Preface
1. Child Poverty Action Group, ‘Government must act urgently on devastating child poverty warning’, cpag.org.uk, last accessed 30 January 2012.
2. ‘FTSE 100 directors’ earnings rose by almost half last year’, Guardian, 28 October 2011.
3. Deborah Mattinson, ‘From cloth caps to cafetières: you are what you buy’, Independent, 20 March 2011.
4. BritainThinks, ‘What about the workers?: A new study on the Working Class by BritainThinks’, 2011, britainthinks.com, last accessed 30 January 2012.
5. ‘Number of job-hunters chasing every post jumps to 23’, Daily Telegraph, 28 December 2011.
6. ‘Stop and search “racial profiling” by police on the increase, claims study’, Guardian, 14 January 2012.
7. William Lee Adams and Nick Assinder, ‘London riots: Fires spread on third night of violence’, Time, 9 August 2011.
8. Gareth Morrell et al., ‘The August riots in England: Understanding the involvement of young people’, National Centre for Social Research, October 2011, p. 13.
9. Randeep Ramesh, ‘London’s richest people worth 273 times more than the poorest’, Guardian, 20 April 2010.
10. Morrell, ‘The August riots’, p. 17.
11. Paul Lewis, Tim Newborn, Matthew Taylor, and James Ball, ‘Rioters say anger with police fuelled summer unrest’, Guardian, 5 December 2011.
Introduction
1. Michael Kerr, ‘A “chav-free” break? No thanks’, Daily Telegraph, 21 January 2009.
2. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1295459/A-perfect-folk-hero-times-Moat-popularity-reflects-societys-warped-values.html
3. Simon Heffer, ‘We pay to have an underclass’, Daily Telegraph,29 August 2007.
4. Zoe Williams, ‘The chavs and the chav-nots’, Guardian, 16 July 2008.
5. Christopher Howse, ‘Calling people chavs is criminal’, Daily Telegraph, 17 July 2008.
6. Emily Pykett, ‘Working classes are less intelligent, says evolution expert’, Scotsman, 22 May 2008.
Chapter 1
1. Quoted by Peter Wilby, ‘The nursery-tale treatment of a real-life nightmare’, Guardian, 14 May 2007.
2. Allison Pearson, ‘Poor Shannon was already a lost child’, Daily Mail,27 February 2008.
3. Allison Pearson, ‘98 words that broke my heart’, Daily Mail,9 May 2007.
4. India Knight, ‘Every mother’s nightmare’, The Times, 6 May 2007.
5. Roy Greenslade, ‘Why is missing Shannon not getting the same coverage as Madeleine?’, Guardian, 5 March 2008.
6. Andrew Norfolk, ‘Poor little Shannon Matthews. Too poor for us to care that she is lost?’, The Times, 1 March 2008.
7. Melanie Reid, ‘Shannon Matthews is the new face of poverty’, The Times, 17 March 2008.
8. Cole Moreton, ‘Missing: The contrasting searches for Shannon and Madeleine’, Independent on Sunday, 2 March 2008.
9. Maureen Messent, ‘Home’s no place for shy Shannon’, Birmingham Evening Mail, 28 March 2008.
10. Melanie Phillips, ‘Why Shannon is one more victim of the folly of “lifestyle choice” ’, Daily Mail, 17 March 2008.
11. Neil Sears, ‘Calls for Tory councillor to resign after he suggests parents on benefits should be sterilised after one child’, Daily Mail, 24 March 2008.
12. MailOnline, ‘Calls for Tory councillor to resign’, dailymail.co.uk, 24 March 2008.
13. Lucy Thornton, ‘Mocked… but we all stick together’, Mirror, 10 April 2008.
14. N/A, ‘A feckless existence’, Huddersfield Examiner, 5 December 2008.
15. Alastair Taylor, ‘Estate is like a nastier Beirut’, Sun, 9 April 2008.
16. Carole Malone, ‘Force low-life to work for a living’, News of the World, 7 December 2008.
17. N/A, ‘Plea for the victims of welfare Britain’, Daily Mail, 6 December 2008.
18. Joe Mott, ‘Shameless attack on our poor’, Daily Star, 13 April 2008.
19. Melanie McDonagh, ‘Shannon Matthews case: Five fathers, one mother and a muddled family saga’, Independent on Sunday, 13 April 2008.
20. Bruce Anderson, ‘The night a grim malaise was hammered home’, Sunday Telegraph, 16 November 2008.
21. There are numerous examples of the Daily Mail glorifying stay-at-home mothers. See for example Steve Doughty, ‘Children perform better if mother stays at home’, Daily Mail, 9 June 2006; Daniel Martin, ‘Betrayal of stay-at-home mothers: Millions lose state pensions after Government U-turn’, Daily Mail, 20 December 2007; Steve Doughty, ’ “Superwoman is a myth” say modern women because “family life suffers with working mums”,’ Daily Mail, 6 August 2008.
22. Centre for Social Justice, centreforsocialjustice.org.uk, 2 December 2008.
23. Ibid.
24. David Cameron, ‘There are 5 million people on benefits in Britain. How do we stop them turning into Karen Matthews?’, Daily Mail,8 December 2008.
25. Gaby Hinsliff, ‘Tories to probe long-term jobless’, Observer, 7 December 2008.
26. The Sutton Trust, The Educational Backgrounds of Leading Journalists, suttontrust.com, June 2006.
27. Christina Patterson, ‘Heaven help the white working class now’, Independent, 24 January 2009.
28. The Sutton Trust, suttontrust.com, 9 December 2005.
29. Allison Pearson, ‘I looked at Ivan and thought, “We’re going to get through this. He’s lovely” ’, Sunday Telegraph, 16 October 2005.
30. Vincent Moss, ‘Tory leader David Cameron at centre of a political storm’, Sunday Mirror, 23 March 2008.
31. Dylan Jones, Cameron on Cameron: Conversations with Dylan Jones, London 2008, p. 207.
32. Gaby Hinsliff, ‘Public wants taxes that hurt the rich’, Observer, 4 January 2009.
33. Department for Work and Pensions, Households Below Average Income Report 1994/95–2006/07, dwp.gov.uk.
34. Julian Glover, ‘Riven by class and no social mobility–Britain in 2007’, Guardian, 20 October 2007.
35. John Harris, ‘Bottom of the class’, Guardian, 11 April 2006.
36. Chris Holmes, Housing, Equality and Choice, London 2003, p. 3.
37. John Harris, ‘Safe as houses’, Guardian, 30 September 2008.
38. George Jones, ‘More high earners should live on council estates, professor tells Whitehall’, Daily Telegraph, 21 February 2007.
39. John Hills, Ends and Means: The Future Roles of Social Housing in England, London 2007, p. 45.
40. Richard Pendlebury, ‘Downfall of a decent clan’, Daily Mail, 16 April 2008.
41. Alison Park et al, eds, British Social Attitudes: The 24th Report, London 2008, p. 242.
42. Whitney Richard David Jones, The Tree of Commonwealth 1450–1793, London 2000, p. 136.
1. C. A. R. Crosland, The Future of Socialism, London 1956, p. 61.
2. Hugo Young, One of Us, London 1990, p. 127.
3. Margaret Thatcher, ‘Don’t undo my work’, Newsweek, 27 April 1992.
4. Conservative Central Office, The Right Approach: A Statement of Conservative Aims, October 1976.
5. John Cole, As It Seemed to Me: Political Memoirs, London 1995, p. 209.
6. Posted by Andrew Sparrow, Guardian politics blog, guardian.co.uk, 9 March 2009.
7. Chris Ogden, Maggie: An Intimate Portrait of a Woman in Power, New York 1990, p. 333.
8. Mary Shaw, Daniel Dorling, David Gordon and George Davey Smith, The Widening Gap: Health Inequalities and Policy in Britain, Bristol 1999, p. 147.
9. Earl A. Reitan, The Thatcher Revolution: Margaret Thatcher, John Major, Tony Blair, and the Transformation of Modern Britain, 1979–2001, Oxford 2003, p. 77.
10. Eric J. Evans, Thatcher and Thatcherism, London 2004, p. 139.
11. Shaw et al, The Widening Gap: Health Inequalities and Policy in Britain, pp. 144, 145, 147.
12. Stewart Lansley, Life In The Middle: The Untold Story of Britain’s Average Earners, London 2009, p. 15.
13. Interview with Catholic Herald, 22 December 1978, margaretthatcher.org.
14. Nicholas Ridley Memorial Lecture, 22 November 1996, margaretthatcher.org.
15. Interview with The Times, 22 November 1989, margaretthatcher.org.
16. Julian Buchanan, ‘Understanding Problematic Drug Use: A Medical Matter or a Social Issue?’, British Journal of Community Justice, 4(2): 387–397.
17. Mark Duguid, Cracker, London 2009, pp. 67, 70.
18. Euan Ferguson, ‘Best Foot goes ever forward’, Observer, 4 March 2001.
Chapter 3
1. Polly Toynbee, ‘Tony Blair tried to bury it, but class politics looks set to return’, Guardian, 10 July 2010.
2. Francis Elliott and James Hanning, ‘The many faces of Mr Cameron’, Daily Mail, 17 March 2007.
3. James Hanning and Francis Elliott, ‘David Cameron’s band of Etonian brothers’, Independent, 20 May 2007.
4. Daniel Hannan, ‘If you pay people to be poor, you’ll never run out of poor people’, Daily Telegraph, 18 April 2009.
5. Allegra Stratton, ‘Tories get their sums wrong in attack on teen pregnancy’, Guardian, 15 February 2010.
6. Amelia Gentleman, ‘Teenage pregnancy more opportunity than catastrophe, says study’, Guardian, 12 February 2010.
7. Randeep Ramesh, ‘Talking tough on teenage pregnancy’, Guardian, 17 March 2009.
8. Melissa Kite, ‘Coalition to tell unemployed to “get on your bike” ’, Telegraph, 26 June 2010.
9. Paul Waugh, ‘Plot to rid council estates of poor’, Evening Standard,10 July 2009.
10. Charles Murray, Underclass: The Crisis Deepens, London 1994, pp. 5, 8, 32.
11. Anushka Asthana, ‘George Osborne’s budget cuts will hit Britain’s poorest families six times harder than the richest,’ Observer, 27 June 2010.
12. Jason Groves, ‘Tory minister under fire for gaffe as he tells MPs: “Those in most need will bear the burden of cuts”’, Daily Mail, 11 June 2010.
13. Rosalind Ryan and Andrew Sparrow, ‘No 10 plays down Flint’s social housing plan’, Guardian, 5 February 2008.
14. James Kirkup, ‘James Purnell defends welfare reform after accusations of “stigmatising’ benefits claimants’, Daily Telegraph, 10 December 2008.
15. Martin Bright, ‘Interview: James Purnell’, New Statesman, 18 September 2008.
16. Anthony Horowitz, ‘Hoodies and baddies’, The Times, 23 July 2005.
17. Michael Young, ‘Down with meritocracy’, Guardian, 29 June 2001.
18. Jon Swaine, ‘White working class “feels ignored on immigration” ’, Telegraph, 2 January 2009.
1. P. J. Keating, The Working Classes in Victorian Fiction, London 1971, p. 21.
2. George Orwell, A Collection of Essays, New York 1953, p. 57.
3. Andrew Billen, ‘Meet the romantic lead in the new Merchant-Ivory film. (Just kidding)’, Observer, 5 January 1997.
4. Daily Mail reporter, ‘Rising toll of Waynettas …’,Daily Mail,14 January 2010.
5. Lee Bok, The Little Book of Chavs: The Branded Guide to Britain’s New Elite, Bath 2004.
6. Lee Bok, The Chav Guide to Life, Bath 2006, pp. 11, 12.
7. Mia Wallace and Clint Spanner, Chav!: A User’s Guide to Britain’s New Ruling Class, London 2004, pp. 14, 51–2, 75, 235.
8. Jemima Lewis, ‘In defence of snobbery’, Daily Telegraph, 1 February 2004.
9. David Thomas, ‘A to Z of Chavs’, Daily Mail, 20 October 2004.
10. David Thomas, ‘I’m a Chav, get me out of here’, Daily Mail, 12 February 2004.
11. Brendan O’Neill, ‘Roasting the masses’, Guardian, 27 August 2008.
12. Johann Hari, ‘Jaded contempt for the working class’, Independent,22 January 2007.
13. Rachel Williams, ‘Affluent teenagers drink more, study shows’, Guardian, 24 June 2010.
14. Janet Daley, ‘The real reason for all those louts on holiday’, Sunday Telegraph, 9 August 2009.
15. Michael Odell, ‘This much I know: John Bird’, Observer, 27 August 2006.
16. N/A, ‘BBC to explore Britain’s white working class’, Daily Telegraph, 21 November 2007.
17. Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, ‘God bless the foreigners willing to do our dirty work,’ Independent, 23 August 2006.
18. Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, Independent, 5 January 2009.
19. ‘The Janet Daley column’, The Times, 2 June 1994.
20. Amanda Platell, ‘It’s shabby values, not class, that are to blame for society’s ills’, Daily Mail, 30 January 2010.
21. Duncan Larcombe, ‘Future bling of England’, Sun, 10 April 2006.
22. Decca Aitkenhead, ‘Class rules’, Guardian, 20 October 2007.
23. Nick Britten, ‘Britain has produced unteachable “uber-chavs” ’, Daily Telegraph, 9 February 2009.
24. Hannah Frankel, ‘From the other side of the tracks’, Times Education Supplement, 30 October 2009.
25. Jade Goody, Jade: My Autobiography, London 2006, pp. 23, 31, 41, 58.
26. Paul Callan, ‘LEADER: How can bosses defend the show that shames us?’, Daily Express, 19 January 2007.
27. Simon Heffer, ‘What we’re actually seeing is class hatred,’ Daily Telegraph, 20 January 2007.
28. Stuart Jeffries, ‘Beauty and the beastliness: a tale of declining British values’, Guardian, 19 January 2007.
29. Johann Hari, ‘Jaded contempt for the working class’, Independent,22 January 2007.
30. Evening Standard letters, 18 January 2007.
31. N/A, Nottingham Evening Post, 18 January 2007.
32. Fiona Sturges, ‘Jade Goody: Reality TV star and media phenomenon’, Independent, 23 March 2009.
33. Rod Liddle, ‘After Jade’s cancer, what next? “I’m a tumour, get me out of here”?’, Spectator, 23 August 2008.
34. Jan Moir, ‘The saddest reality show of all: Are we so desensitized that watching a woman’s death is acceptable entertainment?’, Daily Mail, 21 February 2009.
35. Toby Young, ‘Couples on Wife Swap are divorced from reality’, Mail on Sunday, 7 November 2004.
36. Andrew Sparrow, ‘Jeremy Kyle Show “undermines anti-poverty efforts”, says thinktank’, Guardian, 10 September 2008.
37. Lorna Martin, ‘Cracker creator blasts “chav” TV’, Observer, 27 August 2006.
38. Matt Lucas, David Walliams and Boyd Hilton, Inside Little Britain, London 2006, p. 245.
39. Richard Littlejohn, ‘Welcome to Britain, land of the rising scum’, Daily Mail, 14 November 2008.
40. James Delingpole, ‘A conspiracy against chavs? Count me in’, The Times, 13 April 2006.
41. N/A, ‘What is working class?’, news.bbc.co.uk, 25 January 2007.
42. London School of Economics, ‘Little Britain filled with “figures of hatred” not figures of fun’, lse.ac.uk, October 2008.
43. ‘Be a shameless groupie for the day’, channel4.com.
44. Posted by ‘Objectivism’, thestudentroom.co.uk, 12 July 2005.
45. Robin Nelson, State of Play: Contemporary ‘High-end’ TV Drama, Manchester 2007, p. 50.
46. Nigel Floyd, ‘Eden Lake’, Time Out, 11–17 September 2008.
47. N/A, ‘“EastEnders” writer wins £68,000 from BBC’, Independent,17 October 1992.
48. Gary Imlach, My Father and Other Working-Class Football Heroes, London 2005.
49. Jason Cowley, The Last Game: Love, Death and Football, London 2009, p. 326.
50. Ibid., p. 238.
51. Deborah Orr, ‘Your class still counts, whatever you call it’, Independent, 31 January 2003.
Chapter 5
1. N/A, ‘The good news, Dave: We’re ALL middle-class now’, Daily Mail, 6 December 2005.
2. Andrew Adonis and Stephen Pollard, A Class Act: The Myth of Britain’s Classless Society, London 1998, p. 9.
3. Simon Hattenstone, ‘General election highlights Britain’s confusion over social class’, Guardian, 14 April 2010.
4. Talking Retail, 15 September 2009.
5. Retail Week, 1 June 2009.
6. Simon English, ‘Mini workers hurl fruit as 850 sacked’, Evening Standard, 16 February 2009.
7. Sean O’Grady, ‘New part-time jobs boost rise in employment’, Independent, 17 December 2009.
8. Regeneration and Renewal, 20 July 2009.
9. Posted by Simon Rogers, ‘What do people get paid?’, guardian.co.uk/news/datablog, 12 November 2009.
10. Irene Krechowiecka and Jan Poynter, A-Z of Careers and Jobs, London 2004.
11. René Lavanchy, ‘Unions have a future, workers tell survey’, Tribune, 19 March 2010.
12. Department for Work and Pensions, Households Below Average Income: An Analysis of the Income Distribution 1994/95–2007/08, London 2009, p. 19.
13. Stewart Lansley, Life in the Middle: The Untold Story of Britain’s Average Earners, TUC pamphlet 2009, pp. 3, 10, 17.
14. New Economics Foundation, A Bit Rich: Calculating the Real Value to Society of Different Professions, 2009, pp. 3–4.
15. David Litterick, ‘Britons work almost two hours more per week than average European’, Daily Telegraph, 3 September 2008.
16. Office for National Statistics, Social Trends, No. 39, London 2009, p. 54.
17. Press Association, ‘Unpaid overtime soars to “extreme” levels, says TUC’, Guardian, 26 February 2010.
18. Department for Work and Pensions, Households Below Average Income, p. 14.
19. Megan Murphy and Nicholas Timmins, ‘Boardroom pay gap doubles in a decade’, Financial Times, 27 November 2009.
20. Ashley Seager and Julia Finch, ‘Pay gap widens between executives and their staff’, Guardian, 16 September 2009.
21. Jeremy Warner, ‘Capitalism has forgotten to share the wealth’, Daily Telegraph, 29 January 2010.
Chapter 6
1. Alan Milburn, Unleashing Aspiration: The Final Report of the Panel on Fair Access to the Professions, London 2009, p. 18.
2. Jessica Shepherd, ‘White working-class the worst GCSE students, study finds’, Guardian, 27 March 2008.
3. Jessica Shepherd and Polly Curtis, ‘Middle-class pupils have better genes, says Chris Woodhead’, Guardian, 11 May 2009.
4. Amelia Hill, ‘Children of rich parents are better at reading’, Observer, 6 February 2005.
5. Ofsted, Cale Green Primary School: Ofsted Report 2003,p. 3.
6. Richard Garner, ‘Revealed: The schools where 1 in 4 play truant’, Independent, 13 January 2010.
7. Phil Mizen, The Changing State of Youth, Basingstoke 2004, p. 44.
8. Julie Henry, ‘Graduates told to work in call centres’, Daily Telegraph, 23 May 2009.
9. Gary Anderson, ‘Flagship Tory free schools scheme condemned by Swedish education minister Bertil Ostberg’, Daily Mirror, 30 May 2010.
10. Gillian Plummer, Failing Working-Class Girls, London 2000, p. 16.
11. Nicola Woolcock, ‘Privileged children excel, even at low-performing comprehensives’, The Times, 21 February 2008.
12. David Turner, ‘Class split “will cost Britain £50bn” ’, Financial Times, 15 March 2010.
13. George Monbiot, ‘Plan after plan fails to make Oxbridge access fair. There is another way’, Guardian, 24 May 2010.
14. Alice Tarleton, ‘How many go from free school meals to Oxbridge?’, blogs.channel4.com, 15 February 2010.
15. Afua Hirsch, ‘Cost and class raise barriers to legal aid lawyer careers’, Guardian, 1 March 2010.
16. Milburn, Unleashing Aspiration, p. 22.
17. Randeep Ramesh, ‘Britain’s class system–and salaries–inherited from fathers’, Guardian, 11 February 2010.
18. Larry Elliott, ‘OECD: UK has worse social mobility record than other developed countries’, Guardian, 10 March 2010.
Chapter 7
1. Simon Heffer, ‘We pay to have an underclass’, Daily Telegraph,29 August 2007.
2. N/A, ‘Suicide toll on former MG Rover staff in Longbridge’, Birmingham Mail, 10 July 2010.
3. Joseph Rowntree Foundation, ‘“Need not greed” motivates people to work informally, according to new research’, jrf.org.uk, 16 June 2006.
4. Christina Beatty and Steve Fothergill, Incapacity Benefits in the UK: An Issue of Health or Jobs?, Sheffield 2010, p. 4.
5. Nicholas Watt and Patrick Wintour, ‘Iain Duncan Smith: I will tackle root causes of poverty’, Guardian, 26 May 2010.
6. Beatty and Fothergill, Incapacity Benefits in the UK, pp. 20–2.
7. David Webster, James Arnott et al., ‘Falling Incapacity Benefit Claims In a Former Industrial City: Policy Impacts or Labour Market Improvement?’, Policy Studies 31 (2010): 2, 164, 165, 167, 176, 181.
8. Amelia Gentleman, ‘Response suggests many people wrongly judged fit to work’, Guardian, Joe Public blog, 29 March 2010.
9. Public and Commercial Services Union, ‘Nine jobseekers for every job in Duncan Smith’s Cardiff’, pcs.org.uk, 23 October 2010.
10. Stewart Lansley, Unfair to Middling: How Middle Income Britain’s Shrinking Wages Fuelled the Crash and Threaten Recovery, London 2009, p. 20.
11. Lynsey Hanley, Estates: An Intimate History, London 2007, p. 7.
12. Patrick Wintour, ‘Benefit cuts “will force thousands into suburbs”’, Guardian, 4 October 2010.
13. Joe Murphy, ‘Welfare cuts “will be like the Highland Clearances”’, Evening Standard, 7 October 2010.
14. Joseph Rowntree Foundation, Young People and Territoriality in British Cities, York 2008.
15. Speaking on BBC News (20 February 2006), about Joseph Rowntree Foundation, Parenting and Children’s Resilience in Disadvantaged Communities, York 2006.
16. Caroline Roberts, ‘Gangs’, Times Educational Supplement, 23 June 2006.
17. John McTernan, ‘The Blairite case for Ed Miliband’, New Statesman, 14 October 2010.
18. David Cracknell, ‘Secret memo warns Blair of crime wave’, Sunday Times, 24 December 2006.
19. Alan Travis, ‘Police failing to tackle “middle-class” cocaine abuse, say MPs’, Guardian, 3 March 2010.
20. John Mann, ‘Heroin in Bassetlaw: Report of the inquiry convened by John Mann MP’, johnmannmp.com.
21. Max Pemberton, ‘Teenage pregnancy: a national talking point’, Daily Telegraph, 13 July 2009.
22. Posted by Unity, ‘16, pregnant and middle class—What the papers don’t say’, liberalconspiracy.org, 18 February 2010.
23. Amelia Gentleman, ‘Teenage pregnancy more opportunity than catastrophe, says study’, Guardian, 12 February 2010.
24. Susan Hallam and Andrea Creech, A Review of the Literature Relating to the Parental Aspirations of Teenage Mothers: Executive Summary, CfBT Education Trust, p. 4.
1. As an aside, it is worth pointing out that the International Workingmen’s Association—often known as the ‘First International’ because it predated the ‘Second’ Socialist International and the ‘Third’ Communist International, and which counted Karl Marx amongst its founders—was instituted in 1864 for similar reasons. The International’s main original purpose was to prevent foreign workers being imported to break strikes.
2. Stephanie Flanders, ‘Have British jobs gone to British workers?’, BBC News, 21 April 2010.
3. Stephen Nickell and Jumana Saleheen, ‘The Impact of Immigration on Occupational Wages: Evidence from Britain’, SERC Discussion Paper, October 2009, p. 20.
4. Will Somerville and Madeleine Sumption, Immigration and the Labour Market: Theory, Evidence and Policy, EHRC, 2009, pp. 3, 16–17.
5. Business Link in London, ‘Diversity in London’s retail sector’, businesslink.gov.uk, last accessed 29 November 2010.
6. The Poverty Site, ‘Low Pay by Ethnicity’, poverty.org.uk, last accessed 29 November 2010.
7. Luke McLeod-Roberts, ‘Thompsons Solicitors crowned most diverse in BSN’s latest league table’, The Lawyer, 17 December 2009.
8. Hilary Metcalf and Heather Rolfe, Employment and Earnings in the Finance Sector: A Gender Analysis, EHRC, 2009, p. 14.
9. Lucy Bland, ‘White Women and Men of Colour: Miscegenation Fears after the Great War,’ Gender & History 17 (April 2005): 51–2.
Conclusion
1. Leading article, ‘The class struggle is over, it’s all about social mobility’, Independent, 11 September 2008.
2. Posted by Conor Burns, ‘Margaret Thatcher’s greatest achievement: New Labour’, conservativehome.blogs.com, 11 April 2008.
3. Mark Seddon, ‘Has Labour handed Stoke to the BNP?’, Guardian, 2 April 2010.
4. Ipsos MORI, ‘How Britain voted in 2010’, ipsos-mori.com, 21 May 2010.
5. Jonathan Rose, The Intellectual Life of the British Working Classes, Yale 2001, p. 464.
6. Polly Toynbee, ‘Tony Blair tried to bury it, but class politics looks set to return’, Guardian, 10 July 2010.