REFERENCED MATERIAL AND ENDNOTES
1. Dr. Paul Ekman in “How to Spot a Liar” by James Geary, www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,205 1177,00.html. See Caveat in this book stating limitations in lie detection accuracy.
2. University of Massachusetts study quoted in The College of St. Scholastica article, “Lying and Deception” at http://faculty.css.edu/dswenson/web/OB/lying.html. Also psychologist Gerald Jellison (University of South California) found that people are lied to approximately one untruth every five minutes in “How to Spot a Liar” by James Geary www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2051177,00.html; Dr. Charles Ford, author of Lies! Lies!! Lies!!!, says that the average Joe lies seven times an hour—if you count all the times people lie to themselves. Dr. Ford is a psychiatrist and professor at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. www.nlag.net/Sermons/Transcripts/mjdeadmendont.htm.
3. Feldman, R. S. Forrest, J. A. and Happ, B. R. (2002) Self Presentation and Verbal Deception: Do Self Presenters Live More?
4. According to Professor Bella Paulo’s research conducted at the University of Massachusetts in 1996.
5. According to Professor Bella Paulo’s research conducted at the University of Massachusetts in 1996.
6. “Why Don’t We Catch Liars;” Paul Ekman in Social Research volume 63, 1996.
7. Ekman, P. (2001) Telling Lies.
8. Some research has shown that people from a deprived background or broken home have an increased ability to detect and tell lies. However, there is also contrary research to this finding.
9. “Why Don’t We Catch Liars;” Paul Ekman in Social Research volume 63, 1996.
10. Ekman and O’Sullivan, 1991; DePaulo and Pfeiffer, 1986. The only category that attained a high level were members of the US Secret Service reaching 80 percent accuracy.
11. Kraut and Poe (1980) “Humans as Lie Detectors: some second thoughts.” Journal of Communication, 30, pages 209–216. See also Kraut, R. E., and Poe, D. (1980). “Behavioral Roots of Person Perception: The Deception Judgments of Customs Inspectors and Laymen.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39, 784-798. Police and also customs officers in many countries now receive additional training, which should improve upon the results found in this study.
12. “Who Can Catch a Liar?” Ekman and O’Sullivan (1991), American Psychologist 46 pages 913-920.
13. “A Few Can Catch a Liar”; Ekman, O’Sullivan and Frank (1999). American Psychological Society 10, No 3.
14. Anthropologist Ray Birdwhistell found similar results.
15. “A Few Can Catch a Liar”; Ekman, O’Sullivan and Frank (1999). American Psychological Society 10, No 3.
16. A study by Dr. Maureen O’Sullivan PhD (Lie Wizard Project) at the University of San Francisco found thirty-one wizards among 13,000 people tested.
17. Though there are some limitations in that Doctor O’Sullivan found that all Lie Wizards were intelligent.
18. Article by Gregory A. Perez, “‘Wizards’ Can Spot the Signs of a Liar: A Rare Few Have the Skill to Detect the Flickers of Falsehood, Scientists Say,” quoting the findings of Doctor Maureen O’Sullivan, at www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6249749.
19. Having said that, nothing in this subject area is 100 percent, so you will need to apply your own personal judgement as to how you use the results of the lie detection. As previously said, armed with the requisite knowledge and practice, your lie detection will be more accurate than that of the average person.
20. Littlepage, G. E. and Pinealut, M. A. (1985). “Detection of Deception of Planned and Spontaneous Communications.” The Journal of Social Psychology 125(2), 195-201.
21. Analysis of Blink Rate Patterns in Normal Subjects, Bentivoglio AR, Bressman SB, Cassetta E, Carretta D, Tonali P, Albanese A at Istituto di Neurologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9399231.
22. Frogs into Princes, Neuro Linguistic Programming by Richard Bandler and John Grinder, Published by Real People Press/UT in 1979.
23. Based on the work by Doctor Alan Hirsch and Doctor Charles Wolf. See also, “Gestures reveal what the lips conceal. (Literature on Mendacity),” www.thefreelibrary.com/Gestures+reveal+what+the+lips+conceal.+(Literature+on+Mendacity).-a085408941.
24. President Clinton’s Grand Jury Testimony of August 17, 1998.
25. About once every four minutes. The author of this book does not assert in any way that former US president Bill Clinton is a deceitful person; this book relies upon the findings in academically published articles and published reports that have examined the subject Grand Jury Testimony.
26. Peter Collett, author of The Book of Tells, published by Random House.
27. Information on training can be found at www.paulekman.com/.
28. Based on the research by Dr. Paul Ekman.
29. Anthropologist Ray Birdwhistell found similar results.
30. http://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/speeches/detail/3930.