1. See, for example, K. Kautsky, F. Engels: sein Leben, sein Wirken, seine Schriften, Berlin, 1908, p. 27.
2. F. Engels, Briefwechsel mit K. Kautsky, Vienna, 1955, pp. 4, 77–9, 82–3.
3. D. Riazanov, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, London, 1927, p. 210.
4. M. Adler, Engels als Denker, Berlin, 1920, pp. 48–9.
5. See particularly G. Plekhanov, Zu Hegel’s sechzigstem Todestag in Neue Zeit, X Jahrgang, I Band, 1891–2, pp. 198 ff., 236 ff., and 273 ff.
6. Marx-Engels Historisch-Kritische Gesamtausgabe (MEGA), 1, 2. The rediscovery of this and other youthful writings of Engels against Schelling was made by Engels’s biographer, Gustav Mayer.
7. MEGA, 1, 2, pp. 183–4.
8. G. Mayer, F. Engels, Eine Biographie, The Hague, 1934, Vol. 1, p. 101. See also A. Cornu, K. Marx und F. Engels (Leben und Werke), Berlin, 1954, Vol. I, p. 137.
9. See M. G. Lange, L. Feuerbach und der junge Marx, in L. Feuerbach, Kleine philosophische Schriften, Leipzig, 1950, pp. 11 and 16.
10. L. Feuerbach, Sämtliche Werke, ed. Bolin and Jodl, 1905, II Band, pp. 274 and 291.
11. MEGA, 1, 1/1, p.64.
12. MEGA, I, 2, ‘Einleitung’, pp. xlvi–xlix.
13. A. I. Herzen, Textes philosophiques choisis, Moscow, 1950, p. 340.
14. Marx-Engels, Werke (MEW), Berlin, 1957, Vol. I, p. xxxi.
15. F. Engels, Anti-Dühring, Moscow, 1954, p. 195.
16. G. Lukács, History and Class-Consciousness, London, 1971, p. xxxvi.
17. ibid.
21. A term used by Louis Althusser to denote what he sees as the ‘radical break’ between Marx’s youthful and his more mature writings. The former express a ‘Hegelian and Feuerbachian ideology’. The latter construct the ‘basic concepts of dialectical and historical materialism’ (see Louis Althusser’s Reading Capital, London, 1970, pp. 309–10).
22. Below, p. 61.
23. Below, p. 80.
24. Aristotle, Metaphysics, tr. R. Hope, Ann Arbor, 1952, p. 191.
31. K. Marx, Capital, Vol. 1, Moscow, 1965, p. 19 (translation modified).
32. Feuerbach, op. cit., p. 208.
33. K. Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy, Chapter II, ‘First’ and ‘Second Observations’.
34. M. Dobb, Political Economy and Capitalism, London, 1937, pp. 130–31.
35. ibid., pp. 135–6.
36. K. Marx, 1857 Introduction in Grundrisse, The Pelican Marx Library, 1973, pp. 85–7.
37. Capital, Vol. 1, pp. 183–4 (translation modified).
38. In Prussia as in England, ‘primogeniture’ was the law of land inheritance-which allowed the settlement of whole estates upon the eldest son, rather than division among all the children. It was essential to the maintenance of he landed class’s power.
39. Below, p. 249.
40. A similar discussion of Hegel, from a different point of view, can be found in Z. A. Pelczynski’s introduction to Hegel’s Political Writings (1964): Hegel as essentially the protagonist of ‘radical, rational reform from above’.
41. The phrase originates in Hobbes’ Leviathan (1651), Part I, Chapter 4:
42. Knox, pp. 122–3.
43. Below, p. 141.
49. Below, p. 233.
52. Below, pp. 220–21 and 231.
55. Capital, Vol. 1, p. 74 (translation modified).
56. K. Marx, ‘Die Wertform’, in Marx-Engels, Kleine Ökonomische Schriften, Berlin, 1955, p. 271.
57. Below, pp. 87–8.
60. Below, p. 193–4.
61. K. Marx, ‘The Civil War in France’, in The First International and After, The Pelican Marx Library, 1974, p. 210.
62. Below, pp. 189–90.
63. Below, p. 191.
66. Grundrisse, pp. 514–15.
67. Theories of Surplus Value, Part I, London, 1969, pp. 389–90 and 392.
68. Grundrisse, p. 512.
69. Theories of Surplus Value, Part I, p. 171.
70. Capital, Vol. 1, p. 47 (translation modified).
74. Capital, p. 578 (translation modified).
75. Grundrisse, pp. 83–4.
76. ibid., pp. 157, 221, 225–6, 239.
77. Marx-Engels, Selected Works in one volume, p. 80.