Abd-el-Kader, Algerian leader 186, 222
Aboukir Bay, battle of (1798) 20, 219
Académie Celtique 70–71
Action Française 13, 277, 280, 429, 433
Action Libérale (1902) 360
Action Libérale Populaire (1906) 280, 285, 360
Adam, Adolphe, composer 181
Adam, Edmond, politician 166, 229–36, 237, 239, 252
Adam, Juliette, salon hostess 9, 165, 166–236, 238, 239, 252, 397–8, 412, 420
Affre, Denis, archbishop of Paris 137
Agoult, Marie d’, salon hostess 62, 146–7, 148, 161, 164, 165, 166
agriculture
depression in 313–15
modernization of 314–15
population working in 313, 440
Aigues-Mortes 319
Aix-les-Bains 88
Albert, Marcellin, winegrowers’ leader 316–17
Alès 341
Alexander I, tsar of Russia 30, 33, 38, 215
Alexander II, tsar of Russia 195, 218
Alexander III, tsar of Russia 419, 420
Algeria
settlement in 98
wine exports from 315
Allain, Marcel, writer 404
Allais, Alphonse, humorist 406
Allemane, Jean, socialist militant 266
Alliance Démocratique (1903) 281, 286
Allier, Raoul, Protestant academic 337
Allis, Harry, journalist 421
Almereyda, Miguel, anarchist 427
Alsace-Lorraine
religious practice in 125–7, 349
loss of (1870–71) 232, 239, 247, 410–12
refugees from 294–5
campaign to recover 14, 277, 429–30, 435
Alzon, Père Emmanuel d’, Assumptionist 128, 330
Amiens, Peace of (1802) 207, 219
Amouretti, Frédéric, regionalist 299
anarcho-syndicalism 269–70, 281
Ancelot, Madame, salon hostess 172
Ancien Régime, the 1, 2, 40, 71, 114–15, 249
Anderson, Elizabeth Garrett, doctor 166, 379, 387
Angoulême, Louise-Antoine, Duc d’ 43, 46, 47
Angoulême, Marie-Thérèse Charlotte, Duchesse d’ 46, 47, 146
Anspach, Cécile 332
anticlericalism 119, 122, 133, 339–43, 344–5, 357–9
Anti-Semitic League (1898) 265, 275, 276, 356
anti-Semitism 11, 265, 266–74, 275, 350, 353–5, 356, 422
Apollinaire, Guillaume, writer 400–401
Ardèche, industry in 94
religion in 348–9
Arenberg, Auguste-Louis, Prince d’, royalist 272, 335
army, colonial 424.
officers 107–8,
military reform (1868) 230, (1872) 411, (1889) 419, (1905) 424, (1913, Three-Year Law) 287, 288, 434, 435
Aron, Marguerite, teacher 378
Ars, curé d’ see Vianney, Jean-Marie-Baptiste
Artois, Comte d’ see Charles X
Association Catholique de la Jeunesse Française 361–2
Associations Law
(1834) 100
Assumptionist congregation 338, 354, 358
athletics 408–9
Auber, Daniel, composer 181
Auclert, Hubertine, feminist 382, 383, 386, 387, 388
Audiffret-Pasquier, Duc d’, royalist 249, 251
Audiganne, Armand, writer 125
Auerstadt, battle of (1806) 33
Augagneur, Victor, mayor of Lyon 303–4, 328
Augereau, General Pierre 32
Aulard, Alphonse, historian 260, 279
Aumale, Duc d’, Orleanist prince 238
Austerlitz, battle of (1805) 33, 170, 182, 186
Austria
and wars against France 20–22, 33, 37
rule in Italy (1814–59) 201–2
as a great power 410, 416, 419, 434
automobile 309
Automobile Club de France (1895) 309
Auvergne, colony in Paris 102–3, 324
avant-garde 390, 393, 399, 402
Bailly, Vincent de Paul, Assumptionist 338, 354
Bakunin, Michael, anarchist 234, 288
Balkan wars (1912–13) 433
Balzac, Honoré de, writer
early career 173
Béatrix 148
Cousin Pons 101–2
Le Député d’Arcis 74
La Femme de trente ans 145
The Magic Skin (La Peau de chagrin) 173
The Physiology of Marriage 144–5, 173
banking see bourgeoisie, financial
Barail, Charles du, soldier 107–8
Barante, Prosper de, historian 72–3
Barbès, Armand, revolutionary 33, 56
Barbets, counter-revolutionaries 25
Bardo, Treaty of (1881) 416
Baroche, Jules, politician 58, 60
Barodet, Désiré, Lyon politician 242, 248, 290, 341
Barras, Paul, Director 24, 25, 27
Barrès, Maurice, writer and politician
and Boulangism 264
and socialism 269
Les Déracinés 326–7
and the Dreyfus Affair 356–7
Barrot, Odilon, politician 54, 58, 60
Bartholdi, sculptor 424
Bartholony, François, banker 87
Barthou, Louis, politician 11, 13, 272, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 332
Basly, Émile, miners’ leader 322, 332
Bataille, Henri, writer 369–70
Baudelaire, Charles, writer 188–9
Baudin, Jean-Baptiste, republican 64
Bazaine, General Achille 230, 233
Beauce 22, 92, 123, 311, 313, 314
Beauharnais, Eugène 34
Beauharnais, Hortense 33, 57, 60
Beauharnais, Joséphine de 19, 27, 36, 37
Beaumont, Gustave de, writer 212–14
Beauquier, Charles, regionalist 301
Belgium
French occupy 20
peasant war in (1799) 22
revolt in (1830) 134
migrants from 318
Belleville manifesto (1869) 90, 290, 340
Béranger, Pierre-Jean, popular poet 48, 180
Bérenger, Henri, writer 327, 329, 330
Berg, Grand Duchy of (1806) 33
Bergson, Henri, philosopher 349, 362
Berlin, Conference of (1884) 417
Berlin, Congress of (1878) 416
Berlioz, Hector, composer 194
Bernadotte, Marshal Jean-Baptiste 24, 25, 26, 30, 34, 38
Bernard, Émile artist 395
Berry, Duc de (assassinated 1820) 46, 74, 133
Berry, Marie Caroline Ferdinande, Duchesse de 74, 85, 179
Berryer, Pierre-Antoine, lawyer and politician 55, 60, 62, 89
Bert, Paul, politician 342–3
Berthelot, Marcelin, scientist 236
Berthier, Marshal Louis-Alexandre 32, 34, 35, 115
Beslay, Charles, revolutionary 241–2
Beyle, Henri see Stendhal
Béziers, mutiny at (1907) 284, 316–17
Biarritz 87
visits Paris (1867) 195
and German wars of unification (1864–70) 207
and Franco-Prussian war 229, 232, 238, 243
and France after 1870 411, 416, 417, 418, 420
Blanc, Louis, socialist 210, 236, 253
Blanqui, Auguste, revolutionary 7, 10, 48, 52, 53, 55, 56, 235, 237, 239, 240, 241, 243
Blanquists 241, 243, 258, 261, 263, 264
Bloc des Gauches (1902) 282–3, 284, 285, 385
Blum, Léon, politician 273, 349, 356, 357, 362, 366–7, 398
Bocage, Pierre, actor 171
Boisdeffre, General 274
Bonaparte, Caroline (1782–1839) 32
Bonaparte, Jérôme, king of Westphalia (1784–1860) 33, 60
Bonaparte, Jérôme-Napoléon, ‘Plon-Plon’ (1805–70) 60, 158, 263, 398
Bonaparte, Joseph, king of Naples, then of Spain (1768–1844) 32, 33, 37
Bonaparte, Louis, king of Holland (1778–1846) 32, 33, 44
Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon (1808–73) see Napoleon III
Bonaparte, Louis-Napoléon-Eugène, prince imperial (1856–79) 250, 257
Bonaparte, Lucien (1775–1840) 26, 28, 32
Bonaparte, Napoleon (1769–1821) see Napoleon I
Bonapartism
in the Second Republic 57–8
in Third Republic 11, 246, 247–8, 250, 261, 262, 263, 276, 290
Bonnard, Pierre, artist 395–6
Bordeaux
government retreat to (1870) 237, 289
National Assembly in (1871) 239
Bory, mayor of Lyon 242
Boucicaut, Aristide, trader 103
Bouguereau, William, artist 196–7, 392
Bouillé, Jean-Pierre, prefect 68
Boulanger, General Georges 260–65
Boulanger Affair 260–65, 299–300, 418
Boulogne, camp at (1804) 33
Bonapartist landing at (1840) 57, 60
Bourdon, Victor, soldier 437, 438, 439
Bourgeois, Léon, politician 270–71, 272
bourgeoisie
commercial/industrial 110–12, 334–5
professional 327–31
Bourges, Michel de, lawyer 147
Bourget, Paul, writer 366, 369, 397
Bourgoing, Baron, Bonapartist 250
Bourmont, Count Ghislaine de 26
Bouvier, Jeanne, labour militant 320, 373–5, 384
Braque, Georges, artist 401
Brazza, Captain Pierre Savorgnan de, explorer 417
Brès, Madeleine, doctor 153, 236
Briand, Aristide, politician 269–70, 271, 284, 285, 286, 287, 306, 308, 321, 359, 387
Brisson, Henri, politician 275, 423
Brittany
administrators in 69–70
agriculture in 314,
Breton language in 70, 75, 297, 304–5
counter-revolution in see chouannerie
discovered by writers 66–7, 75
provincial liberties of 88
religious practice in 70, 75, 128–30
tourism in 308–10
Broglie, Albert de, politician 247, 248, 250–51, 253, 290–91
Broglie, Victor de, politician 35–6, 44, 62, 64, 115
Bruant, Aristide, impresario 406
Brousse, Paul, socialist 250, 259, 260, 266
Brune, Marshal (killed 1815) 73, 78
Bruno, G. see Fouillée, Augustine
Bückler, Johannes, alias Schinderhannes 22
Budes de Guébrinant, Hervé, Breton royalist 316
Buffet, André, royalist 276, 277, 278
Buffet, Louis, royalist 276
Bugeaud, General Thomas-Robert 222
Buisson, Ferdinand, Protestant academic 140, 343, 357, 359
Bülow, Bernhard von, German chancellor 426
Bureau, Gaston, actor 177
cabinets de lecture 175
Cachin, Marcel, socialist 419
Cadoudal, Georges, royalist conspirator 26, 30, 31
café-concerts see music
Caillaux, Henriette 286, 288, 371
Caillaux, Joseph, politician 11–12, 278, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 331, 371, 430–31, 434
Caillavet, Léontine, salon hostess 331, 371
Callais, Nina de, salon hostess 393
Cambacérès, Jean-Jacques-Régis de, politician 28, 32
Cambon, Jules, diplomat 330–31
Cambon, Paul, diplomat 330–31
Cambry, Jacques, prefect 69–70
Camisards 127–8
Camp, Maxime du, writer 79, 82, 188, 189, 259
Campo Formio, Treaty of (1797) 20
Canning, Stratford, diplomat 225–6
Carette, Henri, socialist 302
caricature, political 175–6
Carnot, Hippolyte, republican 58, 89, 90
Carnot, Lazare, revolutionary 24, 31, 40, 44, 58
Carnot, Sadi, president of the Republic 262, 264, 269, 272, 318
Carrel, Armand, journalist 52, 176
Carvalho, Léo, impresario 194
Casiero, Santo Geronimo, anarchist 269
Casimir-Périer, Auguste, politician 248, 251
Casimir-Périer, Jean, president of the Republic (1894–5) 272
Cassagnac, Paul de, journalist 247–8, 263
Cassano, battle of (1799) 21
Castellane, Boni de, playboy 335, 371
Cathelineau, Henri de, Vendean leader 291
Catherine the Great 215
Catholic Church
reform of Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790) 4, 22, 122, 125, 129, 360
oath to Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1791) 4, 122, 124, 125, 129
and sale of Church land 4, 91–2
and revival after the Revolution 8, 119–22, 131–3
and Concordat (1802) 6, 12, 29, 32, 118, 121, 132, 245, 305, 340, 344
and minority language 297, 304–5
patterns of religious practice 122–31, 345–9
and popular religion 122, 129–31
recruitment and training of priests 120–21
religious congregations 149–50, 342, 345, 348, 358–9, 360
and Second Empire 138
and Moral Order (1873–7) 338–9
and attacks under Third Republic 10, 280, 283, 339–45, 358–60
and the Ralliement 350–55
and Separation of Church and state (1905) 12, 14, 284, 340, 359–60, 441
and renaissance after Separation 14, 361–3
Cavaignac, Eugène, soldier and dictator 8, 56, 58
Cavaignac, Godefroy, republican militant 7, 52, 55
Cavaignac, Godefroy, politician 275
centralization, administrative 6
buckles (1815) 71–3
in Second Republic 84–5
in Second Empire 86–7
buckles (1870–71) 233–4, 242, 289, 290
in Third Republic 290, 302–3, 307–8, 440
Chailley-Bert, Joseph, colonialist, 421
Chambord, Comte de, Legitimist pretender 249–50, 257, 351
Chambrun, Comte de, royalist 272
Champfl eury, art critic 196
Chaplin, Charlie 408
Chaptal, Jean-Antoine, scientist and politician 68–9
Charcot, Jean-Martin, scientist 379
Charette de la Contrie, Athanase, Vendean leader 291, 337, 351
Charlemagne, model for Napoleon 32–3
Charles, archduke of Austria 21
Charles X, king of France 31, 42, 43, 46, 47, 74, 114, 133, 169, 170, 186, 249
Charles-Brun, Jean, regionalist 300–301, 307
Charlet, Nicholas-Toussaint, artist 48, 184
Chateaubriand, François-René de
visits Holy Land 220
Genius of Christianity 6, 131–2, 168
Chatrian, Alexandre, writer 295
Chatrousse, Émile, sculptor 414
Chevalier, Michel, economist 108
Chesnelong, Pierre-Charles, royalist 249
Chevreuse, Duchesse de 36
China 418
Chopin, Frédéric, composer 148
Clemenceau, Georges
early life 63
mayor of Montmartre 240–41, 330
radical critic of the Republic 258–9, 260
and Boulangism 261, 262, 263–4
‘first cop in France’ 283–4, 316–17
prime minister 28–5
and centralization 307–8
and feminism 389
and society 398
Clément, Jean-Baptiste, songwriter 302
cinema 407–8
Civil Code (1804) 144, 154, 366
centenary of 386
Clichy incident (1891) 269
Coignet, Jean-Roch, Napoleonic soldier 34, 41
colonies
North Africa 416–17, 422, 425–6, 431, 443
sub-Saharan Africa 416–17, 421, 422, 423, 424, 433, 443
see also Fashoda crisis, Morocco crises
colporteurs 175
Combes, Émile, politician 282–3, 294, 330, 358–9, 424–5
Comité des Forges 112, 334, 335
Comité Flamand de France 301
Commentry 302
Communards, amnesty of 252, 258, 259, 279
Commune, Paris (1871) 9, 10, 11, 229, 236, 240–45
Compayré, Gabriel, educationist 344
Concordat see Catholic Church
Confédération Générale du Travail (1895) 270, 282, 284–5, 287, 434, 435, 436
congregations, religious see Catholic Church
Constans, Ernest, politician 264
Constant, Benjamin, liberal 5, 30, 40, 46, 143, 159
constitution
(1793) 23
(1795) 23
(1799) 27–8
(1804) 31
(1830) 50
(1848) 56
(1852) 59
(1875) 250–51
Consulate (1799–1804) 28–31
Cooper, James Fenimore, writer 91, 171
Coppée, François, writer 277
Corsica 79
Cotte, Gilbert, miners’ leader 322
Courbet, Gustave, artist 11, 196, 241
Couriau, Emma and Louis, printworkers 375
Courteline, Georges, writer 419
Cousin, Victor, educationist, 109
Couture, Thomas, artist 186–7
Crédit Foncier 87
Crédit Immobilier 113–14
Crédit Lyonnais 334–5
Crémieux, Adolphe, politician 106
Crémieux, Gaston, revolutionary 233, 234, 242, 290
Cubism 400
Cunéo d’Ornano, Gustave, Bonapartist 276
Curie, Marie, scientist 378–9
Curie, Pierre, scientist 378–9
Custine, Astolf de, writer 216–17
cycling 409
Dalou, Jules, sculptor 264, 279
Danton, Georges, revolutionary 260
Darboy, Mgr, archbishop of Paris 243–4
Darien, Georges, antimilitarist 12, 419
Dartigues, J.-P., doctor 367–8
Daubié, Julie, writer 152, 166
Daudet, Alphonse, writer 11, 105, 295, 391, 392
Daudet, Julia, salon hostess 391
Daudet, Léon, politician 397
Daumier, Honoré, artist 160, 176, 182
David, Jacques-Louis, artist 6, 182–3, 184, 185
Davout, Marshal Louis 35
Deauville 87
Debraux, Émile, songwriter 48
Debussy, Claude, composer 12, 394, 399, 400
Decadence see Symbolism
Decaves, Lucien, antimilitarist 419
Decazes, Elie, politician 44–5, 46, 73, 94, 114
decentralization
in the Second Republic 85–6
in the Second Empire 89–90, 291
in the Third Republic 201–2, 291–2, 297–301, 306–8, 440
Degas, Édouard, artist 197, 392, 393
Delacroix, Eugène, artist 8, 172, 185–6, 187, 188
Delaunay, Robert, artist 400
Delcassé, Théophile, politician 421, 430
Delécluze, Étienne-Jean, art critic 184, 196
Delescluze, Charles, revolutionary 9, 52, 55, 64, 106, 237, 241, 243, 258
Denis, Maurice, artist 12, 395, 396
Deroin, Jeanne, feminist 161, 162, 163
Déroulède, Paul, nationalist 261, 263, 264, 276, 277, 279, 384, 397, 415, 417, 420, 428, 435
Descaves, Lucien, antimilitarist 12, 397, 409
Desgranges, Henri, promoter 409
Desraismes, Maria, feminist 10, 166, 370, 381–2
Detourbey, Marie-Anne see Loynes, Comtesse de
Diaghilev, Serge, impresario 400
Diavolo, Fra, Italian monk 21
Diderot, Denis 149
Didon, Father, Dominican 13
Dillon, Count Arthur, royalist 263, 264
Directory, French (1795–9) 19–27
Divorce
Civil Code and 144
law of 1816 144
Dollfus, Jean, industrialist 111–12
Dorval, Marie, actress 147, 171, 178
Dostoevsky, Fyodor, writer 420
Doumer, Paul, politician 425
Doumergue, Gaston, politician 288
Dreikaiserbund 419
Dreyfus
Alfred (d. 1935) 127, 273–9, 296, 349, 354, 355
Henriette (d. 1931) 296
Jacob (d.1838) 127
Léon (d. 1911) 127
Mathieu (d. 1930) 127, 273, 355
Dreyfus Affair 11, 12, 13, 14, 273–9, 332, 355–7
and international crisis 422–3
Drouet, Juliette, actress 166, 171
Drumont, Édouard, anti-Semite 265, 275, 353–4, 355, 356, 363
Dubourg, Arthur 368
Ducray-Duminil, Guillaume, writer 175
Dumas, Alexandre, fils 11, 158, 187–8, 368, 370, 381, 383, 391, 398
Dumas, Alexandre, père 8, 106, 170–72, 173, 217–18
Dumay, Jean-Baptiste, labour militant 101
Dupanloup, Félix, bishop of Orléans 109, 123, 153, 414–15
Durand, Marguerite, feminist 12, 383–4, 388
Duras, Duc and Duchesse de 116
Durkheim, Émile, sociologist 349
Duruy, Victor, education minister 153
École Centrale de Commerce et de l’Industrie 333, 334
École des Mines 104
École des Ponts et Chaussées 108
École Libre des Sciences Politiques 272, 408
École Militaire Spéciale see Saint-Cyr
École Normale de Sèvres 378
École Normale Supérieure 109, 268, 274, 414, 438
École Polytechnique 107–8, 328–9, 333, 361
Edgeworth, Maria 143
primary 2, 103–4, 140, 326, 340–45
secondary 105, 135–6, 326–9, 342
Edwards, Blanche, doctor 379, 380, 383
Egypt
Napoleon in (1798) 5, 19, 20, 21
French support viceroy of 221–2
French visitors to 223
Suez Canal built 225–6
France loses (1882) 226, 417–20
Eiffel, Gustave, engineer 103, 333
Elba, island of 40
Elections, legislative
(1797) 24
(1798) 24
(1799) 24
(1848) 55
(1852) 61–2
(1857) 62
(1869) 64
(1876) 252
(1877) 253
(1889) 264
Empire, First (1804–15)
political system 61–3
liberalization 42
Empire, Second (1852–70)
political system 61–3
religion 138
urban development 86–7
Enfantin, Prosper, utopian 161–2
Enghien, Duc d’ (executed 1805) 31
Entente Cordiale, the (1904) 425, 435
Erckmann, Émile, writer 295
Esquiros, Alphonse, republican 234
Esterhazy, Major Ferdinand 273
Estourbeillon, Marquis de l’, regionalist 301
Étienne, Eugène, colonialist 13, 421, 422, 425
Eudes, Émile, revolutionary 241, 258, 259, 263
Eugénie, Empress 61, 87, 153, 198, 226
exhibitions, international
Eylau, battle of (1807) 33, 34
Fabre, Joseph, politician 352
Fallières, Armand, president of the Republic 280, 286
Falloux, Comte Alfred de, royalist 55, 58, 60, 62, 85, 86, 89, 239, 247, 248, 249
Fashoda crisis (1898) 422–3
Faubourg Saint-Germain 74, 81, 110, 115–16, 146, 335, 336
Faucher, Léon, economist 209, 210
Faure, Félix, president of the Republic 272, 274, 276
Faure, Maurice, politician 306
Faure, Sébastien, anarchist 269
Fauré, Gabriel, composer 399
Favre, Jules, politician 52–3, 63, 231, 232, 238, 362
Fayard, Joseph, publisher 414
Federation of Agricultural Workers of the Midi 316
Federation of Landworkers 316
Fédération des Bourses du Travail (1892) 266, 270, 282
Fédération des Travailleurs Socialistes de France, or Possibilists (1882) 258, 266
Fédération Nationale des Syndicats 267, 270
Fédération Républicaine (1902) 281, 307
Fédération Régionaliste Française (1900) 301, 307
Félibrige, the 297–9, 300, 316
Félix, Élisa-Rachel, actress, 179
Fénéon, Félix, art critic 269, 394, 396, 397
Ferdinand VII, king of Spain 47
Ferré, Théophile, revolutionary 241
Ferroul, Ernest, mayor of Narbonne 316
republican opposition 9, 63, 87, 89
marriage 256
mayor of Paris 235, 237, 240, 259
political base 256
education reforms of 10, 254, 342–4, 345
prime minister 255, 257, 260, 321
and presidency of the Republic 261–2
Fesch, Cardinal, archbishop of Lyon 32
Fête de la Fédération (1790) 4
Fez, Treaty of (1912) 431
Fieschi, Joseph, conspirator 53
Fiévée, Joseph, polemicist 143, 207–8
Flahaut, Comtesse de 116
Flamidien Affair (1899) 346–7
Flaubert, Gustave
early career 189
Madame Bovary 189–90, 191–2, 329
Salammbô 224
Sentimental Education 190–91
Temptation of St Antony 244
and George Sand 148–9, 191, 233, 244, 296
travels in France 79
on Italy 202
death 391
Floquet, Charles, politician 10, 63, 256, 264
Flourens, Gustave, revolutionary 237, 240, 241
Fokine, Michel, Russian choreographer 15
Forbach, battle of (1870) 230
Fouché, Joseph
representative on mission 22
minister of police (1799) 25, 29, 31
and Napoleon 34
Fouillée, Augustine, writer 296
Fould, Achille, banker and politician 58
Fould, Benedict, banker 60
Foulon, Louis, cartoonist 405–6
Fourmies, massacre at (1891) 267, 419
France, Anatole, writer 397, 398, 402
Franche-Comté
and counter-revolution 71–2
peasantry of 93
religious life in 125
Francis II, emperor of Austria 33
Frankfurt, Treaty of (1871) 410, 411
Franqueville, Charles de 4, 107
Frederick the Great 33, 206, 337
Frederick William III, King of Prussia 38
freemasons 242–3, 283, 356, 424
Frégier, Honoré-Antoine, writer 80–81, 82
Frémiet, Emmanuel, sculptor 13, 338, 391
French League for Women’s Rights (1882) 382, 383
French Union for Women’s Suffrage (1907) 387
Freppel, Mgr Charles-Émile, bishop and politician 393–4
Freycinet, Charles de, technician and politician 232, 252, 259, 260, 342
Friedland, battle of (1807) 33, 186
Froeschwiller, battle of (1870) 230
Froment, Pierre, polemicist 356
Frotté, Louis de, royalist 2, 26, 30
Fustel de Coulanges, Numa Denis, historian 11, 412, 413, 415
Gaboriau, Émile, writer 7, 193
Galliéni, General Joseph-Simon 13, 415, 416, 421, 422, 423, 424
Gallifet, General Gaston 278
Gambetta, Léon
republican opposition 64, 90, 397
republican dictator (1870–71) 231–4, 252, 290
republican orator (1871–7) 239–47, 250, 252, 280, 340, 341, 411
republican politician (1877–82) 254, 255, 256, 260, 279, 397
Gard 73–4
Garnier, Abbé 355
Gauguin, Paul, artist 395, 396
Gautier, Théophile, artist and poet 75, 145, 188, 218–19, 236, 391
Gay, Delphine see Girardin, Delphine de
Gayraud, Abbé Hippolyte 355
generations
revolutionary (born c. 1760) 3–6
Romantic (born c. 1800) 6–9
Realist (born c. 1830) 9–11, 339
of rejuvenators (born c. 1860) 11–13
of sacrifice (born c. 1890) 13–15
George, Stefan, poet 394
Gérard, Baron François, artist 172, 183, 184
Géricault, Théodore, artist 184, 185
Germany
under Napoleonic rule 33, 34, 205
French views of 203–7
German Confederation 205
German unification 207
and war of 1870–71 65, 230–31, 233, 410–11
colonial deals with 416–17, 421
war scare (1887) 418
and Morocco crises 3, 14, 425–6, 430–32
and outbreak of war (1914) 433–6
Gérôme, Jean-Léon, artist 196–7, 198, 391
Giard, Alfred, politician 317
Gide, André, writer 12, 394, 402
Girardin, Delphine de 8–9, 145–6, 160–61, 172, 173, 383
Girardin, Émile de 146, 173, 174, 176
Girodet, Anne-Louis, artist, 183
Girondins 54
Goncourt, Edmond de, writer 190, 197, 236, 238, 242, 244, 245, 298, 391, 392, 406
Goncourt, Jules de, writer 190, 197, 236, 391
Goncourt Prize 452
Goudeau, Émile, impresario 15, 406
Gouges, Olympe de, revolutionary 158
Gould, Anna, American heiress 276, 335, 371
Gounod, Charles, composer 88, 194, 391, 397
Gramont, Agénor, Duc de, foreign minister 65, 335
Granger, Ernest, revolutionary 258, 259
Grave, Jean, anarchist 269, 270, 397
Great Britain
and revolutionary–Napoleonic wars 19–21, 25, 33
French views of 207–10
and crisis of 1840 221
colonial rivalry with 416–17, 421–3
Entente Cordiale with (1904) 425, 435
Greffulhe, Comtesse Élisabeth de 336, 401
Grégoire, Abbé 46
Grévy, Jules, president of the Republic 254, 260–62
Gros, Baron Antoine-Jean, artist 175, 183, 184, 186
Grunebaum-Ballin, Paul 359
Guéhenno, Jean, writer 328–9
Guérin, Jules, anti-Semite 10, 275, 276, 278, 279
Guérin, Marguerite, trader 103
Guesde, Jules, socialist 258, 259, 267, 268, 270, 274, 275, 281, 288, 302, 346
Guibert, Yvette, singer 407
Guillaumin, Émile, peasant writer 311–12, 316
Guizot, François
and restored monarchy 39, 40, 45, 48–9
and July Monarchy 50, 51, 53, 54, 115, 221
Empire 63
education reforms of 103–4, 395
gymnastics 408–9
Hachette, Louis, publisher 192, 306
Hamilton, Anna, nursing reformer 380
Hanska, Countess Anna de 173
Haussez, Baron d’ 209
Haussmann, Baron Georges 61, 82–4, 86–7
Haussonville, Comte d’ 116
Hayward, Léon, publicist 15, 405
Hénon, Louis, Lyon politician 89, 234, 242, 290
Henri I V, king of France 44, 249
Henry, Émile, anarchist 269
Henry, Colonel Hubert Joseph 276, 306, 384
Héricourt, Jenny d’, feminist 6, 164–5, 381
Herr, Lucien, intellectual 10, 268
Herriot, Édouard, politician 304, 328, 329
Hersert, Louis, artist 145, 184
Hervé, Gustave, socialist 427, 432, 435
Herz, Cornelius, promoter 265
Hetzel, P.-J., publisher 403
Hohenlinden, battle of (1800) 32
Holy Roman Empire, dissolution of (1806) 33
horse-racing 15
Houdin, Robert, conjuror 15, 407
Hugo, Victor
and restored monarchy 53, 55, 169–70
and Napoleon I 55
and Catholic Church 138
and Third Republic 231–2, 237, 238, 252, 342
Marion Delorme 170