INDEX
Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
 
Abeng (Cliff), 24, 206, 248, 268, 281n13, 286n22; Columbus and, 87; decolonization in, 249–57; A Diary of a Young Girl and, 239, 249–57, 262; Holocaust in, 249–57; Jewish doctors and, 179; Jewishness and, 46; Sephardi thesis and, 86
Aboriginal motifs, 301n16
Absalom, Absalom! (Faulkner), 163
Adler, Esther Zaks, 183
Adolescent cross-cultural identification, 205, 239
African Americans, 216; antisemitism of, 11–12, 209; cultural politics of, 207; A Diary of a Young Girl and, 239; sites of memory of, 240
African diaspora, 100, 111, 288n2
African slavery, 4, 42
Afrocentrism, 222, 227, 230
Afro-Germans, 216, 220
Afroiberians, 38
Against the Unspeakable (Mandel), 297n3
Aizenberg, Edna, 35–36, 38
Alejandra (fictional character), 75
Alexander, Elizabeth, 28
Allegory, 212
Allure of Sepharad, The (Aizenberg), 35–36
Amerindians, 38
Aminata Diallo (fictional character), 119–22, 139–40, 291n24
Analogies, 212; in Caribbean literature, 6, 55, 65–67; of Holocaust, 6, 12–13, 65–66, 283n28; Marrano/Maroon, 91–92
Anne Frank House, 241–43, 305n9
“Anne Frank’s Amsterdam” (Phillips), 241, 243
Anti-Black racism, 218, 229, 240, 243
Antisemitism, 229, 240, 243; African American, 11–12, 209; colonial racism and, 10–11, 170, 211; European, 64; in France, 53
Arendt, Hannah, 170
Art and Emancipation in Jamaica: Isaac Mendes Belisario and His Worlds (Belisario), 30–31
Ashkenazi, 3, 35–36, 38, 41; Jewish studies and, 28; refugees, 2
Atilla, 182
Atlantic Jewry, 28
Atlantic World, plantation Jews in, 139–42, 293n3
Autobiography of My Mother, The (Kincaid), 192
Autograph Man, The (Smith), 20
Azoulay, Katya, 17
 
Bahamas, 181
Baldwin, James, 262
Barbados, 77, 176; gravestone in, 112; Jewish settlement in, 3, 15–16; Tituba and, 47, 111–13, 117
Baumgartner’s Bombay (Desai), 179
Beam, Carl, 236
Behar, Ruth, 20
Belafonte, Harry, 27
Belisario, Isaac Mendes, 27, 30, 30–33, 31, 60, 60–61, 282n25
Belisario: Sketches of Character: A Historical Biography of a Jamaican Artist (Ranston), 32
Beloved (Morrison), 12–13, 99–100, 152, 288n1
Benítez-Rojo, Antonio, 36, 279n1
Benjamin Cohen d’Azevedo (fictional character), 110, 111–12, 112, 132, 290n13
Ben-Ur, Aviva, 142, 284n6
Beracha Ve Shalom synagogue, in Suriname, 69, 153, 156
Berlin, Isaiah, 207
Bernice Heneky (fictional character), 187–89, 191
Between Camps (Gilroy, P.), 203, 206–7, 251–52
Bial, Henry, 139
Birbalsingh, Frank, 192
Black, Jewish and Interracial (Azoulay), 17
Black, White, and Jewish (Walker), 306n17
Black Atlantic, 103
Black Atlantic, The (Gilroy, P.), 10
Black historical experience, 2
Black Holocaust Museum, 100, 288nn3–4
Black Holocaust narratives, 204, 216–21
Black-Irish relations, 308n40
Black-Jewish analogy, in Caribbean literature, 6, 55, 65–67
Black-Jewish literary dynamics, 5–6, 11, 12, 16–17, 277n15, 277n17
Black-Jewish relations, 2, 3, 238, 308n40; in Britain, 11, 17; in other locations, 17, 277n16; in Suriname, 155; in U.S., 5, 13–17, 99, 277n14; victimhood and, 201
“Black/Jewish Relations” (Philip), 206, 209–16
Black Power, 182, 184, 298n7
Black Skin, White Masks (Fanon), 229, 249
Black slaveholder, 101, 288n5
Blyden, Edward Wilmot, 5, 54–55, 282n21
Bonaire, 184
Boni, 151
Book of Mechtilde, The (Henriques, A. R.), 42–45, 44, 52, 62, 70, 280n11
Book of Negroes, The (Hill), 101, 123, 133, 308n37; Aminata Diallo in, 119–22, 139–40, 291n24; port Jews in, 121; Solomon Lindo in, 119–22, 139–40, 291n25
Boyarin, Jonathan, 8, 53, 277n10
Braziel, Jana Evans, 193
Brenner, Rachel Feldhay, 244, 265
Breton, André, 185
Brighter Sun, A (Selvon), 176
Britain, 132; Black-Jewish communities in, 11; Black-Jewish relations in, 11, 17
British West Indies, 182, 297n1
Broadway, 244, 246
Budick, Emily Miller, 15
Burnett, Paula, 300n3, 300n7
Butler, Octavia, 100
Bystanders, 253
 
Cabral, Amílcar, 171
Calypso (as a musical form), 180–81
Calypso and Society in Pre-Independence Trinidad (Rohlehr), 180
Calypso Jews, in Trinidad, 1–3, 176–80; doctors, 179; gravestones of, 176; Land of the Living and, 186–92; Mr. Potter and, 192–200
Calypso shtetl, in Trinidad, 1, 21, 176, 180–86
Canada, 17, 76
Cape Verde, 74
Caribbean: creolization in, 3, 7, 17, 19–20; cultural influences of, 72–73; languages of, 88, 141; see also Calypso Jews
Caribbean literature: Black-Jewish analogy in, 6, 55, 65–67; see also Sephardism, in Caribbean literature
Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate, 301n12
Caribbean Sephardism, 37, 70, 72, 164; examples of, 22, 36, 39, 66, 88; features of, 42, 45, 46, 48, 52, 61
Caribbean society, in Drums and Colours, 108
Caribbean upbringing, of Pissarro, 61–63, 282n26
Catherine (fictional character), 77–79, 81–84
Catholic Church, 36
Celan, Paul, 16
Center for Afro-Jewish Studies, at Temple University, 20
Césaire, Aimé, 5, 9, 16, 249, 304n42
Cézanne, Paul, 62
Chancy, Myriam, 18–20, 22, 33, 39, 69–98; see also Loneliness of Angels, The
Charlotte Amalie, synagogue in, 69
Cheuse, Alan, see Song of Slaves in the Desert
Chevet Achim synagogue, in Cuba, 70
Cheyette, Bryan, 1, 6, 8–10, 124, 172, 276n7, 276n9
Chiasmus, 194, 198
Chosen Place, the Timeless People, The (Marshall), 47, 281n14
Christianity, 95, 96; Catholic Church, 36; forced conversions to, 19, 70; Judeo-Christian tradition, 8
Civil War narratives, 157, 159, 163
Clare Savage (fictional character), 94, 206, 249–57, 262
Cliff, Michelle, 5, 39, 69–75, 77–85, 88–90, 219, 221–22, 228, 238–42, 268, 287n32; “If I Could Write This in Fire, I Would Write This in Fire,” 93–96; Into the Interior, 76, 179; No Telephone to Heaven, 91, 94, 95; “A Pilgrimage, a History Lesson, Two Satires, and a Vision,” 243; “Sites of Memory,” 240, 306n21; “A Visit to the Secret Annex,” 241–42, 254; “A Woman Who Plays the Trumpet,” 217–18, 228, 303n39; see also Abeng; Free Enterprise
Code noir (1685), 16, 29
Cohen, Judah, 58
Colonialism, 12, 222; Nazism as, 170; of New World, 3; reconquista and, 38, 40
Colonial racism, 122; antisemitism and, 10–11, 170, 211; fascism and, 171–72
Colorism, 94, 254
Columbus, Christopher, 1, 7, 12, 86–87, 256, 285n21
Committee for the Remembrance of Slavery, 231
CommonQuest: The Magazine of Black-Jewish Relations, 235
Comparative approaches to literary study, 7–13
Competitive memory, 5, 12, 100
Concentration camps, 207, 216
Condé, Maryse, 5, 29, 33, 132–33, 244, 301n16; Black-Jewish relations and, 13–14; Committee for the Remembrance of Slavery and, 231; see also Moi, Tituba, sorciére…noire de Salem
Conversos, see Sephardic conversos
de Cordova, Jacob, 27
de Cordova, Joshua, 27
Cosmopolitanization, of Holocaust memory, 236, 304n2
da Costa, David, 112–13
Counterhistory, 37
Craps, Stef, 261, 297n1, 307n27
Creole, 71, 80, 82, 92–96, 183, 256, 287n31; intermarriage and, 74; Mulatta and, 94; Papiamentu language of, 74, 141; Sranan Tongo language, 141
Creolization, 283nn2–3; in Caribbean, 3, 7, 17, 19–20; in Suriname, 141–42; theory of, 71; see also Marranism and creolization
“Cross” (Hughes), 94
Cross-cultural identification, 208, 230, 239, 246, 248, 262; adolescent, 205, 239; francophone anticolonial theory and, 173; with Jewishness, 238; memory laws and, 231
Cross-cultural relationships, 303n41
Crown Heights, 13, 14
Crown of Columbus, The (Dorris and Erdrich), 86–87
Cruse, Harold, 11
Crypto-Judaism, 75–86, 87, 284n14
Cuba, Chevet Achim synagogue in, 70
Cuba, Jews in, 176, 297n1; emigrants from Eastern Europe and Ottoman Empire, 1; Jewishness of, 20; as polacos, 3; refugees from Nazism, 1; Sephardic Conversos, 1, 3, 12, 19, 72, 74, 98; from Ten Lost Tribes of Israel, 1
Curaçao, 176, 184, 236–37, 270; creolization in, 74; Jewish settlement in, 3, 4, 29
 
Dabydeen, David, see Harlot’s Progress, A; Johnson’s Dictionary
Damas, Léon, 230
Davis, Esther, 298n6
Davis, Natalie Zemon, 293n4, 296n34
Days of Awe (Obejas), 1, 69, 85, 178–79
Death of God, motif of, 227
Decolonization, 221–22; in Abeng, 249–57
Delavante, Marilyn, 18
Deleuze, Gilles, 258
de Lisser, Herbert G., 27
Desai, Anita, 179
Diary of Anne Frank, The (film), 46, 247, 248, 251
Diary of a Young Girl, A (Frank, A.), 232, 235–39, 241, 243–45; Abeng and, 239, 249–57, 262; African Americans and, 239; misappropriations of, 307n28; The Nature of Blood and, 257–58
Diaspora, 4–5, 9, 27–28; African, 100, 111, 288n2; intercultural history of, 8; paradigm of, 10–11; Sephardic, 42, 111; studies of, 7–8; see also Caribbean-diaspora writers; Trading diaspora, of Sephardic Jews
Diasporic double-consciousness, of Pissarro, 50
Dickens, Charles, 132, 252
Disciplinary thinking, 9
Discourse on Colonialism (Césaire), 9, 249, 304n42
“Dju-tongo” language, 141
Docker, John, 28, 37
Doctors, Jewish, 179
Dominica, 176
Dominican Republic, 176; Jewish settlement in, 3; Sosúa, 182, 297n1, 298n7
Dorris, Michael, 86–87
Double écriture (double writing), 223
Drastic Turn of Destiny, The (Mann), 175, 185
Dreyfus affair, 53, 281n19
Drifting of Spirits, The (La grande drive des esprits) (Pineau), 300n1
Drums and Colours (Walcott), 46, 101, 105, 133; “A JEW” in, 106–8, 289n11; Caribbean society in, 108; Emmanuel Mano in, 108; interracial harmony in, 108, 290n12; Paco in, 106; Sephardic motif in, 109; slaves in, 106–7
Du Bois, W. E. B., 238, 240
Dutch, Surinamese Sephardism and, 149
Dutch national slavery movement, 152, 295n18
Duvalier regime, 83–84
 
Eastern Europe: emigrants from Ottoman Empire and, 1; Jews from, 3
Edmondson, Belinda, 95–96, 287n32, 306n22
Edugyan, Esi, 222; Half-Blood Blues, 218–21, 228, 303n33, 303n38
Elkins, Stanley, 100
Elza Fernandez (fictional character), 143–56, 165, 294n11, 295n17
Enemy aliens, 180, 184, 204
Engle, Margarita, 177–78
Enlightenment, 154
Erdrich, Louise, 86–87
Essai historique sur la colonie de Surinam, 154–55, 295n24
Ethnic competition, 201
L’étoile noire (Maillet), 24, 204, 217, 221–32, 251, 259
European antisemitism, 64
European Tribe, The (Phillips), 205, 235, 241, 243
Eva Stern (fictional character), 259–61, 263–65, 308n32
L’exil selon Julia (Exile According to Julia) (Pineau), 232–33, 239
Exodus (Uris), 206
Exodus narrative, 159
Expulsions, 66, 285n20; from French Islands, 29, 279n5; Iberian, 41, 42, 86; from Spain, 2, 12, 75, 86, 100
Extravagant Strangers (Phillips), 307n29
Ezrahi, Sidra DeKoven, 223
 
Faber, Eli, 104
Fagin (fictional character), 132
Fanon, Frantz, 204, 208, 229, 249, 262
Farrakhan, Louis, 11, 15
Fascism, 9, 206; analysts of, 170; colonial racism and, 171–72; lynchings and, 218; Nazism and, 207
Faulkner, William, 163
Feast in the House of Levy, The (Veronese), 51
Female sexuality, 114–16
Fierst, Shai, 138
Fighting Téméraire, The (Turner), 62
Figueroa, John, 201
Foley, Barbara, 220, 224
Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah, 227
Fort-de-France, 208
1492 literature, 28, 37
France, 16; antisemitism in, 53; Black-Jewish relations in, 17; Impressionist movement in, 49; Rhineland and, 219
Francophone anticolonial theory, 173
Frank, Anne, 87, 232–33, 235–38, 258, 261; permission to write and, 244–49; sites of memory and, 241–42; see also Diary of a Young Girl, A
Frank, Leo, 14
Freedman, Jonathan, 74, 81–82, 94, 284n15
Free Enterprise (Cliff), 22, 47, 70, 71, 94, 96; Sephardic maroons in, 86–97, 98, 288n35; Sephardism, marranism and creolization, 72; de Souza, Rachel, 89–92, 95, 97, 287n30
Free French Army, 204
French Islands expulsion, of Jews, 29, 279n5
French Revolution, 37
Freud, Sigmund, 208
Friedman, Saul, 104
Fuentes, Carlos, 19
Fugitive slave narrative, 148
 
Genealogy and romance, in Jewish plantation narratives, 137, 156–66
Gerber, Jane, 275n2
Ghost of Bridgetown, The (Spark), 15
Gibraltar Camp, 184, 185
Gies, Miep, 254, 256
Gilman, Sander, 255
Gilroy, Beryl, 206
Gilroy, Paul, 1, 3, 5, 99–100, 208, 210, 246, 297n2; The Black Atlantic, 10; Between Camps, 203, 206–7, 251–52
Gladwell, Malcolm, 28
Glissant, Édouard, 258, 271, 279n1, 295n19, 307n25
Globalization, 297n1
Golden Age of Spanish Jewry, 38
Goldish, Josette Capriles, 96, 287n33
Gone With the Wind (Mitchell), 137, 143, 294n9
Good Morning, Midnight (Rhys), 92–93, 286n28, 287n29
Gordon, Lewis, 20, 69
Gorilla, 175, 181
Grande drive des esprits, La (The Drifting of Spirits) (Pineau), 300n1
Growler, 181
Guattari, Félix, 258
Gyssels, Kathleen, 275n2, 278n20, 291n18
 
Haiti, 76, 77
Halevi-Wise, Yael, 37, 39, 279n2
Half-Blood Blues (Edugyan), 218–21, 228, 303n33, 303n38
Hall, Stuart, 28, 30–33, 74–75, 284n6
Halloran, Vivian Nun, 153, 295n21
Handley, George, 49, 62, 64, 136, 281n15, 283n27, 296n32
Harlot’s Progress, A (Dabydeen), 22–23, 101, 122, 133, 261; Betty in, 126–27, 128, 292n28; Christian girls in, 124, 126; critique of Jews in, 124–32; Gideon in, 124, 125–26, 127–31, 292n32, 293n36; Lady Montague in, 125, 127, 128, 131; Lord Montague in, 125, 127, 128, 132; Mary in, 126; Moll in, 124, 129; Mungo in, 123, 125–26, 127–28, 131, 292n30; Noah in, 123; Perseus in, 123, 127; Pringle in, 126, 128, 292n29; slavery in, 123–24, 291n26
Harlot’s Progress, A (Hogarth), 124–27, 125, 129–30, 292n34
Harpers Ferry, 87, 89
Harriet Blewchamp (fictional character), 212–14, 251
Harriet’s Daughter (Philip), 212–13, 214, 230–31, 251
Hearne, John, 23, 24, 179–80, 186, 192, 200–1; see also Land of the Living
Henriques, Anna Ruth, 39, 42–45, 44, 52, 62, 70, 280n11
Henry-Valmore, Simone, 208
Herodotus, 302n20
Herzl, Theodor, 54
Hester Prynne (fictional character), 116
Hieronymous Falk (fictional character), 219, 221, 303n33
Higher Ground (Phillips), 258, 261, 308n37
Hijuelos, Oscar, 19, 20, 42, 301n18; A Simple Habana Melody, 71, 75, 84, 218, 303n33
Hill, Lawrence, 101, 119–22, 133, 139, 219, 291n24, 308n37; see also The Book of Negroes
Hillel Academy, in Jamaica, 27
Hispaniola, 29
Historiography, of Jewish Atlantic, 6, 10
History: counterhistory, 37; of Holocaust, 24; medicinal, 89; Sephardic Caribbean, 28, 30–33; see also Jewish history
History of Jamaica (Long), 28
Hitler’s Black Victims (Lusane), 217
Hoe duur was de suiker? (McLeod), 17–18, 23, 45, 69, 101, 295n19, 296n30; Alex in, 143, 145, 146, 147, 151; ambiguity in, 142–48, 150; Andersma in, 144, 164; Ashana in, 143, 148, 150, 152; death in, 147; Elza in, 143–56, 165, 294n11, 295n17; epilogue of, 155–56; Esther in, 143; infidelity in, 147; Jan in, 144, 145, 153; Jeremiah in, 151; Jewish Surinamese history in, 142–48; Julius in, 143, 146, 150, 155, 164–65; Levi in, 143, 150, 151–52; Maisa in, 143, 145, 148, 150, 152, 294n13; Mini-mini, 143–44, 146, 148, 150, 155, 164–67, 296n35; museum effect in, 153–54, 295n23; plantation family saga in, 21, 136, 142–48, 294n10; plantation Jews relating to, 135–40, 142–48, 294n12, 295n15; poverty in, 147; Rebecca in, 143; Rutger in, 143–48, 151, 165, 166, 295n14; Sarith in, 143–49, 153, 155, 164; slave protagonists, 138
Hogarth, William, 124–27, 125, 129–30, 261, 292n34
Hogarth’s Blacks: Images of Blacks in Eighteenth Century English Art (Dabydeen), 129
Hollywood, 211, 212, 244, 246
Holocaust, 2, 7, 8; in Abeng, 249–57; analogies of, 6, 12–13, 65–66, 283n28; connective node of, 12–13; diary of, 6, 21, 224, 257–68, 302n21; history of, 24; mass media and, 247; memory of, 23; pseudofactual novels, 224; slavery and, 100; as surrogate issue, 205–9; as surrogate memory site, 204; see also Calypso Jews, in Trinidad
Holocaust and Memory in a Global Age, The (Levy and Sznaider), 236
Holocaust narratives: black, 204, 216–21; surrogate memory and, 209–16
House for Mr. Biswas (Naipaul), 179
Hughes, Langston, 94
Hybridity, 73
 
Iberian expulsion, 41, 42, 86
“I Don’t Want Any Syrians Again” (Growler), 181
“If I Could Write This in Fire, I Would Write This in Fire” (Cliff), 93–96
Imagism, 199
Immigration, of Jews, 180–81, 297n1, 298n3, 298n6
Impressionist movement, 49
Inquisition, Spanish, 3, 19, 29, 48, 51–52
Intercultural history, of diaspora concept, 8
Intercultural sympathy, 116, 117
Intermarriage, 74
International Survey of Jewish Monuments, 153, 295n22
Interracial harmony, in Drums and Colours, 108, 290n12
Interracial relations, 16
Intersections: Caribbean-Jewish, 2–3, 9, 11, 20; of Sephardism, marranism and creolization, 73–74, 284n5
Intertextuality, 110, 239, 258, 259, 261, 269, 307n30
“In the Ghetto” (Phillips), 205, 206
Into the Interior (Cliff), 76, 179
Ireland, 76, 285n16
Isaacs, Jorge, 165–66
Israel, 269; Ten Lost Tribes of, 1
Israel, Jonathan, 14, 102
Israel Levis (fictional character), 75, 84, 218, 285n19, 303n33
Italy, 137
Itzkovitz, Daniel, 255
Ivanhoe (fictional character), 254–55
Ivanhoe (Scott), 252, 254–55, 308n39
 
Jamaica, 43, 176, 184, 185, 250; Hillel Academy in, 27; Jewish influence in, 27–28, 278nn1–2; Jewish settlement in, 3, 18, 23; synagogue in, 70
Jamaican/diaspora figures, 27–28
Jamaican Jews, 104
Jazz music, 217–19, 228
“Jean Rhys” (Walcott), 58, 92
“A JEW,” in Drums and Colours, 106–8, 289n11
Jewish Atlantic, 28, 29, 133, 135, 137, 155; historiography of, 6, 10; scholarship on, 104; writing of, 102–5, 289n7, 289n9
Jewish-Black miscegenation, 164, 165, 296n32
Jewish Daily Forward, 138
Jewish difference, 92, 286n26
Jewish history: Black-Jewish diasporic, 11, 66, 102, 113; Caribbean, 28–32; in Hoe duur was de suiker?, 142–48; in Suriname, 137–42, 148–56, 294n8
Jewish humanitarianism, 110, 114, 119
Jewish influence, in Jamaica, 27–28, 278nn1–2
Jewish Life (magazine), 240
Jewishness, 192, 255, 256, 268; Abeng and, 46; in Caribbean literature, 5, 6–7, 8–11, 20–21, 109–10, 276nn6–7; cross-cultural identification with, 238; of Cuban Jews, 20; ethical perspective on, 190–91, 202; identification of, 136; literariness and, 308n37; metaphor relating to, 6; modernity and, 306n23; negative association of, 92; textuality and, 267
Jewish settlements: in Barbados, 3, 15–16; in Curaçao, 3, 4, 29; in Dominican Republic, 3; in Jamaica, 3, 18, 23; in Martinique, 3–4; in Suriname, 3, 18, 29, 30, 69, 91, 97
Jewish studies, 8–9, 28, 276nn8–9
Jewish surnames, 4
Jewry: Atlantic, 28; Southern, 162; Spanish, 38
Jews: critique of, 124–32; Eastern European, 3; French Islands expulsion of, 29, 279n5; immigration of, 180–81, 297n1, 298n3, 298n6; Jamaican, 104; liberties of, 30; as narrator, 186–87; outmigration of, 182; plantation, 23, 97, 101, 135–40, 142–48, 294n12, 295n15; port, 22; real and metaphorical, 20–21; Reformed, 162; representations of, 113, 115, 122, 129–30; restrictions of, 29; slave concubines and, 110, 113–19, 290n14, 291nn18–23; slaveholding by, 13–14, 101–2, 104, 138–39, 146, 155, 157, 159, 277n13; slaves abused by, 150–51; slave’s emancipation relating to, 136, 293n2; sugar production and, 29, 279n4; trials of, 29; Turkish, 3; victimhood narratives of, 48, 102, 140, 167, 186, 257, 268–69; see also Antisemitism; Calypso Jews, in Trinidad; Cuba, Jews in; Plantation Jews; Sephardic Jews
Jews and Blacks in the Early Modern World (Schorsch), 105
“Jews in the West Indies” (Gorilla), 175, 181
Jodensavanne, in Suriname, 30, 69, 97, 141, 153, 155, 244, 270, 293n5
Johnson’s Dictionary (Dabydeen), 124
Jones, Edward P., 101
Jonkonnu, 32, 61
Judeo-Christian tradition, 8
Juxtaposition, 194–95, 308n32
 
Kabbalah, 84, 85, 98
Kaddish, 156
Kagan, Richard L., 140
Kandiyoti, Dalia, 38, 66, 70–71, 73, 277n11, 280n6, 284n5
Kaplan, Marion, 182, 298n7
Kincaid, Jamaica, 23, 24, 186; The Autobiography of My Mother, 192; My Brother, 192; A Small Place, 299n9; Woolf and, 199, 299n12; see also Mr. Potter
Kindred (Butler), 100
Kirschenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara, 236
Known World, The (Jones), 101
“Koo, Koo, or Actor-Boy” (Belisario), 31
Kriz, Kay Dian, 61, 282n24, 282n25
Ku Klux Klan, 64
 
Lamming, George, 201
Land of the Living (Hearne), 23, 179–80, 195; Calypso Jews and, 186–92; in-betweenness in, 200–1
Langer, Lawrence, 225
Languages: of Caribbean, 88, 141; Dju-tongo, 141; Papiamentu, 74, 141; Saramaka Maroon, 141; Sranan Tongo, 141; Yiddish, 183
Larrier, Renée, 223
Latin American literature, 16–17, 22; foundational fictions of, 137, 165–66
Latino/a literature, 22, 38
Laufen internment camp, 217
Ledent, Bénédicte, 205n6, 258, 275n2, 307n26, 309n41
Leibman, Laura, 275n2
Le Lazaret concentration camp, 298n4
Leprosy, 89, 91–92, 286n27, 286nn23–24
Levi, Primo, 230, 269
Levins Morales, Aurora, 39, 43–48, 89, 280nn8–10; background of, 41; Sephardic background of, 41–42; see also Remedios: Stories of Earth and Iron from the History of Puertorriqueñas
Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 184, 298n4
Levy, Andrea, 4
Levy, Daniel, 236, 304n2
Lindo, Alexander, 104
Literary archaeology, of slavery, 71
Literary Sephardism, 22, 37–38, 279n3
Loi Taubira, 231
Loneliness of Angels, The (Chancy), 18–19, 22, 71, 96–97, 284nn9–11; Catherine in, 77, 78–84, 284n13, 285n18; Crypto-Judaism in, 75–86, 87, 284n14; Elsie in, 77, 80, 82, 285n16; multiple geographical sites in, 76–77, 81; Romulus in, 77, 79; Rose in, 77, 80, 82; Ruth in, 77–86, 89, 284n12; Syrian Jewish characters in, 78, 82
Lonely Londoners, The (Selvon), 308n38
Long, Edward, 28
Lopez, Matthew, see Whipping Man, The
Lopez Laguna, Daniel Israel, 27
Louis XIV (king), 29
Lusane, Clarence, 217, 301n17
Lynchings, 218
 
MacFarlane, Tony, 18
Machado, Imanuël, 84, 301n18
Mahamad, 142, 154, 296n25
Maillet, Michèle, 208, 227, 231–32; see also L’étoile noire
Mandel, Naomi, 252, 297n3
Mandela, Nelson, 236
Mann, Fred, 175, 185, 191, 298n5
Mantel, Hilary, 261
Marcus Heneky (fictional character), 187–92
Margot Stern (fictional character), 259–60
María (Isaacs), 165–66
Marley, Bob, 28
Maroon motifs, 91, 96
Maroons, 152–53, 295n20; see also Sephardic Maroons
Marranism and creolization, 22, 69–71; Sephardic maroons in Free Enterprise, 86–97, 98, 288n35; Sephardism and, 72–75, 284n5
Marrano, Pissarro as, 50
Marrano/Maroon analogy, 91–92
Marranos, 22, 36, 50, 70–72, 74; see also Crypto-Judaism; Sephardic maroons in Free Enterprise
Marshall, Paule, 47, 92, 281n14
Martinique, 176, 184, 185; Jewish settlement in, 3–4
Matos, Nicole, 195
McLeod, Cynthia, 29–30, 33, 135–68, 207, 244, 283n1, 296n34; see also Hoe duur was de suiker?
Medicinal history, 89
Melbye, Fritz, 56
Memory: common, 225; competitive, 5, 12, 100; cosmopolitanization of Holocaust memory, 236, 304n2; deep, 225; multidirectional, 12, 100, 208–9, 214, 227, 231, 297n2; palimpsestic, 212, 214, 297n2; screen, 208; sites of, 240–44; surrogate, 209–16, 247
Memory laws, 231
Mendes, David Pereira, 18
Merchant of Venice, The (Shakespeare), 267–68, 308n39
Mestizaje, 73
Metaphor, 212
Middle Passage, 7, 48, 63, 83, 90, 106, 216; L’étoile noire and, 222; legacies of, 51, 170; “Stop Frame” and, 211; survival of, 46, 99, 119
Mikvé Emmanuel Synagogue, Willemstad, Curaçao, 4
Mikvé Emmanuel Synagogue Museum, 235
“Milkwoman” (Belisario), 60
Mimic Men, The (Naipaul), 308n38
Mini-mini (fictional character), 143–44, 146, 148, 150, 155, 164–67, 296n35
Miranda (fictional character), 210–12
Mirzoeff, Nicholas, 59
Miscegenation, Jewish-Black, 164, 165, 296n32
Misrecognition, 195–96
Misrepresentation, 220
Mistaken identity, 303n33
Mitchell, Margaret, 137, 143, 294n9
Modernist fiction, 199
Modernity, 306n23
Modernity, Culture, and “The Jew” (Cheyette and Marcus), 1, 10
Mohammed, Patricia, 180
Moi, Tituba, sorciére…noire de Salem (Condé), 17, 22–23, 45, 47, 101, 109, 120–21; ambivalent historiography of, 111; Benjamin Cohen d’Azevedo in, 110, 111–19, 112, 132, 290n13; David da Costa in, 112–13; element of parody in, 110; female sexuality in, 114–16; intercultural sympathy in, 116, 117; Jewish humanitarianism in, 110, 114, 119; Jews and slave concubines in, 110, 113–19, 290n14, 291nn18–23; slave narrative genre of, 110, 111, 122, 123, 130, 133; Tituba in, 110, 111–19; witch trials in, 111, 113
Moll (fictional character), 124, 129
Monet, Claude, 62–63, 199
Morant Bay rebellion, 106
Morgan, Philip D., 140
Morrison, Toni, 12–13, 71, 99–100, 152, 297n3
Mr. Potter (Kincaid), 23, 179–80, 192–200, 201, 202, 298nn8–11; as imagistic novel, 193; misrecognition in, 195–96; organizing images in, 198–99
Mulâtresse Solitude, La (Schwarz-Bart and Schwarz-Bart), 20
Mulatta, 93, 94, 185
Mulatto, 142, 154
Multidirectional memory, 12, 100, 208–9, 214, 227, 231, 297n2
Mungo (fictional character), 123, 125–26, 127–28, 131, 292n30
“Muse of History, The” (Walcott), 48
Museum effect, 153–54, 295n23
Music: calypso, 180–81, 184; jazz, 217–19, 228
My Brother (Kincaid), 192
 
Naipaul, V. S., 179, 200, 252, 308n38
Nassy, David de Isaac Cohen, 154, 296n34
Nassy, Josef, 217, 301n15
Nate Pereira (fictional character), 161–62
National Museum of the American Indian, 15
Nation of Islam, 104, 139
Nature of Blood, The (Phillips), 24, 238–39, 243, 257–68, 269, 304n3
Nazism, 171, 300n7; as colonialism, 170; fascism and, 207; refugees from, 1–3
Negritude, 230, 303n39
“Negro and the Warsaw Ghetto, The” (Du Bois), 240
Nelson Island, 184
Neoslave narrative, 21, 110, 115, 123, 132, 137
Netherlands, 17, 137, 138, 145
Nettleford, Rex, 32–33, 35, 207, 208
Newman, Joanna, 182, 297n1, 298n3
New World, 12, 28, 38; colonial economy of, 4; colonialism of, 3; discovery of, 7; Indigenous populations of, 1
New World Order, A (Phillips), 257, 261
Nidhe Israel synagogue, in Barbados, 112
Night (Wiesel), 227
No Telephone to Heaven (Cliff), 91, 94, 95
 
Obejas, Achy, 1, 2, 42, 69, 85, 178, 283n1
Old Testament, 190
Oliver Twist (Dickens), 132
Omeros (Walcott), 46
Once Jews: Stories of Caribbean Sephardism (Goldish), 96, 287n33
“On ‘The Nature of Blood’ and the Ghost of Anne Frank” (Phillips), 235, 243, 248
Othello (Shakespeare), 239, 258, 266–67
Our Calypso Shtetl, 183, 298n6
Ozick, Cynthia, 258, 307n28
 
Palimpsestic memory, 212, 214, 297n2
Pan-Africanist movement, 16
Papa Legbo, 79, 80, 86
Papiamentu language, 74, 141
Paramaribo, 217
Parataxis, 194, 195
Passover, 158–59
Path of the Righteous (Darhe Jesarim), 142, 294n7
Paul, Sean, 28
“Persecuted Jews, The” (Atilla), 182
Petit, Christophe, 185
Phaf-Rheineger, Ineke, 148, 295n16, 296n25, 296n33
Philip, M. NourbeSe, 204, 222, 232; “Black/Jewish Relations,” 206, 209–16; Harriet’s Daughter, 212–13, 214, 230–31, 251; Showing Grit, 99, 203, 205, 209, 212; “St. Clair Avenue West,” 214–16, 232; “Stop Frame,” 210, 211, 214, 225; surrogate memory and, 209–16
Phillips, Caryl, 11, 20, 206, 207, 208, 237, 240, 247; Anne Frank House and, 241–43, 305n9; “Anne Frank’s Amsterdam,” 241, 243; The European Tribe, 205, 235, 241, 243; Extravagant Strangers, 307n29; Higher Ground, 258, 261, 308n37; “In the Ghetto,” 205, 206; The Nature of Blood, 24, 238–39, 243, 257–68, 269, 304n3; A New World Order, 257, 261; “On ‘The Nature of Blood’ and the Ghost of Anne Frank,” 235, 243, 248
“Pilgrimage, a History Lesson, Two Satires, and a Vision, A” (Cliff), 243
Pineau, Gisèle, 208, 232–33, 239, 300n1
Pissarro, Camille, 3, 22, 33, 36, 85, 199, 281n16; biography of, 55; Caribbean upbringing of, 61–63, 282n26; critique of, 57; diasporic double-consciousness of, 50; as Marrano, 50; as painter, 49, 59, 59–60, 282n23; in St. Thomas, 48–51, 53–58, 282n22; Sephardic background of, 49–55, 58–65, 281nn17–18; Two Women Chatting by the Sea, St. Thomas, 59, 59; Walcott relating to, 51–57
Place Abbé-Grégoire, 208
Plantation family saga, 21, 136, 142–48, 294n10
Plantation Jews, 23, 97, 101, 135–40, 142–48, 294n12, 295n15
Plantation Jews, in slavery fiction: in Atlantic World, 139–42, 293n3; genealogy and romance, 137, 156–66; Hoe duur was de suiker?, 135–40, 142–48, 294n12, 295n15
Plantation societies, 307n25
Pleasant, Mary Ellen, 87, 92, 95
Pleasures of Exile, The (Lamming), 201
Polacos, 3
Politics, of representation, 110, 122, 132
Port Jews, in slavery fiction, 289n6, 289n8; Black-Jewish romance, 109–22; in The Book of Negroes, 121; A Harlot’s Progress, 22–23, 101, 122–32; Jewish Atlantic writing, 102–5, 289n7, 289n9; Moi, Tituba, sorciére…noire de Salem, 17, 22–23, 45, 47, 101, 109–22; see also Drums and Colours
Port of Spain: Queen’s Park, 177; synagogue in, 69
Portulan, 16
Postcolonial Witnessing (Craps), 297n1
Postslavery narrative, 136
Powell, Colin, 28
Prince, Mary, 114
Prisms, 36–37, 279n1
Prose, Francine, 244
Pseudofactual Holocaust novels, 224
Puerto Rico, 29
 
Queen’s Park, Port of Spain, 177
 
Racialization, 8
Racial particularism, 213, 221
Racism, 113; anti-Black, 218, 229, 240, 243; colonial, 10–11, 122, 170, 211
Ragussis, Michael, 37
Ranston, Jackie, 32, 104
Rastafarians, 189
Realism, 199
Rebecca (fictional character), 143, 254–55
Reformed Jews, 162
Refugees: Ashkenazi, 2; from Nazism, 1–3
Relationality, 198, 242
Remedios: Stories of Earth and Iron from the History of Puertorriqueñas (Levins Morales), 40, 52, 71; Iberian expulsion in, 41, 42
Reynolds, Joshua, 124
Rhetorical techniques, 194
Rhineland, 219
Rhys, Jean, 92–93, 286n28, 297n29, 306n16
Robert (Admiral), 185
Rody, Caroline, 110–11
Rohlehr, Gordon, 180
Romain, Gemma, 11, 277n16, 291n24, 291n25, 300n8
Romance: Black-Jewish, 109–22; in Song of Slaves in the Desert, 161; see also Genealogy and romance, in Jewish plantation narratives
Rosello, Mireille, 231
Rothberg, Michael, 8, 109, 204, 231, 238–39; competitive memory and, 5, 12, 100; multidirectional memory and, 12, 100, 208–9
“Royal Palms, The” (Walcott), 46, 281n12
Rubenstein, Rachel, 276n8, 277nn14–15
Rushdy, Ashraf, 145
Russ, Elizabeth, 135
Ruth (fictional character), 77–84
Ryan, Tim A., 100–1
 
Salem witch trials, 111, 113
Sampson Gideon (fictional character), 125–26, 127–31, 292n32, 293n36
Sancho, Ignatius, 262
Sanders, Leslie, 211
Santería, 85–86
Saramaka Maroon language, 141
Sarith (fictional character), 143–49, 153, 155, 164
Scharfman, Ronnie, 13–14, 15, 138, 277n12
Schoelcher, Victor, 225
Schorsch, Jonathan, 33, 96, 104–5, 289n10
Schwarz-Bart, André, 20, 224, 238
Schwarz-Bart, Simone, 20, 208, 224
Scott, Sir Walter, 252, 254–55, 308n39
Screen memory, 208
Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews, The, 14, 129, 139
Selvon, Sam, 176, 308n38
Sepharad allure, 40–48
Sephardic background: of Levins Morales, 41–42; of Pissarro, 49–55, 58–65, 281nn17–18
Sephardic Caribbean history, 28, 30–33
Sephardic Conversos, 1, 3, 12, 19, 72, 74, 98
Sephardic diaspora, 42, 111
Sephardic Jews, 244, 257; historical presence of, 5; from Spain expulsions (1492), 2, 12, 75, 86, 100; trading diaspora of, 4–5, 102–3; see also Plantation Jews, in slavery fiction
Sephardic Maroons in Free Enterprise, 86–97, 98, 288n35
Sephardim, as founding people of Caribbean, 40
Sephardism: literary, 22, 37–38, 279n3; triangulation and, 61–65
Sephardism, in Caribbean literature, 35; The Book of Mechtilde, 42–45, 44, 52, 62, 280n11; motifs of, 22, 33, 36–37, 39, 45, 66, 70–72, 74–77, 109, 284n7; Remedios: Stories of Earth and Iron from the History of Puertorriqueñas, 40–42; Sepharad allure, 40–48; theorizing Sephardism, 37–40, 280nn5–6; Tiepolo’s Hound, 22, 36–37, 39, 46, 281n15
Sephardism, marranism, and creolization, 72–75; cultural influences with, 72–73; Free Enterprise relating to, 72; in-betweenness relating to, 74; intersection of, 73–74, 284n5; The Loneliness of Angels relating to, 72
Sephardism: Spanish Jewish History and the Modern Literary Imagination (Halevi-Wise), 37
Sexuality, female, 114–16
Sexual relations, 74
Shakespeare, William, 239, 258, 267–68, 308n39
Shandler, Jeffrey, 236
Sharpe, Jenny, 118, 291nn21–22
Shawl, The (Ozick), 258
Shearer, Hugh, 27
Shohat, Ella, 38, 40, 280n4
Show Boat (musical), 210
Showing Grit (Philip), 99, 203, 205, 209, 212
Shylock (fictional character), 267, 308n38
Sicher, Efraim, 209, 223, 275n3
Sidonie Hellénon (fictional character), 222–31, 251
Siegel, Arthur, 183
Silverman, Max, 204, 212
Simons, Moisés, 218
Simple Habana Melody, A (Hijuelos), 71, 75, 84, 218, 303n33
“Sites of Memory” (Cliff), 240, 306n21
Six-Day War, 246
Sketches of Character (Belisario), 32, 61
Slave concubines, Jews and, 110, 113–19, 290n14, 291nn18–23
Slaveholders: Black, 101, 288n5; Jewish, 13–14, 101–2, 104, 138–39, 146, 155, 157, 159, 277n13
Slave narrative genre, 102, 110, 111, 122, 123, 130, 133
Slave protagonists, 138
Slavery, 3, 12, 23, 32, 119, 197, 200, 201, 206, 211; African, 4, 42; in A Harlot’s Progress, 123–24, 291n26; Holocaust and, 100; literary archaeology of, 71; representations of, 130, 133; writing of, 135, 293n1; see also Plantation Jews, in slavery fiction; Port Jews, in slavery fiction
Slaves: in Drums and Colours, 106–7; emancipation of, 136, 293n2; Jews’ abuse of, 150–51
Small Place, A (Kincaid), 299n9
Smith, Zadie, 20
Snow, Valaida, 218, 221–22, 301n17
Snyder, Holly, 29, 104
Solomon Lindo (fictional character), 119–22, 139–40, 291n25
Sommer, Doris, 137, 166
Sonderkommando, 269, 308n31
Song of Slaves in the Desert (Cheuse), 139, 157, 296n29; Isaac in, 162; Jonathan in, 162–63; Liza in, 163; Nate in, 161–62; romance plot of, 161; Southern Jewry in, 162
Sosúa, 182, 297n1, 298n7
Souls of Black Folk and Up from Slavery, The, 206
Southern Jewry, 162
de Souza, Rachel (fictional character), 89–92, 95, 97, 287n30
Spain expulsions (1492), 2, 12, 75, 86, 100
Spanish Inquisition, 3, 19, 29, 48, 51–52
Spanish Jewry, Golden Age of, 38
Spanish Portuguese Jewish Nation of the Caribbean, 137
Spark, Debra, 15
Sranan Tongo language, 141
Stavans, Ilan, 72, 73
“St. Clair Avenue West” (Philip), 214–16, 232
Stefan Mahler (fictional character), 186–92
Stephan Stern (fictional character), 258
Steyn, Juliet, 132
Stiebel, George, 27
Stiefel, Barry, 275n2, 283n1
St. Kitts, 206, 248
St. Louis (SS), 178–79
“Stop Frame” (Philip), 210, 211, 214, 225
Strasberg, Louis, 183–84
St. Thomas, Pissarro in, 48–51, 53–58, 282n22
Styron, William, 297n3
Sugar production, 29, 279n4
Sundquist, Eric, 239, 259, 305n8
Suriname, 3, 18, 91, 103, 207, 237, 244; Beracha Ve Shalom synagogue in, 69, 153, 156; Black-Jewish relations in, 155; creolization in, 141–42; Jewish history in, 137–42, 148–56, 294n8; Jewish settlement in, 3, 18, 29, 30, 69, 91, 97; Jodensavanne in, 30, 69, 97, 141, 153, 155, 244, 270, 293n5
Surinamese Sephardism, Dutch and, 149
Surnames, Jewish, 4
Surrogate memory, 209–16, 247
Synagogue of Blessing and Peace and Loving Deeds, 51
Synagogues, 4, 69, 70, 112, 153, 156
Syrian Jewish characters, 78, 82
Sznaider, Natan, 236, 304n2
 
Temple University, 20
Ten Lost Tribes of Israel, 1
Testimony, in L’étoile noire, 221–32
Textual conversions, 98
Textuality, 267
Thomas Pringle (fictional character), 125–26, 128, 292n29
Tiepolo’s Hound (Walcott), 22, 36–37, 39, 46, 85, 109, 199, 281n15; synagogues in, 69; triangulation and Sephardism, 61–65; see also Pissarro, Camille
Tittmoning internment camp, 217
Tituba, 47, 110, 111–19
Tobago, 206
Toumson, Roger, 16
Trading diaspora, of Sephardic Jews, 4–5, 102–3
Triangulation, 199; Sephardism and, 61–65
Trinidad, 23, 206; Black Power in, 182, 184; Calypso Jews in, 1–3, 176, 176–80, 186–200; calypso shtetl in, 1, 21, 176, 180–86
Trinidad Guardian, 181
Trinidad Theatre Workshop, 105
Tristes Tropiques (Lévi-Strauss), 184
Tropical Secrets: Holocaust Refugees in Cuba (Engle), 177
Tubman, Harriet, 213
Turkish Jews, 3
Two Women Chatting by the Sea, St. Thomas (Pissarro), 59, 59
 
Underground Railroad, 213, 214
United Congregation of Israelites, 12
United States (U.S.), 76, 139; Black antisemitism in, 209; Black-Jewish relations and, 5, 13–17, 99, 277n14; Harpers Ferry and, 47; Latino/a writing in, 38; Salem witch trials in, 111, 113; see also African Americans
United States Holocaust Museum, 15, 217
University of Mainz, 240
University of the West Indies, 184
Uris, Leon, 206
U.S., see United States
 
van Daan, Peter, 237, 270
Van Nyhuis, Alison, 306n16
Veil, Simone, 227, 231, 302n21
Veronese, Paolo, 51
Vichy aux Antilles (Vichy in the Antilles) (Petit), 185
Victimhood, 155; Black-Jewish relations and, 201; narratives of, 48, 102, 140, 167, 186, 257, 268–69
View of Kelly’s Estate (Belisario), 30
“Visit to the Secret Annex, A” (Cliff), 241–42, 254
Vodou, 84
 
Walcott, Derek, 5, 29, 33, 35, 97–98, 199, 202, 207–8, 300n7, 301n16; “An Interview,” 203; “Jean Rhys,” 58, 92; “The Muse of History,” 48; Omeros, 46; parents of, 52, 62–63; Pissarro relating to, 51–57; “The Royal Palms,” 46, 281n12; see also Drums and Colours; Tiepolo’s Hound
Walker, Rebecca, 94, 306n17
Warburg Institute, 246
Warsaw Ghetto, 224, 240
West Indian Federation, 106, 108
Whipping Man, The (Lopez, M.), 139, 296n26; Caleb in, 157–61; Civil War drama of, 157; John in, 158–60; Passover in, 158–59; Simon in, 158–61
White, Black, and Jewish (Walker), 94
Whitehead, Anne, 261, 262
Whiteness, 298n7
White Witch of Rosehall, The (de Lisser), 27
“Who Owns Anne Frank?” (Ozick), 307n28
Wide Sargasso Sea (Rhys), 306n16
Wiesel, Elie, 227
Witch trials, 111, 113
“Woman Who Plays the Trumpet, A” (Cliff), 217–18, 228, 303n39
Woolf, Virginia, 199, 299n12
World at War, The (documentary), 206, 247, 248
Wynter, Sylvia, 191, 192, 193
 
Yiddish, 183
Yom Kippur War, 246
Younge, Gary, 300n8
Yovel, Yirmiyahu, 72, 95–96, 280n5
 
Zionism, 16, 54
Zivin, Erin Graff, 95, 98, 279n3, 287n33, 306n23
Zoe (fictional character), 250, 252, 254
Zoltan Weizenger (fictional character), 194–99, 299n9, 299n11
Zong (ship), 130