Table of Contents
About This Book Foolish Assumptions What Not to Read How This Book Is Organized Part I: The Basic Concepts of Chemistry Part II: A Cornucopia of Chemical Concepts Part III: Blessed Be the Bonds That Tie Part IV: Environmental Chemistry: Benefits and Problems Part V: The Part of Tens Icons Used in This Book Where to Go from Here
Part I: The Basic Concepts of Chemistry Part II: A Cornucopia of Chemical Concepts Part III: Blessed Be the Bonds That Tie Part IV: Environmental Chemistry: Benefits and Problems Part V: The Part of Tens
Chapter 1: What Is Chemistry, and Why Do I Need to Know Some? Understanding What Chemistry Is Distinguishing between Science and Technology Deciphering the Scientific Method How the scientific method works How you can use the scientific method Looking at the Branches of Chemistry Macroscopic versus microscopic viewpoints Pure versus applied chemistry Eyeing What You’ll Do in Your Chemistry Class Chapter 2: Contemplating Chemical Calculations Grasping the SI Measurement System Eyeing the basic SI prefixes Units of length Units of mass Units of volume Units of temperature Units of pressure Units of energy Handling Really Big or Really Small Numbers Exploring exponential and scientific notation Adding and subtracting Multiplying and dividing Raising a number to a power Relying on a calculator Deciphering the Difference between Accuracy and Precision Using the Unit Conversion Method to Solve Problems Knowing How to Handle Significant Figures Comparing numbers: Exact and counted versus measured Determining the number of significant figures in a measured number Reporting the correct number of significant figures Rounding off numbers Chapter 3: Matter and Energy Looking at the Facts of Matter Solids Liquids Gases Ice in Alaska, Water in Texas: Changing States of Matter I’m melting away! Oh, what a world! Boiling point Freezing point Sublimate this! Classifying Pure Substances and Mixtures Keeping it simple with pure substances Throwing mixtures into the mix Nice Properties You’ve Got There Identifying substances by density How dense are you? Measuring density Keeping the World in Motion: Energy Moving right along: Kinetic energy Sitting pretty: Potential energy Measuring Energy Taking a look at temperature Feeling the heat Chapter 4: Something Smaller Than an Atom? Atomic Structure Taking an Up-Close Look at the Atom: Subatomic Particles Taking Center Stage: The Nucleus Locating the Electrons in an Atom The Bohr model — it’s really not boring Quantum mechanical model Configuring Electrons (Bed Check for Electrons) Examining the energy-level diagram Eyeing electron configurations Living on the edge: Valence electrons Examining Isotopes and Ions Isolating the isotope Keeping an eye on ions Chapter 5: The Periodic Table (But No Chairs) Repeating Patterns of Periodicity Understanding How Elements Are Arranged in the Periodic Table Classifying metals, nonmetals, and metalloids Organizing by periods and families Chapter 6: Balloons, Tires, and Scuba Tanks: The Wonderful World of Gases Taking a Microscopic View of Gases: The Kinetic Molecular Theory Staying Under Pressure — Atmospheric Pressure, That Is Measuring atmospheric pressure: The barometer Measuring confined gas pressure: The manometer Grasping Different Gas Laws Boyle’s law: Nothing to do with boiling Charles’s law: Don’t call me Chuck Gay-Lussac’s law The combined gas law Avogadro’s law The ideal gas equation The van der Waals equation Applying Gas Laws to Stoichiometry Tackling Dalton’s and Graham’s Laws Dalton’s law Graham’s law
Understanding What Chemistry Is Distinguishing between Science and Technology Deciphering the Scientific Method How the scientific method works How you can use the scientific method Looking at the Branches of Chemistry Macroscopic versus microscopic viewpoints Pure versus applied chemistry Eyeing What You’ll Do in Your Chemistry Class
How the scientific method works How you can use the scientific method
Macroscopic versus microscopic viewpoints Pure versus applied chemistry
Grasping the SI Measurement System Eyeing the basic SI prefixes Units of length Units of mass Units of volume Units of temperature Units of pressure Units of energy Handling Really Big or Really Small Numbers Exploring exponential and scientific notation Adding and subtracting Multiplying and dividing Raising a number to a power Relying on a calculator Deciphering the Difference between Accuracy and Precision Using the Unit Conversion Method to Solve Problems Knowing How to Handle Significant Figures Comparing numbers: Exact and counted versus measured Determining the number of significant figures in a measured number Reporting the correct number of significant figures Rounding off numbers
Eyeing the basic SI prefixes Units of length Units of mass Units of volume Units of temperature Units of pressure Units of energy
Exploring exponential and scientific notation Adding and subtracting Multiplying and dividing Raising a number to a power Relying on a calculator
Comparing numbers: Exact and counted versus measured Determining the number of significant figures in a measured number Reporting the correct number of significant figures Rounding off numbers
Looking at the Facts of Matter Solids Liquids Gases Ice in Alaska, Water in Texas: Changing States of Matter I’m melting away! Oh, what a world! Boiling point Freezing point Sublimate this! Classifying Pure Substances and Mixtures Keeping it simple with pure substances Throwing mixtures into the mix Nice Properties You’ve Got There Identifying substances by density How dense are you? Measuring density Keeping the World in Motion: Energy Moving right along: Kinetic energy Sitting pretty: Potential energy Measuring Energy Taking a look at temperature Feeling the heat
Solids Liquids Gases
I’m melting away! Oh, what a world! Boiling point Freezing point Sublimate this!
Keeping it simple with pure substances Throwing mixtures into the mix
Identifying substances by density How dense are you? Measuring density
Moving right along: Kinetic energy Sitting pretty: Potential energy
Taking a look at temperature Feeling the heat
Taking an Up-Close Look at the Atom: Subatomic Particles Taking Center Stage: The Nucleus Locating the Electrons in an Atom The Bohr model — it’s really not boring Quantum mechanical model Configuring Electrons (Bed Check for Electrons) Examining the energy-level diagram Eyeing electron configurations Living on the edge: Valence electrons Examining Isotopes and Ions Isolating the isotope Keeping an eye on ions
The Bohr model — it’s really not boring Quantum mechanical model
Examining the energy-level diagram Eyeing electron configurations Living on the edge: Valence electrons
Isolating the isotope Keeping an eye on ions
Repeating Patterns of Periodicity Understanding How Elements Are Arranged in the Periodic Table Classifying metals, nonmetals, and metalloids Organizing by periods and families
Classifying metals, nonmetals, and metalloids Organizing by periods and families
Taking a Microscopic View of Gases: The Kinetic Molecular Theory Staying Under Pressure — Atmospheric Pressure, That Is Measuring atmospheric pressure: The barometer Measuring confined gas pressure: The manometer Grasping Different Gas Laws Boyle’s law: Nothing to do with boiling Charles’s law: Don’t call me Chuck Gay-Lussac’s law The combined gas law Avogadro’s law The ideal gas equation The van der Waals equation Applying Gas Laws to Stoichiometry Tackling Dalton’s and Graham’s Laws Dalton’s law Graham’s law
Measuring atmospheric pressure: The barometer Measuring confined gas pressure: The manometer
Boyle’s law: Nothing to do with boiling Charles’s law: Don’t call me Chuck Gay-Lussac’s law The combined gas law Avogadro’s law The ideal gas equation The van der Waals equation
Dalton’s law Graham’s law
Chapter 7: Chemical Cooking: Chemical Reactions Knowing What You Have and What You’ll Get: Reactants and Products Understanding How Reactions Occur: The Collision Theory Eyeing a one-step collision example Considering an exothermic example Looking at an endothermic example Identifying Different Types of Reactions Combination reactions Decomposition reactions Single-displacement reactions Double-displacement reactions Combustion reactions Redox reactions Balancing Chemical Reactions Balancing ammonia production Flicking the lighter Chapter 8: The Mole: Can You Dig It? Counting Particles by Massing Using Moles to Count Looking up Avogadro’s number: Not in the phone book Putting moles to work Calculating empirical formulas Understanding the Role of Moles in Chemical Reactions Making the calculations Determining what you need and what you’ll get: Reaction stoichiometry Figuring out the bang for your buck: Percent yield Running out of something and leaving something behind: Limiting reactants Chapter 9: Mixing Matter Up: Solutions Getting Your Definitions Straight: Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Discussing solubility: How much solute will dissolve Exploring saturation Focusing on Solution Concentration Units Percent composition: Three different ratios Molarity: It’s number one! Molality: Another use for the mole Parts per million: The pollution unit Comprehending Colligative Properties of Solutions Reducing the pressure: Vapor-pressure lowering Using antifreeze in summer: Boiling-point elevation Making ice cream: Freezing-point depression Keeping blood cells alive and well: Osmotic pressure Clearing the Air on Colloids Chapter 10: Thermochemistry: Hot Stuff Looking at Reactions and Energy Changes Systems and surroundings Heat Units of energy Heat capacities Calorimetry Understanding Enthalpy Changes Finding Heats of Reaction Doing it yourself Referring to tables Relying on Hess’s law Using standard heats of formation Uncovering Enthalpies and Phase Transitions Chapter 11: Sour and Bitter: Acids and Bases Getting to Know the Properties of Acids and Bases: Macroscopic View Recognizing Acids and Bases: Microscopic View The Arrhenius theory: Must have water The Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theory: Giving and accepting Distinguishing between Strong and Weak Acids and Bases Ionizing completely: Strong acids Falling to pieces: Strong bases Ionizing partway: Weak acids Finding equilibrium with water: Weak bases Competing for protons: Bronsted-Lowry acid-base reactions Playing both parts: Amphoteric water Identifying Acids and Bases with Indicators Taking a quick dip with litmus paper Titrating with phenolphthalein Putting Coffee and Other Substances on the pH Scale Controlling pH with Buffers
Knowing What You Have and What You’ll Get: Reactants and Products Understanding How Reactions Occur: The Collision Theory Eyeing a one-step collision example Considering an exothermic example Looking at an endothermic example Identifying Different Types of Reactions Combination reactions Decomposition reactions Single-displacement reactions Double-displacement reactions Combustion reactions Redox reactions Balancing Chemical Reactions Balancing ammonia production Flicking the lighter
Eyeing a one-step collision example Considering an exothermic example Looking at an endothermic example
Combination reactions Decomposition reactions Single-displacement reactions Double-displacement reactions Combustion reactions Redox reactions
Balancing ammonia production Flicking the lighter
Counting Particles by Massing Using Moles to Count Looking up Avogadro’s number: Not in the phone book Putting moles to work Calculating empirical formulas Understanding the Role of Moles in Chemical Reactions Making the calculations Determining what you need and what you’ll get: Reaction stoichiometry Figuring out the bang for your buck: Percent yield Running out of something and leaving something behind: Limiting reactants
Looking up Avogadro’s number: Not in the phone book Putting moles to work Calculating empirical formulas
Making the calculations Determining what you need and what you’ll get: Reaction stoichiometry Figuring out the bang for your buck: Percent yield Running out of something and leaving something behind: Limiting reactants
Getting Your Definitions Straight: Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions Discussing solubility: How much solute will dissolve Exploring saturation Focusing on Solution Concentration Units Percent composition: Three different ratios Molarity: It’s number one! Molality: Another use for the mole Parts per million: The pollution unit Comprehending Colligative Properties of Solutions Reducing the pressure: Vapor-pressure lowering Using antifreeze in summer: Boiling-point elevation Making ice cream: Freezing-point depression Keeping blood cells alive and well: Osmotic pressure Clearing the Air on Colloids
Discussing solubility: How much solute will dissolve Exploring saturation
Percent composition: Three different ratios Molarity: It’s number one! Molality: Another use for the mole Parts per million: The pollution unit
Reducing the pressure: Vapor-pressure lowering Using antifreeze in summer: Boiling-point elevation Making ice cream: Freezing-point depression Keeping blood cells alive and well: Osmotic pressure
Looking at Reactions and Energy Changes Systems and surroundings Heat Units of energy Heat capacities Calorimetry Understanding Enthalpy Changes Finding Heats of Reaction Doing it yourself Referring to tables Relying on Hess’s law Using standard heats of formation Uncovering Enthalpies and Phase Transitions
Systems and surroundings Heat Units of energy Heat capacities Calorimetry
Doing it yourself Referring to tables Relying on Hess’s law Using standard heats of formation
Getting to Know the Properties of Acids and Bases: Macroscopic View Recognizing Acids and Bases: Microscopic View The Arrhenius theory: Must have water The Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theory: Giving and accepting Distinguishing between Strong and Weak Acids and Bases Ionizing completely: Strong acids Falling to pieces: Strong bases Ionizing partway: Weak acids Finding equilibrium with water: Weak bases Competing for protons: Bronsted-Lowry acid-base reactions Playing both parts: Amphoteric water Identifying Acids and Bases with Indicators Taking a quick dip with litmus paper Titrating with phenolphthalein Putting Coffee and Other Substances on the pH Scale Controlling pH with Buffers
The Arrhenius theory: Must have water The Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theory: Giving and accepting
Ionizing completely: Strong acids Falling to pieces: Strong bases Ionizing partway: Weak acids Finding equilibrium with water: Weak bases Competing for protons: Bronsted-Lowry acid-base reactions Playing both parts: Amphoteric water
Taking a quick dip with litmus paper Titrating with phenolphthalein
Chapter 12: Where Did I Put That Electron? Quantum Theory Facing the Concepts of Matter and Light Understanding the components Spectroscopy Grasping Bohr’s Atomic Model De Broglie’s contribution Heisenberg’s contribution Understanding the Quantum Mechanical Model Chapter 13: Opposites Do Attract: Ionic Bonding Magically Bonding Ions: Sodium + Chlorine = Table Salt Meeting the components Understanding the reaction Ending up with a bond Identifying Positive and Negative Ions: Cations and Anions Grasping Polyatomic Ions Putting Ions Together: Ionic Compounds Putting magnesium and bromine together Applying the crisscross rule Naming Ionic Compounds Contrasting Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes Chapter 14: Sharing Nicely: Covalent Bonding Eyeing Covalent Bond Basics Considering a hydrogen example Comparing covalent bonds with other bonds Understanding multiple bonds Naming Binary Covalent Compounds Learning Many Formulas in a Little Time Empirical formula: Just the elements Molecular or true formula: Inside the numbers Structural formula: Add the bonding pattern Sharing Electron Pairs — Sometimes Equally and Sometimes Not Attracting electrons: Electronegativities Polar covalent bonding Wondering about water: A really strange molecule Chapter 15: What Do Molecules Really Look Like? Molecular Geometry and Hybridization Seeing How Shape Matters Getting charged with polarity Predicting polarity Delving Into Electron and Molecular Geometry (VSEPR) Comprehending the Valence Bond Theory (Hybridization) Breaking Down the Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory Chapter 16: Tackling Periodic Trends Checking Out the Importance of Size Comprehending effective nuclear charge Explaining changes in atomic radii Tracing tendencies of ionic radii Eyeing Trends in Ionization Energies Noting an increase in sequential energy Taking stability into consideration Considering a few exceptions to the rule Considering Trends in Electron Affinities Chapter 17: Examining the Link between Intermolecular Forces and Condensed States Understanding Types of Intermolecular Forces Bringing ions and dipoles together Mutually attracting dipoles Drawing close to hydrogen Uniting through the cloud Bonding temporarily with London (dispersion) forces Grasping the Properties of Liquids Resisting an increase: Surface tension Resisting to flow: Viscosity Climbing the walls: Capillary action Warming up: Heat capacity Working with Solids Deciphering Phase Diagrams
Facing the Concepts of Matter and Light Understanding the components Spectroscopy Grasping Bohr’s Atomic Model De Broglie’s contribution Heisenberg’s contribution Understanding the Quantum Mechanical Model
Understanding the components Spectroscopy
De Broglie’s contribution Heisenberg’s contribution
Magically Bonding Ions: Sodium + Chlorine = Table Salt Meeting the components Understanding the reaction Ending up with a bond Identifying Positive and Negative Ions: Cations and Anions Grasping Polyatomic Ions Putting Ions Together: Ionic Compounds Putting magnesium and bromine together Applying the crisscross rule Naming Ionic Compounds Contrasting Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
Meeting the components Understanding the reaction Ending up with a bond
Putting magnesium and bromine together Applying the crisscross rule
Eyeing Covalent Bond Basics Considering a hydrogen example Comparing covalent bonds with other bonds Understanding multiple bonds Naming Binary Covalent Compounds Learning Many Formulas in a Little Time Empirical formula: Just the elements Molecular or true formula: Inside the numbers Structural formula: Add the bonding pattern Sharing Electron Pairs — Sometimes Equally and Sometimes Not Attracting electrons: Electronegativities Polar covalent bonding Wondering about water: A really strange molecule
Considering a hydrogen example Comparing covalent bonds with other bonds Understanding multiple bonds
Empirical formula: Just the elements Molecular or true formula: Inside the numbers Structural formula: Add the bonding pattern
Attracting electrons: Electronegativities Polar covalent bonding Wondering about water: A really strange molecule
Seeing How Shape Matters Getting charged with polarity Predicting polarity Delving Into Electron and Molecular Geometry (VSEPR) Comprehending the Valence Bond Theory (Hybridization) Breaking Down the Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory
Getting charged with polarity Predicting polarity
Checking Out the Importance of Size Comprehending effective nuclear charge Explaining changes in atomic radii Tracing tendencies of ionic radii Eyeing Trends in Ionization Energies Noting an increase in sequential energy Taking stability into consideration Considering a few exceptions to the rule Considering Trends in Electron Affinities
Comprehending effective nuclear charge Explaining changes in atomic radii Tracing tendencies of ionic radii
Noting an increase in sequential energy Taking stability into consideration Considering a few exceptions to the rule
Understanding Types of Intermolecular Forces Bringing ions and dipoles together Mutually attracting dipoles Drawing close to hydrogen Uniting through the cloud Bonding temporarily with London (dispersion) forces Grasping the Properties of Liquids Resisting an increase: Surface tension Resisting to flow: Viscosity Climbing the walls: Capillary action Warming up: Heat capacity Working with Solids Deciphering Phase Diagrams
Bringing ions and dipoles together Mutually attracting dipoles Drawing close to hydrogen Uniting through the cloud Bonding temporarily with London (dispersion) forces
Resisting an increase: Surface tension Resisting to flow: Viscosity Climbing the walls: Capillary action Warming up: Heat capacity
Chapter 18: Cough! Cough! Hack! Hack! Air Pollution Seeing Where This Mess Began: Civilization’s Effect on the Atmosphere Taking a Closer Look at the Earth’s Atmosphere The troposphere: What humans affect the most The stratosphere: Protecting humans with the ozone layer Getting the Lowdown on the Ozone Layer Explaining how the ozone reacts to gases Seeing how CFCs hurt the ozone layer Comprehending the Greenhouse Effect Breathing Brown Air: Photochemical Smog London smog Photochemical smog “I’m Meltingggggg!” — Acid Rain Don’t drink the water: What’s in acid rain Charge them up and drop them out: Electrostatic precipitators Washing water: Scrubbers Chapter 19: Examining the Ins and Outs of Water Pollution Where Does Water Come from, and Where Is It Going? Evaporate, condense, repeat Following the water Taking a Closer Look at Water: A Most Unusual Substance Identifying Some Common Water Pollutants We really didn’t get the lead out: Heavy metal contamination Raining down acid Getting sick off infectious agents Leaking landfills and LUST Seeping pollution from farms Polluting with heat: Thermal pollution Using up oxygen: BOD Getting the Stink out of Wastewater Primary sewage treatment Secondary sewage treatment Tertiary sewage treatment Treating Drinking Water Chapter 20: Nuclear Chemistry: It’ll Blow Your Mind Understanding Basic Atomic Structure: It All Starts with the Atom Defining Radioactivity and Man-Made Radioactive Decay Radioactively Decaying the Natural Way Alpha particle emission Beta particle emission Gamma radiation emission Positron emission Electron capture Figuring Out When Radioactive Decay Happens: Half-Lives Determining half-lives Safe handling Radioactive dating Initiating Reactions: Nuclear Fission Calculating chain reactions and critical mass Controlling reactions: Nuclear power plants Producing plutonium with breeder reactors Harnessing Nuclear Fusion: The Hope for Tomorrow’s Energy Overcoming the control issues Imagining what the future holds Identifying the Effects of Radiation
Seeing Where This Mess Began: Civilization’s Effect on the Atmosphere Taking a Closer Look at the Earth’s Atmosphere The troposphere: What humans affect the most The stratosphere: Protecting humans with the ozone layer Getting the Lowdown on the Ozone Layer Explaining how the ozone reacts to gases Seeing how CFCs hurt the ozone layer Comprehending the Greenhouse Effect Breathing Brown Air: Photochemical Smog London smog Photochemical smog “I’m Meltingggggg!” — Acid Rain Don’t drink the water: What’s in acid rain Charge them up and drop them out: Electrostatic precipitators Washing water: Scrubbers
The troposphere: What humans affect the most The stratosphere: Protecting humans with the ozone layer
Explaining how the ozone reacts to gases Seeing how CFCs hurt the ozone layer
London smog Photochemical smog
Don’t drink the water: What’s in acid rain Charge them up and drop them out: Electrostatic precipitators Washing water: Scrubbers
Where Does Water Come from, and Where Is It Going? Evaporate, condense, repeat Following the water Taking a Closer Look at Water: A Most Unusual Substance Identifying Some Common Water Pollutants We really didn’t get the lead out: Heavy metal contamination Raining down acid Getting sick off infectious agents Leaking landfills and LUST Seeping pollution from farms Polluting with heat: Thermal pollution Using up oxygen: BOD Getting the Stink out of Wastewater Primary sewage treatment Secondary sewage treatment Tertiary sewage treatment Treating Drinking Water
Evaporate, condense, repeat Following the water
We really didn’t get the lead out: Heavy metal contamination Raining down acid Getting sick off infectious agents Leaking landfills and LUST Seeping pollution from farms Polluting with heat: Thermal pollution Using up oxygen: BOD
Primary sewage treatment Secondary sewage treatment Tertiary sewage treatment
Understanding Basic Atomic Structure: It All Starts with the Atom Defining Radioactivity and Man-Made Radioactive Decay Radioactively Decaying the Natural Way Alpha particle emission Beta particle emission Gamma radiation emission Positron emission Electron capture Figuring Out When Radioactive Decay Happens: Half-Lives Determining half-lives Safe handling Radioactive dating Initiating Reactions: Nuclear Fission Calculating chain reactions and critical mass Controlling reactions: Nuclear power plants Producing plutonium with breeder reactors Harnessing Nuclear Fusion: The Hope for Tomorrow’s Energy Overcoming the control issues Imagining what the future holds Identifying the Effects of Radiation
Alpha particle emission Beta particle emission Gamma radiation emission Positron emission Electron capture
Determining half-lives Safe handling Radioactive dating
Calculating chain reactions and critical mass Controlling reactions: Nuclear power plants Producing plutonium with breeder reactors
Overcoming the control issues Imagining what the future holds
Chapter 21: Ten Serendipitous Discoveries in Chemistry Taking the Measure of Volume Keeping Rubber Solid Right- and Left-Handed Molecules Finding a Shortcut to Color: Artificial Dye Dreaming Up the Ring Structure Discovering Radioactivity Finding Really Slick Stuff: Teflon Stick ’Em Up! Sticky Notes Growing Hair Speaking of Sweet Somethings Chapter 22: Ten (Or So) Great Chemistry Nerds Amedeo Avogadro Niels Bohr Marie Curie John Dalton Michael Faraday Antoine Lavoisier Dmitri Mendeleev Linus Pauling Ernest Rutherford Glenn Seaborg That Third-Grade Girl Experimenting with Vinegar and Baking Soda Chapter 23: Ten Terrific Tips for Passing Chem I Have a Regular Study Schedule Strive For Understanding — Don’t Just Memorize Practice by Doing the Homework Get Help from Additional Resources Read the Material before Class Take Good Notes Recopy Your Lecture Notes Ask Questions Get a Good Night’s Sleep before Exams Pay Particular Attention to Details Chapter 24: The Top Ten Industrial Chemicals Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) Nitrogen (N2) Ethylene (C2H4) Oxygen (O2) Propylene (C3H6) Chlorine (Cl2) Ethylene Dichloride (C2H2Cl2) Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) Ammonia (NH3) Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
Taking the Measure of Volume Keeping Rubber Solid Right- and Left-Handed Molecules Finding a Shortcut to Color: Artificial Dye Dreaming Up the Ring Structure Discovering Radioactivity Finding Really Slick Stuff: Teflon Stick ’Em Up! Sticky Notes Growing Hair Speaking of Sweet Somethings
Amedeo Avogadro Niels Bohr Marie Curie John Dalton Michael Faraday Antoine Lavoisier Dmitri Mendeleev Linus Pauling Ernest Rutherford Glenn Seaborg That Third-Grade Girl Experimenting with Vinegar and Baking Soda
Have a Regular Study Schedule Strive For Understanding — Don’t Just Memorize Practice by Doing the Homework Get Help from Additional Resources Read the Material before Class Take Good Notes Recopy Your Lecture Notes Ask Questions Get a Good Night’s Sleep before Exams Pay Particular Attention to Details
Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) Nitrogen (N2) Ethylene (C2H4) Oxygen (O2) Propylene (C3H6) Chlorine (Cl2) Ethylene Dichloride (C2H2Cl2) Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) Ammonia (NH3) Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)