NOTES

Introduction

1. Thomas Sowell, The Quest for Cosmic Justice (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999), 189.

2. John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, Essays in the History of Liberty, ed. J. Rufus Fears (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1985), 1:xix.

3. For example, Jonathan Sacks, The Home We Build Together: Recreating Society (London: Continuum, 2007), 37; and Gabrielle Kuby, The Global Sexual Revolution: Destruction of Freedom in the Name of Freedom (Kettering, OH: LifeSite, 2012).

4. Personal conversation with a European ambassador at the United Nations, September 2014.

5. Abraham Lincoln, in his Address at a Sanitary Fair, Baltimore, April 18, 1864.

6. Abraham Lincoln, “Address to the Young Men’s Lyceum of Springfield, Illinois,” in The American Republic: Primary Sources, ed. Bruce Frohnen (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2002), 518-22.

7. See, for example, James Davison Hunter and Carl Desportes Bowman, The Vanishing Center of American Democracy: 2016 Survey of American Political Culture (Charlottesville, VA: Institute of Advanced Studies in Culture, 2017).

8. Daniel J. Elazar, Covenant and Commonwealth: From Christian Separation Through the Protestant Reformation (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1996), 137.

9. Abraham Lincoln, Letter to H. L. Pierce, April 1859, in Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Roy P. Basler, The Abraham Lincoln Association, 2006.

10. See Joseph J. Ellis, The Quartet: Orchestrating the Second American Revolution (New York: Vintage Books, 2016), 13; Ernest Lee Tuveson, Redeemer Nation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), 156; Thomas Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, 4:237; Abraham Lincoln, “Gettysburg Address,” 1863; Herman Melville, White-Jacket (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967), 153; and John Fitzgerald Kennedy, address to be delivered at the Trade Mart in Dallas on November 22, 1963, “Full Text: JFK’s Never-Delivered Speech from Dallas,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, November 21, 2013—he was assassinated before he reached his destination.

11. Henry Kissinger, World Order (New York: Penguin, 2014), 373.

12. Shelby Steele, Shame: How America’s Past Sins Have Polarized Our Country (New York: Basic Books, 2015), 198.

Question One: Do You Know Where Your Freedom Came From?

1. Winston Churchill, quoted in James C. Humes, The Wit and Wisdom of Winston Churchill (New York: HarperCollins, 1994), 183.

2. See Daniel Hannan, Inventing Freedom: How the English-Speaking Peoples Made the Modern World (New York: HarperCollins, 2013).

3. John Adams, The Political Writings of John Adams (New York: Liberal Arts Press, 1954), 68.

4. J. R. Tanner, English Constitutional Conflicts of the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962), 63.

5. William Penn, quoted in Hannan, Inventing Freedom, 127.

6. Susan Sontag, quoted in Jonah Goldberg, Liberal Fascism: The Secret History of the American Left from Mussolini to the Politics of Meaning (New York: Doubleday, 2007), 369.

7. Ibid., 368.

8. Abiel Abbot, quoted in Jonathan Sacks, The Jonathan Sacks Haggadah (New Milford, CT: Maggid, 2003), 77.

9. Heinrich Heine, quoted in ibid., 76.

10. Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morals, trans. Douglas Smith (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 20.

11. Sacks, Jonathan Sacks Haggadah, 9.

12. Daniel J. Elazar, Covenant and Polity in Biblical Israel (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1995), xiii; and Daniel J. Elazar, Covenant and Constitutionalism: The Great Frontier and the Matrix of Federal Democracy (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1998), xi.

13. Elazar, Covenant and Constitutionalism, 15; and Michael Walzer, In God’s Shadow: Politics in the Hebrew Bible (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012), cited in ibid., 200.

14. Elazar, Covenant and Commonwealth, 22.

15. Walzer, In God’s Shadow, 5.

16. Plato, The Republic, 3:415, trans. G. M. A. Grube, revised by C. D. C. Reeve (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1992), 91.

17. Abraham Joshua Heschel, God in Search of Man: A Philosophy of Judaism (New York: Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, 1955), 423.

18. Jonathan Sacks, To Heal a Fractured World: The Ethics of Responsibility (New York: Schocken, 2005), 154.

19. Michael Walzer, Exodus and Revolution (New York: Basic Books, 1985), 97.

20. Walzer, In God’s Shadow, 210.

21. Ibid., 4.

22. Jonathan Sacks, Covenant and Conversation: Exodus, the Book of Redemption (New Milford, CT: Maggid, 2010), 14.

23. Jonathan Sacks, Essays on Ethics: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible (New Milford, CT: Maggid, 2016), 133.

24. Elazar, Covenant and Polity, 24.

25. Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West, trans. Charles Atkinson (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1928), 3:105; emphasis added.

26. Jonathan Sacks, Ceremony and Celebration: Introduction to the Holidays (New York: Maggid, 2017), 56.

27. William Perkins, quoted in Elazar, Covenant and Commonwealth, 239.

28. John Leland, “The Rights of Conscience Inalienable,” in The American Republic: Primary Sources, ed. Bruce Frohnen (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2002), 85.

29. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Boone, IA: Library of America, 2014), 2:343.

30. Adams, Political Writings of John Adams, 95.

31. John Adams, quoted in Jonathan Sacks, Radical Then, Radical Now: On Being Jewish (London: Bloomsbury, 2000), 3.

32. Roland Hill, Lord Acton (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000), 65.

33. Sacks, Ceremony and Celebration, 66.

34. Elazar, Covenant and Commonwealth, 150-51.

35. Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 1:13.

36. Ibid., 338.

37. Ibid., 341.

38. Ibid., 30.

39. Sacks, Jonathan Sacks Haggadah, 16-17.

40. Sacks, Ceremony and Celebration, 169.

41. Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, bk. 18, trans. George Bull (London: Penguin, 1999), 73-77.

42. David Hume, Treatise on Human Nature, bk. 3, section 4.

43. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1986), 132.

44. G. W. F. Hegel, quoted in Benjamin Wiker, Worshipping the State: How Liberalism Became Our State Religion (Washington, DC: Regnery, 2013), 212.

45. Ernst Arndt, quoted in ibid., 212.

46. G. K. Chesterton, quoted ibid., 327.

47. Christopher Dawson, Beyond Politics (New York: Sheed & Ward, 1939), 18.

48. Abraham Lincoln, Collected Works, ed. Roy P. Basler (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 4:239.

49. Samuel Johnson, quoted in Anne Midgley, “How Is It That We Hear the Loudest Yelps for Liberty Among the Drivers of Negroes?,” Saber and Scroll 5, no. 3 (2016), article 10, https://digitalcommons.apus.edu/saberandscroll/vol5/iss3/10.

50. Frederick Douglass, “What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July? (1852),” in The Portable Frederick Douglass, ed. John Stauffer and Henry Louis Gates Jr. (New York: Penguin Random House, 2016), 195.

51. Joseph J. Ellis, The Quartet: Orchestrating the Second American Revolution (New York: Vintage Books, 2016), 141.

52. Martin Diamond, As Far as Republican Principles Will Admit, ed. William A. Schambra (Washington, DC: AEI Press, 1992), 71.

53. G. K. Chesterton, Heretics (Mineola, NY: Dover, 2006), 14.

54. T. S. Eliot, The Rock (London: Faber & Faber, 1934), 51.

55. Martin Luther King Jr., sermon at Temple Israel of Hollywood, February 26, 1965.

56. Dean Acheson, quoted in Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, The Intelligent American’s Guide to Europe (New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1979), 407.

57. John Winthrop, “A Modell of Christian Charity,” in The American Puritans, ed. Perry Miller (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1956), 82.

58. Lyndon B. Johnson, “The President’s Inaugural Address,” January 20, 1965, online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=26985.

59. Roger Scruton, Fools, Frauds and Firebrand: Thinkers of the New Left (London: Bloomsbury, 2015), 1.

60. H. Richard Niebuhr, “The Idea of Covenant and American Democracy,” Church History 23 (June 1954): 133.

Question Two: Are There Enough Americans Who Care About Freedom?

1. Saul D. Alinsky, Rules for Radicals (New York: Vintage Books, 1989), xiii.

2. Abraham Joshua Heschel, God in Search of Man: A Philosophy of Judaism (New York: Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, 1955), 389.

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid.

5. Michael Walzer, In God’s Shadow: Politics in the Hebrew Bible (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012), 62.

6. John Winthrop, “City upon on a Hill,” sermon delivered July 2, 1630, www.greatamericandocuments.com/speeches/winthrop-city-upon-hill/.

7. Sherry Turkle, Alone Together (New York: Basic Books, 2011), 278.

8. James Madison, quoted in Forrest McDonald, Novus Ordo Seclorum: The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1985), 6.

9. Benjamin Franklin, quoted in ibid., 6.

10. George Washington, Documents of American History, ed. Henry Steele Commager (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1963), 152.

11. Walt Whitman, quoted in Robert N. Bellah, The Broken Covenant: American Civil Religion in Time of Trial (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975), 139.

12. Roger Scruton, England: An Elegy (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2006), 16.

13. G. K. Chesterton, Heretics (Mineola, NY: Dover, 2006), 21.

14. Alexander Hamilton, The Federalist Papers, in The American Republic: Primary Sources, ed. Bruce Frohnen (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2002), 241-42.

15. McDonald, Novus Ordo Seclorum, 10.

Question Three: What Do You Mean by Freedom?

1. John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, Essays in the History of Liberty, ed. Rufus Fears (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1985), 7.

2. Friedrich Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960), 18-19.

3. Jonathan Sacks, Ceremony and Celebration: Introduction to the Holidays (New York: Maggid, 2017), 35.

4. Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morals: A Polemic, trans. Douglas Smith (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 39-40.

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid., 67.

7. Saul D. Alinsky, Rules for Radicals (New York: Vintage Books, 1989), 49-50.

8. Augustine, City of God (New York: Doubleday, 1958), 40.

9. Alinsky, Rules for Radicals, xxi.

10. Elane Photography, LLC v. Vanessa Willock, Supreme Court of the State of New Mexico, August 22, 2013, 30.

11. Thucydides, “Pericles’ Funeral Oration” from “The History of the Peloponnesian War,” 431 BC.

12. Thucydides, “The Melian Conference” from “The History of the Peloponnesian War,” 431 BC.

13. Ibid.

14. George Orwell, quoted in Thomas E. Ricks, Churchill and Orwell: The Fight for Freedom (New York: Penguin, 2017), 50.

15. Lord Acton, quoted in Roland Hill, Lord Acton (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000), 300.

16. Andrew Bard Schmookler, The Parable of the Tribes: The Problem of Power in Social Evolution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), 22.

17. Ibid., 22.

18. Abraham Joshua Heschel, God in Search of Man: A Philosophy of Judaism (New York: Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, 1955), 364.

19. Jonathan Sacks, Essays on Ethics: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible (New Milford, CT: Maggid, 2016), xxiv.

20. Jonathan Sacks, Covenant and Conversation: Exodus, the Book of Redemption (New Milford, CT: Maggid, 2010), 49.

21. Booker T. Washington, Up from Slavery (Tampa, FL: Millennium Publications, 2015), 70.

22. Ibid.

23. Abraham Joshua Heschel, The Insecurity of Freedom: Essays on Human Existence (New York: Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, 1967), 14.

24. G. K. Chesterton, Orthodoxy (New York: John Lane, 1921), 86.

25. Henry David Thoreau, February 15, 1851 entry, in The Journal of Henry David Thoreau, ed. Bradford Torrey and Francis H. Allen (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1949), 2:162.

26. Henry David Thoreau, Walden and On the Duty of Civil Disobedience, ed. Charles R. Anderson (New York: Signet Classics, 2012), 51.

27. John Gray, quoted in Richard Lofthouse, “Forget Your Delusions and Be Happy, Advises John Gray,” Oxford Today, December 21, 2015, www.oxfordtoday.ox.ac.uk/opinion/forget-your-delusions-and-be-happy-advises-john-gray#.

28. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, trans. Maurice Cranston (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1968), 49.

29. Jonathan Sacks, Covenant and Conversation: Genesis, the Book of Beginnings (New Milford, CT: Maggid, 2009), 71.

30. Heschel, Insecurity of Freedom, 15.

31. John Adams, “The Real American Revolution,” in The Works of John Adams: Second President of the United States (Boston: Little, 1856).

32. “California: Designing Freedom,” Museum of Design, London, June 2017.

33. Roger Scruton, Fools, Frauds and Firebrands (London: Bloomsbury, 2017), 106.

34. Jonathan Sacks, Essays on Ethics, 49.

35. Augustine, The Confessions, bk. 8, 5.

36. Walter Scott, Marmion (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1896), 205.

Question Four: Have You Faced Up to the Central Paradox of Freedom?

1. See Abraham Lincoln’s “Gettysburg Address,” 1863.

2. William Wordsworth, “The Prelude,” bk. 10.

3. Charles James Fox, quoted in L. G. Mitchell, “Fox, Charles James (1749–1806),” in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).

4. Paul Rahe Soft, Despotism, Democracy’s Drift: Montesquieu, Rousseau, Tocqueville and the Modern Prospect (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009), 38.

5. Ibid.

6. Plato, The Republic, Book 8.561-64, trans. G. M. A. Grube, revised by C. D. C. Reeve (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1992).

7. Michael Walzer, Exodus and Revolution (New York: Basic Books, 1985), 52-53.

8. Christopher Dawson, Beyond Politics (New York: Sheed & Ward, 1939), 3.

9. Ibid., 40.

10. Erich H. Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Henry Holt, 1969), x.

11. Ibid., 4.

12. Ibid., 3.

13. Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Liberty or Equality: The Challenge of Our Time (Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2007), 24.

14. Robespierre, quoted in Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Leftism Revisited (Washington, DC: Regnery Gateway, 1990), 71.

15. Klemens von Metternich, quoted in ibid., 75.

16. Ali Ahmad Said Esber (Adonis), quoted in David P. Goldman, Why Civilizations Die (and Why Islam Is Dying Too) (Washington, DC: Regnery, 2011), 148-49.

17. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 2.

Question Five: How Do You Plan to Sustain Freedom?

1. Simon Bolivar, quoted in Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Leftism Revisited (Washington, DC: Regnery Gateway, 1990), 324.

2. Some content in this chapter first appeared in Os Guinness, A Free People’s Suicide: Sustainable Freedom and the American Future (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2012). Used with permission.

3. Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesqieu, Complete Works, vol. 1, The Spirit of Laws, 6.28.41, 1748.

4. Thomas Jefferson, letter to George Washington, April 16, 1784, in The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian P. Boyd, vol. 18.4 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971), 397.

5. Abraham Lincoln, quoted in And I Quote, ed. Ashton White et al. (New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2003), 268.

6. George III, quoted in Gore Vidal, Inventing a Nation: Washington, Adams, and Jefferson (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003), 3.

7. Henry Lee, “Speech Delivered to the U.S. Congress on George Washington’s Death,” December 14, 1799, in Frank E. Grizzard Jr., George! A Guide to All Things Washington (Charlottesville, VA: Mariner, 2005), 110.

8. John Adams, “Reply to Congress After Washington’s Death,” December 23, 1799, in The Wisdom of John Adams, ed. Kees de Mooy (New York: Citadel, 2003), 254.

9. Alexander Hamilton, The Works of Alexander Hamilton, ed. Henry Cabot Lodge (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1904), 2:444.

10. Joseph de Maistre, quoted in John Gray, Heresies: Against Progress and Other Illusions (London: Granta Books, 2005), 145.

11. Thomas Jefferson, “Letter to James Madison,” September 6, 1789, in Our Sacred Honor, ed. William J. Bennett (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), 342.

12. Learned Hand, “The Spirit of Liberty,” in Learned Hand, The Spirit of Liberty: Papers and Addresses, ed. Irving Dilliard (New York: Random House, 1962), 189-92.

13. Montesquieu, quoted in Paul A. Rahe, Republics Ancient and Modern: Classical Republicanism and the American Revolution (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 17.

14. Alexander Hamilton, The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 3.103, The Continentalist no. 6 (July 4, 1782).

15. T. S. Eliot, The Rock (London: Faber & Faber, 1934), 42.

16. Montesquieu, Spirit of Laws, 1.3.6.

17. Bernard Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees (London: Penguin Books, 1989), 47, 51.

18. Bernard Bailyn, To Begin the World Anew: The Genius and Ambiguities of the American Framers (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003), 34.

19. Edmund Burke, “First Letter on Regicidal Peace,” in The Wisdom of Edmund Burke: Extracts from His Speeches and Writings, ed. Edward Pankhurst (London: John Murray, 1886), 171.

20. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, trans. Maurice Cranston (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1968), 2.12.

21. Alexis de Tocqueville, quoted in Hugh Brogan, Alexis de Tocqueville: A Life (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), 272.

22. John Quincy Adams, The Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, ed. Charles Francis Adams (Philadelphia: 1874–1876).

23. James Madison, debate in the Federal Convention, June 4, 1787, in The Papers of James Madison, ed. Henry D. Gilpin (Washington, DC: Langtree & Sullivan, 1840), 2:805.

24. Benjamin Franklin, letter dated April 17, 1787, in The Works of Benjamin Franklin, ed. Jared Sparks (Chicago: Townsend Mac County, 1882), 287.

25. Benjamin Franklin, quoted in David Hackett Fischer, Liberty and Freedom (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 185.

26. John Adams, “Letter to Zabdiel Adams,” June 21, 1776, in Letters of Delegates to Congress, 1774–1789, ed. Paul H. Smith (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1976).

27. John Adams, letter to Mercy Otis Warren, April 16, 1776, Papers of John Adams, ed. Robert J. Taylor (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977), 4:124-25.

28. Virginia Declaration of Rights, West’s Encyclopedia of American Law (The Gale Group, Inc., 2005), www.encyclopedia.com/history/united-states-and-canada/us-history/virginia-declaration-rights-1776 ; and New Hampshire Bill of Rights, www.nh.gov/constitution/billofrights.html.

29. Edwin Gaustad, Faith of the Founders (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2004); and James Hutson, The Founders on Religion (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005).

30. Edmund Burke, letter to Claude Francois de Rivarol, June 1, 1791, in The Correspondence of Edmund Burke, ed. Thomas W. Copeland (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), 6:265-70.

31. George Washington, “First Inaugural Address,” April 30, 1789, in David Ramsay, The Life of George Washington (Baltimore: Joseph Jewett & Cushing, 1832), 177.

32. John Adams, Diary and Autobiography of John Adams, ed. L. H. Butterfield and Leonard C. Faber (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1961), entry from June 2, 1778.

33. John Adams, “A Dissertation on the Canon and Feudal Law,” in The Political Writings of John Adams, ed. George W. Carey (Washington, DC: Regnery, 2000), 13.

34. Montesquieu, quoted in Paul A. Rahe, Montesquieu and the Logic of Liberty (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009), 36.

35. Solon, quoted in Paul Woodruff, First Democracy: The Challenge of an Ancient Idea (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 69.

36. Albert Camus, The Myth of Sisyphus and Other Essays (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1967), 66.

37. George Reedy, The Twilight of the Presidency (New York: Word Publishing, 1970), 20.

38. Len Colodny and Tom Shachtman, The Forty Years War: The Rise and Fall of the Neocons, from Nixon to Obama (New York: HarperCollins, 2009), 158.

39. James Q. Wilson, On Character (Washington, DC: AEI Press, 1995), 23.

40. Adams, “Letter to Zabdiel Adams.”

41. John Witherspoon, “The Dominion of Providence over the Passions of Men,” in Political Sermons of the American Founding Era: 1730–1805, ed. Ellis Sandoz (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1991), 549.

42. Ibid.

43. George Washington, “Farewell Address,” in A More Perfect Union: Documents in U.S. History, ed. Paul Boller Jr. and Ronald Story (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1984).

44. Ibid.

45. Alexis de Tocqueville, quoted in Brogan, Alexis de Tocqueville, 320.

46. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Boone, IA: Library of America, 2014), 2.1.3.

47. Benjamin Rush, “Letter to John Adams,” in Bennett, Our Sacred Honor, 88.

48. William Cobbett, quoted in David A. Wilson, Paine and Cobbett: The Transatlantic Connection (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1988), 178.

49. Benjamin Franklin, “Letter to Unknown,” July 3, 1786, in The Writings of Benjamin Franklin, ed. Albert Henry Smyth (New York: MacMillan, 1906), 9:522.

50. George Washington, Maxims of George Washington (New York: Appleton, 1894), 341.

51. John Adams, “Address to the Military,” October 11, 1798, in William J. Federer, America’s God and Country: Encyclopedia of Quotations (Coppell, TX: Fame Publishing, 1994), 10.

52. John Jay, “Address to the American Bible Society,” May 9, 1822, The Correspondence and Public Paper of John Jay (New York: G. P. Putnam and Sons, 1974), 484.

53. Abigail Adams, quoted in O. E. Fuller, Brave Men and Women: Their Struggles, Failures, and Triumphs, 1884, 42-43.

54. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. David Waldstreicher (New York: Palgrave, 2002), 195.

55. James Madison, “Speech in the Virginia Ratifying Convention,” June 20, 1788, in Advice to My Country (Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 1997), 24.

56. Alexander Hamilton, The Works of Alexander Hamilton, ed. Henry Cabot Lodge (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1904), 277.

57. Benjamin Franklin, “Letter to Ezra Stiles,” March 1, 1790, Autobiography and Other Writings, ed. Ormond Seavey (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 353.

58. Joel Barlow, quoted in Rahe, Republics Ancient and Modern, 753.

59. Washington, “Farewell Address.”

60. Thomas Jefferson, letters to James Smith, December 8, 1822, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies from the Papers of Thomas Jefferson (Charlottesville, VA: F. Carr, 1829), 360.

61. Roger Williams, “The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution,” in Romeo Elton, The Life of Roger Williams (New York: G. Putnam, 1852), 67.

62. James Madison, “Memorial and Remonstrance,” in The Mind of the Founder: Sources of the Political Thought of James Madison, ed. Marvin Meyers (Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 1981).

63. John Adams, “Letter to John Quincy Adams,” June 16, 1816, in Hutson, Founders on Religion, 20.

64. Ibid.

65. Alexander Hamilton, “The Stand III,” April 7, 1798, in The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, ed. Harold C. Syrett (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974), 21:402.

66. Voltaire, quoted in Gertrude Himmelfarb, The Roads to Modernity: The British, French, and American Enlightenments (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004), 155.

67. Ethan Allen, quoted in James Hutson, Founders on Religion, 96.

68. Thomas Jefferson, quoted in Bernard Bailyn, To Begin the World Anew, 49.

69. Dalberg-Acton, Essays in the History of Liberty, 1:30.

70. Ibid., 93.

71. See James Hutson, Founders on Religion, 165.

72. Williams, “Bloudy Tenent of Persecution.”

73. James Madison, quoted in William Lee Miller, First Liberty: Religion and the American Republic (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986), 143.

74. Jonathan Sacks, The Jonathan Sacks Haggadah (New Milford, CT: Maggid, 2003), 15-17.

Question Six: How Will You Make the World Safe for Diversity?

1. Roland Hill, Lord Acton (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000), 377.

2. Joe Davidson, “Civil Rights or Religious Liberty—What’s on Top?,” Washington Post, September 9, 2016.

3. Leon R. Kass, The Beginning of Wisdom: Reading Genesis (New York: Free Press, 2003), 28.

4. Daniel J. Elazar, Covenant and Polity in Biblical Israel (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1995), 98.

5. Abraham Joshua Heschel, God in Search of Man: A Philosophy of Judaism (New York: Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, 1955), 372.

6. Jonathan Sacks, Ceremony and Celebration: Introduction to the Holidays (New York: Maggid, 2017), 51.

7. Mark Tushnet, “Abandoning Defensive Crouch Liberal Constitutionalism,” Balkinization, May 6, 2016, https://balkin.blogspot.com/2016/05/abandoning-defensive-crouch-liberal.html.

8. Jacob Neusner, Conservative, American, and Jewish: I Wouldn’t Have It Any Other Way (Lafayette, LA: Huntington House, 1993), 196.

9. Ibid., 200.

10. Ibid., 195.

11. Richard Samuelson, “Who’s Afraid of Religious Liberty?,” Mosaic, August 1, 2016.

12. See Christianity and Freedom, ed. Timothy Samuel Shah and Allen D. Hertzske (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 52-54, 62-66.

13. Ibid., 63-64.

14. John Lennon, “Imagine,” Imagine, Apple, 1971.

15. David Cohen, J. B. Watson: The Founder of Behaviorism (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979), 258.

16. G. K. Chesterton, Heretics (Mineola, NY: Dover, 2006), 39-40.

17. James Madison, quoted in The American Republic: Primary Sources, ed. Bruce Frohnen (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2002), 328.

18. Elaine Photography v. Willock, New Mexico Supreme Court, August 22, 2013.

19. Some content in this chapter first appeared in Os Guinness, The Global Public Square: Religious Freedom and the Making of a World Safe for Diversity (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2013). Used with permission.

20. Joseph B. Soloveitchik, quoted in Theological and Halakhic Reflections on the Holocaust, ed. Bernard Rosenberg and Fred Heuman (New York: Ktav, 1992), 54.

21. John N. Barry, Roger Williams and the Creation of the American Soul (New York: Viking, 2012).

22. John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, The History of Freedom (Fairford, UK: Echo Library, 2010), 41.

23. The Task Force on International Religious Freedom of the Witherspoon Institute, Religious Freedom: Why Now? Defending an Embattled Human Right (Princeton, NJ: 2012), 28.

24. Omar Ahmed, quoted in Art Moore, “Did CAIR Founder Say Islam to Rule America? Muslims Confront Ohmar Ahmad as Newspaper Stands by Story,” WorldNetDaily.com, December 11, 2006, www.wnd.com/?pageId=39229.

25. G. W. Leibnitz, quoted in Emil Brunner, Christianity and Civilization (London: Nisbet, 1947), 163.

26. Terry Eagleton, The Meaning of Life: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 110.

27. Christopher Francis Patten, quoted in Jonathan Wynne-Jones, “Lord Patten Attacks ‘Intolerant’ Secularists,” Daily Telegraph, April 24, 2011.

28. Roger Scruton, Fools, Frauds and Firebrands: Thinkers of the New Left (London: Bloomsbury, 2015), 204.

29. Ibid., 200.

30. Reinhold Niebuhr, Moral Man and Immoral Society (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2013), 1.

Question Seven: How Do You Justify Your Vision of a Free and Open Society?

1. Carrie Gracie, “Ugly US Election Race a Poor Ad for Democracy in China,” BBC, October 24, 2016.

2. Andrew Bard Schmookler, The Parable of the Tribes: The Problem of Power in Social Evolution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), 21, emphasis added.

3. Ibid., emphasis added.

4. In Primo Levi’s account of Auschwitz, the guard’s statement of “here there is no why” represents the malignant evil of irrational and brutal authoritarianism; Primo Levi, Survival in Auschwitz (New York: Touchstone, 1958).

5. Os Guinness, The Global Public Square: Religious Freedom and the Making of a World Safe for Diversity (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2013).

Question Eight: Where Do You Ground Your Faith in Human Freedom?

1. W. V. O. Quine, quoted in Reuben Hersh, What Is Mathematics, Really? (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 170.

2. Terry Eagleton, The Meaning of Life: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 1.

3. Friedrich Nietzsche, Twilight of the Idols, trans. R. J. Hollingdale (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1969), 3.

4. Viktor Frankl, Man’s Search for Meaning (Boston: Beacon, 2006), 98-99.

5. Albert Camus, The Myth of Sisyphus, trans. Justin O’Brien (New York: Vintage Books, 1991), 3.

6. Eagleton, Meaning of Life, 42.

7. B. F. Skinner, Beyond Freedom and Dignity (New York: Penguin/Pelican, 1973), 196.

8. Sam Harris, Free Will (New York: Free Press, 2012), 5.

9. Albert Einstein, The World as I See It (New York: Citadel Books, 2006), 3, 4.

10. Yuval Noah Harari, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow (New York: Harper, 2017), 285, 293.

11. Fyodor Dostoevsky, A Writer’s Diary, trans. Kenneth Lantz (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2009), 13.

12. Henry P. Stapp, Quantum Theory and Free Will (Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2017), xi, 79.

13. G. K. Chesterton, Heretics (Mineola, NY: Dover, 2006), 75.

14. Harris, Free Will, 64.

15. Abraham Joshua Heschel, God in Search of Man: A Philosophy of Judaism (New York: Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, 1955), 172.

16. Leon R. Kass, The Beginning of Wisdom: Reading Genesis (New York: Free Press, 2003), 44.

17. Abraham Joshua Heschel, The Insecurity of Freedom: Essays on Human Existence (New York: Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, 1967), 13.

18. Heschel, God in Search of Man, 409.

19. Jonathan Sacks, Future Tense: Jews, Judaism and Israel in the Twenty-First Century (New York: Schocken, 2009), 233.

20. Ibid., 243.

21. Jonathan Sacks, Covenant and Conversation: Exodus, the Book of Redemption (New Milford, CT: Maggid, 2010), 99.

22. Irenaeus, Against Heresies, bk. 4.

23. Tertullian, quoted in Christianity and Freedom, ed. Timothy Samuel Shah and Allen D. Hertzske (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 65.

24. Heschel, God in Search of Man, 410.

25. Sophocles, Antigone, 1308.

26. Mircea Eliade, Cosmos and History (New York: Harper, 1959), 162-63, emphasis added.

27. Jonathan Sacks, The Jonathan Sacks Haggadah (New Milford, CT: Maggid, 2013), 6.

28. Ibid., 152.

29. Jonathan Sacks, Covenant and Conversation: Numbers, the Wilderness Years (New York: Maggid, 2017), 12.

30. William Shakespeare, The Tragedy of Macbeth, act 5, scene 5.

31. Joseph Heller, Good as Gold (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999), 72.

32. Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews (New York: Harper Perennial, 1988), 2.

33. Jonathan Sacks, To Heal a Fractured World (New York: Schocken, 2015), 194.

34. Kass, Beginning of Wisdom, 12.

35. Sacks, To Heal a Fractured World, 137.

36. James Madison, Federalist Papers, 51.

37. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, bk. 1, chap. 7.

38. Christopher Dawson, Beyond Politics (New York: Sheed & Ward, 1939), 10.

39. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Boone, IA: Library of America, 2014), 332.

40. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. David Waldstreicher (New York: Palgrave, 2002), query 18.

41. Harari, Homo Deus, 307.

Question Nine: Are You Vigilant About the Institutions Crucial to Freedom

1. Jamie Bartlett, The Dark Net: Inside the Digital Underworld (London: Melville House, 2014), 42.

2. Ibid., 26.

3. See, for example, Glenn Harlan Reynolds, “‘Tolerant’ Educators Exile Trump Voters from Campus,” USA Today, November 14, 2016.

4. James Madison, “Memorial and Remonstrance Against Religious Assessments,” in The American Republic: Primary Sources, ed. Bruce Frohnen (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2002), 327-30.

5. See Abraham Lincoln’s “Gettysburg Address,” 1863.

6. John Emerich Dalberg-Acton, Essays in the History of Liberty, vol. 1, ed. J. Rufus Fears (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1985), 20.

7. Bertrand Russell, The First Reith Lectures (London: Routledge Classics, 1949), 65.

8. Christopher Dawson, Beyond Politics (New York: Sheed & Ward, 1939), 102, 103.

9. F. A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, in The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), 2:45.

10. John Cotton, quoted in The Puritans, ed. Perry Miller and Thomas Johnson (New York: Harper, 1963), 212, 213.

11. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, pt. 1, chap. 11.

12. Martin Diamond, As Far as Republican Principles Will Admit, ed. William A. Schambra (Washington, DC: AEI Press, 1992), 220.

13. John Winthrop, quoted in Lincoln’s Enduring Legacy, ed. Robert P. Watson, William D. Pederson, and Frank J. Williams (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2011), 209.

14. Herman Melville, Mardi—And a Voyage Thither (Boston: Small, Maynard, 1922), 183.

15. Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch, 1795.

16. John Adams, A Defense of the Constitution of the United States, new ed. (London: 1794), 3.

17. Edmund Burke, The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1854), 446.

18. James A. Garfield, quoted in Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn, Liberty or Equality: The Challenge of Our Time (Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2007), 117.

19. Alexis de Tocqueville, quoted in Francis Williams, Dangerous Estate: The Anatomy of Newspapers (London: n.p., 1957), 111.

20. Henry Kissinger, World Order (New York: Penguin, 2014), 353.

21. Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson: Published by Order of Congress, ed. H. A. Washington (New York: Townsend, 1884), 178.

22. Dave Lee, “Facebook News Row: Mark Zuckerberg Is a Politician Now,” BBC, November 19, 2016.

23. Yuval Noah Harari, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow (New York: Harper, 2017), 225.

24. Ibid., 228, 229.

25. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, quoted in ibid., 225.

Question Ten: Are You Vigilant About the Ideas Crucial to Freedom

1. Yuval Noah Harari, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow (New York: Harper, 2017), 349.

2. Richard M. Weaver, Ideas Have Consequences (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948).

3. Jonathan Sacks, The Home We Build Together: Recreating Society (London: Continuum, 2007), 31.

4. Niall Ferguson, Civilization: The West and the Rest (New York: Penguin, 2011), xxii.

5. Angelo M. Codevilla, “The Rise of Political Correctness,” Claremont Review of Books, November 8, 2016.

6. Herbert Marcuse, “Repressive Tolerance,” 1965, available at www.marcuse.org/herbert/pubs/60spubs/65repressivetolerance.htm.

7. John Etchemendy, “The Threat from Within,” Stanford News, February 21, 2017.

8. Frank Furedi, What’s Happened to the University? A Sociological Explanation of Its Infantilization (London: Routledge, 2017).

9. Ibid., 2.

10. Jonathan Haidt, “Why Universities Must Choose One Telos: Truth or Social Justice,” Heterodox Academy, October 21, 2016.

11. Jamie Bartlett, The Dark Net: Inside the Digital Underworld (London: Melville House, 2014), 15.

12. Jeff Bercovici, “Peter Thiel Is Very, Very Interested in Young People’s Blood,” Inc., August 1, 2016.

13. Bartlett, Dark Net, 228.

14. Harari, Homo Deus, 43, 44.

15. Ibid., 47.

16. Ibid., 48.

17. Anders Sandberg, quoted in Bartlett, Dark Net, 236.

18. Abraham Joshua Heschel, Who Is Man? (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1965), 23.

19. Jonathan Sacks, Covenant and Conversation: Genesis, the Book of Beginnings (New Milford, CT: Maggid, 2009), 64.

20. Ibid., 53.

21. Harari, Homo Deus, 66.

22. Camille Paglia, quoted in “Camille Paglia: On Trump, Democrats, Transgenderism, and Islamist Terror,” interview by Jonathan V. Last, Weekly Standard, June 15, 2017, emphasis added.

23. Wilhelm Reich, The Sexual Revolution, trans. Therese Pol (New York: Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, 1986), xvii.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid., xxvi.

26. Matthew Lee, “Passport Change Will Be Inclusive,” Washington Post, January 9, 2011.

27. William Sanger, quoted in E. Michael Jones, Libido Dominandi: Sexual Liberation and Political Control (South Bend, IN: St. Augustine’s Press, 2000), 141.

28. Ibid., 257, 255.

29. Ibid., 88.

30. Vladimir Lenin, quoted in ibid., 238.

31. Marquis de Sade, quoted in Maurice Lever, Sade: A Biography (New York: Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, 1993), 608.

32. Alexandra Kollantai, quoted in Jones, Libido Dominandi, 157.

33. Lenin, quoted in ibid., 237-38.

34. Augusto del Noce, The Crisis of Modernity, ed. and trans. Carlo Lancelotti (Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 2014), 159.

35. Marquis de Sade, quoted in Lever, Sade, 317.

36. Reich, Sexual Revolution, xix.

37. Ibid., xxvii.

38. André Breton, “The Second Surrealist Manifesto,” 1930, in Roger Scruton, Fools, Frauds and Firebrands: Thinkers of the New Left (London: Bloomsbury, 2015), 20.

39. Ibid.

40. Gigi Engle, “Anal Sex: What You Need to Know / How to Do It the Right Way,” Teen Vogue, July 7, 2017.

41. Jones, Libido Dominandi, 75.

42. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, trans. Maurice Cranston (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1968), 64.

43. Reich, Sexual Revolution, xvi.

44. André Breton, quoted in del Noce, Crisis of Modernity, 173.

45. Jose Luis Rodriguez, quoted in Gabrielle Kuby, The Global Sexual Revolution: Destruction of Freedom in the Name of Freedom (Kettering, OH: LifeSite, 2012), 260, 259.

46. Pamela Paul, Pornified: How Pornography Is Damaging Our Lives, Our Relationships and Our Families (New York: Henry Holt, 2005).

47. Wesley Morris, “Weinstein, Hefner and the Poor Excuse That Explains a Lot,” New York Times, October 27, 2017.

48. Caitlyn Flanagan, “Bill Clinton: A Reckoning,” Atlantic, November 13, 2017.

49. Jones, Libido Dominandi, 133.

Conclusion

1. Abigail Adams and John Adams, quoted in The Book of Abigail and John: Selected Letters of the Adams Family 1772–1784, ed. L. H. Butterfield et al. (Cambridge: MA: Harvard University Press, 1975), 122-23.

2. Peter Gay, Weimar Culture: The Outsider as Insider (New York: W. W. Norton, 2001), 144.

3. Milton Mayer, They Thought They Were Free: Germans 1933–45 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966).

4. In Roy Basler, ed, The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 2:239.

5. Jonathan Sacks, Future Tense: Jews, Judaism and Israel in the Twenty-First Century (New York: Schocken, 2009), 22.

6. Friedrich Nietzsche, Twilight of the Idols, trans. R. J. Hollingdale (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1969), 138.

7. Ibid., 54.

8. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the French Revolution in France (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), 289.

9. John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, Essays in the History of Liberty, ed. Rufus Fears (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1985), 1:14.

10. Ibid., 14.

11. Yuval Noah Harari, Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow (New York: Harper, 2017), 202.

12. George Orwell, 1984 (New York: Harcourt, 1949), 210.

13. A. C. Grayling, quoted in Sean Coughlan, “What Does Post-Truth Mean for a Philosopher?,” BBC News, January 12, 2017.

14. Nicholas Agar, Humanity’s End: Why We Should Reject Radical Enhancement (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010), 84.

15. Harari, Homo Deus, 223, 372.

16. Ibid., 395.

17. Ibid., 401.

18. Elizabeth Kolbert, The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History (New York: Henry Holt, 2014), 267.

19. Abraham Lincoln, quoted in The American Republic: Primary Sources, ed. Bruce Frohnen (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2002), 518-22.

20. Jonathan Sacks, Ceremony and Celebration: Introduction to the Holidays (New York: Maggid, 2017), 246.

21. Abraham Joshua Heschel, Who Is Man? (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1965), 27.

22. Ibid., 103.