Who is Who?

NOTES

Preface

John Tulloch and Manuel Alvarado, Doctor Who: The Unfolding Text (New York, 1983), p. 76.

See Lance Parkin, ‘Canonicity Matters: Defining the Doctor Who Canon’, in David Butler (ed.), Time and Relative Dissertations in Space: Critical Perspectives on Doctor Who (Manchester, 2007), pp. 246–62. For the 1963–89 series and the 1996 telemovie, I have found David J. Howe and Stephen James Walker’s Doctor Who: The Television Companion (London, 1998) and Howe, Stammers and Walker’s Doctor Who – The Handbook series (London, 1992–8) to be invaluable. For the ‘reboot’ of the programme beginning in 2005, Gary Russell’s Doctor Who: The Encylopedia, 2nd edn (London, 2011) has served me in good stead.

Introduction

1	Plato, Theatetus 155d 2–4, in John M. Cooper (ed.), Plato: Complete Works (Indianapolis, IN, 1997), p. 173.
2	Aristotle, Metaphysics 982b 12–13, in Jonathan Barnes (ed.), The Complete Works of Aristotle, vol. 2 (Princeton, NJ, 1984), p. 1554.
3	Lao Tzu, Tao Te Ching, ‘The Book of Tao’, ch. 1, trans. Douglas Allchin, http://my.pclink.com/∼allchin/tao/contents.htm; accessed 27 October 2011.
4	‘The Eleventh Hour’, writer Stephen Moffat, director Adam Smith (2010).
5	Justin Richards, Doctor Who: The Legend (London, 2003), p. 9.
6	David J. Howe, Mark Stammers and Stephen James Walker, Doctor Who – The Handbook: The First Doctor (London, 1995), p. 15.
7	David J. Howe, Mark Stammers and Stephen James Walker, Doctor Who: The Sixties (London, 1992), p. 3.
8	Sydney Newman, quoted in Peter Haining, Doctor Who: The Key to Time, A Year-by-Year Record (London, 1984), p. 12.
9	Peter Haining, Doctor Who: The Early Years (London, 1986), pp. 29–30.
10	Ibid., p. 35.
11	Alexei and Cory Panshin, The World Beyond the Hill: Science Fiction and the Quest for Transcendence (Los Angeles, CA, 1989), p. 194. ‘Taylor’, Charlton Heston’s character in the 1968 film Planet of the Apes, represents a more nihilistic, less optimistic version of this trope.
12	Cited in Howe, Stammers and Walker, Doctor Who – The Handbook, p. 8.
13	Ibid., p. 8.
14	Howe, Stammers and Walker, Doctor Who: The Sixties, pp. 67–8.
15	Quoted in David J. Howe and Stephen James Walker, Doctor Who – The Handbook: The Third Doctor (London, 1996), p. 18.
16	‘The Three Doctors’, writers Bob Baker and Dave Martin, director Lennie Mayne (1973).
17	Quoted in David J. Howe, Mark Stammers and Stephen James Walker, Doctor Who: The Seventies (London, 1994), p. 59.
18	Howe and Walker, The Third Doctor, p. 43.
19	A fan-revered ‘classic’ episode, this serial reintroduced the Master after the death of Roger Delgado and was written by one of Doctor Who’s finest script talents, Robert Holmes, who would continue to write for the programme right up until his death in 1986.
20	David J. Howe, Mark Stammers and Stephen James Walker, Doctor Who: The Eighties (London, 1996), p. 11.
21	Terrance Dicks, Doctor Who: Four to Doomsday (London, 1983), p. 9.
22	Howe, Stammers and Walker, Doctor Who: The Eighties, p. 68.
23	The case of the sixth Doctor and the planet Kolpasha is an example of this. One thing that everyone seems able to agree to is the extremely bad taste of this Doctor’s coat, which he claims was tailored on this planet, the ‘fashion capital of the universe’ (‘The Year of the Pig’, writer Matthew Sweet, Big Finish audio, 2006). If this is true, then the Doctor’s claim to be a trendsetter as stylish as Beau Brummell is true – but probably only on Kolpasha.
24	Howe, Stammers and Walker, Doctor Who: The Eighties, pp. 94–8.
25	Philip Segal, with Gary Russell, Regeneration: The Story Behind the Revival of a Television Legend (London, 2000), p. 6.
26	David J. Howe and Stephen James Walker, Doctor Who – The Handbook: The Seventh Doctor (London, 1998), pp. 30–1. ‘Silver Nemesis’, writer Kevin Clarke, director Chris Clough (1988); ‘The Curse of Fenric’, writer Ian Briggs, director Nicholas Mallett (1989).
27	Kim Newman, Doctor Who: A Critical Reading of the Series (London, 2008), p. 112.
28	David Butler, ‘How to Pilot a TARDIS: Audiences, Science Fiction and the Fantastic in Doctor Who’, in David Butler (ed.), Time and Relative Dissertations in Space: Critical Perspectives on Doctor Who (Manchester, 2007), p. 28.
29	Jonathan I. Israel, Radical Enlightenment (New York, 2001), p. 3.
30	Robert B. Brandom, Perspectives on Pragmatism: Classical, Recent, & Contemporary (Cambridge, MA, 2011), p. 41.
31	Segal and Russell, Regeneration, p. 100.
32	Matthew Jacobs, Doctor Who: The Script of the Film (London, 1996), p. 81.
33	However, this has been challenged at least three times by the reappearance of the Daleks, the Master, and the Time Lords en masse.
34	Gary Russell, Doctor Who: The Inside Story (London, 2006), p. 6.
35	Tranter, quoted in ibid., p. 18.
36	Harlan Ellison, ‘Introducing Doctor Who’, in Terrance Dicks (ed.), Doctor Who and the Revenge of the Cybermen (New York, 1979), p. xii.

Chapter 1: Lost in Time

1	Lance Parkin, ‘Canonicity Matters: Defining the Doctor Who Canon’, in David Butler (ed.), Time and Relative Dissertations in Space: Critical Perspectives on Doctor Who (Manchester, 2007), p. 253. In this regard, there is a significant difference between the tenor of the show in its 1963–89 form and in its 2005-to-the-present incarnation, the positions of head writer and producer having been combined in the latter period to give Russell T. Davies and Stephen Moffat primary responsibility for the direction of the programme.
2	Quoted in Gary Gillatt, Doctor Who from A to Z (London, 1998), p. 11.
3	A.N. Whitehead, Modes of Thought (New York, 1968), p. 168.
4	Jeremy Bentham, Doctor Who: The Early Years (London, 1986), p. 60.
5	Ibid., p. 61.
6	Ibid., p. 30.
7	‘Science Fiction—BBC Report’, BBC Archives, http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/doctorwho/6400.shtml; accessed 25 April 2012; see also David Butler, ‘How to Pilot a TARDIS: Audiences, Science Fiction and the Fantastic in Doctor Who’, in Butler (ed.), Time and Relative Dissertations.
8	John Tulloch and Manuel Alvarado, Doctor Who: The Unfolding Text (New York, 1983), p. 40.
9	Ibid.
10	Ibid., p. 41.
11	In the first episode of the programme, the Doctor’s granddaughter Susan claims, ‘I made up the name TARDIS from the initials. Time And Relative Dimension In Space.’ This seems to suggest that the Doctor had a hand in creating the vehicle, and also contradicts later continuity in which the Time Lords, the Doctor’s people, use the term in much the way we use ‘automobile’. When we next hear the name of the machine explained (in 1965’s ‘The Time Meddler’), ‘Dimension’ has changed to ‘Dimensions’, which it remained for most of the classic series.
12	I do not contend that Doctor Who is clearly and unproblematically positivistic, a qualification that I make good in the next section.
13	Alan Lacey, ‘Positivism’, in Ted Honderich (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Oxford, 1995), p. 705.
14	Comte, The Positive Philosophy of August Comte, vol. III, trans. Harriet Martineau (London, 1896), p. 245.
15	A.J. Ayer, Language, Truth and Logic (New York, 1952), p. 48.
16	Ibid.
17	Kingsley Amis, New Maps of Hell: A Survey of Science Fiction (New York, 1960), p. 77.
18	Hartwell, ‘Hard Science Fiction’, in David G. Hartwell and Kathryn Cramer (eds), The Ascent of Wonder: The Evolution of Hard SF (New York, 1994), p. 34.
19	Ibid., p. 35.
20	Ibid., pp. 35–6.
21	‘An Unearthly Child’ transcript, writers Anthony Coburn and C.E. Webber (uncredited), director Waris Hussein, The Doctor Who Transcript Project, http://dwtpscripts.tripod.com/1stdoc/a/a1.html; accessed 1 March 2012.
22	Terrance Dicks, Doctor Who and the Dalek Invasion of Earth (London, 1977), p. 45.
23	‘The Dæmons’, writers Robert Sloman and Barry Letts, director Christopher Barry (1971).
24	Oswald Hanfling, ‘Logical Positivism’, in Stuart G. Shanker (ed.), Routledge History of Philosophy, vol. IX: Philosophy of Science, Logic and Mathematics in the Twentieth Century (London, 1966), p. 195.
25	Moritz Schlick, in Henk L. Mulder and Barbara F.B. van de Velde-Schlick (eds), Moritz Schlick: Philosophical Papers, 1923–1936, vol. II (Dordrecht, Holland, 1979), p. 311.
26	Richard Creath, ‘Quine’s Challenge to Carnap’, in Michael Friedman and Richard Creath (eds), The Cambridge Companion to Carnap (Cambridge, UK, 2007), p. 319.
27	Ayer, Language, Truth and Logic, p. 31.
28	Ayer, quoted in Hanfling, ‘Logical Positivism’, p. 194.
29	‘The Tomb of the Cybermen’ transcript, episode 4, writers Kit Pedler and Gerry Davis, director Morris Barry, The Doctor Who Transcript Project, http://dwtpscripts.tripod.com/2nddoc/mm/mm4.html; accessed 17 April 2012.
30	Arthur C. Clarke, ‘Hazards of Prophecy: The Failure of Imagination’, Profiles of the Future: An Enquiry into the Limits of the Possible (New York, 1962), p. 36. In ‘Battlefield’ (1989), the seventh Doctor states that the reverse of Clarke’s Third Law – that any sufficiently advanced magic is indistinguishable from science – is also true.
31	Ibid., p. 14.
32	Ian Stuart Black, The Macra Terror (London, 1987), p. 47.
33	An excellent book that traces the common history of both traditions is Michael Friedman’s A Parting of the Ways: Carnap, Cassirer, and Heidegger (Chicago, IL, 2000).
34	Alec Charles, ‘The Crack of Doom: The Uncanny Echoes of Steven Moffat’s Doctor Who’, Science Fiction Film and Television 4:1 (2011), p. 9.
35	‘Earthshock’ transcript, writer Eric Saward, director Peter Grimwade; ‘The Doctor Who Transcripts’, http://www.chakoteya.net/DoctorWho/19-6.htm; accessed 16 April 2012.
36	Edmund Husserl, Ideas: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology, trans. W.R. Boyce Gibson (London, 1962), p. 94.
37	Dermot Moran, Introduction to Phenomenology (London, 2000), pp. 181–2.
38	Amis, New Maps of Hell, p. 69.
39	‘Uncanny’ is derived from a Scots usage referring to the occult, while ‘canny’, like the German heimlich, can imply ‘snug and cosy’. Unheimlich implies the unsettledness of ‘not being at home’ in a certain situation.
40	Martin Heidegger, History of the Concept of Time: Prolegomena, trans. Theodore Kisiel (Bloomington, IN, 1985), pp. 284, 289.
41	Bentham, Doctor Who, p. 98.
42	Jim Leach, Doctor Who (Detroit, MI, 2009), p. 7.
43	‘The Robots of Death’ transcript, writer Chris Boucher, director Michael Briant; ‘The Doctor Who Transcripts’, http://www.chakoteya.net/DoctorWho/14-5.htm; accessed 11 April 2012.
44	‘The Aztecs’, writer John Lucarotti, director John Crockett (1964).
45	This is itself a metaphor for a theme common to Wells’s SF: the observer who is helpless to prevent degenerative evolution around him and who despairs when his entire world is changed.
46	Martin Heidegger, Ontology—The Hermeneutics of Facticity, trans. John van Buren (Bloomington, IN, 1999), p. 13.
47	Martin Heidegger, Being and Time, trans. John MacQuarrie and Edward Robinson (London, 1962), p. 102.
48	In particular, see the serials ‘The Deadly Assassin’ (1976), ‘Arc of Infinity’ (1983), episode 13 of ‘Trial of a Time Lord’ (1986) and David Tennant’s swansong as the Doctor, ‘The End of Time’, Parts One and Two (2009–10).
49	Gary Russell, Doctor Who: The Inside Story (London, 2006), p. 29.
50	Simone de Beauvoir, The Ethics of Ambiguity (New York, 1976), p. 34.
51	Pierre-Simon Laplace, A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities, trans. Frederick Wilson Truscott and Frederick Lincoln Emory (New York, 1951), p. 4.
52	Heidegger, Being and Time, p. 147.
53	‘An Unearthly Child’ transcript, writers Anthony Coburn and C.E. Webber (uncredited); ‘The Doctor Who Transcripts’, http://www.chakoteya.net/DoctorWho/1-1.htm; accessed 6 May 2012.

Chapter 2: Exterminate!

1	Quoted in Jeremy Bentham, Doctor Who: The Early Years (London, 1986), pp. 210–11.
2	Susan Neiman, Evil in Modern Thought (Oxford, 2004), p. xvi.
3	Some of these tropes reappear, merely coincidentally, in Doctor Who. For example, aside from the original ‘creation’ of the universe, the Doctor has been involved in two other cosmic ‘creations’ (or ‘recreations’) in the episodes ‘Terminus’ (1983) and ‘The Big Bang’ (2010). A malevolent entity called ‘The Great Intelligence’ figures in the eerie Patrick Troughton tales ‘The Abominable Snowmen’ (1967) and ‘The Web of Fear’ (1968). The Great Intelligence resurfaces to play a major role in Series 7 of the new show.
4	David J. Howe, Doctor Who: A Book of Monsters (London, 1997), p. 7.
5	David J. Howe, Mark Stammers and Stephen James Walker, Doctor Who: The Sixties (London, 1992), p. 96.
6	Per Schelde, Androids, Humanoids, and Other Science Fiction Monsters: Science and Soul in Science Fiction Films (London, 1993), pp. 13–14.
7	Neiman, Evil in Modern Thought, p. 1.
8	St Augustine, City of God, ed. Vernon J. Bourke, Bk XII, ch. 6 (London, 1958), p. 251.
9	Immanuel Kant, Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone, trans. T.M. Greene and H.H. Hudson (New York, 1960), p. 29.
10	Ibid., p. 39.
11	Richard Bernstein, Radical Evil: A Philosophical Interrogation (Cambridge, UK, 2002), p. 32.
12	Michael Ignatieff, The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror (Oxford, 2004), p. 14.
13	Ibid., p. 15.
14	‘Time and the Rani’ transcript, writers Pip and Jane Baker, director Andrew Morgan; ‘The Doctor Who Transcripts’, http://www.chakoteya.net/DoctorWho/24-1.htm; accessed 17 July 2012. One wonders how the Silurian people, who kept dinosaurs as pets, will take to this proposition.
15	Colin McGinn, Ethics, Evil, and Fiction (Oxford, 1997), p. 61.
16	Gary Gillatt, Doctor Who from A to Z (London, 1998), p. 49.
17	Augustine, City of God, Bk XII, ch. 3, p. 248.
18	See St Irenaeus of Lyons: Against the Heresies, trans. Dominic J. Unger (New York, 1992).
19	See John Hick, An Interpretation of Religion: Human Responses to the Transcendent, 2nd edn (New Haven, CT, 2004).
20	‘Daleks’, in Gary Russell, Doctor Who: The Encyclopedia, 2nd edn (London, 2011), p. 81.
21	Mark Bould, ‘Science Fiction Television in the United Kingdom’, in J.P. Telotte (ed.), The Essential Science Fiction Television Reader (Lexington, KY, 2008), p. 218.
22	Howe, Stammers and Walker, Doctor Who: The Sixties, p. 125.
23	Howe, Doctor Who: A Book of Monsters, p. 81.
24	Howe, Stammers and Walker, Doctor Who: The Sixties, p. 31.
25	Bentham, Doctor Who, p. 120.
26	Ibid., p. 215.
27	Paul Ricoeur, Oneself as Another, trans. Kathleen Blamey (London, 1992), p. 343.
28	‘Genesis of the Daleks’ transcript, writer Terry Nation, director David Maloney; ‘The Doctor Who Transcripts’, http://www.chakoteya.net/DoctorWho/12-4.htm; accessed 15 July 2012.
29	John Tulloch and Manuel Alvarado, Doctor Who: The Unfolding Text (New York, 1983), p. 137.
30	Published near the peak of the original programme’s popularity in the United States, The Official Doctor Who and the Daleks Book by John Peel and Terry Nation (New York, 1988) sets the events of ‘Genesis’ a few hundred years before that of ‘The Daleks’, but implies they are part of a continuous history (p. 121). Tribe and Goss’s The Dalek Handbook (London, 2011) claims that the Doctor actually changed history in ‘Genesis’, and that the Dalek future examined in all the preceding televised stories before 1974 had been overwritten by a ‘new timeline’ (p. 65).
31	Ignatieff, The Lesser Evil, p. 61.
32	Tribe and Goss, The Dalek Handbook, p. 99.
33	Jacqueline Rayner, et al., Doctor Who: The Visual Dictionary, rev. edn (London, 2009), p. 44. Something similar is suggested in the entry ‘Time War, the Last Great’ in Russell, Doctor Who, p. 354. Tribe and Goss’s Dalek Handbook claims that ‘Genesis’ was the beginning of merely a ‘phoney war’ between the two parties played out behind the scenes of televised Dalek stories in the late 1970s and 80s.
34	Created by Lawrence Miles, Faction Paradox is a cross between a time-travelling voodoo cult and a crime syndicate, and is conceived as the antithesis of the Time Lords, wanting the disruption of established history for its own sake. Several books, from Miles’s Alien Bodies (London, 1997) to Stephen Cole and Peter Anghelides’ The Ancestor Cell (London, 2000), feature the Faction.
35	Hordes of Daleks are shown in ‘The Evil of the Daleks’ (1967) and ‘Planet of the Daleks’, but the effects (achieved by the use of commercially available toy Daleks on a miniature set) do not exactly encourage the suspension of disbelief.
36	‘Dalek’ transcript, writer Robert Shearman, director Joe Ahearne; ‘Doctor Who 2005+ Transcripts’, http://who-transcripts.atspace.com/2005/transcripts/106_dalek.html; accessed 16 July 2012.
37	James Chapman, Inside the TARDIS: The Worlds of Doctor Who (London, 2006), p. 190.
38	Robert Shearman, ‘Bringing Back the Daleks’, in Tribe and Goss, The Dalek Handbook, p. 105.
39	Ignatieff, The Lesser Evil, p. 22.
40	Chapman, Inside the TARDIS, p. 196.
41	‘Bad Wolf’ transcript, writer Russell T. Davies, director Joe Ahearne; ‘Doctor Who 2005+ Transcripts’, http://who-transcripts.atspace.com/2005/transcripts/112_badwolf.html; accessed 17 July 2012.
42	Søren Kierkegaard, The Sickness Unto Death, trans. Alastair Hannay (Harmondsworth, 1989), pp. 62–3.

Chapter 3: We All Depend on the Beast Below

1	St Augustine, City of God, abridged, Bk XVI, ch. 8, ed. Vernon J. Bourke (London, 1958), p. 365.
2	Ibid., pp. 365, 367.
3	Colin McGinn, Ethics, Evil, and Fiction (Oxford, 1997), p. 65.
4	G.W.F. Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit, trans. A.V. Miller (Oxford, 1977), p. 111.
5	Ibid.
6	McGinn, Ethics, Evil, and Fiction, p. 66.
7	John Tulloch and Manuel Alvarado, Doctor Who: The Unfolding Text (New York, 1983), p. 77.
8	Barbara S. Andrew, ‘Beauvoir’s Place in Philosophical Thought’, in Claudia Card (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Simone de Beauvoir (Cambridge, UK, 2003), p. 27.
9	Moira Gatens, ‘Beauvoir and Biology: A Second Look’, in Card (ed.), The Cambridge Companion, p. 269.
10	The naming and history of the Earth-native ‘Silurians’ represent one of the more bizarre and interesting tales of the development of a non-human race in Doctor Who through the interpenetration of various media, including novels and comics featuring the creatures, and even fan views reconstructing the coherency of their history. These creatures, inaccurately called ‘Silurians’ in reference to their time of origin in both the title of their première story, in the media, and in official treatments of the series like Howe’s Doctor Who: A Book of Monsters, were named ‘reptile men’ or Homo reptilia by the Doctor in ‘Doctor Who and the Silurians’. They hail in fact from the Eocene epoch. This origin of 56 to 34 million years ago (much closer to the present than the Silurian period, which was slightly more than 400 million years ago) would take into account the fact that the creatures appear to have evolved intelligence as the descendants of non-dinosaur reptiles that flourished in the earlier Jurassic or Cretaceous periods. It would not, however, explain how they had managed to keep alive tyrannosaurs – as guards or mounts – long after they were thought to have died out, or how they suffered competition from fairly intelligent, chimp-like primates before going into hibernation (‘Twilight of the Silurians’, Doctor Who Weekly 21–2, March 1980; reprinted and colourised in Marvel Comics’ Doctor Who 18, March 1986, pp. 23–30). Adding to the confusion is the reason for their underground and undersea hibernation: the approach to ancient Earth of a ‘little planet’ that threatens to plummet to the ground and cause mass devastation. The astronomical visitor – identified by Malcolm Hulke in his novelisation of ‘Doctor Who and the Silurians’ as the Moon – in reality had already taken up orbit several billion years before the events in Hulke’s prologue (Doctor Who and the Cave-Monsters, London, 1974, pp. 7–11). The Doctor identifies the reptiles as ‘Eocenes’ in ‘The Sea Devils’, an episode in which we meet a completely different-looking, sea-dwelling version of Homo reptilian, which is more naturally aggressive to humans. Further biological subgroups of the creatures appear in 1984’s ‘Warriors of the Deep’ and Gary Russell’s novel The Scales of Injustice (London, 1996). The current iteration of Silurian creatures reintroduced in ‘The Hungry Earth’ in 2010 is much more human-looking, and is distinctive in having at least one member (Madame Vastra) who is a personal friend of the Doctor’s (‘A Good Man Goes to War’, 2011).
11	Gerry Davis, ‘How the Cybermen were Created’, introduction to David Banks, Cybermen (London, 1988), pp. 7–8.
12	Gerry Davis, Doctor Who and the Cybermen (London, 1974), pp. 23, 26.
13	Jean-Paul Sartre, Being and Nothingness, trans. Hazel E. Barnes (New York, 1956), p. 262.
14	The 2002 Big Finish audio drama ‘Spare Parts’ by Marc Platt is a brilliant and frightening realisation of what life on Mondas around the birth of the Cybermen would have been like.
15	‘The Waters of Mars’ transcript, writers Russell T. Davies and Phil Ford, director Graeme Harper; ‘The Doctor Who Transcripts’, http://www.chakoteya.net/DoctorWho/30-16.htm; accessed 22 July 2012.
16	Judith Halberstam, Skin Shows: Gothic Horror and the Technology of Monsters (London, 1995), p. 3.
17	Paul Goetsch, Monsters in English Literature: From the Romantic Age to the First World War (Oxford, 2002), p. 9.
18	Ibid.
19	Ibid., pp. 9–10.
20	McGinn, Ethics, Evil, and Fiction, p. 145.
21	Hulke, Doctor Who and the Cave-Monsters, p. 19.
22	Quoted in David J. Howe and Stephen James Walker, Doctor Who: The Television Companion (London, 1998), p. 188.
23	Emmanuel Lévinas, ‘Philosophy and the Idea of Infinity’, in Matthew Calarco and Peter Atterton (eds), The Continental Ethics Reader (London, 2003), p. 43; republished from Collected Philosophical Papers, trans. Alphonso Lingis (Pittsburgh, PN, 1998), pp. 47–59.
24	Hulke, Doctor Who, p. 59.
25	Ibid., p. 52.
26	Ibid., p. 97.
27	Ibid., p. 121.
28	‘The Hungry Earth’ transcript, writer Chris Chibnall, director Ashley Way; ‘The Doctor Who Transcripts’, http://www.chakoteya.net/DoctorWho/31-8.htm; accessed 23 July 2012.
29	Lévinas, ‘Philosophy’, p. 45.
30	‘Cold Blood’ transcript, writer Chris Chibnall, director Ashley Way; ‘The Doctor Who Transcripts’, http://www.chakoteya.net/DoctorWho/31-8.htm; accessed 23 July 2012.
31	‘The Celestial Toymaker’, 1966; ‘The Invasion’, 1968; ‘Inferno’, 1970; ‘The Three Doctors’, 1973 and ‘Arc of Infinity’, 1983; ‘Genesis of the Daleks’, 1975 onward; ‘The Talons of Weng-Chiang’, 1977; various episodes, 1979–83; ‘Mark of the Rani’, 1984 and ‘Time and the Rani’, 1987; ‘Human Nature’/‘The Family of Blood’, 2007; various episodes, 2011; various episodes, 1971–2010.
32	Andrew Blair, ‘Doctor Who: A Celebration of Death’, Den of Geek, http://www.denofgeek.com/tv/doctor-who/21876/doctor-who-a-celebration-of-death; published 6 July 2012, accessed 24 July 2012.
33	In particular, see Richard Rorty, Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (Cambridge, UK, 1989).
34	Emmanuel Lévinas, ‘Useless Suffering’, in Robert Bernasconi and David Wood (eds), The Provocation of Levinas: Rethinking the Other (London, 1988), p. 161.
35	Benedict Spinoza, Ethics, ed. and trans. G.H.R. Parkinson (Oxford, 2000), Part I, prop. 11, p. 82.
36	Matthew Stewart, The Courtier and the Heretic: Leibniz, Spinoza, and the Fate of God in the Modern World (London, 2006), pp. 158–9.
37	Spinoza, ‘To the Most Noble and Learned Henry Oldenburg’, in Michael L. Morgan (ed.), Spinoza: Complete Works (Cambridge, UK, 2002), p. 849.
38	John Peel, The Gallifrey Chronicles (London, 1991), p. 59.
39	Spinoza, Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect, trans. Samuel Shirley, in Morgan (ed.), Spinoza: Complete Works, p. 5.
40	Tulloch and Alvarado, Doctor Who, p. 137.
41	Readers interested in how this depiction of the Doctor might have unfolded over time are urged to read Paul Cornell’s Love and War (London, 1992) and listen to the trilogy of Big Finish audios ‘Protect and Survive’ by Jonathan Morris (July 2012); ‘Black and White’ by Matt Fitton (August 2012); and ‘Gods and Monsters’ by Mike Maddox and Alan Barnes (September 2012).
42	Andrew Cartmel, quoted in David J. Howe and Stephen James Walker, Doctor Who – The Handbook: The Seventh Doctor (London, 1998), p. 130.
43	Ibid.
44	‘The Curse of Fenric’ transcript, writer Ian Briggs, director Nicholas Mallett; ‘The Doctor Who Transcripts Project’, http://dwtpscripts.tripod.com/7thdoc/7m/7m4ex.html; accessed 25 July 2012.
45	This means ‘under a species of eternity’, or with the use of reason.
46	Spinoza, Ethics, Part I, Appendix, p. 110.
47	Ibid., Part IV, prop. 26, p. 244.
48	Richard Bernstein, Radical Evil: A Philosophical Interrogation (Cambridge, UK, 2002), p. 91.
49	Spinoza, Ethics, Part IV, prop. 37, schol. 2, p. 254.
50	Bernstein, Radical Evil, p. 94.
51	Joseph P. Lawrence, ‘Philosophical Religion and the Quest for Authenticity’, in Jason M. Wirth (ed.), Schelling Now: Contemporary Readings (Bloomington, IN, 2005), p. 20.
52	‘Utopia’ transcript, writer Russell T. Davies, director Graeme Harper; ‘The Doctor Who Transcripts’, http://www.chakoteya.net/DoctorWho/29-11.htm; accessed 25 July 2012.
53	Tulloch and Alvarado, Doctor Who, p. 137.

Chapter 4: The Ethics of the Last of the Time Lords

1	Gary Gillatt, Doctor Who from A to Z (London, 1998), p. 51.
2	Terrance Dicks, The Eight Doctors (London, 1997), p. 103.
3	See David Rafer, ‘Mythic Identity in Doctor Who’, in David Butler (ed.), Time and Relative Dissertations in Space: Critical Perspectives on Doctor Who (Manchester, 2007), p. 128.
4	The only other reasonable contender for this title is the set of BBC novels published in 2000 forming a story arc in which the eighth Doctor has lost his memory and is awaiting the slow regrowth of his TARDIS. The first of these, The Burning (by Justin Richards), takes place in England in the 1890s. Five novels later, the Doctor has reached Escape Velocity (by Colin Brake) to leave Brussels, Belgium and Earth in 2001. This will clearly be a longer period of ‘exile’ than the UNIT years.
5	David J. Howe, Mark Stammers and Stephen James Walker, Doctor Who – The Handbook: The Second Doctor (London, 1997), p. 303.
6	This is something of a problem for the Doctor: the same thing has occurred in each of the first instalments for Paul McGann’s and Matt Smith’s Time Lord.
7	Piers D. Britton and Simon J. Barker, Reading between Designs: Visual Imagery and the Generation of Meaning in The Avengers, The Prisoner, and Doctor Who (Austin, TX, 2003), p. 149.
8	Thomas Nagel, ‘The Objective Basis for Morality’, in What Does It All Mean? (Oxford, 1987); excerpted in Peter Singer (ed.), Ethics (Oxford, 1994), p. 158.
9	‘School Reunion’ transcript, writer Toby Whithouse, director James Hawes; ‘Doctor Who 2005+ Transcripts’, http://who-transcripts.atspace.com/2006/transcripts/203_schoolreunion.html; accessed 21 June 2012.
10	Simone de Beauvoir, The Ethics of Ambiguity (New York, 1976), p. 44.
11	Stacy Keltner, ‘Beauvoir’s Idea of Ambiguity’, in Margaret A. Simons (ed.), The Philosophy of Simone de Beauvoir (Bloomington, IN, 2006), p. 201.
12	Kim Newman, Doctor Who: A Critical Reading of the Series (London, 2008), p. 112.
13	Lance Parkin, quoted in David Howe and Stephen James Walker, Doctor Who – The Handbook: The Seventh Doctor (London, 1998), p. 200; originally published in Matrix 53 (autumn 1996).
14	M.H. Abrams, ‘English Romanticism: The Spirit of the Age’, in Harold Bloom (ed.), Romanticism and Consciousness: Essays in Criticism (New York, 1970), p. 95.
15	Condorcet, quoted in Abrams, ‘English Romanticism’, p. 95.
16	Norman Ashby, A Comprehensive History of Western Ethics, ed. W. Allen Ashby (Amherst, NY, 1997), p. 441.
17	Ibid., p. 444.
18	William Wordsworth, The Prelude; excerpted in Abrams, ‘English Romanticism’, pp. 109–10.
19	In Shelley: Selected Poems, ed. Timothy Webb (London, 1977), pp. 100–1.
20	Shelley, quoted in Peter J. Kitson, ‘Beyond the Enlightenment: The Philosophical, Scientific and Religious Inheritance’, in Duncan Wu (ed.), A Companion to Romanticism (Oxford, 1998), p. 40.
21	Jane Stabler, ‘The Literary Background’, in Nicholas Roe (ed.), Romanticism: An Oxford Guide (Oxford, 2005), pp. 29–30.
22	Adela Pinch, ‘Sensibility’, in Roe, Romanticism, p. 53.
23	Novalis, ‘Miscellaneous Remarks’, excerpted in J.M. Bernstein (ed.), Classical and Romantic German Aesthetics (Cambridge, UK, 2003), p. 210.
24	Gerald Izenberg, ‘The Politics of Song in Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads’, in Kevin Sharpe and Steven N. Zwicker (eds), Refiguring Revolutions: Aesthetics and Politics from the English Revolution to the Romantic Revolution (London, 1998), p. 118.
25	James Baldwin, Giovanni’s Room (New York, 1985), p. 10.
26	The significant obstacle to this freedom for the Doctor in his first three incarnations is, of course, his spotty knowledge of how to work the ship (the knowledge is actively repressed by the Time Lords during his exile on Earth). In ‘An Unearthly Child’, the Doctor explains to Barbara and Ian why he can’t use the TARDIS to take them back to their own time: ‘You see, this isn’t working properly. Or rather the code is still a secret.’
27	Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity (Cambridge, MA, 1989), p. 384.
28	Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Ak. 4:462, in Mary Gregor (trans. and ed.), The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant: Practical Philosophy (Cambridge, 1996), p. 107.
29	Friedrich Schiller, Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man; excerpted in Georg Mohr and Brian O’Connor (eds), German Idealism: An Anthology and Guide (Chicago, IL, 2007), p. 235.
30	Ibid., p. 239.
31	Ibid., p. 238.
32	For an examination of how Kant’s understanding of autonomy or self-governance contradicts itself, see Robert Arp and Kevin S. Decker, ‘“That Fatal Kiss”: Bond, Ethics, and the Objectification of Women’, in James South and Jacob Held (eds), James Bond and Philosophy (Chicago, IL, 2006).
33	Jean-Paul Sartre, Existentialism is a Humanism, trans. Bernard Flechtman (New York, 1947), pp. 29–30.
34	Fyodor Dostoevsky, Notes from Underground (New York, 1993), p. 28.
35	De Beauvoir, The Ethics of Ambiguity, p. 12.
36	James Chapman, Inside the TARDIS: The Worlds of Doctor Who (London, 2006), p. 7.
37	Jean-Paul Sartre, War Diaries (London, 1984), p. 113.
38	‘Rise of the Cybermen’ transcript, writer Tom McCrae, director Graeme Harper; ‘Doctor Who 2005+ Transcripts’, http://who-transcripts.atspace.com/2006/transcripts/205_riseofthecybermen.html; accessed 29 June 2012.
39	This Greek name has two etymologies, both of which are telling in the context of Doctor Who. In its more linguistically certain meaning, it means ‘to steal’. But another etymology relates it to the Greek word for ‘foresight’.

Chapter 5: Not the Man He Was

1	They are the final televised lines of the fifth Doctor (‘Caves of Androzani’, 1984); the fourth Doctor (‘Logopolis’, 1981); the tenth Doctor (‘The End of Time’, Part Two, 2009); and the sixth Doctor (‘Trial of a Time Lord’, 1986).
2	David J. Howe and Stephen James Walker, Doctor Who: The Television Companion (London, 1998), p. 98.
3	David J. Howe, Mark Stammers and Stephen James Walker, Doctor Who: The Sixties (London, 1992), p. 68.
4	Ibid.
5	‘TV Tropes’, http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/TheNthDoctor; accessed 28 July 2012.
6	Harry Frankfurt, ‘Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person’, in Kim Atkins (ed.), Self and Subjectivity (Oxford, 2005), p. 145; originally published in The Journal of Philosophy 68:1 (1971), pp. 5–16.
7	‘The Power of the Daleks’ transcript, writers David Whitaker and Dennis Spooner, director Christopher Barry; ‘The Doctor Who Transcripts’, http://www.chakoteya.net/DoctorWho/4-3.htm; accessed 28 July 2012.
8	See Paul Parsons, The Science of Doctor Who (Baltimore, MD, 2010), ch. 4.
9	Robert C. Sleigh, Jr, ‘Identity of Indiscernibles’, in Jaegwon Kim and Ernest Sosa (eds), A Companion to Metaphysics (Oxford, 1995), p. 234.
10	Ibid.
11	G.W. Leibniz, New Essays on the Human Understanding, Bk II, ch. 7, sect. 8; excerpted in William O. Stephens (ed.), The Person: Readings in Human Nature (Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2006), p. 100.
12	John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, ed. Roger Woolhouse (London, 1997), Bk IV, ch. 3, sect. 6.
13	‘For, since we must allow He has annexed effects to motion which we can no way conceive motion able to produce, what reason have we to conclude that He could not order them as well to be produced in a subject we cannot conceive capable of them, as well as in a subject we cannot conceive the motion of matter can any way operate upon? I say not this, that I would any way lessen the belief of the soul’s immateriality: I am not here speaking of probability, but knowledge’; ibid.
14	Ibid., Bk II, ch. xxvii, sect. 1; p. 296.
15	Ibid., Bk II, ch. xxvii, sect. 3; p. 298.
16	Eli Hirsch, ‘Identity’, in Kim and Sosa, A Companion, p. 233.
17	Locke, An Essay, Bk II, ch. xxvii, sect. 4; p. 298. I am following Paul Dawson in calling the second kind of identity in Locke’s scheme that of ‘organisms’; see his ‘And Before I Go …’, in Courtland Lewis and Paula Smithka (eds), Doctor Who and Philosophy: Bigger on the Inside (Chicago, IL, 2010), p. 230.
18	Locke, An Essay, Bk II, ch. xxvii, sect. 26; p. 312.
19	Ibid., Bk II, ch. xxvii, sect. 9; p. 302.
20	Ibid., Bk II, ch. xxvii, sect. 10; p. 303.
21	Douglas Adams gives a nod to this problem in The Restaurant at the End of the Universe: ‘The major problem is simply one of grammar, and the main work to consult in this matter is Dr. Dan Streetmentioner’s Time Traveler’s Handbook of 1001 Tense Formations. It will tell you, for instance, how to describe something that was about to happen to you in the past before you avoided it by time-jumping forward two days in order to avoid it. The event will be described differently according to whether you are talking about it from the standpoint of your own natural time, from a time in the further future, or a time in the further past and is further complicated by the possibility of conducting conversations while you are actually traveling from one time to another with the intention of becoming your own mother or father. Most readers get as far as the Future Semiconditionally Modified Subinverted Plagal Past Subjunctive Intentional before giving up; and in fact in later editions of the book all pages beyond this point have been left blank to save on printing costs’; The Restaurant at the End of the Universe (New York, 1980), pp. 87–8.
22	The same could be said of characters in ‘The Trial of a Time Lord’ (1986), but the less said about this instance the better, at least for viewers who haven’t seen it yet.
23	Richard Hanley, ‘Who’s Who on Gallifrey?’, in Lewis and Smithka (eds), Doctor Who and Philosophy, p. 35.
24	The scenario in ‘The Rebel Flesh’ and its sequel closely mirrors Derek Parfit’s discussion of duplicated and divided selves in a series of thought experiments using a ‘teletransporter’ machine; see his Reasons and Persons (Oxford, 1984), ch. 10.
25	Hanley, ‘Who’s Who on Gallifrey?’, p. 38.
26	In Big Finish audio dramas featuring Paul McGann, the historical Mary Shelley has become a travelling companion for the eighth Doctor. Shelley, played by Julie Cox, features in ‘The Company of Friends: Mary’s Story’ (2009), ‘The Silver Turk’, ‘The Witch from the Well’ and ‘Army of Death’ (all 2011).
27	Mary Whitehouse, founder of the National Viewers’ and Listeners’ Association, and an evangelical Christian and social conservative, was an outspoken critic of television horror and violence in the 1970s. Her complaint about Doctor Who during these years was that it was screened too early (5.15 p.m.) and could cause ‘nightmares and bed-wetting among the under-sevens’; David J. Howe, Mark Stammers and Stephen James Walker, Doctor Who: The Seventies (London, 1994), p. 108.
28	‘The Brain of Morbius’ transcript, writer Robin Bland (Terrance Dicks and Robert Holmes), director Christopher Barry; ‘The Doctor Who Transcripts’, http://www.chakoteya.net/DoctorWho/13-5.htm; accessed 1 August 2012.
29	This is not true of the earliest ‘Tenth Planet’-era Cybermen, who, in that serial and in early Doctor Who comic stories, had names and rudimentary personalities; see also the comic strip ‘Junkyard Demon’, writer Steve Parkhouse, artists Mike McMahon and Adolfo Buylla, Doctor Who Monthly 58–9 (November–December 1981).
30	Of particular interest, see Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, trans. Colin Smith (London, 2002).
31	Sydney Shoemaker, ‘Persons and Personal Identity’, in Kim and Sosa, A Companion, p. 381.
32	Richard J. Bernstein, ‘In Defence of American Philosophy’, in John E. Smith (ed.), Contemporary American Philosophy, second series (London, 1970), pp. 304–5.
33	Derek Parfit, ‘Divided Minds and the Nature of Persons’, in Susan Schneider, Science Fiction and Philosophy: From Time Travel to Superintelligence (Oxford, 2009), p. 92.
34	William James, Principles of Psychology, vol. 1 (New York, 1950), p. 299.
35	Donald Davidson, ‘The Irreducibility of the Concept of the Self’, in Davidson, Subjective, Intersubjective, Objective (Oxford, 2001), pp. 87–8.
36	Daniel C. Dennett, ‘Conditions of Personhood’, in Stephens (ed.), The Person, pp. 228–9.
37	‘The Doctor Dances’ transcript, writer Steven Moffat, director James Hawes; ‘The Doctor Who Transcripts’, http://www.chakoteya.net/DoctorWho/27-10.htm; accessed 2 August 2012.
38	George Herbert Mead, Mind, Self and Society from the Standpoint of a Social Behaviourist, ed. Charles S. Morris (Chicago, IL, 1934), p. 138.
39	John Dewey, ‘Time and Individuality’, in Jo Ann Boydston (ed.), The Collected Works of John Dewey: The Later Works, vol. 14 (Carbondale, IL, 1988), p. 107.
40	Ibid., p. 109.
41	C.I. Lewis, Collected Papers (Stanford, CA, 1970), p. 108.
42	John Dewey, Construction and Criticism, in Jo Ann Boydston (ed.), The Collected Works of John Dewey: The Later Works, vol. 5 (Carbondale, IL, 1984), p. 128.

Chapter 6: Speaking Treason Fluently

1	See Marc Platt, Lungbarrow (London, 1997); Peter Anghelides and Stephen Cole, The Ancestor Cell (London, 2000).
2	Alfred Schutz, Collected Papers, vol. 1, ed. Maurice Natanson (The Hague, 1962), p. 53.
3	Aristotle, Politics 1253a7–18, in Jonathan Barnes (ed.), The Complete Works of Aristotle, vol. 2 (Princeton, NJ, 1984), p. 1988.
4	Richard J. Bernstein, The Restructuring of Social and Political Theory (Philadelphia, PN, 1976), p. 104.
5	Ibid.
6	John Tulloch and Manuel Alvarado, Doctor Who: The Unfolding Text (New York, 1983), pp. 143, 145.
7	‘The Pirate Planet’ transcript, writer Douglas Adams, director Pennant Roberts; ‘The Doctor Who Transcripts’, http://www.chakoteya.net/DoctorWho/16-2.htm; accessed 10 August 2012.
8	David J. Howe and Stephen James Walker, Doctor Who: The Television Companion (London, 1998), p. 319.
9	‘The Robots of Death’ transcript, writer Chris Boucher, director Michael Briant; ‘The Doctor Who Transcripts’, http://www.chakoteya.net/DoctorWho/14-5.htm; accessed 10 August 2012.
10	Ibid.
11	Benjamin R. Barber, Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age (London, 2003), p. 120; italics original.
12	Ibid., p. 34.
13	Karl Marx, Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts, in David McLellan (ed.), Karl Marx: Selected Writings, 2nd edn (Oxford, 2000), p. 85.
14	Barber, Strong Democracy, pp. 64–5.
15	Claude LeFort, Democracy and Political Theory (Oxford, 1988), p. 19.
16	Aristotle, Politics 1260b35–30, in Barnes (ed.), Complete Works, p. 2000.
17	Aristotle, Politics 1290b17–18, in Barnes (ed.), Complete Works, p. 2048.
18	Plato, Laws 636d6–e4, in John M. Cooper (ed.), Plato: Complete Works (Cambridge, UK, 1997), p. 1331.
19	Plato, Republic 2.370c3–5, in Cooper (ed.), Complete Works; p. 1009.
20	Plato, Euthydemus 292b4–c1, in Cooper (ed.), Complete Works, p. 731.
21	David Keyt, ‘Plato on Justice’, in Hugh H. Benson (ed.), A Companion to Plato (Oxford, 2009), p. 346.
22	Aristotle, Politics, 1264b15–25, in Barnes (ed.), Complete Works, p. 2006.
23	Ian Shapiro, The Moral Foundations of Politics (New Haven, CT, 2003), p. 193.
24	Howe and Walker, Dr Who, p. 472.
25	Philip Martin, Vengeance on Varos (London, 1988), p. 36.
26	Quoted in Gary Gillatt, Doctor Who from A to Z (London, 1998), p. 137.
27	Ibid.
28	Martin, Vengeance on Varos, p. 116.
29	Plato, Republic 1.348c4–d3, in Cooper (ed.), Complete Works, p. 991.
30	Barber, Strong Democracy, p. 120.
31	‘The Beast Below’ transcript, writer Stephen Moffat, director Andrew Gunn; ‘The Doctor Who Transcripts’, http://www.chakoteya.net/DoctorWho/31-2.htm; accessed 13 August 2012. Incidentally, the twenty-ninth century is also the period during which the incidents of ‘The Robots of Death’ took place, according to Lance Parkin, Ahistory: An Unauthorised History of the Doctor Who Universe, 2nd edn (Des Moines, IA, 2007), p. 308.
32	‘The Beast Below’ transcript, op. cit.
33	Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, new edn (London, 1973), p. 245.
34	Henry Farrell, ‘Socialist Surrealism: China Miéville’s New Crobuzon Novels’, in Donald M. Hassler and Clyde Wilcox (eds), New Boundaries in Political Science Fiction (Columbia, SC, 2008), p. 274.

Chapter 7: Did I Mention It Also Travels in Time?

1	Jeremy Bentham, Doctor Who: The Early Years (London, 1986), p. 61.
2	Bud Foote, The Connecticut Yankee in the Twentieth Century: Travel to the Past in Science Fiction (Westport, CT, 1991), p. 12.
3	David Lewis, ‘The Paradoxes of Time Travel’, American Philosophical Quarterly 13 (April 1976), p. 145.
4	‘An Unearthly Child’ transcript, writer Anthony Coburn, director Waris Hussein; The Doctor Who Transcript Project, http://dwtpscripts.tripod.com/1stdoc/a/a1.html; accessed 18 August 2012.
5	Theodore Sider, ‘Time’, in Susan Schneider (ed.), Science Fiction and Philosophy: From Time Travel to Superintelligence (Oxford, 2009), p. 301.
6	Parmenides, fr. 19, I.68, in Nicholas Smith, Fritz Allhof and Anand Jayprakash Vaidya (eds), Ancient Philosophy: Essential Readings with Commentary (Oxford, 2008), p. 35.
7	Parmenides, fr. 6, I.57, in Smith, Allhof and Vaidya (eds), Ancient Philosophy, p. 32.
8	Aristotle, Physics 191a23–191b27, in Jonathan Barnes (ed.), The Complete Works of Aristole, vol. 1 (Princeton, NJ, 1984), pp. 326–7.
9	Aristotle, De Interpretatione 18a29–35, in Barnes (ed.), Complete Works, p. 28.
10	Aristotle, De Interpretatione 18b10–13, in Barnes (ed.), Complete Works, p. 29.
11	Aristotle, De Interpretatione 19a1–4, in Barnes (ed.), Complete Works, p. 29.
12	J.O. de La Mettrie, Man a Machine, http://cscs.umich.edu/∼crshalizi/LaMettrie/Machine/; accessed 19 August 2012. Web version is from Man a Machine, by Julien Offray de La Mettrie. French-English. Including Frederick the Great’s “Eulogy” on La Mettrie and extracts from La Mettrie’s “The Natural History of the Soul”; Philosophical and Historical Notes by Gertrude Carman Bussey (La Salle, IL, 1912).
13	Ibid.
14	Richard Taylor, Metaphysics, 3rd edn (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983), p. 53.
15	Roland Omnès, Quantum Philosophy: Understanding and Interpreting Contemporary Science, trans. Arturo Sangalli (Princeton, NJ, 1999), pp. 168–9.
16	Lance Parkin dates ‘The Aztecs’ as circa 1454 in Ahistory, p. 62.
17	Contrast this situation with something that Barbara might clearly find logically impossible, such as drawing a square circle or proving that 1 equals 2. She might find it physically or causally impossible to intervene in the Aztecs’ customs if she were paralysed, or simply watching the events (as if on television) on the ‘Time Scanner’ that the Doctor procures in ‘The Space Museum’ (1965).
18	David Deutsch and Michael Lockwood, ‘The Quantum Physics of Time Travel’, in Schneider (ed.), Science Fiction and Philosophy, p. 327.
19	Ibid., p. 328.
20	Paul Horwich, ‘On Some Alleged Paradoxes of Time Travel’, The Journal of Philosophy 72:14 (14 August 1975), pp. 435–6.
21	‘Time Crash’ transcript, writer Stephen Moffat, director Graeme Harper; ‘Doctor Who 2005+ Transcripts’, http://who-transcripts.atspace.com/2007/transcripts/CIN2007_timecrash.html; accessed 20 August 2012.
22	Ibid.
23	Deutsch and Lockwood, ‘Quantum Physics’, p. 329.
24	George Gale, ‘Cosmological Fecundity: Theories of Multiple Universes’, in John Leslie (ed.), Modern Cosmology and Philosophy, 2nd edn (Amherst, NY, 1998), p. 199.
25	Ibid.
26	Foote, The Connecticut Yankee, p. 11.
27	Omnès, Quantum Philosophy.
28	Deutsch and Lockwood, ‘Quantum Physics’, p. 331.
29	‘Turn Left’ transcript, writer Russell T. Davies, director Graeme Harper; ‘The Doctor Who Transcripts’, http://www.chakoteya.net/DoctorWho/30-11.htm; accessed 20 August 2012.
30	‘Blink’ transcript, writer Stephen Moffat, director Hettie MacDonald; ‘The Doctor Who Transcripts’, http://www.chakoteya.net/DoctorWho/29-10.htm; accessed 20 August 2012.
31	Michelle Saint and Peter A. French, ‘The Horror of the Weeping Angels’, in Lewis and Smithka (eds), Doctor Who and Philosophy, p. 301.
32	James Trefil, The Nature of Science (New York, 2003), p. 336.
33	‘Cold Blood’ transcript, writer Chris Chibnall, director Ashley Way; ‘The Doctor Who Transcripts’, http://www.chakoteya.net/DoctorWho/31-9.htm; accessed 21 August 2012.
34	Stephen Hawking, ‘The Future of the Universe’, in Leo Howe and Alan Wain (eds), Predicting the Future (Cambridge, UK, 1993), p. 22.