Index

• Abstraction
  • of ammunition in ASL, 76
  • impact on gap between game and truth, 43
  • map as, 63–70
  • at strategic level in air warfare games, 57
• Abstract Mechanics, combat systems, 72
• Academic wargaming
  • amateur designers, 455–461
  • capturing geographic scale of conflict, 441–442
  • contribution to history education, 422–424
  • manual vs. computer wargames, 425–427
  • model-driven military wargame design and evaluation, 471–480
  • political/military gaming as focus for, 173
  • practical obstacles and trade-offs, 430–434
  • rise of political/military gaming, 487
  • and simulation literacy, 447–454
  • stigma and skepticism about, 434–437
  • teaching wargame design, 426–430
  • understanding different levels of war, 442
  • value of, 439–445, 463–470
• Ace of Aces (1980) (Angiolillo), 28
• Ackland, Tony, 611
• Ackoff, Russell, 179–180
• Active learning, wargaming as, 424
• Activision, 273
• Actual time, in battle sequence, 122
• ADA (air defense artillery), 57
• ADB (Amarillo Design Bureau), 596, 597, 600
• ADDC (Air Defense Direction Center), 333
• Admiralty Trilogy Group, 209
• Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (1977–1979) (Gygax), 555
• Advanced Gaming Systems Inc (AGSI), 210, 217–218
• Advanced Squad Leader (ASL) (1985) (Greenwood)
  • abstraction of ammunition vs. Twilight: 2000, 76
  • actual time in, 122–123
  • comprehensiveness of rulebook, 128–131
  • design profile of, 113–118
  • influence of, 121
  • physical game components, 87, 98
  • as tactical game, 56
• Advanced Squad Leader Rule Book (ASLRB), 114
• Aerial combat. See Air warfare
• Afghanistan
  • BCT Command Kandahar, 495, 519, 527
  • A Distant Plain, 516, 519, 524, 525, 526
  • Holy War: Afghanistan, 674, 677
  • I.E.D. War in Afghanistan and Iraq, 404
  • miniatures wargame/art installations, 412–416
  • Operation Anaconda, 267
  • political/military wargame elements for, 490
  • Soviet invasion of, 108–109
  • Strike of the Sword, 293
• AFOSR (Air Force Office of Scientific Research), 224, 225
• The African Campaign (1973), 97
• Afrika Korps (1964) (Roberts), 441
• Aftermath! (1981) (Hume), 75
• Agency
  • in Call of Duty: Modern Warfare, 310, 311–313, 315–318
  • Global 2000 wargame tools, 477
  • limited agency sequences in video games, 311–312
  • as purpose of civilian role-playing games, 323, 353n10
  • and wargaming’s value in history education, 451–452
• Agent-based modeling of actions with digital games, 425
• Age of Empires III (2005) (Street), 686
• Age of Rifles scenarios, 154
• AGILE-COIN, 514
• AGSI (Advanced Gaming Systems Inc), 210, 217–218
• Air & Armor (1986) (Maxwell), 56–57
• Aircraft in Warfare: The Dawn of the Fourth Arm (Lanchester) (book), 160
• Air defense artillery (ADA), 57
• Air Defense Direction Center (ADDC), 333
• Air defense wargames, 341
• Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR), 224, 225
• Airmindedness, 55, 61
• Air raid games, 59–60
• Air-sea-land, and air warfare representation in games, 55–57
• Air Superiority (1987) (Webster), 59
• Air War (1977) (Isby), 59
• Air warfare
  • air defense simulation, 333
  • Command: Modern Air/Naval Operations, 151
  • Downtown, 60
  • drones as tools of, 643–644, 656
  • Empire of the Sun design, 135
  • Fight in the Skies, 20
  • historical development, 55–61
  • independent air power, 57–61
  • Lanchester’s square law’s effect in, 161
  • live wargames in air combat, 107–108
  • Modern Air Power, 221–227
  • multiple perspectives for air support of ground operations, 56
  • operations research example, 165
  • and Star Fleet games, 593, 595, 597–600
• Alexander, Keith, 276
• Algeria (2000) (Train), 495
• “Algernon” person-in-the-loop wargame, 495
• Allen, Courtney, 121
• Allen, Robertson, 307
• Allison, Graham, 488
• Allison, Tanine, 320
• Alter, Robert, 573
• Alternate movement. See Turns, taking
• Altitude, depicting in tabletop air warfare games, 58
• Amarillo Design Bureau (ADB), 596, 597, 600
• Amateur designers
  • in academic wargaming, 455–461
  • in digital game age, 100–102, 103–104, 149–150
  • modding, 96–97, 153, 155–156n3, 213–214, 217, 219n11, 296
  • scenario creation and editing, 20, 98–99, 151–155
• Amber Diceless Roleplaying Game (1991) (Wujcik), 77
• Ambush! (1983) (Butterfield), 121–122
• America’s Army (AA) (2002–) (Zyda), 111, 254, 262, 303–308, 356, 357
• Analog wargames. See Manual wargames
• The Ancient Art of War (1984), 26, 149–150
• Ancient Greek militarism’s contribution to Western society, 646–652, 653, 665n9
• Andean Abyss (2012) (Ruhnke), 516
• Anderson, Mike, 677
• Angiolillo, Joseph, 28
• Anleitung (1824) (younger Reisswitz), 8
• Anonymous (hacktivist community), 273
• Ansell, Bryan, 603, 604, 606–607, 611
• Anthropomorphic chess, 564–565
• Apocalypse Now (film), 319
• Apperley, Tom, 463–464
• APX (Atari Program Exchange), 100, 102
• Arcade game behavior, digital game adoption of, 26
• Arcadian Normandy, mapmaking aesthetics, 67–69
• Aristotle, 650
• Arkin, Ron, 662
• ARMA (2006), 262
• Arms race perspective on wargaming, 361, 363
• Army/ground wargames. See Land warfare
• Arneson, Dave, 21, 556
• ARPA/DARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency), 359, 366, 514, 658–659
• Arquilla, John, 258
• Art
  • Levinthal’s photographic work, 399–408
  • Liquid Chess/Smell Chess, 704–705
  • progressive art movements and Debord’s The Game of War, 387
  • vs. propaganda, 416
  • as quest to realize possible worlds, 412
• Artificial intelligence (AI), 224, 227, 662
• The Art of War (Jomini) (book), 391–392
• The Art of Wargaming (Perla) (book), 176
• ASL. See Advanced Squad Leader
• ASLRB (Advanced Squad Leader Rule Book), 114
• Assassination missions, drone, 659–660, 666–667n17
• Assumption exposure, as cultural wargame purpose
• Asymmetric conflicts. See also Irregular warfare (IW); Terrorism
  • air raid games, 59–60
  • in Battle for Baghdad, 677
  • and cyberwarfare, 680
  • Debord’s The Game of War, 377–378, 379
  • and industrialization of war, 653
  • Italian leftists and Debord, 373–374
• Asymmetry of information, 521
• Asymmetry of methods, 522, 524
• Asymmetry of objectives, 524–525, 527
• Atari, 100, 101, 296
• Atari Program Exchange (APX), 100, 102
• Atlas Games, 77–78
• Atomic Bomber (1946), 361
• The Attack Submarine (Kuenne) (book), 192
• Automated Simulations, Inc., 26
• Avalon Hill Game Company
  • acquisition by Hasbro, 30
  • avoidance of WWI games, 141
  • and Bismarck vs. Computer Bismarck, 26
  • and card-driven games, 133
  • early digital games, 100
  • fantasy-based games, 24–25
  • founding of, 15
  • magazine, 19, 88, 95, 96
  • and modular game development, 96, 99
  • vs. SPI and Dunnigan, 90, 91–92, 95
  • and War Engine model, 83–89, 97–98, 99
  • welcoming of player-game developers, 97
• The Avalon Hill General “The General” (magazine), 19, 88, 95, 96, 97
• Axis & Allies (1981) (Harris), 28–29
• Azad (from The Player of Games), 569–570, 572nn4–5

• Balkan Hell (1995) (Bomba), 445
• Band-of-brothers myth, 325
• Banks, Iain M., 560
• Barker, Phil, 37
• Barthes, Roland, 334
• Barton, Keith, 448
• “Barwick Green: An Everyday Tale of Country Folk” (game scenario), 549–551
• Basic Role-Playing (BRP) system, 73, 74–75
• Basset, John, 34
• Bath, Tony, 15, 20, 41
• Battlefield series, 264, 265, 266–267, 684–685
• Battlefields of England (Burne) (book), 197
• Battle for Baghdad (2009) (Pinsky), 495, 535, 677
• Battle hex concept, in Empire of the Sun, 138
• Battle of Britain, 196
• Battle of the Bulge reenactment, 633, 635
• Battle sequences. See Combat systems
• BattleSets in digital games, 215, 219n12
• Battlespace control. See also Drone operations
  • ancient Greek military foundation for Western society’s technics, 646–652
  • articulation of in drone operations, 642, 644, 660–661
  • definition of battlespace, 654–655
  • evolution of, 642
  • postwar technoscience and computerization of, 653–656
  • simulation and virtualization of warfare, 656–662
  • technology and human cultural experience, 643–646
• BCT Command Kandahar (2013) (Miranda), 495, 519, 527
• Becker-Ho, Alice, 378, 382
• Beirut ’82: Arab Stalingrad (1989) (Kane), 519
• Beitrag zum Kriegsspiel (1876) (Verdy du Vernois), 13–14
• Bel Geddes, Norman, 13
• Bennett, Peter G., 242
• Berg, Richard, 444
• Berlin crisis, 238n3
• Berliner Kriegsspiel-Verein, 10
• Berlin game (Schelling), 231
• Beyond Valor (1985) (Greenwood), 114
• Bismarck, 26
• Bissel, Richard M., 237
• Blackett, P. M. S., 161–162, 164, 168
• “Black” games, 40. See also Terrorism
• Black Library, 604, 605, 606
• Blackmore, Tim, 654
• Black Ops II (2012), 253–254, 269, 270, 272, 273, 277
• Black Ops series, 262, 263
• Black Swan concept, 178
• Blair, Clay Jr., 187, 190
• Blitzkrieg (1965) (Pinsky), 95
• Blitzkrieg Module System (1969) (Dunnigan), 95–96
• Blizzard, 29, 30
• Bloomfield, Lincoln, 230
• Blue’s Red Assessment Cell (BRAC), Global 2000 wargame, 472
• Blue vs. red counter color scheme, 204
• Boardgamegeek, 466, 494
• Board wargames. See also individual games by name
  • amateur design of, 20, 455–461
  • Combat Commander’s card-and-hex board combo, 122–131
  • combat sequence representation vs. computer, 683–684, 686
  • complexity and conversion to computer, 25–26, 100
  • counter system, 201–204
  • “Crossing the Berezina
  • cyberwarfare, 677–679
  • Debord’s Djambi, 373–374
  • dice (see Dice, use of)
  • early computer use in tactical, 14
  • early RAND simulations, 359, 361
  • evolution of board, 4–5
  • fantasy contexts, 21, 23–25
  • fog of war vs. digital game, 682–683
  • Hellwig’s expansion from chess to more realistic playing fields, 5
  • hobby networks, 19–20
  • insurgency-based, 516–527
  • and miniatures wargames, 92–93, 203–204
  • move from chess-like pieces to cardboard chits, 15
  • popularization of commercial, 18
  • Prussian 19th-century, 10
  • real-time strategy representation vs. digital games, 686–687
  • scale of game board, 7–8
  • Twilight Struggle’s board, 467–469
  • zone of control origin, 18
• Bogost, Ian, 307, 450–451, 469
• Bolaño, Roberto, 560, 588
• Bomba, Ty, 43, 445
• Bonaparte, Napoleon, 562
• Boom Beach (2014), 685
• Boot, Max, 257, 259
• Borg, Richard, 391, 392, 393
• Bothwell, John, 37
• Bowling green (Tristram Shandy), 573–574, 575–578
• Box, George Edward Pelham, 183–184, 198
• BRAC (Blue’s Red Assessment Cell), Global 2000 wargame, 472
• Brandt, Marisa, 367–368
• “A Breezeless Day” scenario in ASL, 115–117, 118
• Brightman, Hank, 175
• British Model Soldier Society, 12, 15
• Brontë, Anne and Emily, 555, 556
• Brown, John Seely, 452
• BRP (Basic Role-Playing) system, 73, 74–75
• “Brynania” simulation, 498
• Brynen, Rex, 421, 485–500
• Brzostek, Bartosz, 691
• Bully Pulpit Games, 78
• Burne, Alfred Higgins, 197
• Business management simulations, 346–347
• Butcher, Jim, 563

• C2 Wind Tunnel (C2WT), 474–475, 476, 477
• C3IT (Cultural and Cognitive Combat Immersive Trainer) (2006), 365
• Caesar III (modeling tool), 476
• Calhamer, Alan, 15–16
• Call of Cthulhu (1981) (Petersen), 74–75, 80, 556, 558
• Call of Duty: Modern Warfare (2007), 265, 309–318
• Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 (2009), 310–318
• Call of Duty series
  • and digital gaming expectations vs. reality, 684–685
  • narrative approach, 264, 270
  • vs. realistic military simulations, 262
  • sales strength of, 263, 266
• Camaraderie of war, 581–582
• Campaign for North Africa (1979) (Berg), 684
• Caniff, Milton, 361, 362
• Captain’s Log (magazine), 596
• Carana-based exercises at UN, 498
• Card, Orson Scott, 27–28, 102, 275
• Card-driven games (CDGs)
  • and cards as event-triggers, 142, 145, 467, 469, 470
  • COIN game random effects, 519
  • Combat Commander orders, 124, 126–127, 128–131
  • contribution to Paths of Glory’s success, 141–147
  • deck construction in, 138
  • defined, 133
  • Empire of the Sun as, 133–139, 140n1
  • individual vs. hand of cards as trade space, 140n1
  • Paths of Glory as, 141–147
  • religious strife and military action, 539–544
  • and The Sword and The Flame dynamics, 625
  • Twilight Struggle as, 467, 470
  • Up Front, 121
  • usefulness in political/military games, 282–283, 493–494, 677
• Cardullo, Bert, 339
• Carell, Paul, 46
• Carlson, Christopher, 209, 281
• Carmack, John, 99
• Carr, Mike, 20
• Carrier (1990) (Boylon), 60
• Carroll, Lewis, 564
• Castells, Manuel, 357–358
• Castle & Crusade Society, 21
• Catlow, Ruth, 705
• CDGs. See Card-driven games
• Cebrowski, Arthur, 258
• Center for Naval Analyses (CNA), 168, 170, 171, 174, 176
• Cervantes, Miguel de, 579, 580, 581, 582
• Chad: The Toyota Wars (1991) (Davis), 518
• Chadwick, Frank, 79
• Chainmail (Gygax) (booklet), 21, 23
• Chamayou, Gregoire, 641, 644, 658, 660, 661, 662, 664n5, 667n18
• Champions (1982), 77
• Chandler, David, 34
• Chaosium, 73, 74
• The Charge of the Light Brigade (Curtiz) (film), 381
• The Charge of the Scots Greys (Levinthal) (photo art), 408
• Charts. See Maps and mapmaking
• Cheops, 563
• Chess
  • as basis for wargaming, 4–5
  • vs. Debord’s The Game of War, 374, 376, 380
  • evolution of, 707n5
  • literary tropes associated with, 562–565, 567, 571–572n1
  • origins of, 665–666n11
  • peacebuilding games modeled on, 704–705
  • as philosophical guide to wargame design, 203
  • as power struggle, 562–563
  • wargame-as-chess metaphor, 560
• Chosen (Jacka) (book), 559
• “Chrome,” rulebook, 44, 94
• Churchill, Winston S., 187
• CISA (College of International Security Affairs), DoD, 503, 504–508
• Citadel Miniatures, 29, 603, 606–607
• Civilian casualties, and This War of Mine, 691–701
• Civilization series, 29, 30, 152–153, 541–543, 569
• Civil War, American
  • Gettysburg, 15, 16, 18, 85, 86
  • Johnny Reb, 113
  • Stonewall Jackson’s Way, 63
• Clapper, James, 273
• Clark, Kate, 659
• Clark, Richard E., 343
• Clarke, Adele, 355
• Clash of Arms, 281
• Clash of Clans (2013), 685
• Class Wargames, 391, 392, 394–395
• Clausewitz, Carl von, 373, 391–392, 396, 423, 443–445, 486, 488
• Cline, Ernest, 558
• Close Air Support (CAS), 56
• Clubs, wargaming, 10, 19, 20, 391–396
• CNA (Center for Naval Analyses), 168, 170, 171, 174
• COAs (Courses of Action), wargame modeling, 472, 475–476, 478
• Codex Alera series (2004–2009) (Butcher), 563
• Cohen, William S., 257–258
• COIN (counterinsurgency). See Counterinsurgency
• COIN series of games, 495, 516–517, 518, 519, 521–527
• Cold War. See also Nuclear warfare
  • compelling experience of gaming tension in, 340–341, 469–470
  • Cuban missile crisis, 236, 238n2
  • Dunn-Kempf wargame, 37–38
  • efficiency goal in defense analysis, 167
  • Global wargaming series, 110
  • 1989: Dawn of Freedom, 494
  • Norwegian fjord exercise for US Navy, 176
  • and political/military wargaming, 108, 487
  • rationale for wargaming during, 331
  • signaling intentions challenge, 229–237
  • Twilight Struggle, 464–470, 493–494
  • wargaming’s role in ending, 40
• Collectible trading card games, origins of, 29–30
• College of International Security Affairs (CISA), DoD, 503, 504–508
• Colonialism
  • in cultural wargames, 547
  • The Sword and The Flame, 623–627
  • and Western love affair with technology, 641, 646, 664n5
• Colored Petri Net engine, 476
• Combat Commander series (Jensen), 122–131
• Combat Information Center, in Harpoon user interface, 212
• Combat Results Table (CRT), 85–87
• Combat systems. See also Victory conditions
  • America’s Army, 304
  • COIN’s nonlinear results, 518–519
  • computer vs. board game’s ability to represent, 683–684, 686
  • CRT for Roberts’s games, 85–87
  • Debord’s The Game of War relationships, 384–386
  • deterministic, 34, 36
  • general’s-eye vs. role-playing perspectives, 71
  • gunfire factor, 49–54, 75–76
  • mental damage in, 74–75, 76, 78
  • modeled time in, 122, 123, 126–131
  • Napoleon’s Triumph, 206
  • range estimation for arbitrating gunnery, 36
  • Reisswitz’s probability method, 8
  • in RPGs, 71–80
  • Star Fleet Battles, 598
  • Stevenson’s popgun method, 11
  • time layers in, 122–126
  • The Sword and The Flame dynamics, 625–626
  • Warhammer 40,000, 609
  • war reenactors, 630, 632, 633
• Combined arms mentality in ASL, 115–117
• Comic sublime in Tristram Shandy, 582–584
• Command and control wargames
  • and Advanced Squad Leader, 115
  • Command: Modern Air/Naval Operations, 151
  • Commands & Colors: Napoleonics, 391–396
  • gendered perspective, 355–368
  • Global 2000 wargame as, 471–474
  • Modern Air Power, 222
  • and Modern Air Power, 221–227
  • Napoleon’s Triumph, 206
• Command experience, wargaming as tool for obtaining, 4, 8–9, 13–14
• Command: Modern Air/Naval Operations (2013), 151
• Commands & Colors: Napoleonics (2013) (Borg), 391–396
• Commercial wargaming. See also Digital war-themed games; Hobby wargaming; individual games by name
  • academic study value of, 439–445
  • application to military training, 111, 225
  • card games and corporate consolidation, 28–30
  • cultural wargaming perspective of audience for, 546
  • disturbing strategies and real military operations
  • militarist vision of, 254–256
  • origins in U.S., 3
  • popularity of modding, 213–214
  • post-WWII, 15–18
  • vs. professional wargaming, 99–100, 497, 514
  • Prussian, 10
  • RAND’s adoption of commercial game design, 364
  • and realism issue, 25–28, 262, 681–688
• Committee (seminar) games, 174, 336, 487–488, 504–507, 545
• Communication. See also Gamer communities
  • Debord’s focus on lines of, 380
  • games as shared narrative worlds, 349–350
• Communities of wargamers. See Gamer communities
• Compelling experience, conflict as
  • Call of Duty series, 309, 311–313
  • Cold War tension, 340–341, 469–470
  • and Debord’s view of wargaming, 373
  • and educational purpose, 337–343
  • miniatures wargames, 409, 412, 414
  • and operations research, 345–346
  • and operator’s experience of drone mission, 657
  • role-playing game as, 337–348
  • simulation’s goal as, 337–341, 349–350
• Complexity. See also Advanced Squad Leader
  • and academic wargaming, 423, 428, 430, 450, 453
  • and amateur vs. professional design, 456–457
  • COIN as complex adaptive system, 527–528
  • and conversion from board to computer, 25–26, 100
  • and DoD’s IW challenge, 531–537
  • and hobbyist historical games, 76, 113, 116–117, 146–147
  • mapmaking, 63–70
  • vs. playability, xxviii n5, 336–337, 453
  • of political/military wargame decision making, 133, 231–237, 488, 492
  • and RPG development, 72
• Complicit play, Modern Warfare, 310–314
• Compton, John, 677
• Computer Bismarck (1980), 26, 27
• Computerization. See also Digital war-themed games
  • computer as opponent, 26, 100, 209, 222, 264
  • computer as referee, 25–26, 28
  • and drone operations, 656–659, 663
  • early computer use in tactical board games, 14
  • fog of war replication, 216
  • game design’s shift to, 101–102
  • manual vs. digital games, 26, 103–104, 121, 155n2, 425–427, 454n2, 683–684, 686
  • real-time strategy capability of, 686–687
  • as solution to complexity in manual games, 25–26, 100
  • and technology of warfare, 26–27, 261–262, 355
• Conference of Wargamers (COW), UK, 34
• Conflict dynamics, using wargames to study, 423, 426–427, 431–433. See also Wargames and wargaming
• “Connected Shadows,” 504–507, 509, 510
• Connections and Connections UK conferences, xx, 422, 433, 499
• Consims vs. Euro-wargames, 493
• Consimworld, 466
• Constant warfare, and RMA influence on video wargaming, 254
• Construct modeling tool, 477
• Contact! (HWP), 39
• Conventions, 19, 20, 30, 34
• Coolness Under Fire (CUF) rating, 76
• The Copper Promise (Williams) (book), 555, 557
• Cordery, Bob, 34
• Cosmic Encounter (1977), 24
• Costikyan, Greg, 88, 104
• Countercultural gaming perspective, 547–548
• Counterfactual speculation
  • and academic skepticism about wargames, 431, 435–436, 463–464, 465
  • and amateur design principles, 461
  • computer vs. board game’s ability to represent, 683
  • irregular warfare’s complexities, 532
  • and military training function of wargame, 411
  • and propaganda, 416
• Counterinsurgency (COIN)
  • as complex adaptive system, 527–528
  • and cyberwarfare gaming, 673
  • drones in, 658, 659, 663
  • as primary mode of armed conflict, 513–514
  • and rise of nonkinetic games, 494–496
• Counterinsurgency (COIN) game design
  • asymmetry of information, 521
  • asymmetry of methods, 522, 524
  • asymmetry of objectives, 524–525, 527
  • cultural considerations, 515–516
  • factionalism depiction, 516, 518, 524–525
  • friction, 519
  • multipolarity in, 518
  • nonlinear combat results, 518–519
  • randomness, 518–519
  • sensitivity to violence of subject, 514–515
  • systems analysis, 527–528
  • time and space modifications in simulation, 519, 521–522
• Counter system, 201–204
• Counterterrorism, ICT turn-based games on, 368. See also Terrorism
• “Country X” (2009), 498–499
• Courses of Action (COAs), wargame modeling, 472, 475–476, 478
• COW (Conference of Wargamers), UK, 34
• Crary, Jonathan, 334, 335, 340
• Crawford, Chris, 100, 101–102
• Creativity, importance to mental health and learning, 346–348
• Crécy, battle of, 186, 199n2
• Crisis 2000 (1997) (Miranda), 673–674
• Crisis 2020 (2007) (Miranda), 673–674, 675–676
• Crisis games. See Political/military gaming
• Cross-cultural understanding, cultural wargaming, 546–547
• “Crossing the Berezina” scenario (2013), 391–394, 396, 397n1
• CRT (Combat Results Table), 85–87
• Crusader Kings II (2012), 496
• The Crusades (1978) (Berg), 444
• “Crystal” aesthetics and Debord’s The Game of War, 384–386
• CSI: New York (2004–13) (television series), 560–561
• Cuban missile crisis, 236, 238n2
• CUF (Coolness Under Fire) rating, 76
• Cultural and Cognitive Combat Immersive Trainer (C3IT) (2006), 365
• Cultural considerations
  • cultural wargaming, 545–551
  • and drone usage, 641–646
  • historical revision and social amnesia, 515–516
  • wargames’ value for historical study, 463–464, 467, 469–470
• Current events as inspiration for historical wargames, 670
• Curtiz, Michael, 381
• Custer’s Last Stand (Levinthal) (photo artwork), 405, 407
• Cybernaut (1996) (Miranda), 678–679
• Cybersecurity, 271–275, 279n6
• Cyber Shock Wave, 271
• Cyberwarfare
  • naturalizing high-tech militarism, 253, 269, 271–275
  • USCYBERCOM, 271, 279n6
  • wargaming developments for, 223–224, 673–680
• Cyberwar XXI (Miranda), 679
• Cycle of research, 175–177

• Daedalus Entertainment, 78
• Daer, Alice, 358
• Damon, Roger, 102
• Dando, Michael R., 242
• “Dark networks,” ICT games based on, 368
• DARPA/ARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), 359, 366, 514, 658–659
• Davis, Frank, 202
• Dawn Patrol (1982), 29
• A Day of Heroes (2008) (Herrschaft), 291
• Dear Esther (2012), 699
• Debord, Guy, 371–387, 388nn3–5, 389nn7–8, 394–395
• Decision Games, 28
• Decision Iraq (2013) (Miranda), 495
• Decision making
  • academic challenge of combining with simulation, 431–433
  • adaptation, teaching through wargaming, 178–179
  • automation of in drone operations, 662
  • business management simulations, 346–347
  • card-driven decision space, 133, 136, 138, 144–145
  • COAs in wargame modeling, 472, 475–476, 478, 479–480
  • and compelling emotional experience in wargame, 341
  • cycle of research approach, 175–181
  • in Herman’s CDG game design, 134
  • in hypergame theory, 243
  • interactive planning, 177–181
  • moral quandaries in Spec Ops: The Line, 323–324
  • and narrative/storytelling in wargames, 172–175
  • operations research, 159–166, 487
  • and political/military wargame complexities, 133, 231–237, 488, 492
  • probabilistic decision model, 121
  • reality vs. simulation, 43–47, 171, 333–334, 335–336
  • systems analysis approach, 166–172, 181–182n1
  • in This War of Mine, 697–698
  • wargames’ contribution to improving, 423–424
• “Deep play,” wargames as, 463, 466, 470
• Defense analysis. See Professional wargaming
• De Landa, Manuel, 666n15
• De la Peña, Nonny, 365
• Deleuze, Gilles, 372–373
• Democratic citizenship
  • historical study for, 448
  • military training as prerequisite for, 650, 661–662
• De Peuter, Greig, 306
• Deployment (1969), 92
• Der Derian, James, 254, 275, 653
• “Descending the diagonal” technique for extending game-theoretical reasoning, 243
• Desert Storm, public relations engineering of, 255
• Design, game. See Game design
• Design time, in battle sequence, 122, 123, 126–131
• Dewey, Melissa, 175
• Dice, use of
  • in combat mechanics of tabletop RPGs, 73–74, 76–77, 78
  • as compromise to realism of wargame, 436
  • function in ASL, 116, 128
  • in Miller’s submarine wargame, 189
  • as randomizer and thus simulator of battle chaos, 443–444
  • in Reisswitz’s wargame, 8
  • and triggers in Combat Commander, 126
  • in The Sword and The Flame, 626
  • in Warhammer 40,000, 609–610
• Dice-driven results tables, in Roberts’s game design, 85–87
• Digital war-themed games. See also Future of warfare; Video games; individual games by name
  • BattleSets in, 215, 219n12
  • changes in cognitive experience based on user interface, 350
  • commercial games and realism issue, 25–28, 681–688
  • conversion from manual games, 29, 30, 100, 130
  • and cyberwarfare, 679
  • databases for, 214
  • educational advantages of, 425
  • future of wargaming, 24, 26, 681–688
  • Games Workshop’s move into, 606
  • high resolution vs. high aggregation gaming models, 336
  • initial developments, 25–28
  • and irregular warfare, 496–497, 533–534
  • limitations for player designer, 100–102, 103–104
  • vs. manual games, 26, 121, 155n2, 425–427, 454n2, 683–684, 686
  • neglect of historical events in, 153
  • playability factor, 223
  • political/military gaming, 490–491, 496–497
  • RAND’s adoption of commercial game design, 364
  • rule flexibility issue, 95, 96, 102
  • and simulation, 102, 216–217, 261–264, 425, 685–688
  • tabletop structures in, 155n2
  • War Engine perspective, 99–104, 149–155
• DIME (diplomatic, information, military, economic) dimensions, 488
• Diplomacy (1959) (Calhamer), 15–16, 19–20
• Diplomacy in wargaming, 15–16, 19–20, 229–230, 486
• Disciplinary knowledge, history as, 448
• A Distant Plain (2013) (Ruhnke), 516, 519, 524, 525, 526
• Distinguished Warfare Medal (DWM), 275–276
• Djambi (Debord), 373–374
• DoD (Department of Defense). See US Department of Defense
• Dogfight games, 57–59
• Domesday Book (newsletter), 21
• Dönitz, Karl, 187
• Don Quixote (Cervantes) (book), 579, 580, 581, 582
• DOOM (1993) (Green), 103
• Dörner, Dietrich, 175–176
• Double impulse system, in France 1940, 43
• Dougherty, Jeff, 281, 287
• Downes-Martin, Stephen, 175, 536
• Downtown (2004) (Brimmicombe-Wood), 60
• Dragonlance series (1984–1985) (Hickman), 555, 557, 558
• Dramaturgy, and compelling game design, 339–340, 342–343
• Drive on Stalingrad (1977) (Hessel), 441
• Drone operations
  • air warfare games, 643–644, 656
  • assassination missions, 659–660, 666–667n17
  • and battlespace control, 644, 660–661
  • and continuous warfare, 260–261, 277
  • ethical considerations, 642, 645–646, 662–663, 666n13, 667nn18–19
  • and ethnocultural becoming, 657–658, 661
  • human rights consideration, 645, 646, 666–667n17
  • immersive visual experience of, 657–658
  • postwar technoscience and computerized battlespace, 653–656
  • simulation and virtualization of warfare, 656–662
  • and surveillance as lived experience, 642, 645–646, 659
  • targeting aspect, 657, 659–660
  • Vietnam War’s influence on development of, 654–655, 660
• Drozdowski, Michał, 691
• Duel model for wargaming, RAND’s, 361, 363–364
• Duke, Richard, 348, 349
• Dune (1979), 24–25
• Dungeons & Dragons (1974) (Gygax), 21, 23–25, 72–73, 556, 558, 603
• Dunn, Hilton, 37
• Dunn, Phil, 36
• Dunnigan, James
  • collaboration with academic game designers, 336–337
  • on computer wargames’ hidden inner workings, 100
  • contribution to game design, 88
  • designs of, 20, 88, 89–90, 92–96, 99, 442, 495–496, 593
  • on game design, 86, 89, 96, 98, 201
  • and John Prados’s idea for a WWII game, 587
  • on military abandonment of wargames, 104n1
  • organizational development, 20, 90–91, 105n6
  • and players as designers, 99, 427
  • on Pratt’s Naval Wargame, 36
  • relationship to Avalon Hill, 90, 91–92, 95
  • on shift to digital games, 100, 130
  • unsavory terminology issue for wargame, 435
• Dunn-Kempf wargame, 37–39
• Dupuy, Trevor, 683–684
• DWM (Distinguished Warfare Medal), 275–276
• Dyer-Witherford, Nick, 306

• Eagles of the Empire (1994) (Miller), 197
• Eastern Front 1941 (1982) (Crawford), 100, 101, 102
• Eckel, Graham, 603
• Economics
  • applying to defense analysis, 166–167
  • of war, 486
• The Economics of Defense for the Nuclear Age (Hitch and McKean) (book), 166–167
• Edison, Thomas A., 343, 344
• Editing changes vs. modifications to wargames, 155–156n3
• Educational purpose. See also Academic wargaming
  • claims for digital media, 342–348
  • compelling experience in video games as value added, 337–343
  • cultural wargames, 546–547
  • role in game design, 504–507, 508, 509, 510
  • virtual humans, 366–367
  • virtual reality, 364–368
• Edutainment, 342–343
• Edwards, John, 96–97
• Edwards, Paul, 655
• Efficacy of fire. See Combat systems
• Efficiency goal
  • applying to Cold War defense analysis, 167
  • Napoleon’s Triumph, 206
• Eischens, Anthony, 210
• Eldridge, Allen, 595, 596
• E-learning, and gaming conflict resolution, 498–499
• ELECT BiLAT, 356, 491
• Electronic Arts, 264–265
• El-Nasr, Magy Seif, 365
• Embodied interactions, and rise of video wargaming, 364–368
• Emergent Leader Immersive Training Environment (ELITE), 367
• Emotional experience of game play. See Compelling experience, conflict as
• Empire (1973), 25
• Empire of the Sun (2005) (Herman), 133–139, 140n1
• Empirical testing of wargame assumptions, need for, 336
• Enacted platforms (war reenactors), 629–637
• Encyclopedia of War: Ancient Battles (Smith) (book)
• Ender’s Game (Card) (book), 27–28, 275, 561, 566, 572n3
• Engel, Frederick, 373
• England Expects (Vasey), 458
• Entertainment, wargaming as, 265, 334–335, 337–348, 514, 546–547. See also Hobby wargaming; Military-entertainment complex
• Ericson, Holgar, 623
• Escalation in political/military crisis, 231–234, 361, 363
• Ethical considerations
  • America’s Army, 305–308
  • Call of Duty: Modern Warfare, 309–318
  • drone usage, 642, 645–646, 662–663, 666n13, 667nn18–19
  • and military simulation design, 358–359
  • morality vs. ethics, 314–315
  • Phantom Fury, 289–290
  • Spec Ops: The Line, 320–327
  • and Tristram Shandy, 580, 581–582
  • using games to reinforce ethical approaches to war, 310–318
• The Ethics of Computer Games (Sicart) (book), 358, 359
• Ethnocultural becoming, 643–652, 657–658, 661
• Europa series, 99
• Europa Universalis II (2001), 463–464
• Euro-wargames vs. consims, 493
• Evans, Richard, 435
• Events, cards as triggers for, 142, 145, 467, 469, 470
• Expected value, game theory, 241–242
• Expertise constraint in wargaming, 430, 536
• Explicit Mechanics, combat systems, 72

• Factionalism
  • in COIN gaming, 516, 518, 524–525
  • and political/military games, 489–490, 495, 496
• Faidutti, Bruno, 556
• Fall of Berlin (Levinthal) (photo artwork), 405–406
• Falloti, Fiero, 152
• Fallujah, second battle of, modeling, 289–293
• Fans. See Players
• Fantasy-based games
  • Advanced Dungeons & Dragons, 555
  • Dragonlance series, 555, 557, 558
  • Dungeons & Dragons, 21, 23–25, 72–73, 556, 558, 603
  • growth in popularity, 24–25
  • Howard’s Hyborian Age, 20–21
  • Lord of the Rings influence on medieval game rules, 21
  • RoleMaster, 73, 74
  • RuneQuest, 73–74
  • Starweb, 25
  • Sword & Sorcery, 24
  • Tunnels & Trolls, 24, 73
  • Vampire: The Masquerade, 77
  • Warcraft series, 29, 296
  • Warhammer series, 29, 603–604, 607, 608–619, 611
  • War of the Ring, 24
  • War of Wizards, 30
  • World of Warcraft, 358, 359, 561
• Fanzines, 15, 17, 19, 20, 590–591
• Farmer, Ted, 100
• FCS (Future Combat Systems), 260–261
• Featherstone, Donald, 15, 19, 33, 35, 36, 41n4
• Federation & Empire (1986), 596
• Feminist perspective on wargame design, 355–368
• Feng Shui (1996) (Laws), 78
• Fiasco (2009) (Morningstar), 78–79
• Fiction-based games, 46, 75, 77–79. See also individual games by name
• Field of Glory (2009), 154
• Fierce Fight! Stalingrad Blitzkrieg (2013) (Nakamura), 45
• “Fighting Wings” series, 58
• Fight in the Skies (1968) (Carr), 20
• Figurines as physical game manifestations, 30. See also Miniatures
• Fine, Gary, 556
• Fire in the Lake (2014) (Ruhnke and Herman), 517
• Fire in the Sky (2005) (Nakamura), 44
• Fire & Movement (magazine), 28
• First-person shooter (FPS) video games
  • America’s Army, 303–308
  • as interactive propaganda, 309–310
  • lack of context in, 515–516
  • lack of realism in, 684–685
  • nonkinetic elements of, 496
  • problems for WWI scenarios, 295
  • and RMA, 254
  • Spec Ops: The Line, 279n4, 319–327, 516, 699
• Fisher, John, 49, 51
• Fixing of attention, and reality effect, 334–335, 338–339, 340
• Fleet Admiral (1987) (Greene), 49–54
• Fletcher Pratt’s Naval Wargame (2012), 36–37
• Flying Buffalo, 25, 73
• Fog of war, replicating, 60, 216, 443–444, 521, 682–683
• Force on Force (2011) (Carpenter), 56
• Forensic approach to simulation modeling, 196–198
• FPS video games. See First-person shooter (FPS) video games
• Franco-Prussian War (1992) (Miranda), 444
• Fred Jane’s Naval Wargame, 34, 35
• Freedom in the Galaxy (1979) (Barasch), 495
• Freeman, Michael E., 368
• Friction, in COIN games, 519
• Friction point system, in Fifth Corps, 43
• Friendly fire prohibitions and ethical gameplay, 359
• Frog Design, 274
• From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow (Marder) (book), 49
• Fujimora, Joan, 355
• Future Combat Systems (FCS), 260–261, 268–269
• Future of warfare and wargaming
  • America’s Army, 303–308
  • Call of Duty: Modern Warfare, 309–318
  • civilian casualties and This War of Mine, 691–701
  • cyberwarfare (see Cyberwarfare)
  • digital wargames, 24, 26, 681–688
  • drones (see Drone operations)
  • loss of virtuous war in, 277–278
  • new wargame scenarios, 703–706
  • Persian Incursion, 281–287
  • Phantom Fury, 289–293
  • premediating future of warfare, 254–256
  • realism vs. ludic constraints, 261–264
  • remediation to premediation process, 264–269
  • and RMA (see Revolution in Military Affairs)
  • selling wargames to non-wargamers, 669–671
  • Spec Ops: The Line, 319–327
  • Toy Soldiers, 295–302
• Future studies, 345

• Gallant Knight series, 109
• Game design
  • for academic study, 426–430
  • ASL design profile, 113–118
  • chess’s influence on, 203
  • COIN games (see Counterinsurgency (COIN) game design)
  • compelling experience imperative, 339–340, 342–343
  • deliberative characteristic of, 358
  • design time, in battle sequence, 122, 123, 126–131
  • digital shift, 101–102
  • Dunnigan’s contribution to, 88
  • and educational purpose, 504–507, 508, 509, 510
  • ethical considerations, 355–368
  • fidelity to historic record, 262, 367, 466–467
  • hexagonal game board’s role in, 83, 86, 201–202
  • hex and counter system limitations, 201–207
  • irregular warfare challenges, 535–536
  • ludic treatment in, 261–264, 265, 324–326, 394–395
  • modeling in, 503–510
  • Napoleon’s Triumph and goal-driven design, 201–207
  • players as designers (see Amateur designers)
  • RAND’s adoption of commercial, 364
  • role-playing design for tabletop games, 71–80
  • and romanticization of warfare, 515–516
  • time and space in, 122, 123, 134
  • War Engine (see War Engine model)
• Game Designer’s Workshop (GDW), 73, 75, 79, 99
• Game developer vs. designer, 90
• Game engine, 103, 135–136. See also War Engine model
• Gamelab studio, 358
• Game of Thrones (television series), 567–568
• A Game of Thrones (Martin) (book), 567
• The Game of War (1977) (Debord), 374–387, 388nn4–5, 389n8, 394–395
• Game pieces, 6, 7–8, 15. See also Miniatures
• Gameplay Mode (Crogan) (book), 660
• Gamer communities
  • Avalon Hill’s contribution to, 88
  • conventions, 19, 20, 30, 34
  • and D&D, 24
  • European vs. U.S., 590
  • and Games Workshop’s “hobby centres
  • Harpoon and modding and politics of gaming, 217, 219n11
  • lack of contact with professional wargaming, 99–100
  • mid-century board games, 19–20
  • social networks, professional wargaming modeling, 474, 476–477, 491
  • Star Fleet Battles, 596
  • The Sword and The Flame, 627
  • Twilight Struggle, 466–467
  • War Games Digest, 15, 17
  • Warhammer culture, 614
  • war reenactors and the private event, 636
• “Gamerist” design goals, and combat, 71, 72–73, 74, 78–79
• Games Research, Inc., 97
• Games Workshop, 29, 603–619
• Game theory, 241–248, 359, 421, 469–470
• Garstka, John, 258
• Gary Grigsby’s War in the Pacific (2004), 149
• Gary Grigsby’s World at War (2005), 686
• Gates, Robert, 500
• GDW (Game Designer’s Workshop), 73, 75, 79, 99
• Geertz, Clifford, 463, 470
• Gen Con (Lake Geneva Wargames Convention), 19, 30
• Gender
  • just war and game design, 355–368
  • masculinist biases in wargaming, 355–357, 361, 363–364, 368
  • Warhammer’s bias, 615
  • and war reenactment roles, 634
  • women as actors in RAND’s 1950s strategic initiatives, 364
  • women as ICT project leaders and designers, 365–366, 368
  • women’s interest in academic game design, 427
• The General (magazine), 19, 88, 95, 96, 97
• Generic Universal RolePlaying System (GURPS), 77
• “Geotime
• Germany, historical role in wargaming, 4–9, 13–15, 107
• Gestalt inscription, wargame as, 313, 348, 349
• Gettysburg (1958) (Roberts), 15, 16, 18, 85, 86
• Ghost Recon series, 268
• Gibson, H. P., 18
• Gilman, Robert, 610
• Global 2000 wargame, 471–474
• Global Challenge (2001), 493
• Global media environment, and drone experience, 642
• Global War Game series, 110, 174
• GMT Games, 30, 141, 516, 517
• GNS Theory for combat systems, 71
• Going Postal (2004) (book), 564
• Golem Arcana (2014), 30
• Goodwin, Jes, 608
• Gordon, Cecil, 165
• Graustark (fanzine), 20
• “The Great Game,” Sherlock (television episode), 561
• Greek Civil War (2014) (Train), 518
• Greenwood, Don, 114, 117–118, 587
• Gregory, Derek, 641, 654–655, 656, 657, 659, 661, 663, 664n5
• Grenadier (1971) (Dunnigan), 94–95
• Griffith, Paddy, 33, 34, 40
• Group of Soviet Forces Germany (2003) (Bomba), 56
• Grusin, Richard, 256, 261
• Guattari, Felix, 665n10
• Guderian System, 99
• Guerrilla Checkers (2010), 522, 523–524
• Gunfire factor (GF), 49–54, 75–76
• Gunning, Tom, 334–335, 339
• Gupta, Ananda, 465, 466
• GURPS (Generic Universal RolePlaying System), 77
• GW vs. Chapterhouse, 608–609
• Gygax, Gary, 19, 21, 24, 556
• Gysin, Fritz, 584

• Hacking-based video wargames, 272–274
• Hacking simulators, 279n8
• Hagel, Chuck, 256–257
• Hairbrained Schemes, 30
• Half-Life, 311
• Hall, Stephen, 100
• Hall, Tom, 88
• Halliwell, Richard, 603
• Halter, Ed, 254
• Hamblen, Richard, 97
• Hammer of the Scots (2002) (Taylor), 670
• Harpoon (1981) (Bond), 209, 215, 219n12
• Harpoon 3 Professional (H3Pro)/H3 MilSim (2009), 212
• Harpoon Commander’s Edition, 210
• Harpoon I (1989) (Bond), 151, 209–210
• Harpoon II/3 products (1994/2007) (Bond), 210
• Harpoon series (Bond), 209–218, 218n1, 219nn11–12, 282
• Harpoon Ultimate Edition (2011), 212
• Harris, Lawrence H., 29
• Harry Potter book series (Rowling), 564
• Hasbro, 30
• Hawkins, Tony, 34
• Hazlitt, William, 573
• Hearts and Minds: Vietnam 1965–1975 (2010) (Poniske), 494, 517
• Hearts of Iron (2002) (Fåhraeus), 687
• “Hell-on-Wings” theater, 332
• Hellwig, Johann Christian Ludwig, 5–7
• Helmer, Olaf, 345
• Hemibel thinking, defined, 162–163
• Here I Stand (HIS) (2006) (Beach), 66, 539–541, 543
• Hero Games, 77
• Heuston, Annette, 364
• Hexagonal game board
  • as basis for wargaming structure, 83, 86, 201–202
  • Combat Commander’s card-and-hex board combo, 122–131
  • in Empire of the Sun, 138
  • looking to digital game form to escape from, 681–682
  • measurement requirements for, 204
  • modifications in abstracting context terrain, 69
  • origins of, 15, 16
  • persistence into digital gaming, 686
  • vs. point-to-point system, 142–144
  • Roberts’s use of, 85, 87
• Hickman, Margaret, 555, 556
• Hilgers, Philipp von, 486, 651, 652, 666n13
• Hill, John, 113, 115, 118, 442, 443
• Hirshberg, Eric, 273
• Historical wargaming. See also Academic wargaming; Miniature wargames; specific wars or eras by name
  • air warfare games, 55–61
  • applying dramaturgy to wargame design, 340
  • birth of simulation in 17th century, 4–5
  • card games and corporate consolidation, 28–30
  • complexity issue, 76, 113, 116–117, 146–147
  • Debord’s The Game of War as, 379–380
  • fidelity of design issue, 88–89, 90, 262, 367, 466–467, 670
  • forensic validation method, 196–198
  • function of in Herman’s CDG game design, 134
  • Hellwig’s contribution, 5–7
  • hobby tradition in second half of 20th century, 18–21
  • inflection of solicitation in professional games, 338–341
  • memory, wargaming’s value for, 452
  • need’s function in, 107–111
  • player designs with scenario editors, 149–155
  • selling to non-wargamers, 669–671
  • simulation vs. reality, 43–47
  • statistical validation, 186–196
  • user testing for historical validation, 194–195
• History of Wargaming Project (HWP), 33–41
• Hitch, Charles J., 166–167, 169, 231
• Hitler Moves East (Levinthal and Trudeau) (photo artwork), 399–404
• Hitler’s War (1981) (Gross), 57
• Hobby wargaming. See also Commercial wargaming; Gamer communities; War Engine model
  • vs. academic gaming, 422, 434–435
  • and Bolaño’s The Third Reich, 590–591
  • complexity issue for historical games, 76, 113, 116–117, 146–147
  • fantasy vs. reality simulation, 21
  • Games Workshop’s role in, 605–606
  • Hellwig’s contribution to, 5
  • historical perspective on, 18–21
  • irregular warfare, 492–494
  • kinetic vs. nonkinetic, 499
  • origins in 19th-century UK, 3
  • pinnacle in 1970s, 28
  • political/military gaming, 492–494, 500
  • and professional wargaming, 34, 99–100, 337, 352n5, 497, 514
  • systems analysts’ disdain for, 173
  • and war reenactors, 629–636
• Hocking, Clint, 325
• Holochess in Star Wars, 563–564
• Holy War: Afghanistan (1991) (Miranda), 674, 677
• Homeric texts, and Greek foundation for technics in Western society, 647–648
• House, Daniel, 224
• Howard, Robert E., 20–21
• Huizinga, Johan, 388n3
• Humanitarian interventionism, 306, 319–327, 498, 499
• Human rights, and drone usage, 645, 646, 666–667n17
• Human terrain, importance of understanding, 475–477. See also Compelling experience, conflict as
• Huntemann, Nina, 320
• Hussey, Thomas, 225
• HWP (History of Wargaming Project), 33–41
• Hyborian Age, 20–21
• Hybrid games, 100
• Hypergame Theory (WHT), 241–248
• Hypergaming, 241–248

• ICT (Institute for Creative Technologies), 337–338, 341, 342, 358, 364–368, 490–491
• Ideological grounds for warfare. See Naturalizing high-tech militarism
• Idioculture, defined, 556
• id Software, 103
• I.E.D. War in Afghanistan and Iraq (Levinthal) (photo artwork), 404
• IFW (International Federation of Wargaming), 19
• “Igo-Ugo” simplification mechanism, 123, 687
• Imperialism, America’s Army as promoting, 306
• Impulse system, in White Death, 43
• Industrialization of war, 653, 666n15
• Information overload, 341
• Information technology, impact on military values, 275. See also Cyberwarfare; Revolution in Military Affairs
• In girum imus nocte et consumimurigni (Debord) (film)
• Inscription system, wargame as, 348–349
• Institute for Creative Technologies (ICT), 337–338, 341, 342, 358, 364–368, 490–491
• Insurgency situations, 242, 494–496, 516–527. See also entries beginning with Counterinsurgency
• Integrated Warfighter System (IWS), 269
• Intellectual elitism, Debord’s The Game of War as critique of, 395–396
• Intelligence information, designing into game, 134, 135, 258, 260
• Interactive planning, 179–181, 424, 504
• Interactive propaganda, 305–308, 309–310
• Interactive war paradigm, 255–256, 265
• International Federation of Wargaming (IFW), 19
• International studies, applying wargames to, 421
• Intrilligator, Michael, 361, 363
• Iran game, Schelling’s, 230, 231, 237
• Iraq War
  • Battle for Baghdad, 495, 535, 677
  • Decision Iraq, 495
  • and DoD IW wargame design, 535
  • Fallujah, second battle of, 289–293
  • Miniature War in Iraq, 409–416
  • Phantom Fury, 289–293
  • political/military wargame elements for, 490, 491–492, 495
  • Six Days in Fallujah, 290, 515
• Iron Crown industries, 73
• Irregular warfare (IW). See also entries beginning with Counterinsurgency
  • cultural wargaming, 545–551
  • digital games, 496–497, 533–534
  • hobby wargaming, 492–494
  • inhabited models for IW games, 503–510
  • life cycle of wargame, 534–537
  • no-win situation challenge, 531–537
  • political/military gaming, 494–496
  • professional wargaming, 485–486, 503–510, 531–537
  • religious strife, 539–544
  • and religious strife in Europe, 539–544
• Isby, David, 141
• Israel-Iran conflict, in Persian Incursion, 281–287
• ISR (intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance) capabilities, 258, 260
• Italy, 1960s social upheaval in, 371–373
• IWS (Integrated Warfighter System), 269

• Jacka, Benedict, 559
• Jackson, Stephen C., 187
• Jackson, Steve (UK), 604
• Jackson, Steve (USA), 24, 77, 572
• JagdPanther (magazine), 593, 595
• Jane, Fred, 35, 41n3
• Jedko, 97
• Jelavich, Barbara, 439
• Jelavich, Charles, 439
• Jensen, Chad, 122, 124, 126
• Jhally, Sut, 356
• Johnson, Soren, 152–153
• John Tiller Software, 223, 224–225
• Joint fire areas in drone operations, 660–661
• Joint Wargames Agency, 233–234
• Jomini, Antoine-Henri de, 391–392, 443
• Jones, Anita K., 366
• Jones, Joshua, 667n19
• Joust (1982), 558
• Joystick Warriors (Jhally) (documentary), 356
• Just war doctrine, 319–321, 358–364, 368
• Jutland (1967) (Dunnigan), 90, 593
• Jutland: Fleet Admiral II (FA II) (2016) (Greene), 50–52

• Kahn, Herman, 331, 345, 359, 364
• Kant, Immanuel, 651, 666n12
• Karp, Nick, 517
• Katz, Leon, 339
• Kelly, Henry, 342
• Kempf, Steve, 37
• Kennedy, Robert, 234
• Keogh, Brendan, 326
• Kesmai Corporation, 210
• Keyser, John, 700
• Kibler, Charlie, 63
• Kievit, James, 275
• Killbox, in drone operations, 660–661
• Kilcullen, David, 518, 663
• Kim, Julia, 367
• Kimball, George, 162–163, 165
• Kirby, Tom, 604, 605, 606, 607
• Kirschenbaum, Matthew, 200n4, 454n2, 557, 571
• Kittel, Charles, 162
• Koger, Norm, 151–152
• Kosovo: The Television War (2014) (Bomba), 493
• Kriegspiel context vs. miniatures wargames, 121
• “Kriegspiel,” Debord’s, 374, 388
• Kriegsspiel (1803) (Reisswitz), 9–13, 172–175, 440
• Kuenne, Robert, 187, 192

• L2 Design Group, 97
• Labyrinth: The War on Terror 2001–? (2010) (Ruhnke), 30, 494, 517, 519, 670
• La Conquête du Monde (1957) (Lamorisse), 18
• Lake Geneva Wargames Convention (Gen Con), 19, 30
• Lamb, Jonathan, 581, 582
• Lamorisse, Albert, 18
• Lanchester, Frederick W., 160
• Land warfare, 37–38, 56–57, 60. See also specific conflicts or games by name
• Lanier, Jaron, 349
• Last Battle (1989) (Ryan), 79
• L’Attaque (1910) (Edan), 18
• Lawrence, Philip, 644
• Leading Edge Games, 76
• Learning tool, wargaming as. See Academic wargaming
• Lebovici, Floriana, 378
• Lebovici, Gérard, 374–375, 378
• Lebow, Ned, 431, 435
• Leibniz, G. W., 4–5
• Le jeu de la guerre: Relevé des positions successives de toutes les forces au cours d’une partie (Debord and Becker-Ho) (book), 378, 382–386, 389n8
• Lenoir, Tim, 357, 660
• Leroi-Gourhan, André, 644
• Levine, Robert, 333–334, 335
• Levstik, Linda, 448
• Leyte, Brad, 210
• Liberia: Descent Into Hell (2008) (Madison), 493, 516, 518
• Lifestyle game, ASL as, 114
• Life support features for characters in role-playing games, 23–24
• Lindheirm, Richard, 337
• Linear law of combat, 160–161
• Liquid Chess/Smell Chess (1975) (Saito) (art installation), 704–705
• List, Steve, 93
• Literacy, history, 448–449
• Literature as inspiration for wargaming
  • chess, 562–565
  • Ender’s Game, 566
  • evolution of wargame narratives, 558–560
  • Game of Thrones, 566–568
  • Games Workshop and Warhammer 40,000, 603–619
  • metaphor of warfare, 560–562
  • The Player of Games, 569–570
  • portraying war in fiction, 691–692
  • Star Fleet Battles, 593–600
  • The Third Reich, 568–569
  • The Third Reich and Third Reich, 587–591
  • Tristram Shandy, 573–585
  • The Sword and The Flame, 623–627
  • WarGames, 565–566
  • and war reenactors, 629–636
• Little, McCarty, 339, 348
• Little Bighorn, battle of, 186, 199n1
• Little Wars (1913) (Wells), 11–13, 555, 557, 558, 624
• The Living Daylights (1987) (film), 562
• Loadout, defined, 199n3
• The Logic of Failure (Dörner) (book), 175–176
• Logistics, function of, 134, 146
• Loomis, Rick, 25
• Lost Battles (Sabin) (book), 424
• Ludica, 365
• Ludic Science Club, 391–396
• Ludic treatment in game design. See also Playability
  • ludic subversion from Class Wargames, 394–395
  • ludonarrative dissonance in Spec Ops: The Line, 324–326
  • realism vs. playability issue, 261–264, 265
• Luftwaffe (1971) (Zocchi), 60
• Luttwak, Edward, 423
• Lynch, Scott, 564
• Lynn, William III, 271

• MacGowan, Rodger, 92
• Mage Knight series, 30
• Magic circle, psychosocial function of, 412, 414–415, 416
• Magic: The Gathering (1993) (Garfield), 29–30
• Makropoulos, Vagelis, 392
• Mancala games and military training, 651
• Mantello, Peter, 306
• Manual wargames
  • in academic wargaming, 425–427
  • board games (see Board wargames)
  • vs. digital games, 26, 103–104, 121, 155n2, 425–427, 454n2, 683–684, 686
  • monographs (see Monograph games)
  • play-by-mail method, 19–20, 25, 27
  • tabletop (see Tabletop wargames)
• MAPMAKER software, 100
• Map Maneuvers (1908) (Sayre), 14
• Maps and mapmaking
  • Dunnigan’s use of maps, 90
  • Empire of the Sun, 138
  • Harpoon, 214
  • historical development, 63–70
  • map overlays as basic wargame element, 85
  • Paths of Glory, 142–144
  • Phantom Fury, 290
  • Steel Wolves, 193
  • topology in Tewkesbury battle, 198
  • tower defense game structure, 296
  • in Tristram Shandy, 575–578
  • and user scenario expansions, 152
  • Venturini’s innovation to depict tactical situation, 6–7
• Marder, Arthur J., 49
• Marshall, Andrew, 336–337
• Marszał, Przemysław, 691
• Martial arts movie combat, 78
• Martin, George R. R., 567
• Martin, Tim, 392
• Marty, Martin, 347
• Marxism, 373
• Masculinist biases in wargaming, 355–357, 361, 363–364, 368
• Massive Black, 274
• Material factors
  • counter system, 201–204
  • dice (see Dice)
  • game pieces, 6, 7–8, 15 (see also Miniatures)
  • hexagonal board (see Hexagonal game board)
  • overconfidence in and game/reality gap, 44
• Mathematical models of combat
  • ancient Greek foundations for, 646–648, 650–652, 653
  • drone operations, mathematics of data feed for, 658
  • Lanchester’s linear law, 160
  • and virtualization of battlespace, 654–655
• Matrix Games, 212
• Matrix gaming, 243–247
• Matthews, Jason, 465, 466
• Maximin or minimax strategies, 241–242
• Mazur, Grzegorz, 691
• McAuliffe, Anthony C., 89
• McCall, Jeremiah, 453, 454n1
• McChrystal, Stanley A., 259
• McClusky, C. Wade, 88–89
• McConnell, Mike, 271
• McCue, Brian, 164
• McDonough, Tom, 388
• McGonigal, Jane, 435
• McKean, Roland, 166–167, 169, 171
• McLoy, John J., 235
• McLuhan, Marshall, 347–348
• McNamara, Robert S., 166, 167–168
• Medal of Honor series, 264, 267, 515–516
• Medal of Honor: Warfighter (2012), 267–268
• Medieval wargames
  • Age of Empires III, 686
  • Crécy, battle of, 186, 199n2
  • Crusader Kings II, 496
  • The Crusades, 444
  • Dungeons & Dragons as, 23, 29, 73–74
  • Field of Glory, 154
  • and forensic approach, 196
  • miniatures, 20–21, 22
  • Order of Arms, 197, 200n4
  • Rampart, 296
• Meier, Sid, 452
• Memes as cultural “genes
• Menninger, William, 346
• Mental damage in combat sequences, 74–75, 76, 78
• Merritt, Alan, 607
• Metamodeling, in professional wargaming, 477–478
• Metaphor of warfare, 560–562
• Methods of Operations Research (Morse) (book), 162, 165
• Metz, Steven, 275
• Microcomputer Games, 26
• Microgames for academic study, 426–428
• Middle East wars. See also Iraq War
  • Beirut ’82: Arab Stalingrad, 519
  • Iran game, Schelling’s, 230, 231, 237
  • Modern Air Power’s focus on, 223
  • 1000 Days of Syria, 499
  • Persian Gulf War, hypergame theory application, 243–247
  • Persian Incursion, 281–287
  • Third Lebanon War, 519, 525
• Miechowski, Grzegorz, 691
• Milieu, automation of warfare, 641–642
• Militainment, 515, 657, 669–671. See also America’s Army
• Militainment, Inc. (Stahl) (book), 255
• Militarism, commercial wargaming’s vision of, 254–256. See also Naturalizing high-tech militarism
• Militarized humanitarianism, 306, 319–327, 498, 499
• Militarized masculinity, challenging, 319–327
• Military affairs revolution. See Revolution in Military Affairs
• Military coups as focus of wargame, 495–496
• Military-entertainment complex, 100, 254–256, 262, 355, 357, 368
• Military history. See Academic wargaming; Historical wargaming
• Military-industrial complex, 303–308, 357
• Military sciences, origin of wargaming in, 3–10. See also Professional wargaming
• Military training wargaming. See Professional wargaming
• Military values
  • in America’s Army, 304, 305
  • RMA’s impact on, 275–276
• Mills, Garrett, 432
• Milton Bradley, 18, 29, 30
• “Mind’s Eye” DARPA project, 658–659
• Miniature Figure Collectors of America, 13
• Miniatures
  • Brom’s influences, 623–624
  • collectors’ discouragement of wargaming with, 13
  • Games Workshop, 604, 605, 607, 613, 619–620
  • hobby networks, 19
  • innovations of 1960s, 20
  • Miniature War in Iraq, 409–416
  • and Scruby, 15
  • Stevenson’s wargaming use of, 10–11
  • War Games (photo artwork), 399–408
  • Wells’s wargaming use of, 11–13
• Miniature wargames
  • as adjuncts to RPGs, 79
  • air battle depiction, 58
  • and board games, 92–93, 203–204
  • compelling experience of war in wargame, 409, 412, 414
  • complex terrain for, 68
  • Harpoon as, 209
  • vs. kriegspiel context, 121
  • and limitations of wargame vocabulary, 202
  • Magic: The Gathering’s influence on, 30
  • medieval, 20–21, 22
  • stands for groups of figures, 628n3
  • Toy Soldiers, 295–302
  • The Sword and The Flame, 623–628
  • UK as center of gaming, 79
  • Warhammer, 29
  • Warhammer 40,000, 603, 608–619
• Miniature War in Afghanistan (Conley) (art installation), 413–416
• Miniature War in Iraq (Conley) (art installation), 409–416
• Minimax or maximin strategies, 241–242
• Miranda, Joseph, 444, 495, 518, 519, 527
• Miro company, 18
• Mississippi Banzai (1990) (Bomba), 445
• Mobile devices, wargaming on, 225–226
• Modding (modifying games)
  • and challenge to game publisher, 96–97
  • Harpoon, 217, 219n11
  • popularity of, 213–214
  • vs. scenario design, 153, 155–156n3
  • tower defense video games, 296
• Modeled time, in combat sequence, 122, 123, 126–131
• Models, wargames as, 183–184. See also Wargame modeling
• Modern Air Power (2005), 221–227
• Modern Battles: Four Contemporary Conflicts (1975) (Barasch), 56
• Modernity and War (Lawrence) (book), 644
• Modern War (magazine), 495
• Modern War in Miniature (1966) (Korn), 20
• Modifications. See Modding
• Modular approach to game design. See War Engine model
• Mokszycki, Mark, 68
• Molding, James, 392
• Moltke, Helmuth von, 10
• Monograph games
  • Gettysburg, 15, 16, 18, 85, 86
  • in hobby tradition, 19
  • Tactics, 15, 16, 18, 84, 85, 86, 96
  • Tactics II, 85–86, 88, 399
  • in War Engine development, 89–104
• Monopologs (1957), 364
• “Monster” wargames, 25, 49–54
• Moral clarity and entertainment value of wargames, 265. See also Ethical considerations
• Morie, Jacquelyn Ford, 365–367
• Morison, Elting E., 170–171
• Moro, Aldo, 371–372, 373
• The Morrow Project (1981) (Dockery), 75
• Morschauser, Joe, 19
• Morse, Philip, 162–163, 165, 171
• Mortimer’s Cross (2015), 198
• A Most Dangerous Time (2009) (Nakamura), 45
• MQ-1 Predator drone, 656
• MQ-9 Reaper drone, 656
• Multidisciplinary approach to problem solving, 345
• Multiliteracy model of teaching history, 448–449
• Multi-Man Publishing, 30, 118
• Multimodeling, 473–480, 539–544
• Multiplayer games
  • 1970s networked games, 25–26
  • America’s Army, 303–308
  • Call of Duty’s innovations, 266
  • computer vs. board game’s ability to represent, 684
  • Harpoon, 209, 210
  • Modern Air Power, 222
  • play-by-mail method, 19–20, 25, 27
• Multipolarity in COIN gaming, 518
• “Mushware,” defined, 96
• Mustin, Henry “Hank
• Myers, David, 100

• Napoleon Bonaparte, 562
• Napoleonic warfare
  • Commands & Colors: Napoleonics, 391–396
  • “Crossing the Berezina
  • and Debord’s The Game of War, 381, 388–389n6
  • Eagles of the Empire, 197
  • England Expects, 458
  • Grenadier, 94–95
  • Wellington’s Victory, 202
• Napoleon’s Last Battles (1970s), 99
• Napoleon’s Triumph (2007) (Simmons), 201–207
• Narrative, game
  • accuracy problem for IW games, 536
  • and Bolaño’s The Third Reich, 589–590
  • Call of Duty series, 264, 270
  • and D&D, 24
  • evolution of, 558–560
  • games as shared narrative worlds, 349–350
  • and historical use of compelling experience, 339–343
  • limited agency sequences in video games, 311–312
  • in play-by-mail games, 20
  • political/military game, 504
  • for professional wargaming, 337–338
  • and realism, 332–335
  • religious strife and military action games, 540–541
  • research on, 172–175
  • role in RPGs, 556
  • storyboard in amateur design, 460–461
  • Twilight Struggle, 467–469
  • This War of Mine, 694–699
  • Warhammer 40,000, 615–619
• “Narrative” design goals, and combat, 71–72, 77–79
• Nash Equilibrium Mixed Strategy (NEMS), 241–242, 249n2
• Naturalizing high-tech militarism
  • cyberwarfare, 269, 271–275
  • premediating the future of warfare, 254–256
  • remediation to premediation process, 264–269
  • simulation, realism, ludic constraints, 261–264
  • through Revolution in Military Affairs, 256–261, 275–278
• Naval Tactical Data System (NTDS), 212
• Naval War College. See US Naval War College
• Naval warfare. See also US Naval War College
  • Carrier, 60
  • Command: Modern Air/Naval Operations, 151
  • Fleet Admiral, 49–54
  • Fletcher Pratt’s Naval Wargame, 13, 36–37
  • Fred Jane’s Naval Wargame, 34, 35
  • Harpoon series, 209–218, 218n1, 219nn11–12, 282
  • integrating air support with, 56, 57, 60
  • Jutland: Fleet Admiral II, 50–52
  • operations research example, 163
  • Royal Navy wargame, 34
  • Silent War, 187–189
  • Steel Wolves, 187–189, 193
  • submarine warfare during WWII, 187–189
• The Navigator of Rhada (Gilman) (book), 610
• NAVTAG, 209
• Navy Electronic War Simulator (NEWS), 333
• Negotiation exercises, 498
• Negri, Antonio, 372, 373, 387–388n1
• NEMS (Nash Equilibrium Mixed Strategy), 241–242, 249n2
• Network-centric warfare, 258–261, 269, 272–273
• Networks of gamers. See Gamer communities
• New Left/Left, 371–387, 394–396
• New media. See also Institute for Creative Technologies
  • and role-playing games in education, 347–348
  • wargaming role prior to digital video, 344–345
  • and zeitgeist markers in wargames, 340, 341, 342–344
• NEWS (Navy Electronic War Simulator), 333
• New World Order Battles: Kiev (Miranda), 679
• Nicaragua (1988) (Miranda), 495, 518, 674
• Nimitz, Chester, 179
• 9/11 terrorist attacks, impact on naturalization of warfare, 256, 261, 320
• 1914 (1968) (Dunnigan), 90
• 1989: Dawn of Freedom (2012), 494
• Nitze, Paul, 231–232
• Nofi, Al, 90
• Nonkinetic actions, wargaming of. See also Political/military wargames
  • cultural wargames, 545–551
  • digital games, 490–491, 496–497
  • hobby application of, 492–494
  • and insurgency politics, 494–496
  • in national security community, 485–486
  • peacebuilding, humanitarian, and development games, 497–499
  • and rise of political/military gaming, 486–488
  • and theory of warfare, 488–492
• Norman, Carl, 210
• Normative soldiers, good and necessary wars, 319–321
• North, Oliver, 253
• “No Russian” sequence in Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2, 311, 312–313, 316–317
• Nostalgic algorithm, Debord’s, 371–387
• Nova Games, 28
• NTDS (Naval Tactical Data System), 212
• Nuclear Destruction (1970) (Loomis), 25
• Nuclear warfare
  • Call of Duty, 265
  • deterrence modeling, 478–479
  • impact on post-WWII wargaming, 14
  • Kahn’s apocalyptic deterrence strategy, 331
  • Persian Incursion, 285–286
  • professional wargaming, 478–480
• Nuts! Publishing, 290
• NVS (National System for Geo-Intelligence Video Services), 658

• Objective Force Warrior (OFW) program, 260–261, 268
• Occupy movements (2011–2012), 395
• Octagon (Saberhagen) (book), 26–27
• OFW (Objective Force Warrior) program, 260–261, 268
• OGRE (1977) (Jackson), 24
• 1000 Days of Syria (2014) (Swenson), 499
• Onians, John, 642, 646–647, 648–649, 651, 652, 653
• Online multiplayer games. See Multiplayer games
• Onlline forums for wargaming, 466–467
• Ono, Yoko, 704
• On War (Clausewitz) (book), 391–392, 396, 443
• Operational Art of War series, 150, 151–152, 156n7
• “Operational Combat” series, 61
• Operational-level games
  • air power in, 56, 60–61, 221–227
  • Avalon Hill’s early games as, 89
  • Napoleon’s Triumph and goal-driven design, 201–207
• Operation Anaconda, Afghanistan, 267
• Operation Dauntless (2015) (Mokszycki), 68–69
• Operations research (OR)
  • and compelling experience factor in RPGs, 345–346
  • defined, 162
  • effective analyses situations, 164–165
  • in Global 2000 wargame, 472–473
  • interactive planning role, 180–181
  • limitations vs. real combat experience, 163–164, 435
  • purpose of, 161–162
  • reality effect problems in wargames, 336
  • renewed dominance in defense analysis, 170–171
  • and rise of political/military gaming, 486–487
  • in support of decision making in war, 159–166, 487
  • vs. systems analysis, 178
• ORA application, 476–477
• Order of Arms series (Miller), 197, 200n4
• Organizational adaptation, and RMA, 257, 258, 259–260
• Organizational cultures, 546–547
• Organization models, Global 2000 wargame, 474
• Overrun system, in Tigers Are Burning, 43
• Over the Edge (1992) (Laws), 77–78
• Owen, Henry, 235
• Owens, William A., 258

• Pacific War (1984) (Herman), 57
• Pacifism, wargaming as encouraging, 19. See also Peacebuilding
• Paletta, Anthony, 568
• Panegyric (Debord) (book), 373, 374
• PanzerBlitz (1970) (Dunnigan), 20, 89, 92, 93–94, 96, 97, 102–103
• Panzergruppe Guderian (1976) (Dunnigan), 99, 442, 444, 682
• Paper Harpoon (Paper Rules) (1981), 209, 215, 219n12
• Papers, Please (2013) (Pope), 699
• Paper wargames. See Manual wargames
• Paramount Pictures, 596
• Parker Brothers, 18, 30
• Parry, Richard, 392
• Patenting of game methodologies, 134
• Paths of Glory (PoG) (1999) (Raicer), 141–147
• Patrick, Stephen, 86
• “Pattern of life” analysis, drone operations, 659–660
• Paulson, Ronald, 581
• Peacebuilding
  • chess-based games for, 704–705
  • games involving, 497–499, 500
  • Global Challenge, 493
  • RMA’s side-tracking of, 254, 275–278
  • and wargames as learning tools, 421
  • Wells’s wargame as designed to discourage war, 11–12
• Peace Support Operations Model (PSOM), 489–490
• Peckham, Matt, 700–701
• Perla, Peter, 34, 36, 435, 535, 536
• Persian Gulf War, hypergame theory application, 243–247
• Persian Incursion (2010) (Bond), 281–287
• Persuasive Games: The Expressive Power of Videogames (Bogost) (book), 469
• Peter Perla’s The Art of Wargaming (Perla) (book), 34
• Phage Press, 77
• Phalanx, 647–648, 649–650, 664–665n6, 665n10
• Phantom Fury (2011) (Closier), 289–293
• Phillies, George, 433–434
• Phoenix Command (1986) (Nakazono and McKenzie), 76
• Physical layer, wargame modeling, 474
• Pickering, Andy, 653
• Piepol, Diane, 365
• Pinsky, Lawrence, 95
• Planning exercise vs. wargame, 498, 533
• Plan X, 273–274
• Plato, 648–649
• PLATO network, 25
• Platt, John, 347
• Play
  • in Debord’s work, 388n3
  • defining within wargaming as history education, 452
• Playability. See also Ludic treatment in game design
  • and amateur design principles, 458–459
  • vs. complexity of realistic simulation, xxviii n5, 336–337, 453
  • Edwards’s focus on, 97
  • historical games’ willingness to sacrifice for realism, 670
  • measurement requirements for hex and counter board games, 204
  • Miller’s submarine warfare games, 189
  • vs. realism, 5–6, 261–264, 265, 336–337
  • for The Sword and The Flame, 624–625, 627
  • and unique user interface context for Toy Soldiers, 300
  • user interface features in digital games, 223
  • and wargames vs. simulations, 361
• Play-by-mail method, 19–20, 25, 27
• The Player of Games (Banks) (book), 560, 569–570
• Players. See also Amateur designers; Multiplayer games
  • complicity in Call of Duty: Modern Warfare, 310, 313–318
  • importance of interaction for military training purpose, 175
  • single-player games, 209, 222, 264, 289–292
  • tabletop simulation vs. reality, 46–47
  • and user testing for historical game validation, 194–195
• Playing at the World (Peterson) (book), 38
• Playing time. See Time and space
• Play It by Trust (1966) (Ono), 704
• The Plot to Assassinate Hitler (1976) (Dunnigan), 495–496
• Plowshares into Swords (Stockfish) (book), 168–169
• PMSEII (political, military, economic, social, information and infrastructural) dimensions, 488
• Point-to-point system vs. hex grid, 142–144
• Political/military gaming. See also Cold War
  • and academic attention to wargaming, 173
  • Battle for Baghdad, 495, 535, 677
  • card-driven games, 282–283, 493–494, 677
  • COIN games as, 524–525, 527
  • “Connected Shadows,” 504–507, 509, 510
  • Crisis 2000, 673–674
  • Crisis 2020, 673–674, 675–676
  • decision making for, 133, 231–237, 488, 492
  • development games, 497–499, 500
  • digital games, 490–491, 496–497
  • diplomacy, 15–16, 19–20, 229–230, 486
  • Djambi as, 374–376, 379–380
  • evolution of, 229–237, 486–492
  • The Game of War, 379, 387
  • in hobby wargaming, 492–494, 500
  • humanitarian games, 497–499, 500
  • and irregular warfare, 494–496
  • military coups as focus of wargame, 495–496
  • in national security community, 485–492, 500
  • peacebuilding games, 497–499, 500
  • Persian Incursion as, 283–287
  • religious strife and military action, 539–544
  • Rise and Decline of the Third Reich as, 587–588
  • vs. Sabin’s academic wargaming, 421
  • “Scattered Lights
  • Somali Pirates as, 493, 519, 677
  • Tupamaro as, 518, 520, 521, 522
• Political/social commentary in wargames in literature, 566–571
• Politics, military structures as training for participatory, 649–650, 661–662
• Poniske, John, 517
• Postapocalytpic settings, 75
• Pouchin, Thomas, 290
• Power games outside of war. See Political/military gaming
• Pratchett, Terry, 563
• Pratt, Fletcher, 13, 36–37
• Preactive planning, 180
• Premediation (2010) (Grusin), 256, 261
• Premediation of future warfare, 254–256, 257, 258–259, 261, 263–269
• PRESTAGS (1976), 442
• Price, Alfred, 434
• Priestley, Rick, 603
• “The Prisoner” (E. Brontë), 555
• The Prisoner (television series), 564
• Probabilistic decision making, 8, 121
• “Problem space,” drones/automated warfare in, 641, 642, 656, 662
• Procedural rhetoric, 469–470
• Professional wargaming. See also Decision making; RAND Corporation; individual games by name
  • vs. academic gaming, 422
  • cognitive lock problem with single game lessons, 179
  • COIN-themed, 495
  • command experience benefit of, 4, 8–9, 13–14
  • and commercial/hobby gaming, 34, 99–100, 337, 352n5, 497, 514
  • cultural wargaming perspective, 546
  • development to meet military needs, 107–111
  • DoD definition, 173
  • Dunn-Kempf rules, 37–38
  • gender biases in, 355–357
  • historical overview, 173
  • Hypergame Theory, 241–248
  • and ICT, 337–338, 341, 342, 358, 364–368, 490–491
  • inability to predict the irrational, 171
  • inaccessibility and reputation of wargames generally, 434
  • inflection of solicitation in, 338–341
  • interactive planning role, 180–181
  • irregular warfare, 485–486, 503–510, 531–537
  • late 20th-century return to, 83
  • metamodeling in, 477–478
  • military exercises as inspiration for, 703
  • military strategy training aims, 33
  • modeling for, 471–480
  • vs. operations research, 178
  • relevance function for military, 109–110
  • rules for, 34–35
  • sponsoring of, 534–535
  • systems analysis shortcomings, 170, 178
  • teaching at college level, 429
  • as writing systems, 331–332
• Propaganda, wargame as, 305–308, 309–310, 411, 416
• Prussian army, wargaming development, 7–9, 107
• PSOM (Peace Support Operations Model), 489–490
• Psychological operations (PSYOP), 673
• Pythagorean cosmos, military inspiration for, 648, 649

• Qualitative methods applied to IW wargame analysis, 537
• Quantitative basis for operational decisions. See Operations research (OR)
• Quebec 1759 (1972) (Brewster), 682
• Quixote, Don (fictional character), 579, 580, 581, 582

• Rabelais, 584, 586n13
• Rainbird, 101
• Rainbow Six (1998) (Upton), 268
• Rampart (1990) (Salwitz), 296
• RAND Corporation
  • air defense simulation, 333
  • diplomatic role-playing games, 229–230
  • future studies and role-playing games, 345–346
  • and Harpoon Pro, 218
  • Hitch’s application of economics to defense analysis, 166
  • and immersive simulation experience in Cold War games, 340–341
  • and just war philosophies, 359–364
  • management game design, 346
  • masculinist bias in, 364
  • and rise of political/military gaming, 487
  • and Roberts’s game design, 86–87
• Rapid recombination of information fragments as zeitgeist marker of present, 350–351
• Reactive planning, 180
• Ready Player One (Cline) (book), 558, 566
• Realism. See also Simulation
  • and commercial wargaming, 25–28, 262, 681–688
  • and complexity issue, xxviii n5, 336–337, 453
  • computer wargaming’s technical and physics focus, 261–262
  • dice as compromise to, 436
  • and fixing of attention, 334–335, 338–339, 340
  • historical games’ willingness to sacrifice playability for, 670
  • miniatures gamers’ quest for, 409
  • and narratives, 332–335
  • vs. playability, 5–6, 261–264, 265, 336–337
  • and Tristram Shandy, 579, 583, 586n12
• Real-time strategy (RTS) games, 215–216, 218n1, 221–227, 496–497, 686–687
• Recruitment tool, military wargaming as
  • America’s Army, 111, 303, 304, 305, 356
  • and gender biases, 357
  • US Army’s discovery of, 110–111
  • value of, 254–255
• “Red Baron” study, 107–108
• Red Brigades, 371–372, 373
• “Red Flag
• Red Seas Under Red Skies (Lynch) (book), 564
• Red vs. blue counter color scheme, 204
• Reenactors, war, 629–637
• Referee of game, 9, 14, 23, 25–26, 28
• Reflective devices, wargames as, 310, 311–314, 315–316, 321–325
• Reisswitz, Georg Heinrich Rudolf Johann von, 7, 8–9, 31n3, 172
• Reisswitz, Georg Leopold von, 7–8, 31n3
• Reisswitz family, 7–9
• Religious strife
  • Here I Stand, 539–541, 543
  • and irregular warfare, 539–544
  • Virgin Queen, 66–67, 539–541
• Remote control warfare. See Drone operations
• The Renaissance of Infantry (1970) (Dunnigan), 93
• Renshaw, Jean Rehkop, 364
• Replacements, cards for tactical, 144
• Reporting on war, and wargame battle write-ups
• REPSIM, 217
• Resource management in This War of Mine, 697
• Resources constraint in academic wargaming, 430–431
• Rethinking Wargames: Three Player Chess (2003) (Catlow), 705
• Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA)
  • and America’s Army as propaganda, 305–308
  • Black Ops series, 253–254, 262, 263, 269, 270, 272, 273, 277
  • dangers to military and peace values, 254, 275–278
  • naturalizing high-tech militarism through, 256–261, 275–278
  • and organizational adaptation, 257, 258, 259–260
  • side-tracking of peacebuilding efforts, 254, 275–278
  • and terrorism, 256, 258–259, 267, 268
• Richfield, Paul, 658
• The Right Tools for the Job (Clarke) (book), 355
• Riris, Haris, 152
• Rise and Decline of the Third Reich (1974) (Prados), 442, 560, 587–591
• Risk (1959), 18
• Risk assessment, gaming research contribution to, 225
• RMA. See Revolution in Military Affairs
• Road to the Rhine (1979) (Chadwick), 528
• Roberts, Charles S., 15, 84
• Rock-scissors-paper game, 241–242
• Roelker, Dan, 273
• Role, function of. See also Decision making
  • educational vs. analytical game, 504, 505–507, 508, 509
  • in Herman’s CDG game design, 134
  • IW game design challenges, 536
• RoleMaster (1980) (Charlton), 73, 74
• Role-playing games (RPGs). See also individual games by name
  • adoption in public schools and higher education, 347
  • agency as purpose of civilian, 323, 353n10
  • business management simulations, 346–347
  • combat systems, 71–80
  • as compelling experience and reality effect, 337–348
  • dominance in wargaming in 1980s, 29
  • Dungeons & Dragons as first, 21, 23–25
  • evolution from wargame perspective to, 71
  • Games Workshop’s role in, 603
  • gender role biases in, 355–357
  • historical development, 71–80
  • humanitarian mission exercises, 498
  • narrative’s role in, 556
  • play-by-mail storytelling, 20
  • RAND’s emphasis on importance of, 345, 361
  • reality effect, 333–335, 336
  • rise of political/military gaming, 487–488
  • and wargames, 556–557
• Romanticization of warfare, impact on game design, 254–256, 515–516
• Rome: Total War (2004), 156n4
• Rondfelt, David, 258
• Rostow, Walt, 231–232
• Royal Navy wargame (1921), 34
• RPGs. See Role-playing games
• Rubel, Robert “Barney
• Rules
  • British Colonial battles, 624
  • career longevity, 194
  • Combat Commander vs. ASL’s weight and distribution of, 128–131
  • Debord’s The Game of War, 375–377, 378, 381–386
  • Dunn-Kempf wargame, 37–38
  • educational vs. analytical game, 504, 505, 507, 508
  • flexible vs. non-flexible in editable digital games, 95, 96, 102
  • HWP’s role in publishing and preserving, 40
  • integration into cards by Magic, 30
  • medieval wargames, 21
  • miniatures wargames, 20
  • Paper Harpoon, 209, 215, 219n12
  • and procedural rhetoric, 469
  • for professional wargames, 34–35
  • Rise and Decline of the Third Reich, 587–588
  • Scruby’s contribution to, 15
  • Star Fleet Battles, 599–600
  • styles of drafting, 459
  • sword and sorcery games, 21
  • Tactics, 16, 18
  • The Sword and The Flame, 624–626
  • Twilight Struggle, 465
  • Warhammer 40,000, 611–614, 619
  • war reenactors in private events, 632
• Rumsfeld, Donald, 259
• RuneQuest (1978) (Perrin), 73–74
• Ruritania (fanzine), 20
• The Russian Campaign (TRC) (1974) (Edwards), 43, 96–97
• Russian Campaign II (1986) (Edwards), 97

• Saberhagen, Fred, 26
• Sabin, Philip, 454n2, 651
• Sachs, J. C., 12–13
• Saito, Takako, 704–705
• Salter, Mark B., 306
• Sanguinetti, Gianfranco, 372
• Sarajevo, siege of, 694, 695
• Sargent, Robert, 641
• Sarkeesian, Anita, 356
• Saturation of defense, tactical concept, 161
• Saxenian, AnnaLee, 355
• Sayre, Farrand, 14
• “Scattered Lights
• Scenario-based wargaming. See also War Engine model
  • amateur editing and scenario creation, 20, 98–99, 151–155
  • Combat Commander as, 122
  • gamer’s capability to modify, 100
  • Goodfellow’s analysis of editors, 149–155
  • Harpoon as, 212–213
  • impact of system + scenario structure, 94, 95
  • vs. modding, 153, 155–156n3
  • for political/military wargaming, 490
  • software tools for, 100–101, 102–103
  • special scenario rules, 129–131
  • SPI/Dunnigan’s development of, 93–94
  • Star Fleet Battles as, 600
  • Warhammer 40,000 as, 615–619
  • and war reenactments, 631, 633–636
• Schechter, Joel, 340
• Schlesinger, Keith “Kirk
• Schnaubelt, Franz Joseph, 595
• Schorske, Carl, 464
• Science fiction-based wargames
  • Dune, 24–25
  • Empire, 25
  • Federation & Empire, 596
  • Freedom in the Galaxy, 495
  • Last Battle, 79
  • Space: 1889, 79–80
  • Star Fleet Battles, 593–600, 595
  • Starfleet Orion, 26
  • Traveller, 73, 79
  • Twilight: 2000, 75, 76, 80
  • Warhammer series, 29, 603–604, 607, 608–619, 611
• Scruby, Jack, 15, 17, 624
• Second Life (2003) (Rosedale), 367
• Seixas, Peter, 448
• Sekigahara (2011) (Calkins), 64
• Selling wargames to non-wargamers, 669–671
• Semantic interoperability, 477–478
• Semantic layer, wargame modeling, 475
• Seminar wargames, 174, 336, 487–488, 504–507, 545
• Sengoku, Japan, mapmaking aesthetics, 64–65
• Sensorium, wargame as mediated, 331, 335, 349–350, 351
• Sensory inputs and reality effect of wargames and entertainments, 334–335
• Sentiment in Tristram Shandy, 582, 584, 585n8
• September 12th: A Toy World (2002), 663, 667n20
• Setlak, Wojciech, 691
• Sexual harassment training, video gaming for, 366–367
• Shakespeare, William, 573
• Shandy, Toby (fictional character), 573, 574–584
• Shandy, Tristram (fictional character), 573–574, 575, 576–579, 581–584, 585n6
• Shaw, Ian, 306
• Shaw, Tom, 89–90
• Shining Path (1995) (Train), 519, 522
• “Shock and Awe” sequence in Call of Duty: Modern Warfare, 318n2
• Sicart, Miguel, 358, 359
• Sid Meier’s Civilization IV (2005), 152–153
• Sid Meier’s Civilization: the Board Game (2002), 30
• Sid Meier’s Civilization V (2010), 541–543
• Sidran, Ezra, 150
• Signaling of intentions in political/military gaming, 231–237
• Signal Studio, 295
• Silent War (2005) (Miller), 187–189
• SIMNET training system, 660
• Simon, Herb, 247
• Simondon, Gilbert, 645
• Simonides, 649
• Simonsen, Redmond A., 90, 94
• Simulating War (Sabin) (book), 426, 429, 437
• Simulation
  • air defense simulation from RAND, 333
  • America’s Army as, 111, 254, 262
  • ancient Greek foundation for wargames, 651, 652
  • ARMA as, 262
  • ASL’s limitations as, 115
  • as basis for tabletop and computer wargames, 29
  • battlespace control, 656–662
  • birth of, 4–5
  • business management, 346–347
  • compelling experience of, 337–341, 349–350
  • complexity and playability issue, xxviii n5, 336–337
  • “Crossing the Berezina” scenario, 391–396
  • decision making challenges, 431–433
  • and digital games, 102, 216–217, 261–264, 425, 685–688
  • drone operations as, 659–660
  • ethical considerations, 358–359
  • fidelity to reality question, 43–47, 50–51, 685–688
  • forensic approach to, 196–198
  • “Hell-on-Wings” trainer and realism, 332–333
  • historians’ skepticism about, 450
  • lack of widespread following for, 262
  • limitations of Debord’s The Game of War, 379
  • Modern Air Power as, 221–227
  • naturalizing high-tech militarism, 261–264
  • new directions for, 703–706
  • origins in military training, 107
  • vs. reality, 43–47, 171, 333–334, 335–336
  • Star Fleet Battles as, 597–600
  • statistical and forensics validation for, 183–199
  • time and space modifications in COIN, 519, 521–522
  • UrbanSim, 490–491
  • vs. wargaming, 262, 352n3, 361, 493
• “Simulationist” design goals, 72, 73, 74, 77, 78–79, 90
• Simulation literacy, wargames in history classroom, 447–454
• Simulation Publications, Inc. (SPI)
  • acquisition by TSR, 28
  • ambitious production goals for new games, 92
  • at cusp of computer game revolution, 681
  • Dunnigan’s founding of, 20, 90–91
  • engine vs. content, 103
  • games in series, 98–99
  • gaming structure innovations, 91–95
  • modular systems of 1980s, 97
  • philosophy vs. Avalon Hill, 91
  • and player as designer, 98–99
  • The Plot to Assassinate Hitler, 495–496
  • Sword & Sorcery, 20
  • and Third Reich game development, 587
  • War of the Ring, 24
• Singer, Peter, 253, 277
• Single combat, rules for medieval, 21
• Single-player games, 209, 222, 264, 289–292
• Situational awareness, depicting in air warfare games, 59
• Situationist International, 379, 381–382, 387, 388n3, 394–395
• Šivickas, Antanas Mockus, 705–706
• Six Days in Fallujah, 290, 515
• Skóra, Maciej, 691
• Smith, Robert, 149–150
• Social movements of 1960s in Europe, 371–373, 395
• Social networks, professional wargaming modeling, 474, 476–477, 491
• Social stigma of playing games and of war, 434–437, 435, 514–515, 559–562, 571
• Sociocultural phenomenon, wargame as in This War of Mine, 699–700. See also Cultural considerations
• SOF (Special Operations Forces), 260, 265–267, 268, 276
• Software development culture, potentially divisive subcultures of, 357–358
• Somali Pirates (2012) (Miranda), 493, 519, 677
• A Song of Ice and Fire (Martin) (book series), 567–568
• South Africa (1977) (Hardy), 516–517
• Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 108–109
• Space: 1889 (1988) (Chadwick), 79–80
• Spears, Jesse, 210
• Specht, Robert, 340
• Special Operations Forces (SOF), 260, 265–267, 268, 276
• Special scenario rules (SSRs), 129–131
• Spec Ops: The Line (2012), 279n4, 319–327, 516, 699
• Speculative nature of wargaming, 3
• Speculative themes in wargames, 83. See also Fantasy-based games; Science fiction-based wargames
• SPI. See Simulation Publications, Inc.
• Spike, Mike, 58
• Sponsoring professional wargames, 534–535
• Sports coverage and drone video playback, 658
• Squad Leader (SL) (1977) (Hill), 25, 113–115, 121, 122–124, 126, 128, 442
• Square law of combat, 160–161
• SSG (Strategic Study Group), 101
• SSI (Strategic Simulations Inc.), 26, 101
• SSRs (special scenario rules), 129–131
• Staff Assistant in Harpoon, 212
• Stahl, Roger, 254–256, 262, 305, 306, 657
• Stalingrad (1978/1980) (Roberts), 96, 97, 399
• Star Fleet Battles (SFB) (1979) (Cole), 593–600
• Starfleet Orion (1978), 26
• Star Fleet Universe, 596–597, 600
• Starr, Paul, 450
• Star Trek (television series), 563, 593–600
• Starweb (1976) (Loomis), 25
• Statistical approach to validation, 186–196
• Steam Workshop, 153, 156n9
• Steel Wolves (2010) (Miller), 187–189, 193
• Sterne, Laurence, 573–586
• Steve Canyon (comic strip), 361, 362
• Steve Jackson Games, 77
• Stevenson, Robert Louis, 10–11
• Stiegler, Bernard, 644, 645, 649, 664n3, 665n9, 666n12
• Stockfisch, J. A., 168–169, 336
• Stonewall Jackson’s Way (1992) (Kibler), 63
• Stonkers (1983), 26
• Storytelling. See Narrative, game
• Strategic and Historical Games, 374, 378
• Strategic bombing, 55
• Strategic-level games
  • and air power, 57, 60
  • Avalon Hill’s early games as, 89
  • cards for strategic movement, 144
  • Civilization series as, 29, 30, 152–153, 541–543, 569
  • early digital game era popularity of, 216–217
  • Empire of the Sun as, 135
  • Europa Universalis II as, 463–464
  • hypergame theory applied to, 243–248
  • and monograph method, 89
  • real-time strategy, 215–216, 218n1, 221–227, 496–497, 686–687
  • Rise and Decline of the Third Reich as, 587
  • RTS games, 215–216, 218n1, 221–227, 496–497, 686–687
  • vs. tactical-level games, 56, 155n1
  • vs. wargames, 83
• Strategic Multi-layered Assessment office, DoD, 478–480
• Strategic Simulations, Inc. (SSI), 26, 101
• Strategic Study Group (SSG), 101
• Stratego (1961), 18
• Strategy I (1969), 92
• Strategy & Tactics (S&T) (magazine), 20, 28, 90, 91, 92, 95
• Strike of the Sword (Closier), 293
• Studies of War (Blackett) (book), 161–162
• A Study in Strategy (Kuenne) (book), 187
• Stuxnet (computer worm), 271–272
• Subjectivity, and validation of historical events, 184, 185, 187
• Submarine warfare, WWII, 187–189
• Supply and logistics, 134, 146
• Surveillance, drones and lived experience of, 642, 645–646, 659
• Suspensions of Perception (Crary) (book), 334
• The Sword and The Flame (TSATF) (1979–2008) (Brom), 623–627
• Sword and sorcery. See Fantasy-based games
• Sword & Sorcery (1978) (Costikyan), 24
• Syntactic layer, wargame modeling, 474
• Synthetic experience, wargame as, 331
• System-of-systems concept for military operations, 258
• Systems, wargaming, defined, 3
• Systems analysis
  • counterinsurgency gaming, 527–528
  • criticism of, 352n4, 359
  • disconnect from human decision making, 166–172, 181–182n1, 345–346
  • disdain for “hobbyist” wargaming, 173
  • DoD IW games, 537
  • and Dunnigan’s game development, 93, 94
  • and expansion of role-playing games into formal education, 347
  • Global 2000 wargame, 472–473
  • interactive planning role, 180–181
  • and just war philosophy, 359
  • vs. operations research, 178
  • and “Scattered Lights” example of analytical game, 507–509
  • and wargame as compelling experience, 345–346
• Systems and situations
  • gender, just war and game design, 355–368
  • Ludic Science Club, 391–396
  • Miniature War in Iraq, 409–416
  • nostalgic algorithm, Debord’s, 371–387
  • War Games (photo artwork), 399–408
  • writing systems, wargames as, 331–351

• Tabletop wargames. See also Board wargames; individual games by name
  • air warfare challenges for, 58–59
  • cultural wargames as, 545
  • derived from digital games, 30
  • dice and combat mechanics, 73–74, 76–77, 78
  • vs. digital games, 26, 121, 454n2
  • digital games’ debt to, 29, 155n2
  • point-to-point system vs. hex grid, 142–144
  • religious strife and military action, 539–541
  • role-playing design for, 71–80
  • and simulation vs. reality, 43–47, 123–124
  • Warhammer 40,000, 603, 608–619
  • WRG rules for, 37
• Tac Air (1987) (Morgan), 57
• TACSPIEL, 33, 514
• Tactical Game 3 (1969) (Dunnigan), 20, 92–93, 94
• Tactical Iraqi, 356, 357
• Tactical-level games
  • ASL as, 56
  • cards for force replacements, 144
  • Dunnigan’s development of, 20, 92–93, 94
  • Dunn-Kempf wargame, 37–38
  • early computer use in, 14
  • and need for political/military perspective, 229
  • Phantom Fury as, 289–293
  • vs. strategic-level games, 56, 155n1
  • and time in wargaming, 123–131
  • Up Front card-based tactical system, 121
  • Venturini’s mapmaking innovation, 6–7
• Tactical Studies Rules (TSR), 23, 24, 28, 29, 30, 74
• Tactics (1954) (Roberts), 15, 16, 18, 84, 85, 86, 96
• Tactics II (1958) (Roberts), 85–86, 88, 399
• Taleb, Nassim Nicholas, 178
• Tanktics (1981) (Crawford), 26, 100
• Task Force Games, 595, 596, 597
• Task resolution. See Combat systems
• Taylor, Craig, 625
• Team development, cultural wargaming, 546
• Technics
  • and ancient Greek foundations for Western ethnoculture, 646–652, 653, 665n9
  • computerized battlespace development, 653–656
  • cultural and ethical consequences, 662–663, 666n13
  • defined, 644
• Technics and Time 1 (Stiegler) (book), 644
• Technology. See also Cyberwarfare; Digital war-themed games
  • battlespace control, 643–646
  • computerization’s impact on warfare, 26–27, 261–262, 355, 653–656
  • and drones in battlespace control, 642
  • function in human society, 641, 644–652, 664n5
  • Lanchester’s analysis of impact on warfare effectiveness, 161
  • and loss of military’s moral center of valor and sacrifice, 276–277
• Terrorism. See also Drone operations
  • Call of Duty, 265
  • and constant warfare, 276–277
  • game-theoretical reasoning for, 242
  • Labyrinth, 30, 494, 517, 519, 670
  • 9/11 attacks, impact on naturalization of warfare, 256, 261, 320
  • and RMA, 256, 258–259, 267, 268
  • September 12th: A Toy World, 663, 667n20
• Test Series Games from SPI, 92
• Tewkesbury, battle of, 197
• Textuality. See Narrative, game; Rules
• Theater of war vs. battlespace, 654
• Themes, importance in wargames, 83
• The Thing (1982) (film), 563
• Third Lebanon War (2014) (Train), 519, 525
• Third Reich (1974) (Prados), 587–591
• The Third Reich (Bolaño) (book), 560, 568–569, 571, 587–591
• This War of Mine (TWoM) (2014), 496, 691–701
• Thomas, Douglas, 452
• Thorpe, Jack, 660
• 3M Games, 97
• Threefold Model (GDS Theory) for combat systems, 71
• Three Sixty Pacific, 210
• Through the Looking Glass (Carroll) (book), 564
• Thud! (2002/2005) (Truran/Pratchett) (game and book), 563, 564
• Time and space
  • air warfare complications in tabletop games, 59
  • in Combat Commander, 122–131
  • in drone operations, 641, 660–661
  • and game design, 122, 123, 134
  • insurgency context, 519, 521–522
  • RTS wargames, 215–216, 218n1, 221–227, 496–497, 686–687
  • speed as advantage of digital games, 149
  • tabletop simulation vs. reality, 45–46, 123–124
  • Up Front vs. Squad Leader, 121
  • of wargaming for military training, 108–109
• Time constraint in academic wargaming, 430
• Timed Influence Net models, 474, 476, 478
• TimeLine, Ltd., 75
• Tipping points, gaming research contribution to, 225
• Titan (1980) (Gorgonstar), 24–25
• Tooby, John, 453
• “Top Gun” (live wargame), 108
• Top Secret (1980) (Rasmussen), 74
• “Total global domination,” at Games Workshop, 604–605
• Total War: Rome II (2013) (Simpson), 687–688
• Total War series, 153–154, 156n4, 666n14
• To the Moon (2011) (Gao), 699
• “Totsuegeki!” scenario in Combat Commander, 123, 124–126, 127, 129, 130
• Tournament play, 116–117, 146
• Tower defense, 295, 296–299
• Toy Soldiers (2010), 295–302
• Transactional memory, and hypergame theory, 243
• Traveller (1977) (Miller), 73, 79
• Tristram Shandy (Sterne) (book), 573–586
• Tron (film), 561
• Tropico series of simulations, 496
• Trudeau, Garry, 399–400, 401
• TSATF (The Sword and The Flame) (1979–2008) (Brom), 623–627
• TSR (Tactical Studies Rules), 23, 24, 28, 29, 30, 74
• Tunnels & Trolls (1975) (St. Andre), 24, 73
• Tupamaro (1996) (Train), 518, 519, 520, 521, 522
• Turkle, Sherry, 450
• Turner, Fred, 351
• Turns, taking
  • Brom’s abandoning of for The Sword and The Flame, 625
  • in Debord’s The Game of War, 376–377
  • in digital games, 155n2
  • vs. real-time, 215–216
  • strategic-level games, 686–687
  • and tabletop vs. digital game, 26, 121
  • and time and space artificialities in wargames, 45–46, 123–124
  • in Warhammer 40,000, 609–610
• Twilight: 2000 (1984), 75, 76, 80
• Twilight Struggle (2004) (Gupta), 464–470, 493–494
• 2K Games, 319
• TWoM (This War of Mine) (2014), 496, 691–701

• UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles). See Drone operations
• Ubisoft, 268
• U-boat war during WWII, 187
• UMS: The Universal Military Simulator (1987) (Sidran), 101
• Uncertain information, designing into game, 284
• Unified Engagement wargame, US Air Force, 474
• Unified Modeling Language (UML), 478
• Unified sphere of war operations, 654
• United Nations, 498
• United States. See also entries beginning with US
  • early 20th-century wargaming developments, 13
  • military abandonment of wargaming post-WWII, 104n1
• Universal Military Simulator games, 150
• Universal simulator concept for historical games, 92
• Unknown Armies (1998) (Tynes), 78
• Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). See Drone operations
• Up Front (1983) (Allen), 121
• UrbanSim software, 367, 490–491
• US Air Force, 108, 221–227, 474
• US Army. See also America’s Army
  • Dunn-Kempf tactical wargame, 37–38
  • interactive propaganda as insight into self-image of, 306–307
  • new media usage, historical perspective, 344
  • wargaming as recruitment tool, 110–111, 303, 304, 305, 356
• US Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM), 271, 279n6
• US Department of Defense (DoD)
  • CISA, 503, 504–508
  • and complexities of irregular warfare, 531–537
  • expansion of USSO-COM, 260
  • preparing for wars of the future, 256–257
  • professional wargaming definition, 173
  • and RMA origins in budget cuts, 257–258
  • Strategic Multi-layered Assessment office, 478–480
• Users. See Players
• US Naval Institute, 219n12
• US Naval War College
  • Cold War focus on European theater, 110
  • cycle of research adoption, 176
  • and Fletcher Pratt’s Naval Wargame, 37
  • Global 2000 wargame, 471–474
  • importance of player interaction, 175
  • NEWS training environment, 333
  • pre-WWI wargaming, 172–173
  • strengths and weaknesses of wargames as predictors, 178–179
  • tradition of wargaming at, xvi
• US Navy
  • Global War Game series, 174
  • inter-world war gaming training, 108, 173, 176, 178–179
  • live air combat wargames, 108
  • and McNamara’s systems analysis-based opposition to nuclear propulsion, 168
  • relevance motivation for wargaming, 110
• US Special Operation Command (USSO-COM), 260

• Valiant Hearts: The Great War (2014), 699
• Validation test for model, 184, 199
• Vampire: The Masquerade (1991) (Rein-Hagen), 77
• Van Creveld, Martin, 434
• VBS2 and VBS3 (Virtual Battlespace) simulations, 490
• Venturini, Georg, 6
• Verdy du Vernois, Julius von, 13–15
• Verdy’s “Free” Kriegspiel, 35
• Verification test for model, 184
• Victory conditions
  • and asymmetry of objectives in COIN games, 524–525, 527
  • Empire of the Sun, 139
  • The Game of War, 377
  • Harpoon, 212
  • Napoleon’s Triumph, 204–206
  • Paths of Glory, 146
  • Persian Incursion, 285–286
  • Twilight Struggle, 464–470, 469
  • Warhammer 40,000, 613
• Victory in the Pacific (1977) (Hamblen), 45
• A Victory Lost (2006) (Nakamura), 44
• Video games. See also First-person shooter (FPS) video games; individual games by name
  • compelling experience as value added, 337–343
  • and constant warfare expectation, 254
  • cultural pressures on, 515–516
  • embodied interactions, 364–368
  • glorification of war through, 254–256
  • hacking-based, 272–274
  • limited agency sequences in, 311–312
  • political/military themes, 496–497
  • popularity of, 425
  • and premediation of future warfare, 261
  • rationalization of violence in, 358–359
  • sexual harassment training, 366–367
  • and social stigma of war in WarGames, 565
  • vs. three-dimensional analog games, 414, 416
  • weapon branding in commercial, 268
• Viet Nam (1965) (Orbanes), 514
• Vietnam (Levinthal) (photo artwork), 404–405
• Vietnam 1965–1975 (1984) (Karp), 495, 517, 518, 519
• Vietnam War
  • Downtown, 60
  • Fire in the Lake, 517
  • Hearts and Minds: Vietnam 1965–1975, 494, 517
  • historical memory and wargames for, 452
  • as incentive for wargame development, 107–108
  • Modern Air Power, 223
  • and remotely piloted aircraft development, 654–655, 660
  • Tacspiel, 33
• Viking Game, the (circa 400 CE), 563
• Viking stabilization training exercise, 490
• Violence, rationalization of in video games, 358–359
• Virgin Queen: Wars of Religion 1559–1598 (2012) (Beach), 66–67, 539–541
• Virilio, Paul, 357, 656, 662
• Virtual Battlespace simulations, 254, 490
• Virtual Iraq (PTSD treatment software), 367
• Virtual mediation and virtuous warfare, 275
• Virtual reality, military training and educational applications, 364–368
• Virtue ethics, 314, 315
• Visual intelligence behind drone functionality, 658–659
• Visual literacy, 342–344
• Visual pleasure, Gunning’s analysis, 339
• Von Neuman, John, 241

• Wagner, Christopher, 90, 91
• Wajcman, Judy, 368
• Waller, Fred, 332–333
• Walton, Gordon, 210
• “War, Mathematics and Art in Ancient Greece” (Onians), 646–647
• Warcraft (1994), 29
• Warcraft 3 (2002) (Pardo), 296
• Warden, John, 679
• Wardynski, Casey, 357
• War Engine model
  • and ASL, 113–118
  • and Combat Commander, 122–131
  • culture of scenario design, 149–155
  • defined, 93, 107
  • developmental overview, 83–104
  • and Empire of the Sun, 133–139
  • and game engine concept, 103
  • impact of system + scenario structure on wargaming, 94, 95
  • and Modern Air Power, 222–224
  • and need function in historical wargame scenarios, 107–111
  • and Paths of Glory, 141–147
• Warfare. See also Future of warfare and wargaming
  • computer’s role in intersection of war with game, 26–27
  • drones and reinvention of, 643
  • failure in war as incentive for wargaming development, 107–108
  • lack of theory in definition of, 381, 388
  • as metaphor, 560–562
  • popularity as teaching topic, 449
  • romanticization of, 254–256, 515–516
  • similarities with games, 423
  • and social stigma against wargames, 434–437, 514–515, 559–562, 571
  • as teacher of mathematics, 651
  • and Western love affair with technology, 641, 644, 646–652, 664n5
  • World War II’s impact on nature of, 14
• Wargame Construction Set (WCS) (Damon), 101–102, 151–152, 156n6
• Wargame Developments (WD), 34–35, 41n2
• War Game Digest (fanzine), 15, 17, 19
• Wargame modeling. See also War Engine model
  • agent-based, 425
  • credibility of model, 184, 199
  • duel model from RAND, 361, 363–364
  • educational value of, 423–424, 426–427
  • forensic approach to simulation modeling, 196–198
  • high resolution vs. high aggregation models, 336
  • inhabited models for IW games, 503–510
  • layers in, 474–475
  • mathematical models of combat, 160, 646–648, 650–652, 653, 654–655, 658
  • multimodeling, 473–480, 539–544
  • professional wargaming, 472–480
  • and rise of political/military gaming, 487, 489–490, 491–492
  • time in combat systems, 122, 123, 126–131
• A Wargamer’s Guide to Hyboria (Bath), 41
• Wargamer’s Newsletter (fanzine), 19
• WarGames (1983) (film), 27, 558, 565–566, 571
• War Games (photo artwork), 399–408
• Wargames and wargaming
  • basic elements, 84–85, 87, 88
  • breadth of use, 107
  • Cold War rationale for, 331
  • collectible card games’ debt to, 29–30
  • computer games (See Digital war-themed games)
  • context for, 331
  • defining, 3, 83, 558–559, 692
  • design (see Game design)
  • drone operations characterized as, 658
  • as enhancement to creative thinking, 345
  • historical development, 3–30, 107
  • History of Wargaming Project, 33–41
  • hobby tradition (See Hobby wargaming)
  • image problem for, 434–437, 514–515, 559–562, 571
  • as instantiations of models, 503–509
  • levels of war in, 442–443
  • as literary metaphor, 560–562, 587–588
  • mapmaking aesthetics, 63–70
  • for military training (See Professional wargaming)
  • as models, 183–184 (See also Wargame modeling)
  • new media role prior to digital video, 344–345
  • as rational structure for irrational activity, 515–516
  • and role-playing games, 556–557
  • vs. simulation, 361
  • as subjects for critical historical analysis, 451
  • as synthetic experiences, 331
  • systems for (See Systems and situations)
  • tabletop games (See Tabletop wargames)
  • and technics of Western civilization, 651–652
  • as training mechanisms, 331–332
  • value of game, 241–242, 249n4
  • vocabulary of, 201–202
  • as writing system, 348–351
• Warhammer (1983) (Ansell), 29, 603–604
• Warhammer 40,000 (40K) (1987–2014), 603, 608–619
• Warhammer Fantasy Battles, 611
• Warhammer series, 607
• Wark, McKenzie, 380
• War of the Ring (1977) (Barasch), 24
• War of Wizards (1975) (Barker), 30
• War reenactors in private events, 629–637
• Warsaw Uprising, 696, 701n4
• WCS (Wargame Construction Set) (Damon), 101–103, 151–152, 156n6
• WD (Wargame Developments), 34–35, 41n2
• Weapon branding in commercial video games, 268
• Weapons systems
  • Toy Soldiers, 297–299
  • uncertainties in Middle East-based games, 284
  • use of real-world in America’s Army, 304
• Weather factor in air warfare games, 57, 60
• Webster, J. D., 59
• WebTAS visualization tool, 478
• Weis, Tracey, 555, 556
• Wellington’s Victory (1976) (Davis), 202
• Wells, H. G., 4, 11–13, 40, 555, 557, 558
• Wesencraft, Charlie, 36
• West Africa, irregular warfare games, 503–510
• Western society
  • ancient Greek foundations for technics and war in, 646–652, 653, 665n9
  • drone operation as ethnocultural experience, 661
  • human rights vs. techno-militarist expansion in drone use, 646, 662
  • technology’s central role in, 641, 644, 646–652, 664n5
  • technoscience and computerized battlespace, 653–656
  • and zone of control, 642
• Westmoreland, William, 654
• We the People (1994) (Herman), 133, 134, 142
• What-if scenarios. See Counterfactual speculation
• White Death (1979) (Chadwick), 43
• White Dwarf (magazine), 29, 603, 604, 606
• White phosphorus, 328n4
• WHT (Hypergame Theory), 241–248
• Williams, Dave, 95
• Williams, Walt, 324–325
• Wimble, Ed, 281
• Wineburg, Sam, 448
• Wing Leader system (Brimmicombe-Wood), 58
• Wise, Terry, 36
• Wizarding chess in Harry Potter, 564
• Wizards of the Coast, 30
• WizKid, 30
• Włosek, Rafał, 691
• Women in game design. See Gender
• Woolsey, R. James, 169–170, 172
• Work, James, 584
• Workflow layer, wargame modeling, 475
• World Bank, 498
• World of Tanks (2011), 687
• World of Warcraft (2005–), 358, 359, 561
• World War I
  • Dawn Patrol, 29
  • effect on Prussian command model, 14
  • effect on Wells’s Little Wars, 12
  • Fight in the Skies, 20
  • Fleet Admiral, 49–54
  • historical memory and wargames for, 452
  • Jutland, 90, 593
  • Jutland: Fleet Admiral II, 50–52
  • 1914, 90
  • Paths of Glory, 141–147
  • Sabin’s academic wargame, 431
  • Toy Soldiers, 295–302
  • Valiant Hearts: The Great War, 699
  • war reenactments, 630, 631–632, 634, 637n3
• World War I (1975) (Dunnigan), 442
• World War II. See also Advanced Squad Leader
  • academic use of wargames, 442
  • Ace of Aces, 28
  • The African Campaign, 97
  • Afrika Korps, 441
  • Axis & Allies, 28–29
  • Battlefield series, 264, 265, 266–267, 684–685
  • Beyond Valor, 114
  • Blitzkrieg, 95
  • Call of Duty: Modern Warfare, 265, 309–318
  • Campaign for North Africa, 684
  • Churchill and U-boat war, 187
  • Combat Commander, 122–131
  • Drive on Stalingrad, 441
  • Eastern Front 1941, 100, 101, 102
  • Empire of the Sun, 133–139, 140n1
  • Fierce Fight! Stalingrad Blitzkrieg, 45
  • Fire in the Sky, 44
  • Gary Grigsby’s War in the Pacific, 149
  • Gary Grigsby’s World at War, 686
  • Hearts of Iron, 687
  • historical memory and wargames for, 452
  • Hitler’s War, 57
  • impact on nature of warfare, 14
  • and Levinthal’s miniature artworks, 399–404
  • Medal of Honor series, 264, 267, 515–516
  • Operation Dauntless, 68–69
  • Pacific War, 57
  • PanzerBlitz, 20, 89, 92, 93–94, 96, 97, 102–103
  • Panzergruppe Guderian, 99, 442, 444, 682
  • The Plot to Assassinate Hitler, 495–496
  • as popular context for digital video games, 264
  • Rise and Decline of the Third Reich, 442, 560, 587–591
  • Russian Campaign series, 43, 96–97
  • and science of war advances, 161–165
  • Silent War, 187–189
  • Stalingrad, 96, 97, 399
  • Steel Wolves, 187–189, 193
  • Tactical Game 3, 20
  • Third Reich, 587–591
  • Victory in the Pacific, 45
  • A Victory Lost, 44
  • war reenactors, 633, 635
  • White Death, 43
  • World of Tanks, 687
• Worthington Games, 517
• WRG Wargame Rules for Armoured Warfare, 37
• Writing systems, wargames as, 331–351. See also Narrative, game

• XBLA marketplace, 296
• X-Men film series, and chess, 563

• Yager Development, 319

• Zamoyski, Adam, 394
• Zeitgeist markers in wargames, 340, 341, 342–344, 465
• Zieliński, Dominik, 691
• Zocchi, Lou, 86, 595
• Zone of control, 18, 642
• Zones of influence, in Empire of the Sun, 136–137

Note: Page numbers followed by “n” indicate endnotes. Italicized titles are game titles unless otherwise indicated.