All quotations in this book from ancient Roman sources were translated into English by the author. The sources from which the quotations come are given in the text, apart from those listed below.
Chapter II
‘Decimus Iunius Brutus put on the first display of gladiators…’
Livy Periochae 16.6
‘Those who fight and die for Rome’ and ‘nothing but the air of Italy and sunlight of Italy to call their own’
Plutarch Lives: Tiberius Gracchus 9
Chapter IV
‘They exercise until they drop…’
Galen Exhortation to the Study of the Arts 4
Chapter VI
‘He had the better missile troops…’
Appian The Civil Wars 5.33
‘He never appeared in public without them in their complete panoply of armour…’
Cicero Letters to Quintus 2.4
‘Old Baldy [Crassus] settled the whole business with…’
Cicero Letters to Atticus 1.16
‘Many call him a gladiator’s son. I don’t want to lie…’
Tacitus Annals 11.21
Abbreviations used in the text
CIL Theodor Mommsen et al (eds), Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, 17 volumes, Walter de Gruyter & Co, Berlin, 1863 –
ILS Hermann Dessau (ed.), Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, 3 volumes, 1892 – 1916 (facsimile editions Bibliolife, 2009 –)
LGOG L. Robert, Les Gladiateurs dans l’Orient Grec (École des Hautes Études, fasc. 278), Librairie Champion, Paris, 1940