1Henry St. John Bolingbroke, Letters on the Study and Use of History (London, 1735).
1The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (W. W. Norton & Co, 2004), 4.
2Transcript of conversation between Flight Attendant Betty Ong of American Airlines and the American Airlines Southeastern Reservation Center, Federal Bureau of Investigation, September 12, 2001.
3Interview with AAL Flight Service Manager Michael Woodward, FBI, FD-302, September 12, 2001.
4Interview with AAL employee Winston Sandler, FBI, FD-302, September 13, 2001.
5FDNY Public Affairs, April 2018.
6J. R. Lawson, Robert Vettori, “The Emergency Response Operations,” Building and Fire Research Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (September 13, 2005): 193.
7Federal Aviation Administration, Aircraft Registry, N334AA Boeing 767-223, Engines: 2 General Electric CF6-80A2.
8“Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers,” National Institute of Standards and Technology (September 2005): 20.
99/11, Jules and Gédéon Naudet, documentary (2002).
10“Transcripts of Dispatch Records from 9/11/01,” Fire Department of the City of New York. Manhattan master tape 442.
11Ibid.
12Firefighter Frank Sweeney interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, October 18, 2001.
13Interview with Chris Ganci by Dina Zingaro, 2018.
14National Fallen Firefighters Foundation, www.firehero.org/fallen-firefighter/peter-j-ganci-jr/.
15Chief of Operations Daniel Nigro interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, October 24, 2001.
16Fire Marshall Steven Mosiello interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, October 21, 2001.
17Chief of Operations Daniel Nigro interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, October 24, 2001.
18“Transcripts of Dispatch Records from 9/11/01,” FDNY.
19Ibid.
20Spinelli family audio recording supplied to the author.
21“The Children of September,” CBS 60 Minutes II, October 17, 2001.
22Albert Turi, “Peter Ganci, A Firefighter’s Firefighter,” The Farmingdale Observer (September 13, 2016).
23Deputy Assistant Chief Albert Turi interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, October 23, 2001.
24Firefighter Scott Holowach interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, October 18, 2001.
25“Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers,” 38.
26The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (W. W. Norton & Co., 2004), 293.
27“Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers,” 39.
28Ibid., 42.
29“9/11 Commission Report,” 293.
30“Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers,” 6.
31David A. Fenella, Arnaldo Derecho, S.K. Ghosh, “Design and Construction of Structural Systems, Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster,” National Institute of Standards and Technology (2005).
32“Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers,” 10.
33Leslie Robertson interview with Dina Zingaro, 2018.
34Ibid.
35“Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers,” 6.
36“The World Trade Center Bombing: Report and Analysis,” Federal Emergency Management Agency (February 1993).
37“World Trade Center Bombing,” FBI Famous Cases, www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases.
38“Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers,” 19.
39“FDNY Vital Statistics,” Fire Department of the City of New York.
40Lieutenant Gary Gates interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, October 12, 2001.
41“Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers,” 136.
42EMS Chief Zachery Goldfarb, interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, October 23, 2001.
43Deputy Assistant Chief Albert Turi, interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, October 23, 2001.
44Assistant Chief Joseph Callan, interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, November 2, 2001.
45“Answers to Frequently Asked Questions,” National Institute of Standards and Technology, accessed August 30, 2006, www.nist.gov.
46Chief Joseph Pfeifer, interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, October 23, 2001.
47Firefighter Edward Cachia, interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, December 6, 2001.
48Deputy Assistant Chief Albert Turi, interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, October 23, 2001.
49“Flight Path Study American Flight 77,” National Transportation Safety Board (February 2002).
50“9/11 Commission Report,” 314.
51Lawson and Vettori, “The Emergency Response Operations,” 16.
52“Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers,” 31.
53Ibid.
54Lawson and Vettori, “The Emergency Response Operations.”
55“9/11 Commission Report,” 299.
56“Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers,” xi.
57Ibid., 155.
58“9/11 Commission Report,” 285.
59“Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers,” 24.
60Lawson and Vettori, “The Emergency Response Operations,” 214.
61Ibid.
62Fire Marshal Steven Mosiello interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, October 23, 2001.
63Firefighter Richard Boeri interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, December 10, 2001.
64“9/11 Commission Report,” 309.
65Firefighter Derek Brogan interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, December 28, 2001.
66Rudy Giuliani interviewed by Forbes on the tenth anniversary of 9/11, 2011.
67FDNY 9/11 Response (McKinsey and Company, 2002), 3.
68Lawson and Vettori, “The Emergency Response Operations.”
69FDNY 9/11 Response, 6.
70“Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers,” xxxvii.
71Ibid., xxxviii.
72“Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers,” 154.
73Ibid.
74United States v. Zacarias Moussaoui, Criminal No. 01-455-A, US District Court, Eastern District of Virginia, Prosecution Exhibit P200016.
75“Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers,” 38.
76Lawson and Vettori, “The Emergency Response Operations,” 209.
77“Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster,” National Institute of Standards and Technology (September 2005).
78“Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers,” xxxviii.
79Ibid., xxxix.
80John Peruggia interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, October 25, 2001.
81Richard Zarrillo interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, October 25, 2001.
82Fire Marshal Steven Mosiello interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, October 23, 2001.
83Richard Zarrillo interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, October 25, 2001.
84Fire Marshal Steven Mosiello interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, October 23, 2001.
85Deputy Assistant Chief Albert Turi interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, October 23, 2001.
86“Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers,” 44.
87Lieutenant Gary Gates interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, October 12, 2001.
88Richard Zarrillo interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, October 25, 2001.
89Captain Michael Donovan interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, November 9, 2001.
90Firefighter Christopher Murray interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, December 12, 2001.
91Lieutenant Neil Brosnan interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, December 12, 2001.
92Battalion Chief Brian O’Flaherty interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, January 9, 2002.
93Chief Salvatore Cassano interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, October 4, 2001.
94Fire Marshal Steven Mosiello interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, October 23, 2001.
95Ibid.
96“9/11 Commission Report,” 307.
97“Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers,” 85.
98“Patrick J. Brown,” National Fallen Firefighters Foundation, www.firehero.org/fallen-firefighter/patrick-j-brown/.
99“Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers,” 33.
100Paramedic Karen Lamanna interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, January 23, 2002.
101Deputy Assistant Chief Albert Turi interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, October 23, 2001.
102“9/11 Commission Report,” 10.
103Ibid., 11.
104Ibid., 14.
105Ibid.
106Fire Marshal Steven Mosiello interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, October 23, 2001.
107Lieutenant John Mendez interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, October 31, 2001.
108Deputy Assistant Chief Albert Turi interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, October 23, 2001.
109Captain Ray Goldbach interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, October 24, 2001.
110Captain Michael Donovan interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, November 9, 2001.
111Ibid.
112Fire Marshal Steven Mosiello interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, October 23, 2001.
113Lawson and Vettori, “The Emergency Response Operations,” 86.
114Chief Joseph Pfeifer interviewed by the FDNY World Trade Center Task Force, October 23, 2001.
115“Brooklyn Bravest Found at WTC 3,” New York Daily News, January 3, 2002.
116“Fiscal 2018 Preliminary (NYC) Mayor’s Management Report for the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner,” City of New York (March 20, 2018), 8.
117D-Day Plaque Project, National D-Day Memorial Foundation, www.dday.org/d-day-plaque-project. “2,499 fatalities were from the United States.”
118“Fiscal 2018 Preliminary (NYC) Mayor’s Management Report for the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner,” City of New York (March 20, 2018), 8.
119Ibid.
120“Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers.”
1“9/11 Commission Report,” 27.
2Raymond Lowey, Industrial Design (The Overlook Press, 1979).
3Rudi Williams, “Reagan Makes First, Last Flight in Jet He Ordered,” American Forces Press Service (June 10, 2013).
4The White House Historical Society, “The White House Mansion is 168 feet long.” Also, “Air Force One,” Boeing, http://www.boeing.com/defense/air-force-one/index.page, “Aircraft length 231 feet.”
5Federal Aviation Administration transcript.
6Ari Fleischer, White House Press Secretary. Contemporaneous notes shared with the author.
7“9/11 Commission Report,” 212.
8“Hijackers Timeline,” Federal Bureau of Investigation.
9“9/11 Commission Report,” 213.
10Ibid., 206.
11Drawing of Proposed Library Table to be made from timber of the late Arctic Ship Resolute for presentation to the President of the United States of America, September 1879, Collection of the Royal Museums Greenwich.
12“Treasures of the Resolute Desk,” White House Historical Association, Office of the Curator, The White House.
13“Presidential Statement—Draft 2,” The US National Archives.
1“Botswana,” The World Factbook, US Central Intelligence Agency (2018). In the Setswana language, the plural demonym is Batswana. The singular is Motswana.
1“Low Blood Pressure (hypotension),” Mayo Clinic. A blood pressure reading lower than 60mm Hg for the bottom (diastolic) number is generally considered low.
2“Hemoglobin test,” Mayo Clinic (December 2017). Normal Range for hemoglobin in men is 13.5 to 17.5 grams per deciliter.
3Peter Dorland and James Nanney, Dust Off: Army Aeromedical Evacuation in Vietnam, Center of Military History United States Army (2008). “Arriving in April 1962, the 57th [Medical Detachment (Helicopter Ambulance)] remained through the next eleven years of American military involvement in [Vietnam].”
4The Geneva Conventions. Chapter IV, Article 24 (1949). “Medical personnel exclusively engaged in the search for, or the collection, transport or treatment of the wounded or sick...shall be respected and protected in all circumstances.”
5M. M. Manning, Alan Hawk, Jason Calhoun, Romney Andersen, “Treatment of War Wounds: A Historical Review,” Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research (February 2009).
6Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass, Book XXI Drum-Taps (1855).
7David Rice, George Kotti, William Beninati, “Clinical Review: Critical care transport and austere critical care,” Critical Care (March 2008).
8Matthew S. Goldberg, PhD, “Death and Injury Rates of U.S. Military Personnel in Iraq,” Military Medicine, vol. 175 (April 2010): 223.
119th Annual GRAMMY Awards (1976), Recording Academy Grammy Awards, www.grammy.com/awards/19th-annual-grammy-awards.
2Recording Academy Grammy Awards. Springsteen would continue to add to his Grammy collection. As of 2018, he had twenty gramophone statues. In addition, his albums Born to Run and Born in the U.S.A. were inducted into the GRAMMY Hall of Fame.
1AI. N. Oikonomides, Alexander the Great at Alexandria in Arachosia (Old Kandahar) (Zeitschrift fur Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 1984), 145-147.
2Peter Molnar, “The Geologic History and Structure of the Himalaya,” American Scientist, vol. 74, no. 2 (1986): 144-154.
3World Bank. Country Profile, Afghanistan. World Development Indicators Database.
4Ibid.
5Paul Bernard, “Hellenistic Arachosia,” East and West, vol. 55, no. 1/4, Istituto Italiano per l’Africa e l’Oriente (December 2005): 13-34.
6Ibid.
7Louis Dupree, Afghanistan (Oxford University Press, 1973).
8Rudyard Kipling, “The Young British Soldier,” The Scots Observer (June 28, 1890).
9Amineh Ahmed, “Understanding The Taliban Case Through History and the Contest of Pukhtunwali,” The Cambridge Journal of Anthropology, vol. 22, no. 3 (2001): 86-92.
10Ibid., 87.
11Nick Cullather, “Damming Afghanistan: Modernization in a Buffer State,” The Journal of American History (September 2002): 512-537.
12William Shakespeare, The Life of King Henry V, Act IV, Scene III, The English camp at Agincourt, c. 1599.
13Joint Publication 4-06, Mortuary Affairs, Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (October 2011): IV-47.
142018 Trafficking in Persons Report, Afghanistan, Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, United States Department of State.
1Arthur Voyce, The Moscow Kremlin: Its History, Architecture and Art Treasures (University of California Press, 1954), 12.
2Winston Churchill, The Russian Enigma, BBC Broadcast, October 1, 1939.
3The Soviet flag was lowered at the Kremlin for the last time on December 25, 1991.
4Aviation Safety Network, Flight Safety Foundation, https://aviation-safety.net/database/operator/airline.php?var=6834. 144 accidents and incidents in database.
5David Weber, Changing Sacredness and Historical Memory of Moscow’s Red Square, Studies in Slavic Cultures (University of Pittsburg), 53.
6Arthur Voyce. The Moscow Kremlin.
7Securities and Exchange Commission, Dow Jones Industrial Average, August 28, 1998, 8051.68, August 31, 1998, 7539.04.
8Dow Jones Incorporated, All-Time Largest One Day Gains and Losses.
9Indirectly, Shebarshin may have been right. The former spy master suffered a stroke, perhaps a complication of chain smoking. The stroke left him blind. In 2012, Russian media reported he committed suicide with the ceremonial pistol he was given on retirement. Shebarshin was seventy-seven.
1“The Recession of 2007-2009,” US Bureau of Labor Statistics (February 2012).
2“Child Poverty in the United States,” American Community Survey Briefs, US Census Bureau (November 2011).
3“The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report,” National Commission on the Causes of the Financial and Economic Crisis in the United States (January 2011).
4Ibid.
5Stephen Cecchetti, “Crisis and Responses: The Federal Reserve in the Early Stages of the Financial Crisis,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 23, no. 1 (Winter 2009): 68.
6Federal Reserve Annual Report, 1928. Federal Reserve FRASER archive.
7For expert counsel on this shameless condensation of the scholarship of Friedman and Schwartz, the author received guidance from Michael Bordo, Board of Governors Professor of Economics at Rutgers University. Dr. Bordo was a student of Friedman who worked with Schwartz. He is the author of ten books on the history of monetary policy.
8Ben S. Bernanke, “The Subprime Mortgage Market,” Speech before the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago 43rd Annual Conference, May 2007.
9Ben S. Bernanke, Subprime Mortgage Lending and Mitigating Foreclosures, Testimony before the House Committee on Financial Services, July 20, 2007.
10“Financial Crisis Timeline,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
11“Clinton County AFB, OH,” https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/facility/clinton_county.htm.
12Statistical data from Stacey Standish and Gary Steinberg, US Bureau of Labor Statistics, and Howard Silverblatt, Sr. Industry Analyst for Standard & Poors Down Jones Indices. Interviews with Dina Zingaro, June 4, 2018.
13America Builds: The Record of PWA, by Public Works Administration. Professor of American History Jason Smith, author of Building New Deal Liberalism: The Political Economy of Public Works, 1933-1956. Interview with Dina Zingaro, 2018.
14Federal Reserve Bulletin (September 1937). Federal Reserve FRASER archive.
15“Federal Reserve History,” Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve (April 2017).
16“The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt,” University of Michigan, 459.
17“Powers of the Federal Reserve. (3) Discounts for individuals, partnerships, and corporations,” Federal Reserve Act, Section 13.
18Robert McDonald, Professor of Finance at Northwestern University and Research Associate at National Bureau of Economic Research. Interview with Dina Zingaro, 2018.
19Mauro Guillen, “The Global Economic & Financial Crisis: A Timeline,” The Lauder Institute, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, https://lauder.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Chronology_Economic_Financial_Crisis.pdf.
20Standard & Poors. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac mortgage share 43.8 percent.
21Mauro Guillen, “The Global Economic & Financial Crisis.”
22“The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report,” National Commission on the Causes of the Financial and Economic Crisis in the United States (January 2011).
23Ibid., 139.
24“The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report.”
25Ibid., 352. “The Commission concludes AIG failed and was rescued by the government primarily because its enormous sales of credit default swaps were made without putting up initial collateral, setting aside capital reserves, or hedging its exposure—a profound failure in corporate governance...”
26Ibid., 344.
27Federal Reserve, “American International Group, Maiden Lane II and III,” Regulatory Reform, February 12, 2016.
28Ben S. Bernanke, The Courage to Act: A Memoir of Crisis and Its Aftermath (W. W. Norton & Company).
29Henry M. Paulson, Jr., On the Brink: Inside the Race to Stop the Collapse of the Global Financial System (2011). Before joining the Treasury Department, Paulson had a 32-year career at Goldman Sachs, serving as chairman and chief executive officer following the firm’s initial public offering in 1999.
30“Goldman Sachs Agrees to Pay more than $5 Billion in Connection with its Sale of Residential Mortgage Backed Securities,” The United States Department of Justice, April 11, 2016, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/goldman-sachs-agrees-pay-more-5-billion-connection-its-sale-residential-mortgage-backed.
31The crash of 777 points is now the second largest point drop. On February 5, 2018 the Dow Industrial Average fell 1,175.
32“Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey,” Bureau of Labor Statistics. Rather than using the traditional unemployment rate, I prefer the Bureau of Labor Statistics “U-6” data. U-6 is the total unemployed plus those who are forced to work part-time while looking for full-time work. The U-6 total peaked in April, 2010 at 17.1 percent.
33“Rescuing the Economy from the Great Recession,” Government Publishing Office: 42-43.
34“Federal Reserve Bank Credit,” Annual Report, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (2008).
35John Weinberg, “Federal Reserve Credit Programs During the Meltdown,” Federal Reserve History, Federal Reserve (November 22, 2015).
36“Impact of the Federal Reserve’s Quantitative Easing Programs on Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac,” Federal Housing Finance Agency Office of Inspector General.
37Ben S. Bernanke interview with the author. 60 Minutes (CBS, 2009).
38“The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report,” 350.
39“Federal Reserve’s Assets,” Federal Reserve Board (2017).
40Larry Neal and Eric Schubert, “The First Rational Bubbles: A New Look at the Mississippi and South Sea Schemes” (University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, September 1985).
41Will Durant and Ariel Durant, The Age of Voltaire: The Story of Civilization, vol. 9 (Simon and Schuster, June 2011).
42E. S. Browning, “Wild Day Caps Worst Week Ever for Stocks,” Wall Street Journal (October 11, 2008).
43Abraham Lincoln, “Cooper Union Address,” New York (February 27, 1860).
44Ben S. Bernanke, The Courage to Act.
45“Mortgage Originations and Delinquency and Foreclosure Rates 1990 to 2009,” US Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States 2011, 743.
46United States Department of Justice press release (June 25, 2013).
47Federal Reserve Consent Decree press release (April 13, 2011).
48Statistical data from Stacey Standish and Gary Steinberg, US Bureau of Labor Statistics, and Howard Silverblatt, Sr. Industry Analyst for Standard & Poors Down Jones Indices. Interviews with Dina Zingaro (June 2018).
49Howard Silverblatt, Sr. Industry Analyst for Standard & Poors Down Jones Indices. Interview with Dina Zingaro (June 2018).
50“Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey” Series ID LNS 13327709. Series Title: Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of all civilian labor force, plus all marginally attached workers. Seasonally Adjusted. Bureau of Labor Statistics (October 17, 2018).
1Eszter Spat, “Religious Oral Tradition and Literacy among the Yezidis of Iraq,” Anthropos, Bd. 103 (2008): 393-403.
2Garnik Asatrian, Victoria Arakelova, “Malak-Tawus: The Peacock Angel of the Yezidis,” Iran and the Caucasus, vol. 7 (2003): 1-36.
3W. B. Heard, “Notes on the Yezidis,” The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 41 (1911): 200-219.
4Eva Savelsberg, Siamend Hajo and Irene Dulz, “Effectively Urbanized: Yezidis in the collective towns of Sheikhan and Sinjar,” Etudes Rurales, no. 186 (2010): 101-116.
5Nadia Murad with Jenna Krajeski, The Last Girl: My Story of Captivity, and My Fight Against the Islamic State (New York: Tim Duggan Books, 2017).
1Art Leatherwood, Llano Estacado, Texas State Historical Association.
2Andrew J. Torget, Seeds of Empire: Cotton, Slavery, and the Transformation of the Texas Borderlands 1800-1850, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill (2015). “Texas must be a slave country,” [Austin] declared, “circumstances and unavoidable necessity compels it.”
3Constitution of the Republic of Texas (1836) General Provisions. Section 9. “Congress shall pass no laws to prohibit emigrants from the United States of America from bringing their slaves into the Republic with them, and holding them by the same tenure by which such slaves were held in the United States; nor shall Congress have power to emancipate slaves; nor shall any slave-holder be allowed to emancipate his or her slave or slaves, without the consent of Congress, unless he or she shall send his or her slave or slaves without the limits of the Republic. No free person of African descent, either in whole or in part, shall be permitted to reside permanently in the Republic, without the consent of Congress, and the importation or admission of Africans or negroes into this Republic, excepting from the United States of America, is forever prohibited, and declared to be piracy.”
4Cotton Producing Regions of Texas, Texas A & M University.
5“Maud Couple’s Vows are Read in California,” The Daily Oklahoman (May 9, 1943).
6“Certificate in recognition of wartime service,” Wanda Jean Graves. United States Navy Bureau of Aeronautics (May 16, 1942).
7“Prime Time Access Rule,” Encyclopedia of Television, Museum of Broadcast Communications. “With respect to the development of community-oriented local programming, the PTAR was a dismal failure, as most local television stations opted to purchase inexpensive syndicated entertainment programming, such as game shows to fill the access hour rather than developing their own public-affairs programs.”
8Adweek. “For 2nd Straight Week, CBS Evening News Ties Lowest Viewership Ever. Last week, the CBS Evening News averaged 4.89 million total viewers.” (August 31, 2010).
9CBS Press Express (June 6, 2016). “The ‘CBS EVENING NEWS WITH SCOTT PELLEY’ finished the season by delivering the largest audience in the time period for CBS in 10 years. The CBS broadcast also added the most viewers among the network evening news broadcasts (7.35m, up +2% from 7.23m a year ago). The broadcast posted its sixth consecutive season of growth, a first for a network evening newscast since the 1987 advent of people meters. Since Scott Pelley became anchor in June 2011, the ‘CBS EVENING NEWS’ has added +1.4 million viewers, double the growth of ABC and NBC combined.”
10CBS Press Express (September 20, 2016). “The ‘CBS EVENING NEWS WITH SCOTT PELLEY’ finished with CBS’s highest ratings in the time period in 10 years (since the 2005-06 broadcast year). This year marks the sixth consecutive broadcast year of viewer gains for the CBS EVENING NEWS, the first time any network evening news broadcast posted six consecutive broadcast years of viewer gains in the 28 years since the advent of Nielsen people meters in 1987. Additionally, the ‘CBS EVENING NEWS WITH SCOTT PELLEY’ closed the viewership gap with NBC by 113,000 viewers compared to last year—the closest CBS has been to NBC in viewers for a broadcast year in 15 years (since 2000-2001).”
11CBS Press Express (November 10, 2015). “The ‘CBS Evening News with Scott Pelley’ Posts The Biggest Audience Gains Among The Network Evening News Broadcasts. The ‘CBS EVENING NEWS WITH SCOTT PELLEY’ posted the largest year-to-year increase in viewers (+4%, 7.57m from 7.25m) among the network evening news broadcasts for the week ending November 6, according to Nielsen live plus same day ratings.”
12CBS Press Express (August 2, 2016). “The ‘CBS EVENING NEWS WITH SCOTT PELLEY’ posted its best July Sweep delivery in adults 25-54 in three years (since July 2013). CBS is in its closest competitive position with ABC in adults 25-54 for a July Sweep in at least 22 years (since at least the July 1994 Sweep, which marks the start of CBS electronic sweep records). CBS was just 0.1 ratings point off ABC in adults 25-54 for the July 2016 Sweep.”
13CBS Press Express (June 1, 2016). “The ‘CBS EVENING NEWS WITH SCOTT PELLEY,’ America’s fastest growing network evening news broadcast, finished the 2015-16 television season with CBS’s highest ratings in the time period in 10 years (since the 2005-06 season), according to Nielsen most current ratings. The ‘CBS EVENING NEWS’ has grown its audience for six consecutive seasons, a first-time achievement for any network evening news broadcast since the advent of people meters (since at least 1987). Under Pelley, who assumed the anchor chair in June 2011, the ‘CBS EVENING NEWS’ has added +1.4 million viewers and an audience increase of +23%, which is double NBC and ABC’s growth combined over the same period (since the 2010-11 season).”
1William Shakespeare, King Lear.
2Heather Woods, “Ancient rocks and modern collaborations in Saudi Arabia,” School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences, Stanford University (2013).
3Mohamed Boukhary, Osman Abdelghany, et al., “Upper Eocene Larger Foraminifera from the Damman Formation,” Micropaleontology, vol. 51, no. 6 (2005): 487-504.
4Rasoul Sorkhabi, “Max Steineke (1898-1952): A Pioneer American Geologist in the Early History of Oil Exploration in Saudi Arabia,” Petroleum History Institute, 2012.
5Hamed A. El-Nakhal, “New observations on the geological age of the Dammam Formation in Arabia,” Micropaleontology, vol. 34, no. 3 (1988): 284-285.
6“Japanese Sign Final Surrender,” US National Archive, Archival Research Catalog Identifier 39079.
7“United States Battleship Missouri, The second decommissioning Program,” US Navy (March 31, 1992).
8Harry Butowsky, Warships Associated with World War II in the Pacific, National Park Service History Division (May 1995).
9“16-inch” refers to the gun caliber, the approximate internal diameter of the barrel.
10Thunder and Lightning—The War with Iraq, Naval History and Heritage Command.
11War Chronology: January 1991, Naval History and Heritage Command.
12“Theater Ballistic Missile Systems and Capabilities,” Arms Control Today, The Arms Control Association (March 1996).
13Javed Ali, The Nonproliferation Review (Spring 2001).
14Bob Simon, Forty Days (G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1992).
15J. C. Humphrey, “Casualty management: scud missile attack, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia,” US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health (May, 1999).
16“Senate Concurrent Resolution 32 Recognizing the soldiers of the 14th Quartermaster Detachment,” Congressional Record (February 25, 2016).
17“War in the Persian Gulf: Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm August 1990-March 1991,” Center of Military History, US Army.
18S. S. Goldich, “A Study in Rock Weathering,” Journal of Geology 46 (1938), 17-58.
19“War in the Persian Gulf.”
20Ibid., 38-40.
21“War in the Persian Gulf.”
22Scott Althaus, Brittany Bramlett, James Gimpel, “When War Hits Home: The Geography of Military Losses and Support for War in Time and Space,” University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.
23S. S. Gartner, G. Segura. “War, Casualties, and Public Opinion,” The Journal of Conflict Resolution (June, 1998) 278-300.
24Mark Lorell, Charles Kelley, Jr., “Casualties, Public Opinion and Presidential Policy During the Vietnam War,” The Rand Corporation, Prepared for the US Air Force (March 1985).
25John E. Mueller, War, Presidents and Public Opinion (John Wiley & Sons, 1973).
26Craig Chamberlain, “Did news coverage turn Americans against the Vietnam War?” University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.
27Vietnam War Fatal Casualty Statistics, National Archive.
28“Report to Congress United States Gulf Environmental Technical Assistance,” US Environmental Protection Agency (January 1992).
29“Report to Congress United States Gulf Environmental Technical Assistance.”
30W. M. Christenson and Robert Zirkle, “73 Easting Battle Replication,” Institute for Defense Analyses (September 1992).
31“Correspondent Charles Collingwood reports on D-Day,” Library of Congress, LCCN 2004653885.
1The Association of Schools of Journalism and Mass Communications, Journalist-in-Space Project, Final Report, July 31, 1986. Semifinalists. Scott C. Pelley of Dallas, Texas, reporter WFAA-TV.
2Three Apollo astronauts, Gus Grissom, Ed White and Roger Chaffey died previously in a fire during a countdown test on the launch pad on January 27, 1967.
3“The Orbiter,” National Aeronautics and Space Administration, www.nasa.gov/returntoflight/system.
4Depending on the round, a rifle bullet flies at 1,700 miles per hour. To establish a sustainable orbit, any object, including the Space Shuttle, must reach 17,500 mph.
5Alfred Hogan, “Televising the Space Age: A Descriptive Chronology of CBS News Special Coverage of Space Exploration from 1957 to 2003,” University of Maryland, 2005.
6“Space Shuttle Era Facts” (NASA, April 2012). The shuttle Challenger was destroyed on liftoff on January 28, 1986. The shuttle Columbia broke apart on reentry on February 1, 2003.
1Frank Markus, “2017 Tesla Model S P100D First Test,” Motor Trend (February 7, 2017). “A new record zero to 60 in 2.28 seconds.”
2Johnny Lieberman, “Lamborghini Huracan LP 610-4 First Test,” Motor Trend (March 9, 2015). “Zero to 60 mph in 2.8 seconds.”
32013 Tesla Model S, National Highway Transportation Safety Administration, US Department of Transportation.
4“Elon Musk Settles SEC Fraud Charges,” US Securities and Exchange Commission, September 29, 2018.
5“Technocracy Leader Charged at Regina,” Ottawa Journal (October 14, 1940).
6Joseph Keating, Jr. and Scott Haldeman, “Joshua N. Haldeman, DC: the Canadian Years, 1926-1950,” Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association (1995).
7Scott Haldeman, Photograph of Joshua and Winnifred Haldeman, Cape to Algiers motor rally.
8Photograph of Haldeman with P.M. Menzies, International Review of Chiropractic (December 1954).
9“Falcon 9 and Dragon demonstration flight,” SpaceX Launch Manifest (December 8, 2010).
10“NASA Resupply Mission to ISS,” SpaceX Launch Manifest (November 8, 2012).
11“NASDAQ Tesla Incorporated Market Summary,” NYSE Market Summary (July 2018). Market Capitalization $52.57 billion. Ford Market Capitalization $41.99 billion.
1Russell Wheeler, Charles Bufe, Margo Johnson, and Richard Dart, “Seismotectonic Map of Afghanistan,” US Geological Survey (2005).
2Stephen Peters, “Summary of the Panjsher Valley Emerald, Iron, and Silver Area of Interest,” Summary of Important Areas for Mineral Investment and Production Opportunities of Nonfuel Minerals in Afghanistan, US Geological Survey (2011).
3Wheeler, et al., “Seismotectonic Map of Afghanistan.”
4“Troops Capture Terrorists in Afghanistan; Rocket Misses Coalition Base,” DoD News, US Department of Defense (March 6, 2007).
5“Iraq Body Count, Conflict Casualties Monitor” (May 2018), Iraqbodycount.org. Total violent deaths including combatants, 288,000.
6“DCI Statement on the Belgrade Chinese Embassy Bombing,” CIA (July 22, 1999).
7“Troops Capture Terrorists in Afghanistan; Rocket Misses Coalition Base,” DoD News, US Department of Defense (March 6, 2007).
8“J-FIRE Multiservice Procedures for the Joint Application of Firepower,” Air Land Sea Application Center, November 1997. Table 12. Risk Estimate Distances for Aircraft Delivered Ordinance. Mk-84 10% Probability of incapacitation within 225 Meters.
9Lasha Tchantouridze, “Counterinsurgency in Afghanistan: Comparing Canadian and Soviet Efforts,” International Journal, vol. 68, no. 2 (June 2013): 334. “More than one million people died of inflicted wounds, exposure, starvation, deprivation and unsanitary conditions while hundreds of thousands were injured, maimed and sickened.”
10Ian Livingston, Heather Messera, Michael O’Hanlon, “Afghanistan Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction & Security in Post-9/11 Afghanistan,” Brookings Institution (February 5, 2010).
11FOIA Request ID FY07-0251, filed August 27, 2007.
12US Special Operations Command, 2011 FOIA log, “CONSULT CENTCOM:” Request ID 2011-H-189.
13Michael Bulkley and Gregory Davis, “The Study of Rapid Acquisition Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) Vehicle Program and its Impact on the Warfighter,” Naval Postgraduate School, June 2013. MaxxPro Per Vehicle Costs $774,639.
1Historical Election Results, National Archives and Records Administration.
2“History of Lorain, OH,” Lorain Public Library.
3US Census data tables, time-series, P-4 for male/female historic median income. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/historical-income-people.html.
4World Bank, “China’s Modernizing Labor Market: Trends and Emerging Challenges,” 78. Human Development United East Asia and Pacific Region (August 2007). In 2001, 95% of China’s labor force had education below the college level.
5“Percentage of labor force by educational attainment, 25 years and over, 2016 annual averages,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, Profile of the Labor Force by Educational Attainment (August 2017). “No college = 27%.”
6“Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion,” US Census Bureau Current Population Survey. Also, Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman, “Distributional National Accounts: Methods and Estimates for the United States,” 2016, Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
7“Trump Loses Grip on Ohio,” Politico (October 16, 2016).
8US Bureau of Labor Statistics.
9Stanley Lebergott, “Annual Estimates of Unemployment in the United States 1900-1954,” Bureau of the Budget (1954): 215.
10“2017 Infrastructure Report Card,” American Society of Civil Engineers. “The US has 614,387 bridges, almost four in 10 of which are 50 years or older.” “56,007 bridges or 9.1 percent were structurally deficient in 2016.”
11United States of America v. Viktor Netyksho et al. United States District Court for the District of Columbia (July 13, 2018).
12Ibid., 7.
13“2016 Official Presidential General Election Results,” Federal Election Commission (January 2017).
14Ibid.
15Max Farrand, The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. 2.1 (Yale University Press, 1911). “Tuesday, September 4th. The honorable Mr. Brearley from the Committee of eleven informed the House that the Committee were prepared to report.”
16Max Farrand, The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. 2 (Yale University Press, 1911). “Septr [sic] 5.”
17“2016 Official Presidential General Election Results,” Federal Election Commission (January 2017).
18Ibid.
19“2016 Official Presidential General Election Results.” Wisconsin write-ins: 22,812. Pennsylvania write-ins: 43,601.
20“Historical Election Results,” US Electoral College, National Archives and Records Administration. Presidents who lost the popular vote. 1824, John Quincy Adams. 1840, William Henry Harrison. 1876, Rutherford B. Hayes. 2000, George W. Bush.
21Walt Whitman, “By Blue Ontario’s Shore,” Leaves of Grass.
22Anthony Salvanto, “Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton viewed unfavorably by majority,” CBS News/New York Times Poll (March 21, 2016).
1“Iraq Body Count, Conflict Casualties Monitor” (May 2018), Iraqbodycount.org. Total violent deaths including combatants: 288,000.
2Ibid.
3Winston Churchill, Radio Interview, New York City (March 10, 1935).
4Franklin D. Roosevelt at Work with his Personal Secretary, The White House Historical Association, photograph (1934). In the photograph, the chairs are in place on either side of the Hoover desk. FDR did not change the furnishings immediately after the Hoover administration. In reviewing the photographs of the White House Historical Association, I found the cane-back chairs have been silent witnesses to great moments in history. Oval Office furniture comes and goes but the chairs are seen, in varying upholstery, with presidents including FDR, Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, JFK, LBJ, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and Barack Obama in addition to George W. Bush.
5The White House Museum.
6World Bank. Iraq population 2002: 24,939,299.
7Hearings before the Senate Armed Services Committee, June 5, 2001.
8Ibid., February 27, 2001.
9The American Presidency Project, UC Santa Barbara. Under President George H. W. Bush, Dr. Wolfowitz served as Undersecretary of Defense for Policy. President Bush Nominates Paul Wolfowitz Deputy Secretary of Defense (February 5, 2001).
10“Department of Defense Key Officials.” “Scooter” served as deputy undersecretary of defense for policy under George H. W. Bush.
11State Department, Office of the Historian. In 1987 Rice served as an advisor to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and in 1989 was appointed director of Soviet and East European Affairs on the National Security Council. In 2001 she was appointed National Security Advisor by President George W. Bush, and succeeded Colin Powell as Secretary of State in 2005.
12United States Institute for Peace. From January 20, 2001 to January 20, 2005, Hadley was the assistant to the president and deputy national security advisor, serving under then National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice. From 1989 to 1993, Hadley served as the assistant secretary of defense for international security policy under then Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney.
13White House archives. Between 1991 and 1992, Dr. Khalilzad served as Assistant Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Planning.
14“Secretary Rumsfeld and General Franks Speak to Reporters,” C-Span (November 27, 2001).
15“The Iraq War—Part I: The U.S. Prepares for Conflict, 2001,” The National Security Archive (September 2010), https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu.
16“The State of the Union Address by the President of the United States,” Congressional Record, vol. 149, issue 15 (January 28, 2003).
17Steven Hadley, Deputy National Security Advisor, Iraq Weapons of Mass Destruction and the State of the Union Speech, Press Briefing, The White House (July 22, 2003).
18Dan Bartlett, White House Communications Director, Iraq Weapons of Mass Destruction and the State of the Union Speech, Press Briefing, The White House (July 22, 2003).
19“Remarks by the President in Michigan Welcome,” The White House, Waterford, Michigan (October 14, 2002).
20“President Delivers the State of the Union,” The White House (January 28, 2003).
21Ernest Hemingway, “The Art of Fiction No. 21,” interview by George Plimpton, The Paris Review, no. 18 (Spring 1958). “The most essential gift for a good writer is a built-in, shock-proof, shit detector. This is the writer’s radar and all the great writers have had it.”
22New York Times Co v. United States, Supreme Court of the United States. 403 US 713 (1971) 714.
23Donald Rumsfeld, Known and Unknown: A Memoir (Sentinel, 2011), 428.
24Senate Armed Service Committee (February 25, 2003).
25Committee on the Budget, House of Representatives (February 27, 2003).
26Catherine Lutz and Neta Crawford, “Iraq War $2.2 Trillion,” The Cost of War Project, Brown University. The estimate includes the anticipated cost of veterans’ healthcare through 2053.
27John Calvert, Divisions within Islam (Mason Crest, 2010).
28CIA, The World Factbook. Iraq.
29Andrew Terrill, “Strategic Implications of Intercommunal Warfare in Iraq,” Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College (February 2005). “Many Sunni Arabs worried that they would be forced to pay for their history of discrimination against the Shiites if the roles were ever reversed...”
30Ibid., 8. “Republican Guard tanks crushing the rebellion were often painted with the slogan, ‘No more Shiites after today.’”
31“Ancient Mesopotamia: This History, Our History,” Oriental Institute, University of Chicago (2007).
32Ibid. “The Sumerians of ancient Mesopotamia are credited with inventing the earliest form of writing which appeared ca. 3500 BC.” “The Mesopotamians were the first to give a number a place value and to recognize the concept of zero.” “They revolutionized transportation around 3500 BC by inventing the wheel.”
33“The Sumerian King List,” Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, University of Oxford.
34Piotr Michalowski, A Man Called Enmebaragesi, 195.
35Thorkild Jacobsen, “The Sumerian King List,” The Oriental Institute of The University of Chicago (1939), 83.
36“CPS decides no prosecution over death of ITN’s Terry Lloyd in Iraq,” Crown Prosecution Service, news release, July 28, 2008.
37Col. Gregory Fontenot, LTC E.J. Degen, LTC David Tohn, On Point: The United States Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom, 30th Military History Detachment (DS 75th XTF) Combat Studies Institute Press.
38Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: George W. Bush, The President’s Radio Address, US Government Publishing Office (April 12, 2003).
39Donald Wright, Colonel Timothy Reese. On Point II: Transition to the New Campaign (Combat Studies Institute Press, June 2008), 27. “Rumsfeld voiced concerns about deploying the 1st Cavalry Division, already loading its equipment in the United States for deployment to Iraq. This decision stemmed from the belief, at the national level, that 1st Cav’s soldiers would not be needed to stabilize Iraq.”
40Ibid., 335. “By the end of major combat operations, the 75th had not discovered any weapons of mass destruction.”
41CBS News Elections and Polling Unit (May, 2007).
42“Iraq Body Count, Conflict Casualties Monitor” (May 2018), Iraqbodycount.org. Total violent deaths including combatants: 288,000.
43Richard D. Hooker, Jr. and Joseph J. Collins, Lessons Encountered (National Defense University Press, 2015), 11-12.
44Fontenot, Degen, and Tohn. On Point: The United States Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom, 335. “By the end of major combat operations, the 75th had not discovered any weapons of mass destruction.”
1Mark Twain, Following the Equator: A Journey Around the World (Doubleday & McClure Co., 1897).
2Paul Gill, “Tracing the Motivations and Antecedent Behaviors of Lone-Actor Terrorism,” International Center for the Study of Terrorism, Pennsylvania State University (August 2012).
3“Report of the Department of the Treasury on the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Investigation of Vernon Wayne Howell also known as David Koresh” (September 30, 1993).
4Ibid., 8.
5“Report of the Department of the Treasury on the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Investigation of Vernon Wayne Howell also known as David Koresh” (September 30, 1993).
6Ibid., 14.
7“Report to the Deputy Attorney General on the Events at Waco, Texas February 28 to April 19, 1993,” United States Department of Justice (October 8, 1993).
8Ibid.
9CBS News video archive.
10“Report to the Deputy Attorney General on the Events at Waco, Texas.”
11Paul Gill, “Tracing the Motivations and Antecedent Behaviors of Lone-Actor Terrorism.”
12“Oklahoma City Bombing 1995,” National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST Engineering Laboratory (January 2017).
13Jim Norman, Case Agent, Oklahoma Bombing Investigation, FBI Oral History Project.
14Ibid.
15Timothy McVeigh, “Hey, Scott” letter of Feb 26, 1999. From the author’s collection.
16Timothy McVeigh Central File, United States Department of Justice Bureau of Prisons, released under FOIA.
1“Report of the State’s Attorney for the Judicial District of Danbury on the Shootings at Sandy Hook Elementary School and 36 Yogananda Street, Newtown, Connecticut on December 14, 2012,” Office of the State’s Attorney Judicial District of Danbury (November 25, 2013).
2FBI Electronic Communication Case ID # 4-NH-2619946 (December 14, 2012). “...was a functioning autistic with a personality disorder and was a recluse.”
3FBI Electronic Communication (December 18, 2012). “The shooter attended the school as a child...”
4“Report of the State’s Attorney for the Judicial District of Danbury on the Shootings at Sandy Hook Elementary School and 36 Yogananda Street, Newtown, Connecticut on December 14, 2012,” Office of the State’s Attorney Judicial District of Danbury, November 25, 2013.
5Ibid.
6Ibid.
7Ibid.
8H.R. 2640—NICS Improvement Amendments Act of 2007, US House of Representatives. Passed into Public Law No. 110-180 on January 8, 2008.
9“Presidential Memorandum—Improving Availability of Relevant Executive Branch Records to the National Instant Criminal Background Check System,” The White House (January 16, 2013).
10“H.J. Res. 40—Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Social Security Administration related to Implementation of the NICS Improvement Amendments Act of 2007,” Signed into Public Law 115-8 on February 28, 2017.
11“Active Shooter Incidents in the United States in 2016 and 2017,” FBI (April 2018).
12“250 Active Shooter Incidents in the United States from 2000 to 2017,” FBI, www.fbi.gov/about/partnerships/office-of-partner-engagement/active-shooter-incidents-graphics.
1“Presidential Approval Ratings—Gallup Historical Statistics and Trends,” Gallup.
2“Past New Hampshire Primary Results,” www.primarynewhampshire.com. “Caucus History,” www.caucuses.desmoinesregister.com.
3Jacobs, James, “The President, the Press, and Proximity,” The White House Historical Association.
4Videotaped Oral Deposition of William Jefferson Clinton, Paula Corbin Jones vs. William Jefferson Clinton and Danny Ferguson, Civil Action Number LR-C-94-290.
5William Seale, “Theodore Roosevelt’s White House,” White House History Journal, number 11. The White House Historical Association.
6The White House Map Room in the mansion is named for the World War II battle maps FDR used to follow progress in the war. The maps on display in the room today are from April 1945. The last maps FDR saw before his death depict the front line as the Allies pushed toward Germany.
7Oliver Quayle Poll conducted in 1972 among 8,780 respondents. Among those “most trusted,” Cronkite came in with 67 percent; “the average senator” 59 percent; Richard Nixon, 54 percent.
8“On several occasions, it appeared that the President had had too much to drink...” University of Virginia, The Miller Center, Johnson: Challenging Congress and Impeachment, https://millercenter.org/president/johnson/life-in-brief. During the years immediately following the Civil War, Johnson clashed repeatedly with the Republican-controlled Congress over reconstruction of the defeated South. Johnson vetoed legislation that Congress passed to protect the rights of those who had been freed from slavery. This clash culminated in the House of Representatives voting, on February 24, 1868, to impeach the president. (September 26, 2018) https://www.google.com/search?q=US+Senate&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-b-1-ab).
9Jones v. Clinton, Memorandum Opinion and Order, No. LR-94-290 (April 12, 1999).
10Notice of Suspension of Attorney’s privilege to Practice Law, Arkansas Supreme Court Committee on Professional Conduct (February 21, 2001).
11Orders of the Supreme Court of the United States, D-2270 In the Matter of Discipline of Bill Clinton (October 1, 2001).
12Martin S. Eichenbaum, Northwestern Professor of Economics and Center for International Macroeconomics, Longest economic expansion was 120 months between March 1991 and March 2001.
13US Office of Management and Budget. Confirmed by Martin S. Eichenbaum, Northwestern Professor of Economics and Center for International Macroeconomics. The only time the federal government not in deficit was from 1997 to just after 2000.
1The President’s News Conference with President Jiang Zemin of China in Beijing, official transcript, The White House (June 27, 1998).
2Zhao Ziyang, Prisoner of the State (Simon and Schuster, 2009).
3Cable From: Department of State, Wash DC, To: US Embassy Beijing, China Task Force Situation Report No. 3, Situation as of 1700 EDT, 6/4/89 (June 4, 1989). “Casualty estimates vary from 500 to 2600 deaths, with injuries up to 10,000.”
4Criminal Verdict returned by The Beijing Municipal Intermediate People’s Court (1992) Intermediate/Criminal No. 1582. “It is hereby decided that he will serve a total fixed-term period of seven years imprisonment.”
5Denis Twitchett and Frederick Mote, The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8 (Cambridge University Press).
6“The Trial of Bao Tong,” Asia Watch (August 3, 1992).
7“2018 World Press Freedom Index,” Reporters Without Borders for Freedom of Information. Ranking immediately below China are: Syria, Turkmenistan, Eritrea and, finally, North Korea.
8People’s Daily (February 2016).
9“Media Censorship in China,” Council on Foreign Relations (February 17, 2017).
10Ibid.
11“Freedom of Expression and the Internet in China,” Human Rights Watch.
12George Orwell, 1984 (Harcourt, Inc. 1949).
13Herbert Gowen, An Outline History of China: Part 1 (Sherman, French & Co., 1913).
1“The Military Civilian Gap: Fewer Family Connections,” Pew Social Trends (November 2011). Pew’s research discovered a fascinating breakdown in demographics. When Pew asked what percentage of Americans had an immediate family member in the military, the generational breakdown was: 18-29 years old, 33 percent; 30-49 years old, 57 percent; 50-64 years old, 79 percent.
2US Department of Veterans Affairs, National Cemetery Administration.
3Ibid., “History of Government Furnished Headstones and Markers” (April 17, 2015).
4Bill Steigerwald. “Sir Edmund Hillary has held on to his lofty ideals,” Pittsburgh Post Gazette Magazine (November 9, 1998).
1“The Rendition and Detention of German Citizen Khalid Al Masri,” CIA FOIA, Documents Related to the Former Detention and Interrogation Program, Document Number 6541725.
2Cornell Law website, 18 U.S.C. 2340-2340B.
3“Eyes Only Draft,” CIA FOIA, Documents Related to the Former Detention and Interrogation Program, Document Number 6541505.
4“Eyes Only, Where we stand re: Abu Zabaydah,” CIA FOIA, Documents Related to the Former Detention and Interrogation Program, Document Number 6541711.
5https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/0006552083.pdf.
6“Eyes Only, Where we stand re: Abu Zabaydah.”
7“Alleged Use of Unauthorized Interrogation Techniques,” CIA FOIA, Documents Related to the Former Detention and Interrogation Program, Disposition Memorandum (December 2006).
8“Description of Physical Pressures,” CIA FOIA, Documents Related to the Former Detention and Interrogation Program, Document Number 6552083.
9Email January 22, 2003, CIA FOIA, Documents Related to the Former Detention and Interrogation Program, Document Number 6541516.
10“7 June meeting with DCI,” (Sanitized), CIA FOIA. Documents Related to the Former Detention and Interrogation Program.
11“The Rendition and Detention of German Citizen Khalid Al Masri,” CIA FOIA. Documents Related to the Former Detention and Interrogation Program, Document Number 6541725.
12“Study of the Central Intelligence Agency’s Detention and Interrogation Program, 85,” Report of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. “KSM is waterboarded 183 times.”
13“Senate Approves Amendment Sponsored by Senators John McCain & Dianne Feinstein Affirming Prohibition on Torture,” John McCain Press Release (June 16, 2015).
1R.T. Griffith English Translation of the Rig Veda, “The Rivers,” Hymn LXXV.
1Jonathan Swift, The Examiner, No. 14 (November 11, 1710). “Falsehood flies, and truth comes limping after it, so that when men come to be undeceived it is too late.”
2“Testimony of Colin Stretch, General Counsel, Facebook,” United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism (October 31, 2017), 6.
3United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism. Testimony of Richard Salgado, Senior Counsel, Law Enforcement and Information Security, Google (October 31, 2017), 3.
4“Official 2016 Presidential General Election Results,” Federal Election Commission, January 30, 2017. Total Votes, 136,669,237.
5“Testimony of Sean J. Edgett, Acting General Counsel, Twitter Inc.,” United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism (October 31, 2017), 6.
6Oliver Quayle Poll conducted in 1972 among 8,780 respondents. Among those “most trusted,” Cronkite came in with 67 percent; “the average senator,” 59 percent; Richard Nixon, 54 percent.
7Oxford Dictionary of English.
8Jimmy Breslin, “It’s an Honor,” New York Herald Tribune (November 26, 1963).
9John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath (Viking Press, 1939).
10Mark Twain, Letter to George Bainton (October 15, 1888).
11“An act for the punishment of certain crimes against the United States,” Fifth Congress Session II, 1798, Chapter LXXI, Section 1, Library of Congress.
12The Constitution of the United States, Amendment I, National Archives, presented in New York City 1789. “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.”
13Amendments to the Constitution, The Annals of Congress, House of Representatives, 1st Congress, 1st Session (June 8, 1789), 451.
14“The Report of 1800,” National Archives (January 7, 1800).
1Douglas Southall Freeman, R. E. Lee (Scribner, 1978).
2William K. Clifford, The Ethics of Belief (Contemporary Review, 1877).