Entries correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
Page numbers beginning with 245 refer to notes.
Académie des Sciences, 59
Adam, 226, 226
Adamites, 73
adoption, 46–47
adultery, 181
African Genesis (Ardrey), 66
afterlife, 91, 210
Age of Empathy, The (de Waal), 137
aggression, 51, 144
definition of, 65–66
as negotiation, 80
agnosticism, agnostics, 221
creation of term, 36
scientists as, 106
agricultural revolution, 179
alchemy, 19–20
alligators, 7, 8
Almost Human (Yerkes), 11, 80
altruism:
in absence of incentives, 42
as alleged hypocrisy, 39
as alleged mistake, 44–48
in chimpanzees, 28–29, 120–22
cost/benefit analysis of, 144
cost of, 47
in Darwin’s thought, 41
definitions of, 27–28, 122
drive for, 165
emotions insufficient for, 144
evolution of, 28
kindness vs., 165
kin selection and, 31
pleasure from, 48–54
in rats, 142–43
reciprocal, 31, 128
religion and, 220
selfishness vs., 28–29, 53
self-sacrifice and, 32–33, 52, 53
see also morality, ethics
altruism-feels-good hypothesis, 51–54
altruism-hurts hypothesis, 50
Alva, Duke of, 9
American Academy of Religion, 210
American Sign Language, 46
amniotic sac, 208
Amos (chimpanzee), 25–26, 27, 44
Amy (bonobo), 77–78
amygdala, 80, 136
André, Claudine, 190
animal altruism, 4–8
animals, moral behavior by, 4–8
animal torture, 157
anterior insula, 80–81
anthropocentric bias, 15
anthropomorphism, 145
ants, 53, 237
Antwerp, Netherlands, 167
Antwerp Zoo, 10
anxiety, 190
apes:
advanced fairness in, 233
death awareness in, 192–98, 206
definition of, 60
development of, 166
early fossils of, missing, 60
human kinship with, 16, 57–59, 58, 81–82, 101, 107, 117, 145, 239–40
in London Zoo, 101
nursing of, 125
prosociality allegedly lacking in, 117
reconciliation in, 97–98
reflection recognized by, 115
sense of mortality in, 210
targeted helping in, 145
tools used by, 127, 205–6
arbiters, 45
architecture, 19
Ardipithecus, 11
Ardipithecus ramidus (Ardi), 12, 60–61
Ardrey, Robert, 66, 248
argumentative theory, 89
Aristotle, 91, 182, 225
Arnhem Zoo, 13, 14, 138–39, 159, 187, 195, 199
art, 19, 57
artists, 107
Ascent of the Blessed (Bosch), 92
atheism, atheists, 217–18
as “brights,” 18
imagination denied by, 204
misconceptions of, 88–92, 204
purity insisted on by, 102
scientists as, 106
stridency of, 18, 21, 84
world without religion desired by, 249
Atlanta (chimpanzee), 139
Augustine, Saint, 110
Australia, 182
Australopithecines, 57
autism, 138
Azalea (rhesus monkey), 93, 94
baboons, 161, 227, 228
baby care, 49–50
Bach, Johann Sebastian, 85
Bacon, Roger, 110
ballet, 133–34
Baptists, 105
bartering, 4
Battle at Kruger, 123
BBC, 71
beer, 57, 198
bees, 28, 31, 33, 53, 237
“Beethoven error,” 41
begging, 161
behaviorism, 97, 136–37, 143
Behncke, Isabel, 65
Bekoff, Marc, 230–31
beluga whales, 123
Bentham, Jeremy, 182
Bethlehem, 76
biases, 218–20
Bible, 73, 198, 249
Big Sur and the Oranges of Hieronymus Bosch (Miller), 168
biology, disrepute of, 22
biomedical science, 215–16
bipedal locomotion, 11, 57, 58, 59, 155
bipedal swagger, 199
birds:
as doting parents, 7
empathy in, 6
biting, 159, 160, 185–86
Blackburn, Simon, 253
Blair Drummond Safari Park, 194–95
Blasphemy Day, 108
“blind watchmaker,” 170
Block, Susan, 67
blood protein, 58
blushing, 155–56
body channel, 137
body language, 125
body synchronization, 133
Boehm, Christopher, 177, 235
Boesch, Christophe, 46, 152
Bohr, Niels, 249
Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape (de Waal), 63, 64, 71
bonobos:
body proportion of, 61
brains of, 80–81
chimpanzees vs., 61–62, 63–64, 65, 67–68, 69, 80–81
consolation in, 144–45
discovered as new species, 10–11
empathy of, 192
fairness and, 255
fatherhood in, 79
female dominance of, 11, 75–76, 78
human relation with, 57, 58
humans vs., 79
hunting by, 65–66
hunting of, 67, 189–90
as largely peaceful, 63–65, 67
males and females in, 11–12
Parker’s article on, 62–63
in poacher snares, 196
punishment among, 161–62
sexual practices of, 61–62, 62, 64, 65, 67–68, 69–70, 71, 73, 78, 79, 80, 190
targeted helping in, 145–46
territorial disputes in, 64–65
threat of extinction to, 12, 189–90
violence and aggression in, 12, 63, 64, 69, 77–78, 159–60, 185–87
Borie (chimpanzee), 124, 204–5
Bosch, Hieronymus (Jeroen), 1–2, 3, 9, 19, 20, 68, 71, 72–74, 75, 91, 92, 108, 134, 135, 136, 167–68, 169, 170, 223, 224, 225, 248
Boteach, Shmuley, 89, 93, 208
Boyer, Pascal, 213–14
boys, 51
brain, human, 16
Braintrust (Churchland), 164
Brethren and Sisters of the Free Spirit, 73
Bronx Zoo, 115–16
Brosnan, Sarah, 232, 234–35
Brothers Karamazov, The (Dostoevsky), 2
Brown, Stephanie, 52
Brueghel, Pieter, 86, 209, 223, 248
Buddhism, 8, 52, 105–6, 167, 208, 249
Budongo Forest, 139–40
buffalo, 123
Bully (dog), 157–58, 159
burials, 210
calf, 123
Cambodia, 212
Cameroon, 194
Campbell, Matt, 137–38
Capilla del Rosario, 90
capuchin monkeys, 4, 232, 234
Caravaggio, Michelangelo Merisi da, 134
carp, 123–24
Carson, Benjamin, 238
castration, of pigs, 140
Catholicism, 9, 58, 86–87, 91, 105, 249
Catholic mass, 198
cats, 124, 151, 193
Celtic tribes, 179
Center of Inquiry, 108
Cephu, 173–74, 175
Cheney, Dick, 89, 165
Chicago, University of, 142–43
children, 200–201, 202–3
Chimpanzee (film), 46
Chimpanzee Politics (de Waal), 13
chimpanzees:
altruism in, 28–29, 120–22, 123–27
biting by, 152
bonobos vs., 61–62, 63–64, 65, 67–68, 69, 80–81
brains of, 16, 80–81
communication by, 125
conflicts avoided by, 227–28
consolation in, 5, 144–45
cooperation among, 129, 130–31
Darwin’s feeling of connection with, 107
evolution of, 60
experiments designed for, 118–20
fatherhood in, 79
females leaving groups in, 30
female solidarity among, 173
food shared by, 146–47
friendship among, 161
grudges in, 80
human relation with, 57, 58, 60
hunting by, 79, 124, 193
hunting of, 67
impulse control and, 150–52, 153–54
kidnapping and, 151
mourning by, 193–95, 194
policing by, 172–74
rain dance by, 199–200
reconciliation of, 20, 98
reward distribution and, 234
rituals in, 149–50
self-awareness in, 204–5
sense of mortality in, 206–7
sexual practices of, 152, 227–28
social hierarchy in, 150, 152, 154–55
strength of, 13–14
territorial disputes in, 64, 65
tit for tat among, 129
tools used by, 57, 146–47
tree nests of, 107
violence of, 13, 63–64, 65, 76, 187
as “wantons,” 151, 239
wrestling by, 160
youth, 200–201, 202–3
China, 123, 212
Christianity:
fundamentalist, 2
survival value of, 211–12
West influenced by, 19
Christ’s blood, 198
churches, 199
Churchland, Patricia, 50, 52, 164, 182, 185, 253
Clay, Zanna, 190
Clinton, Bill, 67
Coe, Chris, 251
Colbert Report, The, 61–62, 180
collectivism, 212–13
Collins, Francis, 40
Columbus, Christopher, 212
communism, 216–17
community concern, 20, 172–77, 185–87, 234
compassion, 4, 8, 17, 165
calculation vs., 184
evolution of, 56
in meditating monks, 8
confirmation biases, 97
conflict, cooperation vs., 79–80
conflict resolution, 191
Congo, Democratic Republic of the (DRC), 62–63, 65, 189–90
Conquistadores, 212
conservation, 165
consolation, 144–45
contagious yawning, 138, 141
Cook, Captain, 179
Coolidge, Harold, 82
cooperation, 16, 38, 42, 234, 237
as alleged anomaly, 117
as alleged exploitation, 39
conflict vs., 79–80
emotional biases toward, 48–49
religion and, 219
see also altruism
cost/benefit analysis, 48, 144
Coyne, Jerry, 98
coyotes, 59
creationism, creationists, 60, 104, 105
crocodile family, 8
Cro-Magnons, 210
crows, 113
Crusades, 212
Cult of Reason, 217
Cult of the Supreme Being, 217
culture, 90
Daisy (chimpanzee), 26, 27, 44
Dalai Lama, 4, 5–6, 8, 9, 138
Dalí, Salvador, 10
Damasio, Antonio, 224
Dandy (chimpanzee), 197–98
Dante Alighieri, 91
Darwin, Charles, 25, 35, 35, 36, 40–41, 59, 110, 225, 235
blushing noted as only distinctly human expression, 155
connection with apes felt by, 107
human morality and, 39–40, 41
Darwin Awards, 103
Darwinian fundamentalism, 103
Davidson, Richard, 8
Dawkins, Richard, 40, 170, 217–18, 247, 248
death, awareness of, 192–98, 206–10
death penalty, 182
de Botton, Alain, 21, 218
delayed gratification, 154
Demeter, 199
Demonic Males (Wrangham), 63–64
Den Bosch (s’Hertogenbosch), the Netherlands, 1, 74, 86, 245
Dennett, Dan, 89, 94–95, 248, 249
depression, 127
Descent of Man, The (Darwin), 40
Diamond, Milton, 179
Dimberg, Ulf, 132
dinosaurs, 7
Dionysus wine cult, 198
disconfirmation biases, 97, 137
Disneynature, 46
Divine Comedy (Dante), 91
DNA, 44, 58–59, 58, 81, 101, 122, 161
dodo, 12
dogmatism, 89, 94, 108, 109
dogs, 230–31, 234
empathy in, 5
dolphins, 107–8, 124
friendships among, 161
reflection recognized by, 115
targeted helping in, 145
dominance hierarchies, 126
Dorothy (chimpanzee), 194, 194
Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 2
Down syndrome, 93, 94
D’Souza, Dinesh, 63, 89, 92
duikers, 65
Durkheim, Émile, 199, 213
Dutch Reformed Church, 85
earthquakes, 202
egalitarianism, 231–32
Egypt, 196
Einstein, Albert, 34, 99, 108, 110, 249, 250
Eleanor (elephant), 29
elephants:
altruism in, 29, 29, 53, 123
cooperation among, 129–30, 129
death awareness in, 196–97
empathy in, 5
friendships among, 161
reflection recognized by, 115–16, 129
sense of mortality in, 210
targeted helping in, 145
tool-use by, 113–15, 115, 205
Eminem, 131
emotional contagion, 137, 142
“Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail, The” (Haidt), 41–42
emotions, 136, 137, 175–76
instinct vs., 152–53
as insufficient for altruism, 144
as intelligent, 153
in morality, 17–18, 23, 41–42, 163
seen as mushy, 171
empathic mimicry, 137–39
empathy, 51, 80, 81, 160
as absent in insects, 53–54
altruism and, 33
body-to-body, 131–40
of bonobos, 192
of chimpanzees, 27
hurrying and, 143–44
as multilayered, 144
as necessary for human nature, 163
origins of, 133
sympathy vs., 143
in turtles, 5–6
empirical reality, 204
endorphins, 213
energy conservation, 165
England, 22
enlightened self-interest, 173–74
Enlightenment, 224
Erasmus of Rotterdam, 74, 108, 224
Ethical Project, The (Kitcher), 170–71
ethics, see morality, ethics
etiquette, 156
eudaimonia, 182
eugenics, 21–22, 31
Euthyphro, 220
Eve, 226, 226
Everett, Daniel, 211
evolution, 225
argument from design and, 170
clash over, 101–2, 170, 249
as creating moral abyss, 2
evidence for, 2
Gould’s defense of, 102–3
morality and, 36–38, 227, 235, 238
Roman Catholic Church’s acceptance of, 91
Evolving God (King), 213
eye, 170
Eyengo community, 76–77
faces, 15
facial expressions, 199
fairness, 17, 18, 42, 214, 232, 255
as “concept,” 172
second-order, 232–34
faith, 202–3
Fall, 1, 71, 72, 73
“family comes first,” 183–85
Family of Chimps, The (film), 197–98
female sexual autonomy, 179
female solidarity, 173
fertility, 1
Fessler, Daniel, 155
fidelity, 179
fieldworkers, 62–63, 64, 68, 77–78, 107, 118, 125, 152, 190
Fisher, Ronald, 31
Flack, Jessica, 45
flat earth theory, 91
flatworm, 170
Flores, 56
fMRI scans, 106
Foerder, Preston, 114
forensic sculpting, 55
forgiveness, as “idea,” 172
four, fear of, 201
Francis, Saint, 110
Fränger, Wilhelm, 168
Frankfurt, Harry, 251
Franklin, Benjamin, 202
Freddy (chimpanzee), 46–47
free will, 154, 251
French Revolution, 172, 217
Freud, Sigmund, 216, 217–18, 221
Freud’s Last Session (St. Germain), 216
friendship, 161
Fruth, Barbara, 76, 77
Furuichi, Takeshi, 69, 75–76
Future of an Illusion, The (Freud), 216
Gaboon vipers, 192–93
Gallese, Vittorio, 134
Galton, Francis, 22
Garcia, John, 97
Garden of Earthly Delights, The (Bosch), 1–2, 3, 20, 68, 71, 72–73, 74, 75, 86, 91, 167–70, 169, 207–8, 208, 223, 225–26, 226
Gazzaniga, Michael, 99
generosity, 218–20
genes:
discovery of, 100
“misfiring,” 44
gene’s-eye-view, 28–34, 46
genetic determinism, 103
genetic selection, 177
Geneva convention, 235
genital handshakes, 70
genito-genital rubbing, 62, 66, 190
Georgia (chimpanzee), 117–18, 121–22, 123–27
Germany, 22
Ghent, Belgium, 9–10
Ghiselin, Michael, 39, 43
gibbons, 57, 61
girls, 51
God, 207
morality as alleged evidence for, 40
morality as from, 2, 17, 165
Spinoza’s view of, 108, 224, 250
waning influence of, 1
world without, 2
God Is Not Great (Hitchens), 88
golden rule, 181–82, 185
goldfish, 12304
Golding, William, 214
Goodall, Jane, 123, 199–200
Goodenough, Ursula, 108, 110
Good Natured (de Waal), 41
good Samaritan, 18, 141, 143, 144
gorillas, 57, 58, 81
gossip, 175
Gould, Stephen Jay, 102–3, 104, 105, 108, 110
Grace (elephant), 29
Grandin, Temple, 137
gratitude, 127–28, 175–76
Gray, John, 19
Great Britain, eugenics, 21–22
greatest happiness principle, 182–85
greed, 225
grizzlies, 59, 227
grooming, 64, 80, 126, 129, 190, 228, 229
Guantánamo Bay, 22
Guanyin, 199
Habermas, Jürgen, 16, 245
Haeckel, Ernst, 60
Haidt, Jonathan, 41–42, 171
Haldane, J. B. S., 29, 30
hamadryas baboons, 227
Hamilton, William, 30–31, 33, 48
happiness, 183
Happy (elephant), 116
Harman, Oren, 28
Harris, Sam, 22, 89, 90, 182, 217, 248, 249
Hawaii, 179
Haydn, Joseph, 85
Hay Wain, The (Bosch), 224–25
hell, 167, 168, 170
helping, 156, 178–79
Herod, King, 76
“Hero Dog,” 123
Hindus, 249
Hirst, Damien, 209
Hitchens, Christopher, 2, 88–89, 180–81, 217, 248–49
Hitler, Adolf, 22
Hobaiter, Catherine, 139
Hobbes, Thomas, 231–32
hobbit, 55–56
Hohmann, Gottfried, 64, 66, 76, 77
Holland, 9
Homo economicus, 42
Homo genus, 58
honeybees, 28
Hooker, Joseph, 35
Horner, Vicky, 119, 120
Houtman, Dick, 87
Hrdy, Sarah, 50, 179–80
human dominion, 176
human evolution:
acceptance of, 59–60
as branching from apes, 57, 58–59, 59
chimpanzee and bonobo heritage in, 12–13
Lamarck on, 59
parsimonious view of, 145
religious objection to, 101
standard view of, 70
human exceptionalism, 101
human flourishing, 182
humanism, 74, 236–37
Human Manifesto (Kurtz), 108
humans:
ape kinship with, 16, 57–59, 58, 81–82, 101, 107, 117, 145, 239–40
bonding and rivalry in, 79–80
bonobos vs., 79
fatherhood in, 79
fear of death in, 207
hybridization with apes, 58–59
Neanderthals’ crossbreeding with, 56, 58, 59
reflection recognized by, 115
social hierarchies in, 150, 154, 215
social rules learned by children, 166–67
as superstitious, 201–2
veneer theory of morality of, 34, 36, 41, 42–43, 43, 49, 157
Hume, David, 17, 42, 162–64, 252
humility, 178, 179
humpback whales, 238
hunter-gatherers, 177, 178, 231
hunting, 65–66, 79, 124, 151, 193
hurrying, empathy and, 143–44
hurting, 156, 178–79
Huxley, Thomas Henry, 34–38, 35, 39, 40–41, 53, 60, 246, 247
identification, 131–32
ietism, 109
IgNobel Award, 138
imagination, 203–4, 206, 207
imitation, 118, 137–39, 190–91, 203
immigration laws, 22
impartiality, 176–77
impartial spectator, 176
impulse control:
in children, 153–54
chimpanzees and, 150–52, 153–54
incest taboo, 71–72
Incredulity of Saint Thomas, The (Caravaggio), 134
Index, 91
Indonesia, 178
inequity aversion, 17
infants, 156, 161
in-group bias, 141–42, 183
Inquisition, 9, 224
insects, empathy lacking in, 53–54
instincts, emotions vs., 152–53
integration, 161
intelligent design, 105
intelligent-designers, 60
intoxication, 198
Iraq War, 89
Islam, 90, 249
isolation, 161
is/ought divide, 162–65, 239, 252
Israel, 252
“it takes a village” theory, 50
Ivory Coast, 57
jackdaws, 6, 113
Jackson, Michael, 131–32, 133
Japan, 123
jealousy, 15
Jerome, Saint, 73
Jesuits, 9
Jesus, 141, 225
Jethá, Cacilda, 179–80
Jews, 108, 141
Jimmy (chimpanzee), 14
Jimoh (chimpanzee), 162
Joe (chimpanzee), 150
Johnson, Mark, 253
Jones, Paula, 66–67
Judeo-Christianity, 101
Jung, Carl, 75
justice, 17, 127, 235
justification, 18
“just so” stories, 103–4
Kalind (bonobo), 64
Kamba (bonobo), 76–77
Kandula (elephants), 114–15
Kano, Takayoshi, 64, 65
Kant, Immanuel, 149, 165, 185, 224
Kanzi (bonobo), 236
Karma, 167
Kent State University, 60
Khmer Rouge, 212
Kibale Forest, 161
Kiddush, 198
kin, 183
kindness, altruism vs., 165
kinesthetic feedback, 118
King, Barbara, 213
King James Bible, 198
King’s Speech, The (film), 132, 133, 142
kin selection, 30–31
Kitcher, Philip, 151, 170–71, 185, 218, 221, 251, 253
Kitty (bonobo), 186
Köhler, Wolfgang, 127, 205–6
Konrad Lorenz Research Station, 6
Kropotkin, Petr, 31, 37–38, 53
Kubrick, Stanley, 66
Kummer, Hans, 227
!Kung San hunters, 178
Kurtz, Paul, 108–9
Kyoto University, 206
La Fontaine, Jean de, 113
Lamalera, 178
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 59
language, 175, 212
Lascaux, France, 57
Last Judgment (Bosch), 135
Last Supper (Leonardo), 72
Lay Sermons (Huxley), 36
learned consequences, 151
Lee, Richard, 178
Leonardo da Vinci, 72
leopards, 28–29
Les Misérables (Hugo), 182
Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 71–72
Lewis, C. S., 216
liana-scratch technique, 139–40
life, meaning of, 106
lightning rod, 202
limbic system, 6
Lincoln, Abraham, 55, 140, 247, 251
Linnaeus, Carl, 58, 101
lions, 123
Liza (chimpanzee), 126
lizards, 7
Lody (bonobo), 186–87
Loeke (cat), 201–2
Log from the Sea of Cortez, The (Steinbeck), 110–11
Lola Ya Bonobo, 189, 190, 192
London Zoo, 101
Looking for Spinoza (Damasio), 224
Lord of the Flies (Golding), 214
Lorenz, Konrad, 65–66, 157–58
Loretta (bonobo), 75, 78
“lost generation,” 182
Lovejoy, Owen, 60, 61
loyalty, 183
Lucy, 12
Luit (chimpanzee), 159, 160
Luther, Martin, 3
macaques, 135, 158
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 13
MacLean, Paul, 6, 7
Madame Bee, 123
Makali (chimpanzee), 190–91, 253
make-believe, 203–4
maladaptive behavior, 103
male hierarchies, 70
Malusu (bonobo), 196
Mama (chimpanzee), 14, 159
Mamans, 190, 192
mammals:
“altruistic impulse” in, 33
empathy in, 6, 33
nurturing by, 49
sensitivity of, 5
“Man Did Not Evolve from Apes” (article), 60
Mao Zedong, 212
Marcus Aurelius, 51
marriage, 79
marshmallow experiment, 153
Marvin’s Room (film), 51–52
Marx, Karl, 217
Mary, 199
Massachusetts, 202
maternal care, 50
matriarchies, 179
Matsigenka community, 71
Matthew, Book of, 76
May (chimpanzee), 128, 139
Maya (bonobo), 191, 193
Mayr, Ernest, 34, 37, 246
Mbuti pygmies, 173–74
McCauley, Robert, 214
Mead, Margaret, 71
meat sharing, 124
meditation, 8, 106
Meditations, The (Marcus Aurelius), 51
Mendel, Gregor, 100, 102
Metropolitan Museum of Art, 209
mice, emotional contagion in, 142
Michelangelo, 134
Mike (chimpanzee), 46
Miku, Hatsune, 204
Mill, John Stuart, 182
Miller, Henry, 168
Milwaukee County Zoo, 186
mimicry, 118, 137–39, 190–91, 203
Miró, Joan, 10
mirror neurons, 133, 135–36, 137, 140
mirrors, 115–16, 129, 204–5
misfiring genes, 44
Miss USA Pageant, 102, 104
Mitani, John, 161
Mobutu Sese Seko, 189
monitoring, 18
monkeys, 47, 65
calls by young to mothers, 6–7
development of, 166
humans’ relation with, 57–58
males leaving group among, 30
monogamy, 61, 79
monotheism, 105
Montaigne, Michel de, 113, 131, 223
moods, 133
Moral Animal, The (Wright), 39
moralistic aggression, 128
morality, ethics:
as antedating religion, 2–4, 56, 93, 94, 219–20, 239
benefits of group life spread by, 235
bottom-up view of, 23, 172, 228
changes in, 179
community concern, 20, 172–77, 185–87
duality necessary for, 27
emotions used in, 17–18, 23, 41–42, 163
empathy critical to, 156–57
enlightened self-interest and, 173–74
etiquette vs., 156
as evolutionary afterthought, 37
evolution of, 36–37, 227, 235, 238
as from God, 2, 17, 165
as grounded in naturalistic worldview, 19–20
in hunter-gatherers, 177
impartial spectator and, 176
in infants, 156
is/ought divide and, 162–65, 239, 252
justification for, 16
Nietzsche on source of, 47
normative, 170–71
one-on-one, 156–62, 172, 185–87, 231
as outgrowth of caring tendencies, 50
prosocial feelings and, 165
social hierarchy and, 150
top-down view of, 17, 23
two levels of, 172
universal, 90, 178–79, 180–85
veneer theory of, 34, 36, 41, 42–43, 43, 49, 157
see also altruism
Moral Landscape, The (Harris), 22
moral law, 149, 154, 170, 178, 180, 181, 228, 239, 240
Morals without God? (blog), 3–4, 21
More, Thomas, 71–72
Mormonism, 95–96, 249
Morocco, 176
mortality, sense of, 206–10
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 85
Mozu (macaque), 93–94
Mr. Spickles (macaque), 158
Museo Nacional del Prado, see Prado
music, 19
musicians, 107
Mutual Aid (Kropotkin), 38
National Zoo, 114
Natural History, 102
Natural History of Rape, The (Thornhill and Palmer), 103–4
naturalistic fallacy, 21
natural selection, 30, 34, 39, 41, 170
nautilus, 170
Neanderthals, 13, 56, 57, 58, 59
handicapped cared for by, 93
skulls of, 55
near-death experiences, 92–93, 92
neighbors, 141
neo-atheists, see atheism, atheists
neoteny, 73
Netherlands, 108
ietism in, 109
religion in, 84–87
neural circuitry, 50, 52–53, 237–38
neurons, 80, 132, 153
neurons, mirror, 133, 135–36, 137, 140
Newton, Isaac, 34
New Yorker, 62–63
New York Review of Books, 104
New York Times, 3–4
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 1, 47, 48
Nikkie (chimpanzee), 197–98
Nishida, Toshisada, 107, 125
noble savage, 71
nonoverlapping magisteria, 105, 110
Norenzayan, Ara, 218, 219
normative ethics, 170–71
North Korea, 183
Norway, 22
Notre Dame cathedral, 217
nudity, 1
Nussbaum, Martha, 252
Occupy Wall Street, 232
ocher piece, 57
Old Man of La Chapelle-aux-Saints, 56
127 Hours (film), 143
one-on-one morality, 156–62, 172, 185–87, 231
Oortje (chimpanzee), 195
opera, 133, 134
operant conditioning, 137
oranges, 169
orangutans, 57, 58, 107
O’Reilly Factor, The, 88
orgasm, 62, 67
Origin of Species, The (Darwin), 35
orphans, 191–92
Oscar (chimpanzee), 46–47
ostracism, 161
out-groups, 183
over-imitation, 203
Oxford University, 91
oxytocin, 51
pain, 36
Palin, Sarah, 254
Palmer, Craig, 104
Pan (genus), 10–11, 13
Panbanisha (bonobo), 233, 236, 255
Panofsky, Erwin, 225
Pansy (chimpanzee), 194–95
Papal Legate of 1214, 91
Parish, Amy, 78–79
Parker, Ian, 62–63, 64
Parma, Italy, 133
parole boards, 252
Parr, Lisa, 15
partible paternity, 180
Pascal, Blaise, 171
patriarchies, 179
Paul, Saint, 18
Pellegrini, Carlo, 35
penalties, 160
Peony (chimpanzee), 4–5, 118, 120–21
perjury, 181
Pew Research Center, 249
pharaohs, 196
Phineas (chimpanzees), 45–46, 172
Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living, The (Hirst), 209
pig castration, 140
pigeons, 202
pileated woodpeckers, 116–17
Pirahã, 211
piranhas, 164
Planckendael, 10, 11
play bow, 230
plesiosaurs, 7
Plotnik, Josh, 115, 129
polar bears, 59
policing, 172–74
Pollock, Jackson, 134–35
Pol Pot, 212
Polynesia, 179
polytheism, 105
positivism, 249
Prado, 10, 223–25
Praise of Folly (Erasmus), 224
predators, 164
prefrontal cortex, 16, 153
prestige effect, 175
Price, George, 28, 29, 31, 48, 52, 53
Price of Altruism, The (Harman), 28
Primate Research Institute (PRI), 146, 206
primates:
cognition of, 117, 118
as conformists, 136
inequity aversion in, 17
and origin of morality, 3
priming, 218–20
Prinz, Jesse, 156
prosimians, 57
Prosocial Choice Test, 117, 119, 120–21, 121, 122
prosociality, 220
allegedly lacking in apes, 117
in chimpanzees, 120–23, 121
morality and, 165
prosperity gospel, 225
Protestants, 249
Prozac, 183
Pruetz, Jill, 46, 146
psychopaths, 157
public opinion, 18, 174
Puebla debate, 89–95, 109
punishment, 18, 97, 161–62, 164, 165, 166
racism, 22, 103
rain dance, 199–200
rain faces, 199
rainforest, 60
Range, Friederike, 234
rape, 103–4, 173, 177
rationalism, 36, 108, 170
rationalizations, 23
as post hoc, 171–72
rats, altruism in, 142–43
ravens, 6
reason, 23, 170, 224
as slave of passions, 17, 163–64
reciprocal altruism, 31, 128
reciprocity, 220
recognition, 14–15
reconciliation, 20, 97–98
red colobus monkeys, 193
reflections, 115–16, 204–5
regret, 160, 186
Reiss, Diana, 114, 115
relativity, theory of, 34
religion:
altruism and, 220
attempts to abolish, 212, 216–17, 236
awareness of death of, 192, 198
as bonding experience, 199
communities maintained by, 212–13
cooperation and, 219
culture and, 90
debates on, 89–95, 109
definitions of, 210–11
as faith, 202–3
God symbolized by eye in, 18
human accomplishments influenced by, 19
as illusion, 216–18
intoxication and, 198
as manmade, 181
morality as antedating, 2–4, 56, 93, 94, 219–20, 239
science compatible with, 104
science integrated with, 8–9
science vs., 90–91, 96–97, 99–100, 101, 102, 105, 109, 213, 214, 215–16
social norms in absence of, 2–3, 16, 21
as static, 100–101
tolerance of, 237
view of morality from, 23
well-being promoted by, 198–99
as worthy of investigation, 94–95
Religion for Atheists (de Botton), 21
remorse, 51, 157
Renaissance, 74–75, 170
Reo (chimpanzee), 206–7, 210
reproduction, 164
reptiles, 7, 8
reputation, 174–75, 220
resentment, 175–76
restrained combat, 31
Revel, Jean-François, 249–50
rewards, 18, 97, 131, 164
rhesus monkeys, 49, 93, 126, 158–59, 165–66
Ribberink, Egbert, 87
Ricard, Matthieu, 105–6, 249–50
Rilling, James, 48–49, 81
Rita (chimpanzee), 124–25
Rix (chimpanzee), 193–94
Robespierre, Maximilien, 217
rodents, 5
Romania, 191
Romans, 179, 211–12
Romito 2, 56
Röntgen, Wilhelm, 99
Rosenblum, Leonard, 251
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 71, 217
Royal Society, 22
Russia, 22
Ryan, Christopher, 179–80
Sacred Depths of Nature, The (Goodenough), 108
Şafak, Elif, 208
Samoa, 71
San Diego Zoo, 64, 75
Santiago, Chile, 123
Santino (chimpanzee), 205
Scherer, Klaus, 153
Schmidt, Allan, 229
Schönberg, Arnold, 201
science:
anthropocentric bias of, 27
biases of, 96–99
competition of ideas incited by, 100
fundamentalist Christianity vs., 2
immoral acts of, 21–22
place in society of, 19–20
religion compatible with, 104, 109
religion integrated with, 8–9
religion’s influence on, 19
religion vs., 90–91, 96–97, 99–100, 101, 102, 105, 109, 213, 214, 215–16
Science, 97
scientists:
as atheist and agnostic, 106
thirst for knowledge of, 106–7
sea slug, 39
second-order fairness, 232–34
secularism, 220–21
secularization, 16
secular utility, 213
self-aggrandizement, 198
self-control, 2
self-interest, 156
selfishness, 121, 157
altruism of, 28–29, 53
self-protection, 143
self-sacrifice, 32–33
Sembe (chimpanzee), 229–30
Sephardic Jews, 108
sex, 1, 13, 16, 129, 239
biblical view of, 73
in bonobos, 61–62, 62, 64, 65, 67–68, 69–70, 71, 73, 78, 79, 80, 190
in chimpanzees, 152, 227–28
coyness about, 66, 69–70
definition of, 66–67
evolution of, 47–48
humanist view of, 74
Sex and Friendship in Baboons (Smuts), 161
Sex at Dawn (Ryan and Jethá), 179–80
sexual mores, 179
shame, 155
Shanidar I, 56
sharks, 164
Sharpton, Al, 2
Shi’a, 105
Shiba (chimpanzee), 229–30
siamangs, 57
Silverman, David, 88
Singer, Peter, 184–85
skepticism, 108
Skinner, B. F., 97, 136–37, 143, 202
slavery, 140, 171
slime mold cells, 33
Smith, Adam, 18, 176
Smith, John Maynard, 29, 30–31
Smith, Joseph, 95
Smuts, Barbara, 161
snakes, 7, 192–93
soccer, 141, 144
social contract, 220
social hierarchy:
in chimpanzees, 150, 152, 154–55
in humans, 150, 154, 215
in macaques, 159–60
in rhesus monkeys, 165–66
social insects, 3, 34
social instincts, 25
Society for Neuroscience, 8
sociobiology, 22
Socko (chimpanzee), 117–18, 128
Socrates, 220
solidarity, 140
soul, immortality of, 217
South Africa, 57
South America, 180
Soviet Union, 31, 212
Spain, 9, 212
Speed, Joshua, 251
spindle cell, 80
Spinoza, Baruch, 108, 224, 250
spontaneous generation, 225–26
squirrels, 29, 65
Stalin, Joseph, 212
Stealing God’s Thunder (Dray), 202
Steinbeck, John, 110–11
sterilization, forced, 22
Stevens, Jeroen, 11
Stewart, Fiona, 107
Stone Age, 57
strappado, 9
Strauss-Kahn, Dominique, 150
stress, 142
Suchak, Malini, 124, 131
Sufis, 208
Sunday effect, 219
Sunnis, 105
sunset calls, 78
super alpha males, 154
supercooperators, 42
supernatural, 207
superstition, 201–2
survival, 164
Sweden, 22
Swedish Lutherans, 105
Swift, Jonathan, 83
Switzerland, 22, 141, 144
sympathy, 140
empathy vs., 143
synchronization, 213
Tama Zoo, 149–50, 154, 166
Tan, Amy, 96
Tannen, Deborah, 79
Tanzania, 107, 193
Tara (chimpanzees), 228–29
targeted helping, 145–46
Taronga Zoo, 229
taste aversion, 97
Taung Child, 66
Teleki, Geza, 193–94
temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), 92
Ten Commandments, 180–81, 185
Teresa, Mother, 89
termites, 31
territoriality, 70
thanatophobia, 207–8
theft, 181
theories, 99
thirteen, fear of, 201
Thomas Aquinas, 127
Thornhill, Randy, 104
Tia (chimpanzee), 46
Tinka (chimpanzee), 139–40
Tjan (jackdaw), 95–96
tolerance, 104, 108
Tolstoy, Leo, 106, 109, 250
tools, 116
apes’ use of, 127, 205–6
chimpanzees’ use of, 57
elephants’ use of, 113–15, 115, 205
tree frogs, 47
tree nests, 107
triskaidekaphobia, 201
Triumph of Death, The (Brueghel), 209, 223
Trivers, Robert, 31–32, 33, 48, 128
trunk, 114
trust, 16, 213
blushing’s fostering of, 155–56
tsunami, 123
Turnbull, Colin, 173–74
turtles, 5–6, 7, 138
Tuskegee syphilis study, 22
2001: A Space Odyssey (film), 66
Uganda, 139, 161
Ultimatum Game, 178, 231
United States, 22, 31
communities in, 212–13
eugenics in, 21–22
evolution skepticism in, 101–2, 249
religion in, 87–88
south in, 105
USA Today, 98
utilitarianism, 182–85
Utopia (More), 71–72
values, 164
Vanity Fair, 35
Vatican, 9, 58, 86, 91, 105
veneer theory, 34, 36, 41, 42–43, 43, 49, 157
Vernon (bonobo), 64, 75
Victoria, Queen of England, 101, 107
Vienna, University of, 138, 234
Vietnam War, 89
Viki (ape), 203
violence, 70, 157
in bonobos, 12, 63, 64, 69, 77–78, 159–60, 185–87
in chimpanzees, 13, 63–64, 65, 76, 159, 187
virginity, 179
Volker (bonobo), 76–78, 161–62
Voltaire, 189, 217, 220
von Neumann, John, 31
Vulgate, 73
“wantons,” chimpanzees as, 151, 239
“warm glow” effect, 49
Washoe (chimpanzee), 46, 203
waterfall dance, 199–200
Wendell, Turk, 201
Westermarck, Edward, 18, 149, 175, 176
whale hunting, 178
whales, 7, 48, 123, 238
whooping cranes, 108
Wilberforce, Samuel, 34–35
Williams, George, 39, 246
Wilson, David Sloan, 213
Windover Boy, 56
wine, 198
wolves, 59
woodpeckers, 116–17
Woods, Vanessa, 67
World War II, 21
Wrangham, Richard, 63–64, 203
Wright, Robert, 39
X-ray, 99
Yamamoto, Shinya, 146
yawn contagion, 138, 141
Yerkes, Robert, 11, 80
Yerkes Primate Center, 5, 117–18, 139, 146
Yeroen (chimpanzee), 159, 160
You Just Don’t Understand (Tannen), 79
YouTube, 123
Zurich, University of, 141