing Ltd., 1992), p. 275.
30Ibid., p. 67.
32Commission of the European Communities. Steel. Request for the Council’s assent to the establishment of a system of production quotas for the steel industry. Com(80) 586 Final, 6 October 1980.
33‘Agriculture’. Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 1980, p. 270.
34Mark Newman et al., A Comparison of Agriculture in the United States and the EC (Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture- Economic Research Service, 1987).
35Robert L. Paarlberg, ‘Lesson of the Grain Embargo,’ Foreign Affairs, 59 (1980–1), 161.
36EC Commission, Reflection on Common Agriculture Policy. Bull. EC-Supplement 1980.
37Ibid.
38Ibid.
39Barry Eichengreen et al., ‘International Competition in the Products of U.S. Basic Industries,’ in Martin Feldstein (ed.) The United States in the World Economy (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1988), p. 284, Table 5.3.
40Ibid., pp. 321 et seq.
41Twenty-Fifth Annual Report, p. 71.
42Twenty-Sixth Annual Report of the President of the United States on the Trade Agreements Program 1981–2, p. 48.
43Ibid.
44Robert E. Lipsey et al., ‘Changing Patterns of International Investments in the United States’, in Martin Feldstein (ed.) The United States, pp. 493 et seq.
45A detailed analysis of the objectives and strategies of both US MNCs and EC MNCs in the automobile and electronics sectors, also with regard to the 1970s, is provided by Peter Dicken, Global Shift, Chapter 9 and Chapter 10.
46Ronald W. Cox et al., US Politics and the Global Economy. Corporate Power, Conservative Shift (Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1999), p. 191.
47Ibid.