All page numbers refer to the 2020 print edition
References in italics indicate illustration figure numbers
1:54 Contemporary African Art Fair 265
A
Abdalla, Mohammed Ahmed 245, 246
Abdullahi ‘O’ 42; 25
Abushariaa, Ahmed 271; 216
Académie de la Grande Chaumière, Paris 206
Achebe, Chinua 169, 220
Adams, Michael 183; 145, 148
Adéagbo, Georges 188–89; 153–54
Adenaike, Tayo 223; 182
Adeyemi, Yinka 168, 241; 134
advertising 38–40, 41–42, 43, 45; 12, 14, 22–23
Afrapix 56, 57
AfriCOBRA group 234, 237
Afriarts Gallery, Kampala 269, 271
‘Africa 95’ festival, London (1995) 171
Africa Reparations Movement 137
African diaspora 13, 14, 23, 43, 69–78, 207, 227–50, 251–53, 261, 262, 264
African Drum 53–54
African Heritage, Nairobi 166
African National Congress (ANC) 59, 120, 129, 131, 191, 196, 199
Agassiz, Louis 51
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 186, 216, 244
Ainslie, Bill 101, 120, 134, 195; 98
Akanji, Adebisi 86–87; 69–71
Akpan, Sunday Jack 48–49; 31
Alaye, Lawrence 79–80; 63
Alexander, Jane 192; 163
Amidou, Dossou 150
Amin, Idi 76, 184
Anatsui, El 18, 223–26, 253, 271; 8, 208
Anderson, Benedict 250
Andika, Joseph 104
Angola 95, 109, 122, 262, 274
Aniakor, Chike 220, 223; 180
Anthony, Mark 38; 23
Apagya, Philip Kwame 61–64; 46
apartheid 89, 128–29, 191, 193, 194
Appadurai, Arjun 136
Appiah, Kwame Anthony 14–15
apprenticeships 13–14, 79–80, 84, 141, 142, 159; 7, 63
Araeen, Rasheed 199
Areogun 79, 84
art-commodity distinction 136, 138–39
art-craft distinction 136, 138, 146–57
art fairs 265–66, 269
Art Institute of Chicago 274
art market 18, 38, 43, 48, 79, 108
Art Nègre 206, 207
art schools 33, 79, 89, 90–92, 131
see also individual institutions
ArtBasel 265
Arthouse Contemporary, Lagos 266–67
Assubuji, Rui 67; 53
Atelier d’Art ‘Le Hangar’, Congo 81–82
Atelier de Recherches Plastiques Nègres 206
Atnafu, Elisabeth 235–36; 193
auctions 265, 266–68
authenticity 79, 138, 275–76
‘autodidacts’ 33, 79, 170
B
Bag Factory Project, South Africa 121
Baker, George 258
Baloji, Sammy 75–76; 60
Banana Hill, Kenya 118
Bandele of Osi 84
Bantu Education Act 89
Barber, Karin 45
barbers’ signs 42; 12
Barr, Alfred Jr 109
Basquiat, Jean-Michel 248
Beardsley, Aubrey 223
Behrend, Heike 64
Beier, Georgina 80–81, 84, 87, 100, 112, 215, 244
Beier, Ulli 42, 80–81, 84, 87, 92, 100, 112, 113, 169, 173–76, 177, 214, 215
Belcher, Wendy 244
Benin, Republic of 35, 38, 142, 147, 188–89
Benin bronzes 137; 112
Benyahia, Samta 71
Berry, Ian 53–54; 40
Berzock, Kathleen Bickford 274
Bester, Willie 193–94; 160
Bhimji, Zarina 76–78; 61
Bible 29
biennials 253–63
Biko, Steve 191
bin Laden, Osama 271
Blomefield, Tom 100, 109–10, 144
Boda-Boda (motorcycle taxis) 261; 211
Boeck, Filip de 76
Boghossian, Skunder (Alexander) 228–31, 234–35, 237–39; 186–87
Botswana 92–94, 122–23, 124–26, 227
Bouabré, Frédéric Bruly 188; 152
Boutros, Nabil 71–72; 56
Boycott, Cultural (South Africa) 120, 199
Brand, Kevin 196; 164
Braque, Georges 102, 162
Brazil 254, 265–66
Britain 24, 102, 107–108, 120, 122, 129, 204, 228, 245, 258
British Council 119, 202–203
British Museum, London 272, 273
brokerage, cultural 98–100, 111, 126, 134
Buraimoh, Jimoh 168, 242–44; 200–201
Burnett, Ricky 45
Burozi (Lubumbashi artist) 20
‘Bushman’ culture 95–96
C
Cairo Biennial 261
Calimbwe, Julieta 95; 77
calligraphy 174, 194, 231; 137, 188, 190
Camp, Sokari Douglas 244–45, 246, 253; 202
CAP (Community Arts Project), South Africa 194
Caro, Anthony 119–20
Carroll, Father Kevin 84–86, 101, 133
Cartoon Joseph (Joseph Njuguna Kamau) 118; 95
Cassava Republic, Kampala 166
Castro, Fidel 255
Caton Thompson, Gertrude 105
Center for African Art, New York 254, 264
Center for Contemporary Art (CCA), Lagos 269
Chakanyoka, Crispen 110
Chapungu Sculpture Park, Zimbabwe 110
Chewa Nyau society 108
Chimurenga 110, 154; 126
Chin (Kinshasa artist) 14
Chinweizu 173
Chirac, Jacques 273
Chitiyo, Mary 149–52; 121
Christianity 41, 49, 86, 97, 105, 108, 152, 239; 65–66, 78
Christie’s 265
cinema 36, 42
Cissé, Soly 213
Clark, John Pepper 214
coffins 49; 32
collage 159, 209
collective unconscious 102, 107
collectors 10, 42, 45, 98, 102, 136, 170, 265–69
College of Art, Science and Technology, Kumasi 223
colonialism 9, 10, 13–14, 15, 21–27, 29, 30, 36, 41, 79, 81, 83, 86, 158–59, 227, 258
Comaroff, Jean and John 138–39
commodity/commodification 27, 32, 42, 46, 118, 136, 138–40, 142, 144, 164–65
Concert Parties 38
Congo, Democratic Republic of 17, 24, 27–34, 57, 75–76, 81–83, 98, 149, 152, 274–75
Congress for Cultural Freedom 101
consciousness, artistic 164, 188, 193, 197
‘contemporary art’ 18–19, 271–6
cooperatives 13, 79, 80, 90, 138–39, 140, 146–47, 164
Cordova, Dayana Zdebsky de 265–66
Cosgrove, Adenike 268
Côte d’Ivoire 17, 113, 140–41, 169, 188
Coulibaly, Boubacar 204; 168–69
Coutinho, J.B. 38
creolization 23, 42
Cuba 255–56
Cubism 162, 174; 131
‘cultural worker’, artist as 59, 129, 191
curators 263–64
curios, curio markets 26, 48, 113, 143
Curling, Pip 126–27
Cyrene Mission, Rhodesia 105, 108, 122
D
Dak’art Biennial 256, 258, 259, 261, 262–63
Dala, Zurietta 95; 77
Dalí, Salvador 247
Darwin, Charles 9, 51
Darwish, Ali 181
David, Jacques-Louis 271
Davis, Hassoldt 113
Davis, Lionel 90
dealers 268–71
Debela, Achamyeleh 236, 237; 195
Deitch Projects gallery, New York 65
Deliss, Clémentine 171
deSouza, Allan 78; 62
Desta, Gebre Kristos 236–37; 194
Dias, E.C. 38
diaspora see African diaspora
Dieme, Bacary 204, 207, 223; 167
Dimé, Moustapha 209
Diop, Cheikh Anta 206
Diouf, Ibou 207
Django 38; 24
Documenta 256, 258
Don artists, Benin 147
Donaldson, Jeff 237
Drum 54–56
Duerden, Dennis 101
E
East African Publishing House 268
Ebong, Ima 207
École de Dakar, Senegal 19–20, 160, 204, 208, 209, 216, 256
École des Beaux-Arts, Paris 227
École des Beaux-Arts du Sénégal 162, 206, 263
Efiaimbelo 151
Egypt 51, 71–72, 206, 223, 248–49
Ekwensi, Cyprian 214
El Glaoui, Hassan 265
El Glaoui, Touria 265
El-Salahi, Ibrahim 162, 173–76, 220, 228, 231, 271, 272–73; 137–39
Elliott, David 199
emulation 118, 138, 159, 164
Enesia (Weya artists) 119
Enwezor, Okwui 13, 18, 57, 78, 199, 226, 251, 255, 257, 264
Enwonwu, Ben 178; 144
Essaydi, Lalla 70, 72; 54
Ethiopia 228–41
Ethnologische Museum, Berlin 274
Euba, Akin 214
exhibitions: ‘Africa Explores’ (New York, 1991) 48, 111, 145, 160, 254, 264, 269
‘Africa Hoy!’ (1991) 170
‘Art from South Africa’ (Oxford, 1990) 199
‘The Beautiful Time’ (New York, 2010) 75
biennials 253–63
‘Big City’ (London, 1995) 188
curators 263–64
‘The Decade Show’ (New York, 1990) 247
‘Faultlines’ (Cape Town, 1996) 195–97
‘Imagined Communities’ (London, 1995) 250
‘In/sight: African Photographers, 1940 to the Present’ (New York, 1996) 77, 276
‘Kunst Aus Afrika’ (1979) 170
‘Magiciens de la Terre’ (Paris, 1989) 29, 34, 48, 145, 188, 254
‘Memoire’ (2006) 75
‘New African Art from the Central African Workshop School’ (USA, 1968, 1969) 109
‘Seven Stories about Modern Art in Africa’ (London, 1995) 111, 171
‘The Short Century’ (New York, 2001) 77, 264
‘Tributaries’ (Johannesburg, 1985) 45
‘Urban Now: City Life in Congo’ (2016) 76
F
Fabian, Johannes 29, 34; 15
Fabunmi, Adebisi 168; 133
Facebook 67
Fagg, William 109
Fakeye, Lamidi 80, 84; 66
Farfield Foundation 101
fashion 24, 29; 10, 12
Faye, Ousman 207
FESTAC, Nigeria (1977) 167–68
Filis (Weya artist) 123
Fillitz, Thomas 257, 259
films and film industry 23, 36–38, 41
First International Congress of African Culture (Rhodesia, 1962) 108–109
Flickr 67
flour-sack painting 27–34, 38, 46, 115, 149; 14, 20
Focillon, Henri 102, 107
Fon textiles 118
Fosso, Samuel 72–73, 74; 57
France 10, 24, 61, 145, 189, 204, 228, 258, 273
French Institute for Subsaharan Africa (IFAN) 188
FUBA (Federated Union of Black Artists), South Africa 195
Fundi, John 145
G
Gabremedhin, Alemayehou 236, 237
Gagosian, Larry 269
Galerie TENQ, Dakar 208
galleries 13, 30, 35–36, 42, 43, 45, 113–15, 123, 165, 166, 265, 267, 269–71
Gallery Shona Sculpture, Harare 110
Gallery Watatu, Nairobi 98, 113–15, 269–71
Gatheru, R. Mugo 169
Gaye, Anta 212
Gbadamosi, Buraimoh 86
Gedewon (Ethiopian artist) 240–41; 4
Geers, Kendall 166
Gelede masks 188; 150
Germany 10, 92, 113, 145, 236, 258
Ghana 18, 23, 38, 41, 48, 61–64
Giddens, Anthony 10
Gielen, Pascal 258
glass painting 211–12
global market 13, 17, 24, 123, 136–37
globalization 12–13, 254
Goba, John 18; 5
Goldblatt, David 54–56, 57, 58; 41
Gomes, A.C. 37
Gowenius, Ulla and Peder 90, 101
Great Zimbabwe 105, 108
Greece 51
Green, Jonathan A. 35
Greenberg, Clement 10
Griffin, Rumanzi Canon 67, 51
Groeber, Father 101
Gudo, Misheck 127; 102
Guedes, Pancho 101
Gulbenkian Foundation 101, 183
Guthrie, Roy 110
Gutsa, Tapfuma 121
Gwichiri, Paul 102
H
hairdressers’ signs 42
Hammond-Tooke, David 160
Hansen-Bahia (Karl Heinz Hansen) 203, 239
Harmon Foundation 101
Hassan, Salah 171
Hausa 24, 38, 41, 141, 269; 11
Havana biennial 255–56
Hazoumé, Romuald 1
Heathcote, David 101
Hiwet, Girmay 231–34, 239; 191–92
Hlungwani, Jackson 45, 46, 29
Howard University, Washington, D.C 231, 234, 235, 236
hybridity/hybridization 14, 169
Hylton, Richard 14
i
identity: culturally mediated 234–35
ethnic 203–204, 234
national 202–204, 208, 214
pan-African 202, 214
postcolonial 173
primordial 176, 205
Igbo 41, 43, 215, 217, 218–23; 78
India 51, 53
Indirect Rule (British) 176, 204, 258
Instagram 67
installation art 256–57
International Center of Photography, New York 56
International Monetary Fund (IMF) 10
internationalism 181, 185
internet 268
Isa, Mushaba 80
Islam 13, 38, 41, 87, 97, 174, 211; 25
Israel, Paolo 67
Istanbul Biennial 255, 256, 261
Ivory Coast 66, 174–76
Iwalewahaus, Bayreuth, Germany 67, 92
J
Jamaica 42, 122
Jesus Christ 239
Jewsiewicki, Bogumil 27; 20
Johannesburg Biennale 199
Jua Kali 27
Jules-Rosette, Bennett 34
Jung, Carl 82–83, 84, 102, 105, 107
K
Ka, Moustapha 263
Kabito, Richard 123
Kahnweiler, Daniel Henry 102
Kalabari culture 80, 244–45
Kamba artists 46, 138, 141–42, 143, 144, 146; 114
Kamwathi, Peterson 94
Kanda-Matulu, Tshibumba 15, 20
Kandinsky, Wassily 271
Kappata, Stephen 32–33; 19
Kasco, Dorris Haron 66; 50
Kasfir, Sidney Littlefield 104, 106–107
Kasule, Kizito Maria 165, 166; 130
Katarikawe, Jak 98, 271; 81
Keïta, Seydou 60–61, 64–65, 253, 269; 10, 34, 45
Kentridge, William 191–92, 253, 271, 274; 156
Kenya 17, 26–27, 33, 40–41, 42, 46, 64, 67, 113–18, 127–28, 138, 141–42, 245
Khartoum School 231
Kiganda myths 20
Kingdon, Jeremy 183
Kingelez, Bodys Isek 171; 136
Kirumira, Namubiru Rose 122–23; 99
KLA ART, Kampala 261, 262; 210–11
Köhler, Stephan 189
Koloane, David 120, 129, 132, 134, 171, 199
Koloss, Hans-Joachim 274
Kosrof, Wosene 231, 234, 239; 189–90
Koudougnon, Theodore 135
Kulebele artists 140–41, 146; 113
Kumalo, Alf 53–54; 39
Kumalo, Sydney 129, 134; 110
Kuru Development Trust, Botswana 92–94, 124–26
Kwei, Kane 48–49
Kwei, Samuel Kane 48; 32
Kyeyune, Eli 181
L
Laboratoire AGIT’Art, Dakar 160, 208, 209, 211, 256; 128
Ladipo, Duro 112, 215
Lam, Wifredo 237, 256; 196
Lampert, Catherine 171
Langa, Moshekwa 196–97; 207
Lawrence, Jacob 215; 176
Laye, Camara 169
Lega artists 98; 79–80
Legae, Ezrom 134; 111
Léger, Fernand 102
Leiris, Michel 102
LeWitt, Sol 272
Lincoln, Bruce 136
literacy 21, 41
Loder, Robert 119, 123
Lods, Pierre 100–101, 207
Louvre, Paris 273
Lowry, Glenn 18
Lugard, Lord 24
Lumumba, Patrice 28; 15
Luna, James 247
Lutheran Arts and Crafts Centre, Rorke’s Drift 90–92
M
Mabasa, Noria 45–46, 48
Mabaso, Dumisani 90; 97
McEvilley, Thomas 199
McEwen, Frank 81, 82–83, 84, 100, 102–10, 112, 113, 131, 133, 136, 161, 207
McEwen, Mary 108
Madagascar 188
Magnin, André 61, 169, 170, 171
Mailolo, Amali 110, 111; 87
Makerere Art School, Uganda 20, 162, 261–62; 127, 143
Makonde art 142–46, 156, 276; 115–17
Malangatana, Valente 153, 215; 122
‘Malangatana’ compositions (Weya) 153
Malawi 110
Mali 17, 23, 35, 42, 61, 65, 204
Maloba, Gregory 177–78; 141, 143
Mandémory, Boubacar Touré 61
Manufacture Nationale de Tapisserie, Senegal 206, 263
Manuhwa, Damien 111; 88
Manzi, Josia 110; 86
mapiko masks 116
Maqhubela, Louis 132; 107
Margaret Trowell School of Fine Arts, Kampala 176–78, 184
Mariga, Joram 105, 108, 110, 121; 85, 89
Mary (Weya artist) 153–54; 124
Mashiri, Givas 126–27; 103
masks 17, 18, 80, 97, 138, 141, 188, 204; 78, 116, 150
Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art (MASS MoCA) 272
Matemera, Bernard 110, 121
Matisse, Henri 102, 103
Matt, Gerald 61
Mbari Club 214–18, 226
Mbatha, Azaria 90–92; 73
Mbengue, Gora 212; 175
Mbile workshop, Zambia 122–23
Mbuno, Kivuthi 115; 91
Mbuya, Ngoma Kanduka 6
Mercer, Kobena 250
mermaids 29
Mamba Muntu 29
Mami Wata 29, 34, 97, 152; 78
La Sirene 29, 34
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 273
Middle Art (Augustine Okoye) 42–43, 170; 27
Mobutu Sese Seko 30, 75–76
modernism/modernity 10–12, 19, 23, 32, 98, 127, 177, 203, 205, 207, 235, 251
Modi, Yaksha 54
Mofokeng, Santu 56–57, 69; 42
Moké (Kinshasa artist) 30–32, 153–54; 18, 125
Molongoy, PiliPili 82; 64
Moore, Henry 103, 104; 82
Moreau, Gustave 102, 107
Moses, Lemon 110
Mosquera, Gerardo 170
Motswai, Tommy 127, 194–95; 159
Mozambique 67, 89, 101, 110, 122, 142–43
Mphalele, Ezekiel (Es’kia) 214
Mthethwa, Zwelethu 57–58; 44
Muafangejo, John 90, 92; 74
Mubayi, Sylvester 104
Mudimbe, V. Y. 82
Mugadza, Nerissa 149; 120
Mukarobgwa, Thomas 102, 103–104, 106–107, 108, 161–62, 186; 83, 129
Mukomberanwa, Nicholas 104, 105; 84
Mulindwa, Peter 140
multi-culturalism 247
Munyaradzi, Henry 110
Muriuki, James 67; 52
Murray, Kenneth 101, 133, 178
Musa, Hassan 271; 217
Musée des Arts Derniers, Paris 269, 273
Musée d’Art Moderne, Paris 234
Musée Dynamique, Dakar 205, 208
Musée du Quai Branly, Paris 273
Musée Trocadéro, Paris 162, 208, 273
Museum of Ethnology, Vienna 274–75
Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York 18, 109, 234, 271, 272, 273
Museum of Modern Art, Oxford 199
Museum of Primitive Art, New York 273
Museum of World Cultures, Frankfurt 209
museums 43, 87, 95, 137, 138, 145, 165, 254, 258, 271–76
see also individual museums
music recording industry 35, 36, 37
Mutunga (Kamba artist) 28
N
Namasagali workshop, Uganda 123
Namibia 94–95, 122
national culture 203–205
National Gallery, London 272, 273
National Gallery of Zimbabwe, Harare 102, 104, 105, 110
National Museum, Botswana 124
National Museum, Jos, Nigeria 168
National Museum, Lagos 168, 178
National Museum of African Art (NMAfA), Washington, D.C. 244, 275–76
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 276
Native American art 83, 128, 188, 199, 247, 273, 274
Ndabagoye, Richard 183; 147
Ndandarika, Joseph 108
Ndebele, Njabulo S. 228
N’Diaye, Iba 206; 170
Ndoro Traders, Harare 166
N’Dour, Youssou 211
Négritude 19–20, 204–209, 212–14, 217, 239
neocolonialism 181, 202
Neogy, Rajat 183
New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York 254
Ngatane, Ephraim 129; 105
Ngecha Artists’ Association 115
Nharo San 124–25
Nicodemus, Everlyn 171
Niger 24
Nigeria 11, 13, 17, 20, 23, 24, 35, 36–37, 38, 41–43, 48–49, 74–75, 79–80, 84–87, 89, 100, 101, 137, 142, 156, 160, 167–69, 173, 178, 186, 202–204, 212–26, 228, 241–42, 244, 247, 261, 266–68
Nigerian Civil War (1967–70) 43, 137, 217, 219
Njau, Elimo 164, 181; 146
Njeri, Lucy 115; 93
Nkanga, Otobong 74; 59
Nkurumeh, Barthosa 223; 183
Nnaggenda, Francis 122, 123, 162, 185–86; 131, 149
Nommo Gallery, Kampala 166, 183
North Africa 20, 69–72, 211
Noy, Ilse 147–48, 149, 152–53, 157
Nsukka group 216–23, 240, 247
Ntambwe, Kesaya 7
Ntiro, Sam 178, 181
Nwoko, Demas 214, 217
Nxuku, Qmao 125–26; 100–101
Nyachae, Wanjiku 115, 171
Nyerere, Julius 181
Nzewi, Ugochukwu-Smooth 256, 258–59
O
October Gallery, London 269
Odundo, Magdalene 245–46; 203
Odunlade, Tunde 241–42; 199
Oguibe, Olu 247–48; 204
Okeke, Chika 171, 224, 251; 184
Okeke, Uche 214, 216–18, 220, 223; 178
Okore, Nnenna 268; 215
Ole, Antonio 274; 212
Onobrakpeya, Bruce 20, 112, 160, 166, 214, 217, 226; 184–85
Onuzulike, Ozioma 267–68; 214
Onyango, Richard 127–28; 104
Osman, Feisal 127
Osogbo workshops, Nigeria 100, 112, 132, 133–34, 140, 168, 202, 214, 215, 242; 133
Oswaggo, Joel 21
Ottenberg, Simon 248
Ovuomaroro Art Studio, Nigeria 160
Oye Ekiti workshop, Nigeria 80, 84–86; 65
P
Paa ya Paa Cultural Centre, Nairobi 181
Pace African & Oceanic Art, New York 273
Pachipamwe workshop, Zimbabwe 121–22
Pan-African 205–206
Paterson, Canon 101
patrons 10, 13, 21, 25, 28–29, 34, 44, 45, 80, 89, 97–101, 102, 113, 136
p’Bitek, Okot 202, 258
Peace Parks 211
pedagogy 158–59, 181
Peera, Mohamed 144, 276
Peffer, John 64
Pende sculptors 6–7
Peus, Gunter 170
photography 26, 51–78, 276
African diaspora 69–78
photojournalism and documentary photography 53–60, 61
portrait photography 53, 54, 58, 60–67
studio photography 60–65
Picasso, Pablo 102, 103, 104, 160, 161–64, 174, 207–208, 239, 247, 271; 132
Pigozzi, Jean 170, 171
Pinsky, Robert 171–73
Piula, Trigo 14; 3
Pollock, Jackson 83
Polly Street Centre, Johannesburg 89, 90, 129, 132–34, 179–81
Pompidou Centre, Paris 254
Portugal 143
Portway, Douglas 132
postcolonial 10, 13–18, 29, 30, 36, 76, 97, 160, 183, 189, 258
poster art 38
postmodernism 14–15, 248
Poto-Poto School of Art, Brazzaville 131, 207
pottery 24, 90, 245–46
Powell, Ivor 129, 199
precolonial art genres 16, 97
Premier Festival Mondial des Arts Nègres (Dakar, 1966) 205
primitivism 102, 115, 207, 235
printmaking 80, 90–92; 72–74
Public Art Development Trust (UK) 77
public culture 202
public intellectual 205
Q
Qgam, Xwexae Dada 125
R
radios 23
Rakgoathe, Dan 90; 72
Ramphele, Mamphela 191
Rastafarianism 42
Richards, Colin 45, 199
Richter, Dolores 141
Richter, Gerhard 19
Risinamhodzi, Abishell 126
rock painting 92
Rockefeller, Michael 273
Rockefeller, Nelson 273
Rogerson, Alex 67
Rogoff, Irit 255
Romain-Desfossés, Pierre 81–83, 84, 100–101
Royal Academy of Arts, London 178
Rumao, Thaulu Bernardo 95; 76
S
Sachs, Albie 59
Salisbury Workshop School, Rhodesia 81, 89–90, 112, 131, 133–34
Sall, Lamine 263
Samaki (Samaki Likonkoa) 143; 115
Samb, Issa 169, 208, 209; 173
Samba, Chéri 29–33, 34, 35, 42, 43, 152, 170; 16–17
Sammy Big 7 Studio 47
San rock art 248
San women 92
Sango, Brighton 121
São Paulo Biennial 254, 256, 259, 265
Schadeberg, Jürgen 53–54
Schaffner, Ruth 113–15, 269–71; 90
Scheepers, Catharina 92
scholarship 276–78
School of Arabic Calligraphy, Cairo 231
School of Fine Arts, Addis Ababa 231, 236, 239
Schoon, Jenny Curtis 191
Sedira, Zineb 70–71, 72; 55
Senegal 11, 17, 65–66, 122, 141, 160, 162, 169, 202–203, 204–12, 256, 261, 262–63
Senghor, Léopold 11, 19, 162, 204–208, 212, 263
Senufo culture 140–41, 144
Seoka, Dr Phutuma 45, 46, 48; 29
Serima Mission, Rhodesia 105
Serpentine Gallery, London 171
Sét Sétal 211; 174
Setshogo, Thamae 94
Seye, Bouna Medoune 65–66, 208; 49
Shangodare 69, 142
Shapeta, Agnes 147
Sharjah Biennale 259
Shave Farm workshop, UK 122
Shibrain, Ahmad Muhammad 231; 188
Shilakoe, Cyprian 90
Shine Tani (Simon Njenga Mwangi) 118; 96
Shipipa, Fulai 94; 75
Shona culture 105, 106, 108, 111, 147–49
Shonibare, Yinka 14, 249–50, 274; 206, 218
Sidibé, Malick 65; 48
Sierra Leone 17, 18
sign painting 26, 38–40, 42–43; 13, 14
Sihlali, Durant 129, 132–33, 181; 108–109
Silinga, Annie 191
Silva, Bisi 269
Silvy, Camille 36
Siopis, Penny 192–93, 196; 157, 161
Sithole, Lucas 181
Skotnes, Cecil 101, 129, 131, 133–34; 106
Slade School of Fine Art, London 177, 178, 181, 227, 228
Smith, Ian 107–108, 154
Smith, Terry 19, 255, 265, 272
Songo, Samuel 105
Sotheby’s 265
Soulillou, Jacques 169, 170
South Africa 9, 17, 23, 45–48, 53–59, 69, 89–92, 95–96, 101, 120–21, 122, 127, 128–34, 171, 179, 186, 189–99, 211, 228, 261
souvenirs 98, 106, 129; 79–80
Souwer (glass painting) 211–12
Sow, Amadou 208
Soweto Uprising (1976) 189, 196
Soyinka, Wole 214
Soza, Billy War Soldier 247
Ssengendo, Pilkington Nsibambi 20; 9
Stevenson, Michael 269
Structural Adjustment Programs 10
Studio Museum, Harlem 234
Sudan 162, 173, 177, 186, 228, 245, 271
Sultan, Olivier 273
Super Yaw Ofori’s band 23
surrealism 239
Swahili 27, 41
Sy, El Hadji 171, 208, 209; 171–72
T
tailgate murals 40; 24–25
Takawira, John 105
talismanic signs 239–40; 4
Tall, Papa lbra 206–207
Tanzania 41, 142–43, 156, 178, 181
tapestry 204, 206–207
Tate Gallery, London 272
Tate Modern, London 271, 272–73
Taylor, Jane 195
television industry 23, 42
television sets 29, 36–37, 127, 239
Tengenenge workshop, Zimbabwe 109–10, 140
Tenq workshop, Senegal 122, 123
Thapong workshop, Botswana 122–23, 124, 125–26
theatre, travelling 36–38, 152
Theroux, Paul 184; 148
Thoba, Alfred 193, 196; 158, 162
Thupelo Workshop, South Africa 120, 121, 134
Tillim, Guy 57, 69; 43
Todd, Cecil 179–83
Tonkin, Elizabeth 23
tourism 28, 33, 43–45, 51
‘township art’ 89, 104, 129–31, 194, 211
training 89–90, 159, 164, 169
transAfrican movement 234, 237
Transition magazine 183; 148
‘transitional art’ 45–49
Triangle Workshops 98, 119–28, 140, 256–57
Trienal de Luanda, Angola 262
Triennial Symposium in African Art (1989) 273–74
Trowell, Margaret 101, 133, 176–81
Tuchman, Maurice 269
Tuli Fanya Gallery, Kampala 269, 271
Tulipamwe workshop, Namibia 122
Tumblr 67
Turkey 255
Turner Prize 77
Tzara, Tristan 102
U
Udé, Iké 72–74; 58
Udechukwu, Obiora 220–23; 179, 181
Uganda 17, 20, 28, 33, 41, 76–77, 98, 101, 122–23, 162, 165, 176–77, 184–85, 186, 202–204, 261–62, 271
Ujamaa workshop, Mozambique 122
uli/ulists 20, 218–20, 223, 240, 247; 177, 178
University of Ife (Awolowo University), Nigeria 42, 80
University of London 181
University of Nairobi 178
University of Nigeria, Nsukka 186, 216, 217, 218, 220, 226
USA 23, 51, 78, 83, 109, 120, 128–29, 155, 228, 242, 272–73, 274
‘usable past’ 248–49
V
van den Berg, Clive 197; 165
Van Rossem, Ru 112
Varnedoe, Kirk 18
vehicles 38–41, 87; 26
Venice Biennale 226, 254, 255, 258
video 36–37, 256, 257; 22
‘Village des Arts’, Dakar 208
Viollet-le-Duc, Eugene 24
Vogel, Susan 45, 264
Vohou-Vohou 169; 135
Vukutu workshop, Zimbabwe 108, 112
W
Wadu, Sane 115; 92
Waqialla, Osman 231
Warhol, Andy 74
Watts, Ouattara 248–49, 205
websites 268
Wenger, Susanne 84, 86–87, 100, 215; 67–69
Weya artists 147–57, 158; 123–24, 126
Weya Community Training Centre, Zimbabwe 115, 147–49
Whitechapel Art Gallery, London 171
Williams, Denis 112, 215
Williamson, Sue 191; 155
women artists 146–47, 155–57, 170–71, 191, 244–45
workshops 140, 159
see also individual workshops
World Bank 10
X
Xayamaca workshop, Jamaica 122
Xenson 210
Xhare, Quaqhoo 92
!Xun and Khwe Cultural Project, South Africa 92, 94–95
Y
Yetmgeta, Zerihun 239–40; 197–98
Yoruba travelling theatre 36–38, 152
Yoruba workshops 140, 141, 144, 156, 214–16
Z
Zambia 33, 122
Zaria Art Society 20, 216–20, 226
Zimbabwe 17, 81, 82–86, 89–90, 100, 102–12, 121–22, 126–27, 136, 138, 149–56, 158, 161–62