The Bonfire

24 Seven children would follow: William Henry Dabney, Sketch of the Dabneys of Virginia: With Some of Their Family Records (Chicago: S. D. Childs & Co., 1888), 186; Lucian Lamar Knight, A Standard History of Georgia and Georgians (Atlanta: Lewis, 1917), 5:2291.

24 As he traveled for the court circuit: “He Sleeps,” Atlanta Constitution, October, 5, 1875, 3; Dr. R. J. Massey, “Men Who Made Atlanta,” Atlanta Constitution, October 22, 1905, D2.

24 From the percentage of the payments he collected: Legal earnings figure from Eric H. Walther, William Lowndes Yancey and the Coming of the Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 146.

25 his son Patrick would later insist: “Reminiscences of Patrick H. Calhoun,” Atlanta Historical Bulletin 1, no. 6 (February 1932): 42.

25 A quarter of all slave families were separated by sales: Slave family separation figure from James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), 38.

25 The U.S. Army manned a chain of forts: For a general survey of Andrew Jackson’s relations with the Indians of the Southeast, see Robert V. Remini, Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars (New York: Viking, 2001); for the purposes of this book, I benefited from 226-72. Remini points out that Jackson took a paternalistic view toward the fate of the southeastern tribes, seeing their voluntary, if possible, and forced, if necessary, removal as the only way to stave off an extinction of the Indians like that which took place in New England following the encounter between natives and colonialists there. On the First Creek War, see James W. Holland, Andrew Jackson and the Creek War: Victory at the Horseshoe (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1968); Joel W. Martin, Sacred Revolt: The Muskogees’ Struggle for a New World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1991), 1-3. On the impact of the Creek War and the Treaty of Fort Jackson on Andrew Jackson’s later Indian removal policies, see Michael Paul Rogin, Fathers and Children: Andrew Jackson and the Subjugation of the American Indian (New York: Alfred K. Knopf, 1975), 169-78.

26 Concluded in 1826, the Treaty of Indian Springs: Grace M. Schwartzman and Susan K. Barnard, “A Trail of Broken Promises: Georgians and Muscogee Creek Treaties 1796-1826,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 75 (Winter 1991): 704-5.

27 “McIntosh . . . has sold the land of his fathers”: Auguste Levasseur, Lafayette in America in 1824 & 1825, quoted in Edward J. Cashin, ed., A Wilderness Still the Cradle of Nature: Frontier Georgia (Savannah: Library of Georgia, 1994), 119.

27 Not long after Lafayette’s visit: Cashin, A Wilderness, xxv-xxvi.

27 The Indians complained but had no right: On the defrauding of the Creek land deeds, see Martin, Sacred Revolt, 2, and Kenneth L. Valliere, “The Creek War of 1836: A Military History,” Chronicles of Oklahoma 57, no. 4 (1980): 464- 66.

28 “I have heard a great many talks from our great father”: Jackson in “Proceedings of the Indian Board in the City of New York,” (n.p., n.d.), 5, quoted, along with Speckled Snake, in Sharyn Kane and Richard Keeton, Fort Benning: The Land and the People (Tallahassee: Southeast Archeological Center, National Park Service, 1998), ch. 11, n.p.

28 He paid the price for opposing the immensely popular legislation: David Crockett, The Life of David Crockett: The Original Humorist and Irrepressible Backwoodsman; an Autobiography, to Which Is Added an Account of His Glorious Death at the Alamo While Fighting in Defence of Texas Independence (New York: A. L. Burt, 1902), 160.

29 By the time the wanderers reached Oklahoma: Kane and Keeton, Fort Benning, ch. 11, n.p.

29 war erupted between white Americans and Alabama and Georgia Creeks: On the Second Seminole War and its relation to the Creek War of 1836, see John K. Mahon, History of the Second Seminole War, 1835-1842 (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1967), 160-61, 190-91. For history and interpretation of the Second Seminole and Second Creek wars within a wider argument about Jacksonian paternalistic justifications for Indian removal, see Rogin, Fathers and Children, 229-43. For the most complete history of the Second Creek War’s military aspects, see Valliere, “The Creek War of 1836,” 463-85. For a more succinct overview of its causes, major events, and consequences, see Jacob R. Motte, Journey into Wilderness: An Army Surgeon’s Account of Life in Camp and Field during the Creek and Seminole Wars, 1836-1838, ed. James F. Sunderman (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1953), notes, 247-55.

30 “men, women and children murdered in every direction”: Quoted in Valliere, “The Creek War of 1836,” 471.

30 Most men came from nearby towns: On the Georgia militia’s role in the war, see Gordon Burns Smith, History of the Georgia Militia, 1783-1861 (Milledgeville, GA: Boyd Publishing, 2000), 198, 213-15; Helen Eliza Terrill, History of Stewart County (Columbus, GA: Columbus Office Supply Co., 1958), 43-63; on the major events of the war, including several contemporary letters from participating officers, see Terrill, History, 55-63. See also William Warren Rogers, Ante-Bellum Thomas County 1825-1861 (Tallahassee: Florida State University Press, 1963), 35-38, for discussion of a county that also saw heavy fighting.

30 In addition, 4,300 Alabamans joined the effort: “Hon. Charles Murphey Candler’s Historical Address to the DeKalb County Centennial Celebration at Decatur, Georgia, on November 9, 1922.” For the Second Creek War’s troop levels, see Motte, Journey into Wilderness, 254n1.

31 “It seemed as if every ragamuffin of Georgia”: Motte, Journey into Wilderness, 3.

31 both Calhoun brothers’ companies mustered into the army in Columbus: See Smith, History of the Georgia Militia, on Georgia’s state militia tradition and on its role in the Creek War of 1836, particularly 195-215, and on Alford, see 207n48.

31 The Fort McCreary blockhouse and stockade commanded a hilltop: On Fort McCreary and surroundings, see Terrill, History, 48, 50-51. The fort’s name is sometimes spelled “McCrary.”

32 “nothing but a continued series of black heaps of ashes”: Motte, Journey into Wilderness, 11.

33 He took the horse’s reins: “James M. Calhoun,” n.d., no source, Atlanta History Society Calhoun Papers.

33 “The Indians must not escape”: “The War Not Yet Ended,” Columbus Sentinel, August 2, 1836.

33 “With them their country was life”: Motte, Journey into Wilderness, 19-20, 69-70.

34 Just 13,573 Creeks remained alive in Oklahoma: Kane and Keeton, Fort Benning , ch. 11, n.p.

34 The next would not come for another thirty years: Dr. R. J. Massey, “Men Who Made Atlanta,” Atlanta Constitution, October 22, 1905, D2.

CHAPTER 4: SHERMAN IN THE SWAMP

36 “disgraceful . . . to the American character”: Quoted in Jacob R. Motte, Journey into Wilderness: An Army Surgeon’s Account of Life in Camp and Field during the Creek and Seminole Wars, 1836-1838, ed. James F. Sunderman (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1953), 312.

36 With a force that numbered between 4,000 and 9,000: For troop and Indian force numbers and deaths, see John K. Mahon, History of the Second Seminole War, 1835-1842 (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1967), 122, 225, 307, and 325.

36 “In twenty months or so”: Quoted in Mahon, History, 303.

37 the nineteen-year-old William Tecumseh Sherman: On the events of Sherman’s life in Florida, this chapter draws heavily on Mahon’s war history; William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2nd ed. (New York: Penguin Classics, 2001), 17-28; John F. Marszalek, Sherman: A Soldier’s Passion for Order (New York: The Free Press, 1993), 33-47; Jane F. Lancaster, “William Tecumseh Sherman’s Introduction to War, 1840-1842: Lesson for Action,” Florida Historical Quarterly 72, no. 1 ( July 1993): 56-72.

37 “as bright as the burning bush”: Quoted in Marszalek, Sherman, 38.

38 “the abode of man or beast”: Sherman, Memoirs, 19, 27.

38 “threading through the intricate mazes”: Quoted in Marszalek, Sherman, 38.

38 “Good for nothing” and a “pack of rascals”: Quoted in Lancaster, “ William Tecumseh Sherman’s Introduction to War,” 65.

39 While in Florida, he studied geography and geology: Sherman, Memoirs, 26.

39 “the best officer is selected”: Quoted in Lancaster, “William Tecumseh Sherman’s Introduction to War,” 65.

40 “Regardless of food or the climate”: Mahon, History, 295-97.

41 Even the most intransigent among them: Sherman, Memoirs, 23-36; Mahon, History, 298-302.

41 The Second Seminole War was over: Sherman, Memoirs, 27.

41 “had caught more Indians”: Quoted in Lancaster, “William Tecumseh Sherman’s Introduction to War,” 69.

42 “many a rich scene”: This and following quotes, unless otherwise indicated, are from Russell S. Bonds, “Sherman’s First March Through Georgia,” Civil War Times 46, no. 6 (August 2007): 20-27.

43 “must necessarily unite”: Calhoun quote in Walter G. Cooper, Official History of Fulton County (Atlanta: History Commission, 1934), 55.

43 Marthasville in 1844 didn’t amount to much: Early settlement description, from Cooper, Official History, 58-59.

43 A move was afoot to rename it “Atlanta”: The story of how Atlanta got its name is disputed. For a common version, see Cooper, Official History, 59-60.

43 “every bit of knowledge then acquired [was] returned tenfold”: Letter to Ellen Ewing Sherman, January 5, 1865, Sherman’s Civil War: Selected Correspondence of William T. Sherman, 1860-1865, ed. Brooks D. Simpson and Jean V. Berlin (Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 792.

CHAPTER 5: ANOTHER PASSAGE

46 Once beneath the soaring rotunda: On the very different Capitol structure at the time, see William C. Allen, History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2001), 146.

46 People who reviled him: Robert V. Remini, Daniel Webster: The Man and His Time (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1997), 27.

47 “freekently came up to the Senate Chamber to see Senator Webster”: Quoted in Thomas G. Dyer, “Half Slave, Half Free: Unionist Robert Webster in Confederate Atlanta,” in Inside the Confederate Nation: Essays in Honor of Emory M. Thomas, ed. Emory M. Thomas, Lesley Jill Gordon, and John C. Inscoe (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005), 308. I rely extensively on Dyer’s exhaustive research on Robert Webster’s early life for this chapter.

47 “Nature had not in our days”: Quoted in Remini, Daniel Webster, 29, 762.

47 The “Demosthenes of America” swept away his audiences: Remini, Daniel Webster, 219.

47 “out of rant and out of declamation to history and good sense”: Remini, Daniel Webster, 762.

47 “made for the people, made by the people, and answerable to the people”: Daniel Webster, “Second Speech on Foot’s Resolution, Jan. 26, 1830,” The Works of Daniel Webster (Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1890), 3:321.

47 “the grandest specimen of American oratory”: Quoted in Garry Wills, Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 34.

48 “our present day and nation the very greatest men”: James Henry Hammond, Secret and Sacred: The Diaries of James Henry Hammond, a Southern Slaveholder, ed. Carol K. Bleser (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988), 173.

48 “slightly heathenish in private life”: Remini, Daniel Webster, 308.

49 Swisshelm lost her Tribune job for publishing the stories: Quoted in Remini, Daniel Webster, 307.

49 But growing up, Bob always knew who his real father was: Dyer, “Half Slave, Half Free,” 308. Unlike Dyer, who insists that “not enough evidence exists to conclude even tentatively that Daniel Webster sired Robert Webster,” I find the large amount of circumstantial evidence Dyer and Remini mount, drawn from multiple contemporary sources, provides strong proof to accept Robert Webster’s assertions about his parentage. The Swisshelm quote is found in Jane Grey Cannon Swisshelm, Half a Century: The Memoirs of the First Woman Journalist in the Civil Rights Struggle, ed. Paul Dennis Sporer (Chester, NY: Anza Publishing, 2005), 86; on Swisshelm’s experience following publication of her article about Webster, see 88-91.

49 “a mulatto of rare beauty”: Quoted in Dyer, “Half Slave, Half Free,” 296.

50 Gadsby’s seventeen house slaves likely trafficked back and forth: On the Decatur House’s rich history, see www.decaturhouse.org.

50 He went from the National Hotel to the boardinghouse: William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2nd ed. (New York: Penguin Classics, 2001), 12.

51 he likely lived on Rosemont Plantation: On the Cunningham’s Rosemont Plantation, see Eric H. Walther, William Lowndes Yancey and the Coming of the Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 26.

51 Ben’s first years of life: On Ben’s early life, see Walther, William Lowndes Yancey, 36ff. See also “Benjamin C. Yancey,” in William Garrett, Reminiscences of Public Men in Alabama: For Thirty Years, with an Appendix (Atlanta: Plantation Publishing Co.’s Press, 1872), 626-27.

51 he went to Upstate New York for prep school and then Yale Law School: On Ben Yancey’s education, see Walther, William Lowndes Yancey, 36-37.

51 Each would come to the other’s aid: John Cunningham described Yancey in 1843 as “my friend” in a written challenge he delivered on Cunningham’s behalf to another man to a duel, resulting in both Cunningham and Yancey being found guilty of breaking South Carolina’s antidueling laws. See “State vs. Cunningham and Yancey” in R. H. Spears, Cases at Law, Argued and Determined in the Court of Appeals of South Carolina (Columbia, SC: A. S. Johnston, 1844), 2:246-56.

51 W. L. in particular became an ardent states’ rights advocate: On W. L. Yancey’s political career, see Walther, William Lowndes Yancey.

51 He drafted what was known as the Alabama Platform: Walther, William Lowndes Yancey, 47-49.

51 Both avoided criminal charges and congressional censure: On W. L. Yancey’s duel with Thomas Clingman, see Walther, William Lowndes Yancey, 76-80.

52 “is said to be a little more staid in temperament than I am”: Quoted in Walther, William Lowndes Yancey, 156.

52 “I would have trusted him with anything”: Testimony of Ben Yancey, Webster v. United States, case file 13502, Court of Claims, RG 123, folders 2 and 4, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

52 “I shipped him without a minute’s warning”: Walther, William Lowndes Yancey, 153-54.

CHAPTER 6: THE COMPROMISE

53 The state assembly passed numerous reforms: On James Calhoun’s legislative record, see Dr. R. J. Massey, “Men Who Made Atlanta,” Atlanta Constitution, October 22, 1905, D2, and James M. Russell, “Calhoun, James Montgomery,” in Kenneth Coleman and Charles Stephen Gurr, Dictionary of Georgia Biography (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1983), 148.

54 an angry mob intent on lynching the prisoner: On the attempted lynching incident, see Wallace P. Reed, History of Atlanta, Georgia: With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers (Atlanta: D. Mason & Co., 1889), 298.

54 Calhoun seemed to be on course for a similar ascent: “He Sleeps,” Atlanta Constitution , October 5, 1875, 3.

56 “ Women were dragged from their homes”: John G. Burnett, “The Cherokee Removal Through the Eyes of a Private Soldier,” Journal of Cherokee Studies 3, special issue (1978): 183.

56 “the cruelest work I ever knew”: James Mooney, Historical Sketch of the Cherokee (1900, rpt. Chicago: Aldine Publishing, 1975), 124.

57 “you may accomplish all you desire”: John C. Calhoun to James M. Calhoun, July 17, 1839, James M. Calhoun Papers, AHC, MSS 50, box 1, folder 2.

58 Jacksonian Democrats outnumbered Whigs by nearly two to one: For a table giving a breakdown of Georgian party voting patterns including the up-country region, see Anthony Gene Carey, Parties, Slavery, and the Union in Antebellum Georgia (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997), 108.

58 Those assets were not enough to overcome: There are numerous studies of the political crosscurrents whipsawing the antebellum nation. I found William W. Freehling’s monumental The Road to Disunion, Vol. 1, Secessionists at Bay, 1776- 1854 (New York and London: Oxford University Press, 1990), most helpful; also see James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), 6-46.

59 Senator Calhoun sent James a copy: “Speech on the Abrogation of the Joint Occupancy of Oregon (Revised Report),” in the Senate, March 16, 1846, Papers of John C. Calhoun, Vol. 22, 1845-1846, ed. Clyde N. Wilson (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1995), 704-29.

59 He seemed to have set a course for himself: On John C. Calhoun’s decisive role in the Oregon question, see John Niven, John C. Calhoun and the Price of Union: A Biography (Baton Rouge and London: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 295-97.

60 “it has been a great misfortune to me”: James M. Calhoun to John C. Calhoun, Decatur, Georgia, May 7, 1846, Papers of John C. Calhoun, Vol. 23, 1846, ed. Clyde N. Wilson and Shirley Bright Cook (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996), 80-81.

61 “If we do not act now”: Quoted in McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 57.

61 “Many avow themselves disunionists”: McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 69. On the impact of the Mexican cession on American politics, see Freehling, The Road to Disunion, 475-535, and McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 47-88.

62 “to respect our rights, we will promptly dissolve”: Quoted in Eric H. Walther, William Lowndes Yancey and the Coming of the Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 112.

62 “secession . . . resistance, open unqualified resistance”: Quoted in Walther, William Lowndes Yancey, 126.

62 Cone pled guilty to attempted murder: The two later reconciled with Stephens’s move into the Democratic column in the following decade. On their fight, see Lucian Lamar Knight, A Standard History of Georgia and Georgians (Chicago: Lewis, 1917), 3:1353-54, and Richard Harrison Shryock, Georgia and the Union in 1850 (Philadelphia: Duke University Press, 1926), 172-73.

63 Together they came to be known as the Georgia Platform: On the Georgia state convention’s election, its debates, and the Georgia Platform, see Shryock, Georgia and the Union, 325-34.

64 “Southerners . . . have a natural right to revolution”: Quoted in James L. Huston, “Southerners against Secession: The Arguments of the Constitutional Unionists in 1850-51,” Civil War History 46, no. 4 (2000): 297. See also John T. Hubbell, “Three Georgia Unionists and the Compromise of 1850,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 51 (1967): 307-23; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 87; Freehling, The Road to Disunion, 524.

64 “She joined it in 1776 and she saved it in 1850”: Letter of February 20, 1851, quoted in Shryock, Georgia and the Union, 337.

64 “You and others of your age will probably live to see it”: Quoted in Niven, John C. Calhoun, 1.

CHAPTER 7: THE CORNERSTONE

69 “The terminus of that railroad”: Calhoun’s antirailroad comment and Powell’s rejoinder came from the memory of Powell’s daughter seventy-five years after the supposed conversation took place. See Franklin M. Garrett, Atlanta and Environs: A Chronicle of Its People and Events (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1954), 1:168. On antebellum railroad politics in Georgia, see Anthony Gene Carey, Parties, Slavery, and the Union in Antebellum Georgia (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997), 134-38. In fact, it would not be until well into the 1850s that the Western & Atlantic Railroad operations turned a profit.

69 Although Calhoun’s Decatur neighbors vowed: Pioneer Citizens’ Society of Atlanta, Pioneer Citizens’ History of Atlanta, 1833-1902 (Atlanta: Pioneer Citizens’ Society of Atlanta, 1902), 223-24.

69 “It was said that no one was ever born in Atlanta”: Quoted in Robert S. Davis Jr., introduction to Sarah “Sallie” Conley Clayton, Requiem for a Lost City: A Memoir of Civil War Atlanta and the Old South, ed. Robert S. Davis Jr. (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1999), 25.

70 “very large rooms . . . handsomely finished and decorated”: Quotes from “Old Home Spared by Sherman’s Torch Is Soon to Give Way for Improvement,” Constitution, February 18, 1906, B8.

71 “are social ties—nationalizing powers”: “Opportunities for Southern Travel,” New York Times, May 18, 1854, n.p.

71 for $5 more a passenger could continue: “Railroad Guide,” Atlanta Daily Intelligencer , January 1, 1861, and following, 1, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.

71 Soon it trailed only Savannah and Augusta in size: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Seventh Census of the United States (DeKalb County, Georgia, 1850), 3:305-11.

72 “We had intimate relations with it ”: Kate Massey, “A Picture of Atlanta in the Late Sixties,” Atlanta Historical Bulletin 20 (January 1940): 32.

72 The pedestrian unfamiliar with his surroundings: February 19, 1852, quoted in Walter G. Cooper, Official History of Fulton County (Atlanta: History Commission, 1934), 82.

72 “the most unattractive place”: Carlton H. Rogers, Incidents of Travel in the Southern States and Cuba (New York: R. Craighead, 1862), 269.

72 a census of white residents’ occupations: Fulton County Census, June 4 to August 15, 1860, Occupation, quoted in Franklin M. Garrett, Atlanta and Environs: A Chronicle of Its People and Events (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1954), 1:489-91.

73 For the more family minded: See City Council Minutes, July 23, 1858; Julian Harris, “Primitive Atlanta,” Atlanta Constitution, August 12, 1894, 23; Elizabeth Hanleiter McCallie (Mrs. S. W.), “Atlanta in the 1850s,” Atlanta Historical Bulletin 8, no. 33 (October 1948): 91-106; Garrett, Atlanta and Environs, 1:304ff.

73 “A rougher village I never saw”: Quoted in James Russell, Atlanta 1847-1890: City Building in the Old South and the New (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 72.

74 the shanties and shacks that filled Snake Nation: Wallace P. Reed, History of Atlanta, Georgia: With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers (Atlanta: D. Mason & Co., 1889), 48-50.

74 The town also became the regional foodstuffs market: Cited in Russell, Atlanta 1847-1890, 41.

74 “Passing along Whitehall Street”: Daily Intelligencer, August 13, 1859, 3.

74 Southern-born natives comprised more than 90 percent of the city’s populace: Cited in Russell, Atlanta 1847-1890, 69-70.

74 “thousands of fine, substantial and costly houses”: Quotes from Daily Intelligencer , September 25, 1860, 3; May 28, 1859, 3.

75 “rough and unpolished [the town] may be”: Mayor Luther J. Glenn, inaugural speech, City Council Minutes, January 28, 1859.

75 “The Gate City: The only tribute she levies”: Quoted in Russell, Atlanta 1847- 1890, 24.

75 In Atlanta, only 44 slaveholders bothered to possess: For regional population figures, see Carey, Parties, Slavery, and the Union, 3-4. For Atlanta slave ownership and population figures, see Russell, Atlanta 1847-1890, 71. Although Atlanta had a relatively small slave population and ownership, human chattel nonetheless represented the largest source of taxable property in the city. The 1859 state census for Fulton County, including Atlanta, tabulated the population as 11,572 free citizens and around 3,850 people in bondage. See Garrett, Atlanta and Its Environs, 1:488. The number of slave traders from city marshal’s occupations list of 1860 is reprinted in Garrett, Atlanta and Environs, 1:489-91.

76 Atlanta’s urban bondsmen worked alongside whites: For a discussion of the nonagricultural black population on the eve of the war, see Clarence H. Mohr, On the Threshold of Freedom: Masters and Slaves in Civil War Georgia (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987), 160-61, and Robert S. Starobin, Industrial Slavery in the Old South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), 11.

76 Buchanan appointed W. L.’s brother: Eric H. Walther, William Lowndes Yancey and the Coming of the Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 204.

77 “Owing to the existence of African slaver y”: “Gentlemen of the Philomathic Societies,” quoted in Walther, William Lowndes Yancey, 196-97.

77 “I gave him practical freedom”: Ben Yancey quotes are from Deposition of Benjamin C. Yancey, Webster v. U.S., CD 13502, folder 2, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

77 He and his wife moved into a four-room house: Bob ( Webster) Yancey’s ownership of the Houston Street house is mentioned in a report in the Daily Intelligencer on the properties spared by General Sherman’s forces, December 23, 1864, 1. See also Thomas Dyer, Secret Yankees: The Union Circle in Confederate Atlanta (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 17-19.

77 Yancey, who could not write and probably could not read: In his deposition of Robert Webster, Webster v. U.S., CD 13502, folder 1, National Archives, Washington, D.C., Webster (Yancey) signed his statements with an X.

78 “about a foolish bet”: Daily Intelligencer, March 8, 1864, 3.

78 A slave became one of Atlanta’s wealthier men: Deposition of Robert Webster.

78 His father could do little for him: Henry S. Robinson, “Robert and Roderick Badger, Pioneer Georgia Dentists: Their Heritage and Descendants,” typescript, Atlanta History Center, September 1987, 1-2.

78 Joshua educated his slave sons: “Reminiscences of Patrick H. Calhoun,” Atlanta Historical Bulletin 1, no. 6 (February 1932): 42.

78 anyone caught teaching a slave or freeman to read or write: Georgia Laws, 1833, Vol. 1, 289, Sequential #133. William Henry Heard, From Slavery to the Bishopric in the A. M. E. Church: An Autobiography (Philadelphia: A. M. E. Book Concern, 1928), 31. On the punishment for learning to read and write, see also “Slavery as Seen through the Eyes of Henry Wright—Ex-Slave,” in Born in Slavery: Narratives from the Federal Writers’ Project, 1936-1938, Georgia Narratives , IV, Part 4, typescript, 8 (201).

79 The skills greatly increased their market value: For sale price of Festus Flipper, see William Warren Rogers, Ante-Bellum Thomas County 1825-1861 (Tallahassee: Florida State University Press, 1963), 63; for value of land, see Clara Mildred Thompson, Reconstruction in Georgia: Economic, Social, Political, 1865- 1872 (1915; rpt. Manchester, NH: Ayer Publishing, 1971), 284, and author’s telephone conversation, January 18, 2008, with Tom Hill, Thomas County Historical Museum.

79 “the intolerant bigotry of New England hypocrites”: J. D. Ponder, “Rise of Lieut. Henry O. Flipper from Slavery to Be One of Most Respected Men, Reads Like Novel,” El Paso Morning Times, September 13, 1917, 4. The 1855 lynching in Thomasville is cited in Jane Eppinga, Henry Ossian Flipper: West Point’s First Black Graduate (Plano, TX: Wordware Publishing, 1996), 2.

80 They purchased one hundred acres: Garrett, Atlanta and Environs, 1:511.

80 Flipper’s wife and son would have to remain behind: Rogers, Ante-Bellum Thomas County, 98-99.

81 “The joy of the wife can be conceived”: Henry Ossian Flipper, The Colored Cadet at West Point: Autobiography of Lieut. Henry Ossian Flipper (1878; rpt. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2004), 3.

81 When in search of work: Donald L. Grant, The Way It Was in the South: The Black Experience in Georgia (New York: Carol Publishing Group, 1993), 36.

81 “but two other things to make them like other human beings”: Flipper, The Colored Cadet, 3.

81 Some open-minded whites: Jonathan D. Martin in his study of slave hiring, Divided Mastery: Slave Hiring in the American South (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004), explores the contradictions both whites and blacks faced when slaves hired out their time. See, especially, 1-9.

82 “proper authorities of the City of Atlanta”: Quoted in Garrett, Atlanta and Environs , 1:396.

82 In 1858, two hundred white “regular citizen mechanics”: City Council Minutes, March 5, 1858. See also Grant, The Way It Was in the South, 35, and Reed, History of Atlanta, 78-79.

82 The protestors appealed “for justice”: City Council Minutes, July 15, 1859.

82 In 1861, another protest to the town fathers against Badger: City Council Records, February 8, 1861, Vol. 3, April 9, 1859, to January 10, 1862, 515.

82 A week later, the council backed down: City Council Records, January 4, 1861.

83 doled out summary judgment and punishment: On the summary nature of racial law enforcement in the countryside, see “Slavery as Seen through the Eyes of Henry Wright—Ex-Slave,” 8-9 (201-2).

83 “fix . . . rings and poles on the calaboose”: Quoted in Alton Hornsby Jr., A Short History of Black Atlanta, 1847-1990, 2nd ed. (North Richland Hills, TX: Ivy Halls Academic Press, 2006), 2.

83 “slave, free person of color or Indian”: Hornsby, A Short History of Black Atlanta , 5.

83 In the face of such a risk: City Council Minutes, May 20, 1859, cited in Reed, History of Atlanta, 81. In restricting freemen from moving into Atlanta, the city was little different from many municipalities, even in free states. For instance, Illinois voters overwhelmingly passed a state constitutional amendment in 1848 banning entry into the state by freemen. See Eugene H. Berwanger, The Frontier against Slavery: Western Anti-Negro Prejudice and the Slavery Extension Controversy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), 48-51.

83 “their selections just as they would have a horse or mule at a stockyard”: Quoted in Michael Rose, ed., Atlanta: A Portrait of the Civil War (Charleston, SC: Tempus Publishing, 1999), 100.

84 “None of the slaves believed in the sermons”: “Slavery as Seen through the Eyes of Henry Wright—Ex-Slave,” 8 (201).

CHAPTER 8: EARTHQUAKE

85 Among his many activities to better the growing community: Atlanta Medical and Surgical Journal 1 (Atlanta: C. R. Hanleiter & Co., 1856), 56.

86 “that opposition to the principles”: Quoted in Anthony Gene Carey, Parties, Slavery, and the Union in Antebellum Georgia (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997), 185.

87 “ We doubt not the[ir] success”: March 29, 1856, and April 4, 1856, quoted in Franklin M. Garrett, Atlanta and Environs: A Chronicle of Its People and Events (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1954), 1:411. See also Wallace Putnam Reed, History of Atlanta, Georgia: With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers (Atlanta: D. Mason & Co., 1889), 84-86.

87 It was not long before open guerilla warfare broke out: On the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 and its national consequences, see James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), 121-30, and William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion, Vol. 1, Secessionists at Bay, 1776-1854 (New York and London: Oxford University Press, 1990), 536- 65. On its impact in Georgia, see Carey, Parties, Slavery, and the Union, 184ff.

87 But the effort put the rest of Georgia on notice: Reed, History of Atlanta, 71-72.

88 The voting patterns made clear: On the election of 1856, see McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 153-57.

89 Whether the abolition Lincoln advocated came sooner or later: “First Debate, Mr. Lincoln’s Reply,” August 21, 1858, in Abraham Lincoln, Speeches and Writings, 1832-1858, ed. Don E. Fehrenbacher (New York: Library of America, 1989), 1:512-13, 514. Alexander H. Stephens spoke in Savannah on March 21, 1861, declaring famously, “Our new government is founded upon exactly the opposite idea; its foundations are laid, its corner-stone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery—subordination to the superior race—is his natural and normal condition.” Henry Cleveland, Alexander H. Stephens, in Public and Private: With Letters and Speeches, before, during, and since the War (Philadelphia: National Publishing Co., 1886), 717-29.

89 A second conviction led to permanent reenslavement: Acts of Georgia 1859, quoted in Clarence L. Mohr, On the Threshold of Freedom: Masters and Slaves in Civil War Georgia (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987), 14-15.

89 “tremendous sway . . . over the political arrangements of this State”: Printed in the Daily Intelligencer, April 30, 1864, 1.

89 “no advocates of mob law”: Daily Intelligencer, January 4, 1860, 2.

90 “well be chary of expressing such opinions”: Daily Intelligencer, January 5, 1860, 3.

90 “The sooner he treads Northern soil the better it will be for him”: Quoted in Garrett, Atlanta and Its Environs, 1:471.

90 Clayton’s family soon moved into a large house: Sarah Conley Clayton, Requiem for a Lost City: A Memoir of Civil War Atlanta and the Old South, ed. Robert Scott Davis Jr. (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1999), 32.

91 White citizens all along the Western & Atlantic armed themselves: On the Dalton and other black insurrection panics, see Mohr, On the Threshold of Freedom , 33-35.

91 “Ever y negro in Georgia should have a master”: Daily Intelligencer, January 9, 1860, 2.

92 “slaves . . . are much worse treated”: Harrison Berry, Slavery and Abolitionism as Viewed by a Georgia Slave (Atlanta: Franklin Printing House, 1861), 27 and 16. For my discussion of Harrison Berry, I am indebted to Clarence L. Mohr, “Harrison Berry: A Black Pamphleteer in Georgia during Slavery and Freedom,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 67, no. 2 (summer 1983): 189-205.

92 “Even now . . . the oppression is commenced”: Berry, Slavery and Abolitionism , 13.

93 “put manacles on every Slave”: Berry, Slavery and Abolitionism, 19.

94 “perhaps even now, the pen of the historian is nibbed”: Quoted in Eric H. Walther, William Lowndes Yancey and the Coming of the Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 241. On the Democratic Party’s breakup, see McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 213-16.

94 Buchanan’s vice president, Kentucky’s John Breckinridge: On Yancey’s campaign for Breckinridge, see Walther, William Lowndes Yancey, 251-71.

94 “that arch-enemy of true Democracy”: Quoted in Walther, William Lowndes Yancey, 250 and 257.

95 “All branches of business are prospering”: Daily Intelligencer, January 5, 1860, 3.

95 “strike, merchants of Georgia, at the black Republican”: Quoted in Garrett, Atlanta and Environs, 1:471-72.

95 “the Atlanta ban . . . abjure all that is to be abjured”: “The Index Expurgatorius,” New York Times, February 3, 1860, n.p.

96 “Unless these people, therefore, want to go naked”: Daily Intelligencer, June 21, 1860, 2. Yancey quote in Walther, William Lowndes Yancey, 259.

96 Still, he spoke out against those driving a wedge: James M. Calhoun affidavit, Timothy D. Lynes v. United States, Southern Claims Commission, CD 12658, box 1452, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

96 “the Union . . . cannot be preserved”: Quoted in Lucien E. Roberts, “The Political Career of Joshua Hill, Georgia Unionist,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 21 (March 1937): 52.

97 “to recognize no political principle”: Quoted in Horace Greeley and John Fitch Cleveland, eds., A Political Text-book for 1860: Comprising a Brief View of Presidential Nominations and Elections, Including All the National Platforms Ever Yet Adopted . . . (New York: Tribune Association, 1860), 29.

97 “shifting, halting, ambiguous, Delphic”: Georgia newspaper editorial quoted in Carey, Parties, Slavery, and the Union, 224.

97 “That issue must be met and settled”: Kentucky Statesman, May 8, 1860, in Dwight Lowell Dumond, ed., Southern Editorials on Secession (New York: Century Co., 1931), 76.

97 His hands would be tied: On Lincoln’s nomination, see McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 216-21.

97 “Let the consequences be what they may”: Quoted in McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 229-30.

98 Few Northerners, Lincoln included, took the latest threats seriously: “The Question of the Day,” New York Times, October 29, 1860, n.p. On Lincoln’s and other Northern politicians’ discounting of secession warnings, see McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 230-31.

98 “take the banner of liberty”: Walther, William Lowndes Yancey, 245; Atlanta National American, August 21, 1860, quoted in Walther, William Lowndes Yancey, 255, 258.

98 “secession doctrine is revolution”: Quote from Thomas Maguire, an Atlanta-area planter who attended the Douglas speech, in Garrett, Atlanta and Environs, 1:474.

98 “upon the election of Abraham Lincoln”: McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 231.

99 “States’ Rights men of Georgia”: Garrett, Atlanta and Environs, 1:474.

99 “not as a partisan addressing partisans”: Quoted in Walter G. Cooper, Official History of Fulton County (Atlanta: History Commission, 1934), 95.

99 The Unionist circle was almost an alternative: For Union Association membership and quotes, see Thomas Dyer, Secret Yankees: The Union Circle in Confederate Atlanta (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 36-37. I am grateful to Dyer for generously sharing portions of his exhaustive research findings on the Union Circle with me and for his correspondence responding to my queries.

100 While many were Northern transplants: Dyer, Secret Yankees, 12ff.

100 Had Yancey wished to attend the nighttime gatherings: Affidavit of William Markham, Webster v. U.S., Southern Claims Commission, CD 13502, folder 1, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

100 Most of the men meeting that summer: On the Georgia Air Line Railroad, see Reed, History of Atlanta, 433.

101 “Clip the telegraph wires”: Daily Intelligencer, June 7, 1860, 3.

101 “All who are in favor of civil war”: Quoted in “The Question of the Day,” New York Times, October 29, 1860, n.p. The National American did not survive secession.

102 He failed to win a single slave-state electoral vote: For Georgia vote breakdowns, see Carey, Parties, Slavery, and the Union, 228-29.

102 “ With the election of the Black Republican Lincoln”: Daily Intelligencer, November 15, 1860, 3.

102 As he spoke, rumors flared of a slave insurrection: Special Message of Gov. Joseph E. Brown, to Legislature of Georgia, on our Federal Relations, Retaliatory State Legislation, the Right of Secession, etc., November 7th, 1860, quoted in William W. Freehling and Craig M. Simpson, eds., Secession Debated: Georgia’s Showdown in 1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), xi-xii.

102 Mobs in several communities responded by attacking blacks: On the postelection racial backlash in Georgia, see Mohr, On the Threshold of Freedom, 46.

103 Little imagination was needed to predict that worse lay ahead: Berry, Slavery and Abolitionism, 3.

103 “all suspected characters, with power to rid the community”: Quoted in Cooper, Official History of Fulton County, 99.

103 Adair, a former lawyer and train conductor: On Adair, see Thomas H. Martin, Atlanta and Its Builders: A Comprehensive History of the Gate City of the South (Atlanta: Century Memorial Publishing Co., 1902), 2:627-28.

103 “dangerous for Union men to express themselves publicly”: Calhoun quotes from the affidavit of James M. Calhoun, Timothy D. Lynes v. U.S., Southern Claims Commission, CD 12658, box 1452, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

103 “war in every way”: Quoted in Ralph Benjamin Singer Jr., “Confederate Atlanta,” PhD diss., University of Georgia, 1973, 54.

104 flag came down, and a state flag flew: Garrett, Atlanta and Environs, 1:476. The Georgia flag raising is noted in Samuel P. Richards, Diary, Vol. 9, October 1860-June 1864, typescript, December 19, 1860, 6, Atlanta History Center.

104 “the shedding of a single drop of blood”: Daily Intelligencer, December 25, 1860, 3.

104 “If you would hush this quadrennial struggle”: Daily Constitutionalist (Augusta, GA), January 1, 1861, 2.

104 “no sufficient cause of war, or secession”: “James M. Calhoun, Atlanta, Ga, Rebellion, Filed July 19, 1865, Pardoned July 24, 1865,” Case Files of Applications from Former Confederates for Presidential Pardons (“Amnesty Papers”), 1865- 67, National Archives M1003, Washington, D.C.

105 “There is, perhaps”: Daily Intelligencer, January 4, 1861, 3.

105 On that historic day, Brown ordered Georgia militiamen: On Gov. Joseph Brown’s actions, see Freehling and Simpson, eds., Secession Debated, xx-xxi.

105 On January 19, the convention delegates gathered: On the statewide voting and the state convention decision, see Carey, Parties, Slavery, and the Union, 228-29, 249. On the Atlanta vote, see Singer, “Confederate Atlanta,” 55-56.

105 Little interested in life beyond his family: On Richards’s biographical background, see Frank J. Byrne, “Rebellion and Retail: A Tale of Two Merchants in

Confederate Atlanta,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 79, no. 1 (spring 1995): 33. For the description of Richards, see Ella Mae Thornton, “Mr. S. P. Richards,” Atlanta Historical Bulletin 3 (December 1937): 73-79.

107 “form a Southern Republic, a ‘ White Man’s Republic’”: Richards’s emphasis (italics in typescript). Richards, Diary (typescript), Atlanta History Center, November 17, 1860, 5; December 8, 1860, 8; November 25, 1860, 6.

107 “aid and comfort to the Abolitionists”: Richards, Diary, January 19, 1861, 13.

108 Now, Sherman paced about and sputtered: Exchange between W. T. Sherman and Prof. David F. Boyd, December 24, 1860. Lloyd Lewis, Sherman: Fighting Prophet (1932; rpt. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993), 137-38, 143. On the psychology of irrational executive decision-making processes marked by excessive optimism, which closely parallels the excessive optimism in Southern views on the outcome of secession, see Dan Lovallo and Daniel Kahnemann, “Delusions of Success: How Optimism Undermines Executives’ Decisions,” Harvard Business Review, July 2003, rpt. R0307D.

108 A minor earthquake lasting ten seconds: Daily Intelligencer, January 4, 1861, 3. A much more powerful earthquake, the largest on record for the region, struck Atlanta, along with nearly the entire Southeast, early on the morning of August 31, 1861, startling sleeping soldiers to their feet, cracking walls, and toppling chimneys. Three years to the day after that quake shook the city, the Union army would launch its final assault on the Atlanta region’s Confederate forces. See Gerald R. MacCarthy, “Three Forgotten Earthquakes,” Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 53, no. 3 (April 1963): 687-92. Additional information on southeastern earthquakes is based on e-mail correspondence with Timothy Long, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Jeffrey W. Munsey, Tennessee Valley Authority.

CHAPTER 9: NEVER! NEVER!! NEVER!!!

111 “could not express any opinion at all”: Deposition of Julius A. Hayden, March 10, 1869, Hayden v. U.S. (case file no. 2543), Court of Claims, RG 123, National Archives, Washington, D.C., quoted in Thomas Dyer, Secret Yankees: The Union Circle in Confederate Atlanta (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 46.

111 Whitaker won the office he had long had his eyes on: Ralph Benjamin Singer Jr., “Confederate Atlanta,” PhD diss., University of Georgia, 1973, 58-59. Whitaker resigned as mayor the following November 25 to accept an appointment from Governor Brown as commissary general of the Georgia army. He set up his headquarters in Atlanta, helping to consolidate its position as one of the manufacturing and supply centers for the Confederacy.

112 “The man and the hour have met”: Quoted in Eric H. Walther, William Lowndes Yancey and the Coming of the Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 295.

112 “including . . . goobers, an indispensable article for a Southern Legislator”: Council Minutes, February 15, 1861, 519-20. Gate City Guardian, February 16, 1861, 1.

112 “it was my duty to go with the South”: James M. Calhoun affidavit, Timothy D. Lynes v. United States, Southern Claims Commission, CD 12658, box 1452.

112 “defining treason . . . to obey [to] which every citizen was bound”: “James M. Calhoun, Atlanta, Ga, Rebellion, Filed July 19, 1865, Pardoned July 24, 1865,”

Case Files of Applications from Former Confederates for Presidential Pardons (“Amnesty Papers”), 1865-67, National Archives M1003, Washington, D.C.

113 The new government should wield its power to exile or punish: Southern Confederacy , March 28, 1861, 3.

113 “Every Union man they could find”: Quoted in Dyer, Secret Yankees, 46-47.

113 “see him go off like he did to fight against the Union”: Harrison Baswell vs. U.S., Southern Claims Commission, Affidavits of J. T. Baswell, Nancy Spinks (daughter), Jefferson Baswell (nephew), CD 12668, National Archives, Washington, D.C. One of Baswell’s brothers fought for the Union and died in the war.

114 Not long after that, his flour mill won a rich contract: Daily Intelligencer, March 4, March 9, 11, 20, 1861, 3. See also Dyer, Secret Yankees, 47-50. On hardtack production by the Stewart and Austin flour mill, see Singer, “Confederate Atlanta,” 101.

115 Those who remained in Atlanta: Southern Confederacy, March 28, 1861, 1.

115 Little Alec had dropped his long-standing opposition: On the selection of the Confederate States president, see Walther, William Lowndes Yancey, 293-95, and James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), 258-59.

116 “They were attempting to make things equal”: Henry Cleveland, Alexander H. Stephens, in Public and Private: With Letters and Speeches, before, during, and since the War (Philadelphia: National Publishing Co., 1886), 721-22.

116 Alexander Stephens told his Atlanta listeners: On description of Stephens, see “Letter of Georgia King to Henry Lord Page King,” November 15, 1860, quoted in William W. Freehling and Craig M. Simpson, eds., Secession Debated: Georgia’s Showdown in 1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), xvi. Wallace Putnam Reed, History of Atlanta, Georgia: With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers (Atlanta: D. Mason & Co., 1889), 110-11. Walter G. Cooper, Official History of Fulton County (Atlanta: History Commission, 1934), 109-10.

117 he placed Major Yancey in command of his famous legion: On Ben Yancey’s service, see Walther, William Lowndes Yancey, 429n58; see also 338 and 345.

117 Fulton County had provided the Confederacy with 2,660 soldiers: Reed, History of Atlanta, 114-17; Singer, “Confederate Atlanta,” 70, 71, 73; Cooper, Official History of Fulton County, 110. Soldier total cited in James Michael Russell, Atlanta 1847-1890: City Building in the Old South and the New (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 94.

117 An Atlanta mother beamed with pride: Memoirs of Mrs. R. M. Massey, Atlanta Pioneer Women’s Society Papers Collection, Atlanta Historical Society.

118 Soon, they and other women formed associations to make bandages: Sarah Huff, “My Eighty Years in Atlanta” (no publication information, 1937), ch. 1, n.p.

118 The Neal family had moved just the year before: For the description of the Neal family, see “Dear Pa,” May 18, 1861, Camp Magnolia, Andrew Jackson Neal Papers, Emory University Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, MSS218.

119 “how affairs stand . . . and what are the prospects of war”: Sarah Conley Clayton, Requiem for a Lost City: A Memoir of Civil War Atlanta and the Old South, ed. Robert Scott Davis Jr. (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1999), 35-36.

119 “Ever ything seemed to be preparing for active ser vice”: Southern Confederacy, June 29, 1861, 3. Clayton, Requiem, 44-45; Clayton quote is from 40.

119 She and her more than two hundred fellow students from the Atlanta Female Institute: On the Atlanta Female Institute, see Clayton, Requiem, ch. 2. Quotes are from 60 and 66.

119 The Female Institute’s dome atop what came to be known as College Hill: Franklin M. Garrett, Atlanta and Environs: A Chronicle of Its People and Events (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1954), 1:456-57.

120 After many hours packed together on trains: Clayton, Requiem, 80-81.

120 “with the utmost difficulty”: Clayton, Requiem, 79-80.

121 “the booming of cannon”: Southern Confederacy, April 1, 1861, 3.

121 “too powerful to be suppressed”: McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 250; Lincoln’s proclamation quote is from 274.

121 “be accommodated to a coat of tar and feathers”: Quoted in Russell, Atlanta 1847-1890, 94.

122 “the house with stamping feet”: Atlanta Commonwealth, May 2, 1861, quoted in Dyer, Secret Yankees, 55.

122 With many of Atlanta’s leading citizens on hand: On the founding of the Atlanta Female Institute, see Garrett, Atlanta and Environs, 1:456-57.

122 “our country, so long the boast”: Holly, “The Spring of 1861,” quoted in Dyer, Secret Yankees, 51.

122 “ner v[ing] ourselves against despair”: Quoted in Dyer, Secret Yankees, appendix B, “Miss Abby’s Diary,” January 1, 1864, 284.

122 “sad to think that our country”: Richards, Diary, April 14, 1861, 21-22.

123 “Our family hitherto has been united”: Richards, Diary, October 1 and 7, 1861, 49 and 51.

123 “a strong Union man”: Richards, Diary, May 10, 1861, 28.

123 His longtime clerk Asa Sher wood: Richards, Diary, April 20 and 25, 1861, 23, 24; May 31, 1861, 30.

123 “We will teach Mr. Lincoln and his cohorts”: City Council Minutes, April 26, 1861, 550.

123 “the people of the Slaves States”: City Council Minutes, May 31, 1861, 568.

124 “We are now cut off from them”: Southern Confederacy, June 29, 1861, 3.

124 “our cause is a just one in His sight ”: Richards, Diary, June 23, 1861, 34; July 27, 1861, 42.

124 “covered themselves with glory”: “Dear Ma,” July 28, 1861, Camp Magnolia.

124 The victory heartened the town: Garrett, Atlanta and Environs, 1:516-17.

CHAPTER 10: SPECULATION

125 No place in the South was more prepared: War of the Rebellion: Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, ser. 3, Vol. 4, 883.

126 “Atlanta . . . is destined to be a great manufacturing city”: See James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), 91, 94-95, 318, and Robert C. Black, The Railroads of the Confederacy (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 4. Quote from Daily Intelligencer, January 25, 1863, 3.

126 “Perpetual motion does exist in this city”: “A Trip to Atlanta,” Southern Confederacy , May 23, 1863, 2.

126 The Atlanta Sword Manufactory turned out 170 finished swords: See Stephen Mitchell, “Atlanta, the Industrial Heart of the Confederacy,” Atlanta Historical Bulletin 3 (May 1930): 20-27; Ralph Benjamin Singer Jr., “Confederate Atlanta,” PhD diss., University of Georgia, 1973, 101-3, 138, 141; Franklin M. Garrett, Atlanta and Environs: A Chronicle of Its People and Events (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1954), 1:509, 532-33.

126 Army of Tennessee: Confederate armies, including Army of Tennessee, were typically named for their state of origin. They can easily be confused with similarly named Union armies which derived their names from rivers around which they operated, such as the Army of the Tennessee.

127 One hundred cobblers in a government shoe factory: Figures from Singer, “Confederate Atlanta,” 159-61, 174, and Steven Davis, “Civil War: Atlanta Home Front,” The New Georgia Encyclopedia, online at www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-824; Garrett, Atlanta and Environs, 1:532.

127 “They are daily increasing”: “A Trip to Atlanta,” 2.

127 “wonderful sight ” of powerful cutting machines: Sarah Huff, “My Eighty Years in Atlanta” (no publication information, 1937), ch. 1, n.p.

128 The Yankees would remember the name of the town: See Henry Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1927), 58.

128 “ There was no better Confederate than he”: “Reminiscences of Patrick H. Calhoun,” Atlanta Historical Bulletin 1, no. 6 (February 1932): 43. Compare Calhoun’s statement in his request for amnesty shortly after the war: “James M. Calhoun, Atlanta, Ga, Rebellion, Filed July 19, 1865, Pardoned July 24, 1865,” Case Files of Applications from Former Confederates for Presidential Pardons (“Amnesty Papers”), 1865-67, National Archives M1003, Washington, D.C.

129 “The faces I had usually met ”: “From Our Special Correspondent ‘T. D. W.,’” Southern Confederacy, August 27, 1862, 2.

129 “all day long and even during night”: “A Trip to Atlanta,” 2.

129 “scarcely a day or night ”: Quoted in “Old Home Spared by Sherman’s Torch Is Soon to Give Way for Improvement,” Constitution, February 18, 1906.

130 “want[ed] the freest possible trade with all the world”: Quotes from “A Voice of Southern Commerce,” New York Times, October 20, 1861, n.p.

130 “Almost everybody who had any money”: See the deposition of Amherst W. Stone, November 9, 1867, in Lynch v. United States, Court of Claims, quoted in Thomas Dyer, Secret Yankees: The Union Circle in Confederate Atlanta (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 116.

130 Root & Beach ships got through the blockade often enough: Walter McElreath, “Sidney Root: Merchant Prince and Great Citizen,” Atlanta Historical Bulletin 7, no. 29 (October 1944): 171-83.

130 Traders overseas appeared eager: On the blockade trade and the effectiveness of the Union naval blockade, see James Russell Soley, The Blockade and the Cruisers (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1883), 44-45. See also McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 378-82.

131 “ The blockade and the high price”: “The Blockade, from the Atlanta (Ga.) Confederacy,” New York Times, July 27, 1862, n.p.

131 “Atlanta to the South, is Chicago to the Northwest”: New York Times, November 15, 1863, n.p.

132 “the value of property [was] advancing with railroad velocity”: “A Trip to Atlanta,” 2.

132 City council officials delegated to assist him: Minutes of City Council, June 27, 1862, cited in Garrett, Atlanta and Environs, 1:525.

132 “I am disappointed in Atlanta”: James H. Burton, Superintendent of Armories, CSA, to Colonel Josiah Gorgas, Confederate Chief of Ordnance, June 25, 1862, Record Group 109, ch. IV, Vol. 20, National Archives, Washington, D.C., and Richard W. Iobst, Civil War Macon: The History of a Confederate City (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1999), 176-78.

133 “I concluded that Atlanta, in point of business, was unchangeable”: “From Our Special Correspondent ‘T. D. W.,’” 2.

133 “dried up, the stores nearly all closed”: Samuel Richards, Diary (typescript), November 8, 1862, 136-37.

134 “What I most regret in his case is that he is an alien enemy”: Richards, Diary, August 25 and 24, 1861, 49, 48; October 1, 1861, 57; September 7, 1861, 51; November 2, 1861, 61.

134 “ We could make a small fortune out of it ”: Richards, Diary, December 31, 1861, 71; November 3, 1861, 62; January 9, 1862, 72.

134 “Today Jabez sold a bill of pens”: Richards, Diary, March 21, 1863, 167.

134 Jabez also bought several bondsmen: Richards, Diary, August 8, 1862, 112; February 23, 1863, 162; May 24, 1862, 99; June 28, 1862, 106; October 22, 1862, 132; December 9, 1862, 145; April 12, 1862, 90; March 22, 1863, 168; August 21, 1863, 196.

135 “when we come to a successful end to this war”: Richards, Diary, September 30, 1862, 115; May 5, 1862, 95; February 28, 1863, 163; May 2, 1863, 195.

135 “put in healthy condition all privies”: Singer, “Confederate Atlanta,” 117.

135 The city government sold lime: See James Russell, Atlanta 1847-1890: City Building in the Old South and the New (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 111.

135 “exempt me from conscription”: Richards, Diary, November 26, 1862, 141.

135 “We live now in a state of feverish excitement”: Richards, Diary, September 6, 1862, 117.

136 The Richmond government passed an impressment statute: On impressments of supplies, see Rebecca Christian, “Georgia and the Confederate Policy of Impressing Supplies,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 28 (March 1944): 2; Russell, Atlanta 1847-1890, 95-97.

136 “high officials who set the example of lawlessness”: “Rioting Women,” Southern Confederacy, April 16, 1863, 2.

136 He offered to investigate unauthorized seizures: Singer, “Confederate Atlanta,” 196-97.

137 Jabez Richards discovered that $1,000 in cash: Richards, Diary, September 13, 1862, 119.

137 “as thick as the frogs and lice of Egypt ”: “Shinplasters,” Southern Confederacy, August 27, 1862, 2.

137 Eventually, inflation soared to ninety-two times prewar prices: On inflation, see McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 438-40; Russell, Atlanta 1847-1890, 98; Singer, “Confederate Atlanta,” 193-94. Wholesale price rise figure cited in Teresa Crisp Williams and David Williams, “‘The Women Rising’: Cotton, Class, and Confederate Georgia’s Rioting Women,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 86, no. 1 (spring 2002): 3 (online version). “Markets and Other Matters,” Southern Confederacy, January 27, 1863, 1.

137 “No purse is large enough”: Dyer, Secret Yankees, appendix B, “Miss Abby’s Diary,” March 12, 1864, 289.

138 Publishers themselves were forced to scramble: On Civil War newspapers in Atlanta, see B. G. Ellis, The Moving Appeal: Mr. McClanahan, Mrs. Dill, and the Civil War’s Great Newspaper Run (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2003), ch. 11, 222ff. On Georgia newspapers during the Civil War, see Rabun Lee Brantley, Georgia Journalism of the Civil War Period (Nashville, TN: George Peabody College for Teachers, 1929).

138 “Is it any marvel”: Dyer, Secret Yankees, appendix B, 294; January 20, 1864, 287.

138 “There are a thousand little plans”: “How to Get the Very Best Coffee at About Ten Cents a Pound,” Southern Confederacy, November 7, 1861, 3; “How to Get Coffee,” Southern Confederacy, August 27, 1861, 1; “A Word to the Ladies,” Southern Confederacy, September 28, 1861, 2.

139 “Atlanta . . . is now made headquarters”: “Reason,” Daily Intelligencer, April 4, 1862, 3. See rebuttal: “Speculation Again,” Southern Confederacy, April 5, 1862, 3.

139 “to get it out of reach of the city authorities”: Letter to Gov. Joseph Brown, November 16, 1862, quoted in Mark A. Weitz, A Higher Duty: Desertion among Georgia Troops during the Civil War (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 114.

139 “These men are greater enemies”: “Reason,” 3.

139 He came to regret his generosity: State of Georgia, Thomas County Indenture, April 27, 1858, photocopy courtesy of Thomas County Historical Museum.

139 “only thought or care was to remember when [her slaves’] wages became due”: Quotes from Henry Ossian Flipper, The Colored Cadet at West Point: Autobiography of Lieut. Henry Ossian Flipper (1878; rpt. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2004), 4.

140 With no white overseer on the estate: See Garrett, Atlanta and Its Environs, 1:511-13.

140 She had no idea how much money he was making: Claim of Prince Ponder, December 20, 1875, box 34, Southern Claims Commission, Record Group 217, National Archives, Washington, D.C., 1, 13-15, 25.

141 Few thought of the possibility that blacks: Daily Intelligencer, February 3, 1863, 1. Deposition of William Markham, Webster v. U.S., CD 13502, folder 3. Deposition of E. T. Hunnicut, Webster v. U.S., CD 13502, folder 1.

141 “about one of the biggest traders”: G. C. Rogers, quoted in Thomas G. Dyer, “Half Slave, Half Free: Unionist Robert Webster in Confederate Atlanta,” in Inside the Confederate Nation: Essays in Honor of Emory M. Thomas, ed. Emory M. Thomas, Lesley Jill Gordon, and John C. Inscoe (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005), 298.

142 “He was put there to do it”: Daily Intelligencer, December 6, 1863, 3.

142 “those capitalists who are using”: Minutes Superior Court, DeKalb County, 1861, Book D, quoted in Garrett, Atlanta and Environs, 1:513.

142 “riding in their four-thousand-dollar carriages”: Nashville Daily Times & Press, June 28, 1864, quoted in Robert Scott Davis Jr., introduction to Sarah “Sallie” Conley Clayton, Requiem for a Lost City: A Memoir of Civil War Atlanta and the Old South (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1999), 16.

142 “regretting that her buggy wheels had not run over his neck”: Rome Tri-Weekly Courier, December 19, 1863, quoted in Williams and Williams, “‘The Women Rising,’” 7.

142 Citizens stopped bothering the city marshals with their troubles: Singer, “Confederate Atlanta,” 188-89.

142 “A tall lady on whose countenance rested care and determination”: Americus Sumter Republican, March 27, 1863, quoted in Williams and Williams, “ ‘The Women Rising,’” 9.

143 Many people in town stood up for the “mob of ladies”: “A Mob of Ladies,” New York Times, April 21, 1863, n.p.

143 The Intelligencer’s portly, fire-eating editor: “Cousin Norma,” a reporter for the Chattanooga Rebel, which printed in Atlanta following the fall of its hometown to the Union army, described Steele thus: “The Major (an honorific title from prior militia service) is a bold champion of States rights and as good a patriot as we have in the land. He is a large, heavy built man, about six feet in height.” Daily Intelligencer, April 30, 1864, 1.

143 “The tall female with determination in her eye”: “The Needy Women of Our City,” Southern Confederacy, March 24, 1863, 1.

143 But with inflation jumping manyfold faster: On the budget for poor relief, see Singer “Confederate Atlanta,” 135.

143 “In view of the almost impossibility”: City Council Minutes, October 2, 1863, Vol. 4, January 17, 1862, to June 1, 1866, 196-97.

144 Only a few sticks ever made it to the cold hearths of the needy: Daily Intelligencer , October 22, 1863, 2.

CHAPTER 11: STREET THEATER

145 Convictions for bigamy and adultery rose sharply: On the Mayor’s Court case-load, see Paul D. Lack, “Law and Disorder in Confederate Atlanta,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 60 (summer 1982): 178, table I. For Superior Court of Fulton County case figures, see Ralph Benjamin Singer Jr., “Confederate Atlanta,” PhD diss., University of Georgia, 1973, 187.

145 “I hope & believe”: Calhoun to George W. Randolph, October 3, 1862, quoted in Mark E. Neely, Southern Rights: Political Prisoners and the Myth of Confederate Constitutionalism (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1999), 34.

146 Braxton Bragg made Atlanta a military post: Quoted in Lack, “Law and Disorder,” 182. See Franklin M. Garrett, Atlanta and Environs: A Chronicle of Its People and Events (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1954), 1:525-28.

146 The War Department turned to Col. George Washington Lee: For quotes and information about Lee, see Thomas Dyer, Secret Yankees: The Union Circle in Confederate Atlanta (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 98-99, and Singer, “Confederate Atlanta,” 116-17. For Lee’s saloon ownership, see Garrett, Atlanta and Environs, 1:543n12. Robert Scott Davis, “Guarding the Gate City from Itself: George W. Lee and Conflict in Civil War Atlanta,” 33-35 (manuscript in progress), contends that Lee was never charged with stealing from his men and that General Bragg confused him with another officer with a similar name.

146 “a great favorite” of General Bragg’s: Daily Intelligencer, July 24, 1861, 3.

147 “untiringly . . . watch, direct and consign”: G. W. Lee to George W. Randolph, October 18, 1862, quoted in Neely, Southern Rights, 33.

147 Lee’s provost guard began shuttering offending barrooms: Lee’s General Order No. 1, May 14, 1862, published in the Southern Confederacy, May 16, 1862, 1. Samuel P. Richards, Diary, Vol. 9, October 1860-June 1864, typescript, May 24, 1862, 100, Atlanta History Center.

147 General Bragg in his Chattanooga headquarters: Special Order No. 14, August 11, 1862, quoted in Garrett, Atlanta and Environs, 1:527.

148 Even in the midst of war, Atlanta remained a city of laws: Quoted in Richard Malcolm Johnston and William Hand Browne, Life of Alexander H. Stephens (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1878), 421-23. For a summary of the principal documents of the Atlanta martial law controversy, see William A. Richards, “‘ We Live under a Constitution:’ Confederate Martial Law in Atlanta,” Atlanta History 33, no. 2 (summer 1989): 26-35.

148 “‘Governor Calhoun’ is therefore defunct ”: Southern Confederacy, September 20, 1862, 2; August 14, 1862, 2; September 18, 1862, 2. Daily Intelligencer quoted in Garrett, Atlanta and Environs, 1:528.

148 “ We do not know where the liquor comes from”: Daily Intelligencer, October 23, 1863, 3.

149 “a fine looking, noble young man”: “More of the Fruits of Retailing Liquor,” Southern Confederacy, October 23, 1862, 2.

149 Calhoun placed a police officer in the hall: Daily Intelligencer, November 1, 1863, 3.

150 “seem[ed] to be the special champion of the theatre”: Quotes from Daily Intelligencer , October 18, 1863, 3; November 4, 1863, 3.

150 “Ladies can now attend with perfect safety”: Daily Intelligencer, November 15, 1863, 3.

150 Its stage was converted into a slave auction house: Daily Intelligencer, March 10, 1864, 3.

150 The crowd shaved, tarred, and feathered the woeful pair: Lack, “Law and Disorder,” 189; Daily Intelligencer, November 18, 1863, quoted in Singer, “Confederate Atlanta,” 120-21.

151 “ We request the voters of Atlanta to make a small note”: Daily Intelligencer, November 29, 1863, 3.

151 “go electioneering for their favorite candidate”: Daily Intelligencer, December 6, 1863, 3.

152 Freed, Anderson became an Atlanta police officer and deputy sheriff: See Southern Confederacy, February 3, 1863, 1; “Atlanta Police,” Atlanta Constitution, July 22, 1894, 2; Garrett, Atlanta and Environs, 1:546-47.

CHAPTER 12: THE DEAD HOUSE

155 “ We know not what another year may bring”: Samuel Richards, Diary (typescript), December 31, 1861, 71.

155 More than 700,000 men had already enlisted: James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), 322, 328.

156 “a general ‘fall in to ranks’”: Stonewall, “Atlanta and the War,” Southern Confederacy , February 9, 1862, 2.

156 It was the first capital city of a Southern state: On the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson and Nashville, see McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 401-2.

157 a group of twenty-two federal soldiers dressed as civilians: For a complete history of the famous train chase and its aftermath, inspiration for at least two movies, see Russell S. Bonds, Stealing the General: The Great Locomotive Chase and the First Medal of Honor (Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing, 2007).

157 “the deepest laid scheme, and on the grandest scale”: “The Great Railroad Chase,” Southern Confederacy, April 15, 1862, 1.

157 Sallie Clayton’s eight- and ten-year-old younger brothers witnessed the hangings : On the hanging, see Bonds, Stealing the General, 260-61.

157 Atlantans’ assurance of their immunity to the war’s violence was no longer so easily sustained: Sarah “Sallie” Conley Clayton, Requiem for a Lost City: A Memoir of Civil War Atlanta and the Old South, ed. Robert S. Davis Jr. (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1999), 47-48.

158 He felt glummer yet when walking through the car shed: Richards, Diary, February 22, 1862, 79; February 27, 1862, 80.

158 “Rather than affiliate with the North again”: “Dear Emma,” Camp of the Marion Light Artillery, Knoxville, Tenn., August 5, 1863. Neal quotes William Shakespeare, Love’s Labour’s Lost, act 1, scene 1: “’Tis won as towns with fire; so won, so lost.”

158 “Let any cruelties, any torments, any death”: “The Way They Intend to Abolish Slavery,” Southern Confederacy, March 11, 1862, 1.

159 Named the Calhoun Guards in honor of his father: See “Calhoun Guards,” Southern Confederacy, February 27, 1862, 2.

159 He would see plenty of action this time: William Lowndes Calhoun, History of the 42nd Regiment, Georgia Volunteers, Confederate States Army, Infantry (n.p., 1900), 29.

159 “The idol of the household”: Noble C. Williams, Echoes from the Battlefield; or, Southern Life During the War (Atlanta: Franklin Printing and Publishing Co., 1902), 16.

160 “without even receiving a scratch”: Williams, Echoes from the Battlefield, 18-19.

161 As Clingan stood, a Yankee sharpshooter put a minié ball: Williams, Echoes from the Battlefield, 20-21, 27-28.

161 “pure waters, salubrious air, and delightful climate”: February (unspecified date) 1862, quoted in Richard Barksdale Harwell, “Civilian Life in Atlanta in 1862,” Atlanta Historical Bulletin 7, no. 29 (October 1944): 214.

162 “the County, State, and City is a matter of great public necessity”: Quoted in Ralph Benjamin Singer Jr., “Confederate Atlanta,” PhD diss., University of Georgia, 151.

162 In the summer, plans were drawn up: Franklin M. Garrett, Atlanta and Environs: A Chronicle of Its People and Events (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1954), 1:530-31; Jack D. Welsh, MD, Two Confederate Hospitals and Their Patients: Atlanta to Opelika (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2005), 12-13.

162 Specialized hospitals were also erected: Singer, “Confederate Atlanta,” 150-51, 152-53.

162 For Gussie, this chance to help would one day prove tragic: On the women’s relief work for the sick and wounded, see Clayton, Requiem for a Lost City, 81- 82, 82n11-12, and 86-92.

163 “First, the ringing down the curtain”: Clayton, Requiem for a Lost City, 66.

163 Soon, however, Confederate seizures of hundreds of bondsmen and women: Clarence H. Mohr, On the Threshold of Freedom: Masters and Slaves in Civil War Georgia (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987), 129-33.

164 Jabez’s young wife died of consumption: Richards, Diary, January 26, 1863, 156; February 15, 1863, 160.

CHAPTER 13: ENEMIES WITHIN

165 They were now considered . . . “unsound”: Samuel Richards, Diary (typescript), March 15, 1862, 85.

166 “months or years perhaps”: Richards, Diary, March 5, 1862, 82.

166 “stuck to his room and the back streets”: Richards, Diary, November 17, 1862, 140.

166 “Our object . . . is to have as little to do as possible”: Richards, Diary, August 31, 1863, 196; March 4, 1863, 164; July 18, 1863, 194; December 31, 1863, 217; August 3, 1863, 192.

167 defeat would not come in the field: “Are We Whipped? Shall We Give Up?” Southern Confederacy, October 25, 1862, 2.

167 Atlanta was estimated to contain as many as 10,000 draft dodgers: Ralph Benjamin Singer Jr., “Confederate Atlanta,” PhD diss., University of Georgia, 1973, 216-17.

167 One dismayed observer counted around 3,000 firemen: City Council Minutes, December 25, 1863, Vol. 4, January 17, 1862, to June 1, 1866, 215-16. On exempt firemen, see Robert Scott Davis, “Guarding the Gate City from Itself: George W. Lee and Conflict in Civil War Atlanta,” 32.

167 “no clash or difficulty has ever arisen”: Southern Confederacy, September 20, 1862, 2. On Lee’s force’s total, see Davis, “Guarding the Gate City from Itself,” 16-17.

167 Lee was an ardent Confederate: For a description of Lee, see Louisa Maretta Whitney, Goldie’s Inheritance: A Story of the Siege of Atlanta (1903) (Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2008), 165. For a description of Lee’s officers, see the deposition of Thomas S. Garner, Markham v. U. S., quoted in Thomas Dyer, Secret Yankees: The Union Circle in Confederate Atlanta (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 99. Davis, in “Guarding the Gate City from Itself,” offers much valuable detail on Lee’s life and career and spotlights Lee’s activities during the Civil War far more positively than does Dyer in Secret Yankees.

168 “a mixture of Jews, New England Yankees, and of refugees shirking military duties”: From G. W. Lee to George W. Randolph, October 18, 1862, quoted in Mark E. Neely, Southern Rights: Political Prisoners and the Myth of Confederate Constitutionalism (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1999), 33.

168 “confined for months, even without charges”: Braxton Bragg to Joseph E. Johnston, March 2, 1863, quoted in Dyer, Secret Yankees, 99.

168 “We will very soon have nothing but a rabble”: Daily Intelligencer, October 25, 1863, 3.

168 The state supreme court threw out the case: Franklin M. Garrett, Atlanta and Environs: A Chronicle of Its People and Events (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1954), 1:564-67. Regarding the other incidents, see Davis, “Guarding the Gate City from Itself,” 17-20.

169 Little matter that Lee himself was eventually charged with selling draft exemptions: Lee was tried on the charge of selling draft exemptions in September 1864 and acquitted (Davis, “Guarding the Gate City from Itself,” 45).

169 “those who violate[d] the laws”: George W. Lee to Governor Brown, January 27, 1863, quoted in Jonathan D. Sarris, “‘Shot for Being Bushwhackers’: Guerilla War and Extralegal Violence in a North Georgia Community, 1862-1865,” in Guerillas, Unionists, and Violence on the Confederate Home Front, ed. Daniel E. Sutherland (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1999), 39.

169 “fire upon them, and, at all hazard . . . capture the last man”: Col. George W. Lee, “To the People of Northern and Northeastern Georgia and Southwestern N. Carolina,” Southern Confederacy, January 30, 1863, 1.

169 Critics charged that many of those prisoners were severely beaten: Davis, “Guarding the Gate City from Itself,” 24-26. William Harris Bragg, Joe Brown’s Army: The Georgia State Line, 1862-1865 (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1987), 18-21.

169 By 1864, they were dispatching as many as fifteen: Sarris, “‘Shot for Being Bushwhackers,’” 31-44.

170 “perfect reign of terror”: Quoted in Dyer, Secret Yankees, 101.

170 “in a room with all the rebel ‘rough-scuff ’”: Quoted in Dyer, Secret Yankees, 103.

170 “a Union organization, of three hundred white men”: Whitney, Goldie’s Inheritance , 164-65. On the detention of the Union Circle members, see Dyer, Secret Yankees, 100-114. For an opposing interpretation, see Davis, “Guarding the Gate City from Itself,” 36-39.

170 Although he was aware of how dangerous Lee’s men could be: James M. Calhoun affidavit, Timothy D. Lynes v. United States, Southern Claims Commission, CD 12658, box 1452, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

171 “a fall upon the floor of the room in which he was confined”: Daily Intelligencer, September 3, 1862, 3.

171 “a decided victim of inebriety”: G. W. Lee to G. W. Randolph, November 11, 1862, quoted in Dyer, Secret Yankees, 105.

171 After he protested to Richmond, Lee had him arrested too: Dyer, Secret Yankees , 103-5. Davis believes Lee’s men were not responsible for Myers’s death, though the newspaper report of the beating at the time of his arrest appears to substantiate the charges; see “Guarding the Gate City from Itself,” 37.

171 Reports circulated widely about an insurrectionary army: Davis, “Guarding the Gate City from Itself,” 27.

171 By November 1863, slaves resident in town had increased: See Clarence H. Mohr, On the Threshold of Freedom: Masters and Slaves in Civil War Georgia (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987), 194, and City Council Minutes, November 6, 1863, Vol. 4, January 17, 1862, to June 1, 1866. On slave seizures, see “Markets and Other Matters,” Southern Confederacy, January 27, 1863, 2.

171 Many bondsmen, including increasing numbers of runaways: Alton Hornsby Jr., A Short History of Black Atlanta, 1847-1990, 2nd ed. (North Richland Hills, TX: Ivy Halls Academic Press, 2006), 1.

171 “ We had never seen so many dark skinned people”: Sarah Huff, “My Eighty Years in Atlanta” (n.p., 1937), ch. 1, n.p.

172 Only when Confederates were nowhere in sight: Mohr, On the Threshold of Freedom, 161-62. On the breakdown of slavery in urban life, see ch. 6, especially 196ff.

172 “Missus, they better keep them guns out of our folks hands”: Dyer, Secret Yankees , Appendix B, “Miss Abby’s Diary,” March 20, 1864, 294; January 20, 1864, 286.

172 Word got around quickly in 1862: Mohr, On the Threshold of Freedom, 219.

173 “terrible warning and example”: Quotes in Mohr, On the Threshold of Freedom, 220.

173 A self-defense company of “old men”: Testimony of Ezra Andrews, Ezra Andrews v. U.S., Southern Claims Commission, CD 12663, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

173 Mayor Calhoun’s young son Patrick: “Reminiscences of Patrick H. Calhoun,” Atlanta Historical Bulletin 1, no. 6 (February 1932): 42.

173 Joseph Quarles, a Ponder slave who possessed a rudimentary education: Quarles later became the first black lawyer to enter the Georgia judicial bar and, under President Rutherford B. Hayes, an American consul in Spain. See Henry Ossian Flipper, The Colored Cadet at West Point: Autobiography of Lieut. Henry Ossian Flipper (1878; rpt. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2004), 11.

174 “why fourteen of the engine thieves”: G. W. Lee to Hon. G. W. Randolph, September 16, 1862, quoted in William Pittenger, Daring and Suffering: A History of the Andrews Railroad Raid into Georgia in 1862 . . . , ed. Col. James G. Bogle, 3rd ed. (1887; rpt. Nashville, TN: Cumberland House Publishing, 1999), 310.

174 “I never talked with a negro yet ”: Pittenger, Daring and Suffering, 296-97. See also Russell S. Bonds, Stealing the General: The Great Locomotive Chase and the First Medal of Honor (Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing, 2007), 276-77.

175 Ten men, including eight of the raiders, managed to elude Lee’s men: On the Union, or Andrews, raiders’ daring and ultimately successful escape, see Pittenger, Daring and Suffering, 316ff, for a participant’s version, and Bonds, Stealing the General, 279ff, for a modern history. Quotes are from Pittenger, Daring and Suffering, 320, 323.

175 He insisted “sympathizers outside” must have hid the men: G. W. Lee to Clifton H. Smith, November 18, 1862, quoted in Pittenger, Daring and Suffering , 324.

177 A man of means now, he had no trouble bribing his way back: Deposition of Robert Webster, Webster v. U.S., CD 13502, folders 1 and 3. See Dyer, Secret Yankees, 88-89.

177 Hill advocated a negotiated end to the war: “James M. Calhoun, Atlanta, Ga, Rebellion, Filed July 19, 1865, Pardoned July 24, 1865,” Case Files of Applications from Former Confederates for Presidential Pardons (“Amnesty Papers”), 1865-1867, National Archives M1003, Washington, D.C.

177 Georgia voted to fight on: Joshua Hill to George W. Adair, J. J. Thrasher, and James M. Calhoun of Atlanta, Ga., in Southern Recorder, September 8, 1863, quoted in Lucien E. Roberts, “The Political Career of Joshua Hill, Georgia Unionist,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 21 (March 1937): 58-59.

177 “ We have heard one or two names mentioned”: Daily Intelligencer, December 6, 1863, 3.

178 “Our company from Mississippi is here”: Wallace Putnam Reed, “Atlanta’s War Days Forty Years Ago,” Atlanta Constitution, July 9, 1902, 6.

178 Livestock and poultry, always in danger of being stolen: See Singer, “Confederate Atlanta,” 220-21; Mary Mallard to Mary Jones, January 6, 14, 1864, in Robert Manson Myers, The Children of Pride: A True Story of Georgia and the Civil War, abr. ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1984); Richards, Diary, January 2, 1864, 217-18.

179 The notion never advanced far in the council’s deliberations: City Council Minutes, January 1, 1864, Vol. 4, January 17, 1862, to June 1, 1866, 230. For salaries, see City Council Minutes, April 1, 1864, Vol. 4, 263.

179 “God save us from evil in the year to come”: Richards, Diary, December 31, 1863, 217.

CHAPTER 14: RIVER OF DEATH

182 The surviving prisoners were paroled just two days later: Mike “Doc” Kinstler, “The Soldier’s Handbook, 42nd Regiment—Georgia Volunteer Infantry,” 42nd Georgia, www.42ndgeorgia.com/42nd_georgia_history.htm.

182 It wasn’t long before Calhoun: For the description of Vicksburg battles and siege, quotes, etc., see William Lowndes Calhoun, History of the 42nd Regiment, Georgia Volunteers, Confederate States Army, Infantry (n.p., 1900), 29-36.

183 “the fate of the Confederacy was sealed when Vicksburg fell”: Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs (New York: Modern Library, 1999), 303.

183 Not long after, Grant would give him those men and more: Letter to Philemon B. Ewing, July 28, 1863, Sherman’s Civil War: Selected Correspondence of William T. Sherman, 1860-1865, ed. Brooks D. Simpson and Jean V. Berlin (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 508.

183 “in which to pack up the City Records”: City Council Minutes, August 28, 1863, Vol. 4, January 17, 1862, to June 1, 1866, 184.

184 “ever y male negro that can possibly be impressed”: Quoted in Clarence H. Mohr, On the Threshold of Freedom: Masters and Slaves in Civil War Georgia (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987), 126.

185 When and if a federal force came to storm the city: On the planning and building of the fortifications, see Franklin M. Garrett, Atlanta and Environs: A Chronicle of Its People and Events (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1954), 1:567-69.

185 “of the most inferior character”: Quoted in Mohr, On the Threshold of Freedom, 177.

186 “ We don’t want to make no fortifications”: Thomas Dyer, Secret Yankees: The Union Circle in Confederate Atlanta (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), Appendix B, “Miss Abby’s Diary,” Sabbath (date uncertain), 1864, 317.

186 “The whole country round Chattanooga was just blue”: Dyer, Secret Yankees, Appendix B, “Miss Abby’s Diary,” March 24, 1864, 300-1.

186 “rushed to a slave market ”: Sarah Huff, “My Eighty Years in Atlanta” (n.p., 1937), ch. 1, n.p.

186 From one day to the next, it depreciated a third in value: Samuel Richards, Diary (typescript), March 22, 1864, 237.

187 The grateful recipients of gold and U.S. dollars buried their treasure: Ralph Benjamin Singer Jr., “Confederate Atlanta,” PhD diss., University of Georgia, 181-82.

187 Among those who had not lost confidence: Robert Scott Davis, “Guarding the Gate City from Itself: George W. Lee and Conflict in Civil War Atlanta,” article in progress (typescript), notes 72, 71.

188 the hooting rebel army, much less able to withstand heavy losses: On the Battle of Chickamauga, see James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), 672-75.

188 Stunned by the hurricane of violence: A. J. Neal to Dear Pa, Williams Artillery Battalion, Battlefield Eight Miles South of Chattanooga, September 21, 1863, 10 A.M.

188 “Men . . . were lying where they fell”: Sam Watkins, Company Aytch, or a Side Show of the Big Show, ed. M. Thomas Inge (1882; rpt. New York: Plume, 1999), 87.

189 “ They are our mortal enemies”: Cousin Norma, “The Battlefield of Chickamauga,” “Ten Days After the Battle,” Daily Intelligencer, October 6, 1863, 1.

189 He was too weak even to lift his own dangling arm: Sarah “Sallie” Conley Clayton, Requiem for a Lost City: A Memoir of Civil War Atlanta and the Old South, ed. Robert S. Davis Jr. (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1999), 92-93.

189 “The army is confident . . . we will be in Kentucky soon”: A. J. Neal to Dear Pa, September 21, 1863.

190 “This service is rougher than any I have seen”: A. J. Neal to Dear Pa, Williams Artillery Battalion, Near Chattanooga, Tenn., November 1, 1863.

190 They lived on parched corn: Watkins, Company Aytch, 91.

190 General Bragg had seized all shoes and horses: For shoe price, see Singer, “Confederate Atlanta,” 165-66.

190 While our cause is brightening in its aspect: Daily Intelligencer, October 18, 1863, 2.

191 In Atlanta, as throughout the South, people fed on hope: On Confederate optimism stoked through rumors and newspaper reporting on Chickamauga and during the Atlanta Campaign, see Jason Phillips, Diehard Rebels: The Confederate Culture of Invincibility (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2007), 102-15.

191 Who knew what a Union army, presently licking its wounds: “The Importance of Atlanta,” Daily Intelligencer, October 18, 1863, 1.

CHAPTER 15: A DAY’S OUTING

193 He personally came to Chattanooga to assume overall command: For Grant’s description of the preparation for, and fighting of, the Battle of Chattanooga, also known as Lookout Mountain or Missionary Ridge, see Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs (New York: Modern Library, 1999), 323-52.

193 The picket lines were close enough for soldiers to converse: On cordial relations across the picket lines, see Grant, Personal Memoirs, 325 and 329.

194 he hoped soon to receive a ten-day furlough: A. J. Neal to Dear Ma, Williams Artillery Battalion, Camp Before Chattanooga, Tenn., November 20, 1863.

194 She was the beautiful wife of Adm. Raphael Semmes: On the dashing and incredibly successful Confederate privateer Raphael Semmes, see Stephen Fox, Wolf of the Deep: Raphael Semmes and the Notorious Confederate Raider CSS Alabama (New York: Vintage, 2008).

196 “had a splendid view of the beautiful light ”: For the description of the trip to Missionary Ridge and all quotes, see Sarah “Sallie” Conley Clayton, Requiem for a Lost City: A Memoir of Civil War Atlanta and the Old South, ed. Robert S. Davis Jr. (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1999), 101-9.

197 “But their dead were so piled in their path”: Sam Watkins, Company Aytch, or a Side Show of the Big Show, ed. M. Thomas Inge (1882; rpt. New York: Plume, 1999), 99-100.

197 “The foe encroaches upon us so”: Samuel Richards, Diary, December 5, 1863, 213.

197 Not long after, he appointed Gen. Joseph Johnston: Daily Intelligencer, November 29, 1863, 3.

198 “We were willing to do and die”: Watkins, Company Aytch, 103.

198 “ The people’s time has now come”: Quotes are from 290, Daily Intelligencer, December 25, 1863, 2, 3.

198 Joseph Brown placed the colonel in command: On Lee’s state militia command, see Robert Scott Davis, “Guarding the Gate City from Itself: George W. Lee and Conflict in Civil War Atlanta,” article in progress (typescript), 45.

199 “Atlanta is our important point now”: Charles Fessenden Morse, Letters Written During the Civil War, 1861-1865 (Boston: T. R. Marvin & Sons, Printers, 1898), 159.

199 “I never want to leave this army”: “Dear Ella,” December 6, 1863, Near Dalton, Ga.

CHAPTER 16: RAILROAD WAR

203 Those who served would be guaranteed their freedom: Quoted in Clarence L. Mohr, On the Threshold of Freedom: Masters and Slaves in Civil War Georgia (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987), 275. For a frontline, eyewitness diary account of the debate, see Wirt Armstead Cate, ed., Two Soldiers: The Campaign Diaries of Thomas J. Key, C. S. A., and Robert J. Campbell, U.S.A. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1938), December 28, 1863, 16-18.

203 “sacrifice . . . the principle which is the basis of our social system”: Southern Confederacy, August 23, 1863, 2.

204 “If needs be, you had better die”: M., “To the Mothers, Wives and Daughters of Soldiers,” Daily Intelligencer, December 29, 1863, 2.

204 “ostensibly under authority of the War Department ”: David Williams, Teresa Williams, and R. David Carlson, Plain Folk in a Rich Man’s War: Class and Dissent in Confederate Georgia (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002), 178; on selling exemptions, see 107-9.

204 “Somebody certainly must fight”: Samuel P. Richards, Diary (typescript), March 22, 1864, 227; December 9, 1863, 214.

205 The enrolling officers left him alone: Richards, Diary, January 16, 1864, 219-20.

205 it was increasingly a rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight: Thomas Dyer, Secret Yankees: The Union Circle in Confederate Atlanta (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999) Appendix B, “Miss Abby’s Diary,” January 20, 1864, 284. For a useful study of the role of class in dissent and resistance to participation in the war in Georgia, see Williams, Williams, and Carlson, Plain Folk in a Rich Man’s War, esp. 161ff.

206 He brought them food and news about the war: Affidavit of William Lewis, Webster v. U.S., Southern Claims Commission, National Archives, CD 13502, folder 1.

206 “had any idea how matters stand down here”: Dyer, Secret Yankees, Appendix B, “Miss Abby’s Diary,” April 9, 1864, 298-99.

207 “Don’t expect to overrun such a country”: To John Sherman, Memphis, August 13, 1862, in Sherman’s Civil War: Selected Correspondence of William T. Sherman, 1860-1865, ed. Brooks D. Simpson and Jean V. Berlin (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 272-73.

207 Grant presented him with a plan to attack the Confederate head in Virginia: On Grant’s grand strategy for closing out the war starting in 1864, see Richard M. McMurry, Atlanta 1864: Last Chance for the Confederacy (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 12-20.

207 “to work all parts of the army together”: Quoted in McMurry, Atlanta 1864, 13.

208 “Grant is my man, and I am his the rest of the war”: Quoted in James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), 638.

208 “we don’t get more than one effective soldier”: McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom , 720. On Northern conscription and enrollment policies, see 600-6.

209 “it seems exceedingly probable that this Administration will not be reelected”: August 23, 1864, quoted in McMurry, Atlanta 1864, 204. On Lincoln’s political troubles, see McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 698-717.

209 “a manifest ebb in popular feeling”: “The Present Aspect of the War—Causes for Hope,” New York Times, March 16, 1864, 4. Historians have long debated the likelihood of Lincoln’s defeat in the November 1864 elections in the event Atlanta had not fallen. For a cogent summary of the issue and a military historian’s refutation of the notion that the fall of Atlanta determined the election results, see McMurry, Atlanta 1864, appendix 4, “The Atlanta Campaign and the Election of 1864,” 204-8.

209 “Upon the progress of our arms”: Quoted in McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 718.

209 Even Sherman described himself as Grant ’s “second self ”: Quoted in Albert Castel, Decision in the West: The Atlanta Campaign of 1864 (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1992), 43.

210 “General Sherman is the most American man I ever saw”: Roland Gray, “Memoir of John Chipman Gray,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 49 (October 1915-June 1916): 393-94.

210 “war, pure and simple: to be applied directly to the civilians of the South”: Letter to Roswell M. Sawyer, January 31, 1864, in Simpson and Berlin, Sherman’s Civil War, 601.

210 “The army of the Confederacy is the South”: Letter to John Sherman, December 29, 1863, in Simpson and Berlin, Sherman’s Civil War, 578.

211 They left behind a scraped-over landscape: Castel, Decision in the West, 52.

211 “Of course I must fight”: To Maria Boyle Ewing Sherman, January 19, 1864, in Simpson and Berlin, Sherman’s Civil War, 587.

211 He answered Grant a month before the campaign commenced: McMurry, Atlanta 1864, 49, 52.

212 He was convinced that the Army of the Tennessee would soon reverse: “Dear Brother,” April 22, 1864, near Dalton.

212 “the war closed in behind”: Quoted in McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 515.

212 “All that has gone before is mere skirmishing”: Letter to Ellen Ewing Sherman, March 12, 1864, in Simpson and Berlin, Sherman’s Civil War, 609.

CHAPTER 17: CANDLE ENDS

213 With Bragg at his elbow, Davis fumed: Quoted in Richard M. McMurry, Atlanta 1864: Last Chance for the Confederacy (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 47-48.

214 “I can see no other mode of taking the offensive here”: Quoted in McMurry, Atlanta 1864, 22.

214 “Difficulties . . . are in the way”: Quoted in Albert Castel, Decision in the West: The Atlanta Campaign of 1864 (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 1992), 30-32.

215 “march to the front as soon as possible”: To Jefferson Davis, March 7, 1864, quoted in Castel, Decision in the West, 76.

215 “stronger than [we] had supposed”: “Dear Brother,” April 22, 1864, near Dalton, Georgia.

216 “having an easier time than ever”: “Dear Ma,” February 3, 1864, near Kingston, Georgia.

216 “brilliant successes this spring”: “Dear Emma,” March 23, 1864, near Dalton.

216 “God will fight our battles for us”: Quoted in Mary A. H. Gay, Life in Dixie During the War, 1861-1862-1863-1864-1865 (1892; rpt. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2001), 80-83.

216 “Small it was . . . but yet large enough”: Charles E. Benton, As Seen from the Ranks: A Boy in the Civil War (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1902), 131-32.

217 “Hundreds of those poor fellows”: George H. Puntenney, History of the Thirty-seventh Regiment of Indiana Infantry Volunteers: Its Organization, Campaigns, and Battles, Sept., ’61-Oct., ’64 (Rushville, IN: Jacksonian Book and Job Department, 1896), 79-80.

CHAPTER 18: FIGHTING, FIGHTING, FIGHTING

219 “nearly the entire population . . . moving off taking their Negroes south”: “Dear Ma,” February 3, 1864, near Kingston, Georgia.

219 refugees in wagons heading south that “literally blockaded” the roads: Mary A. H. Gay, Life in Dixie During the War (1892; rpt. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2001), 95-96.

220 “a boy to walk on the heads and shoulders of men”: Sarah “Sallie” Conley Clayton, Requiem for a Lost City: A Memoir of Civil War Atlanta and the Old South, ed. Robert S. Davis Jr. (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1999), 92-93.

220 “large concourse of citizens”: Samuel Richards, Diary (typescript), February 6, 1864, 222.

221 “and by every kind word and deed”: Daily Intelligencer, February 7, 1864, 2.

221 Joseph Johnston’s winter camp: William Lowndes Calhoun, History of the 42nd Regiment, Georgia Volunteers, Confederate States Army, Infantry (n.p., 1900), 37-38.

222 “No event could be more disastrous to the Confederacy”: Daily Intelligencer, April 26, 1864, 2.

222 “Of the capacity of General Johnston”: Daily Intelligencer, April 26, 1864, 2.

222 shared the “perfect ecstasies” people felt: Mary Mallard to Mary Jones, February 22, 1864, in Robert Myers, The Children of Pride: A True Story of Georgia and the Civil War, abr. ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1984), 439.

222 “We will be in a dreadful predicament”: To Mary Jones, May 5 and 14, 1864, in Myers, The Children of Pride, 461, 462.

222 “If we are defeated in these battles”: Richards, Diary, May 7, 1864, 230.

223 “to which I took such a fancy”: To Ellen Ewing Sherman, Kingston, Ga., May 22, 1864, in Sherman’s Civil War: Selected Correspondence of William T. Sherman,

1860-1865, ed. Brooks D. Simpson and Jean V. Berlin (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 639.

223 could not pierce their lines “except by flanking”: “Dear Pa,” May 10, 1864, in the field above Dalton.

224 “the terrible door of death”: To Ellen Ewing Sherman, Kingston, Ga., May 22, 1864, in Simpson and Berlin, Sherman’s Civil War, 638.

225 “I’ve got Joe Johnston dead”: Throughout I have drawn for my understanding of the battles of the Atlanta campaign on two extraordinary military histories: Albert Castel, Decision in the West: The Atlanta Campaign of 1864 (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1992), and Richard M. McMurry, Atlanta 1864: Last Chance for the Confederacy (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000). For the Sherman quote, see Castel, Decision in the West, 141.

225 “The Yankees . . . had got breeches hold on us”: Sam Watkins, Company Aytch, or a Side Show of the Big Show, ed. M. Thomas Inge (1882; rpt. New York: Plume, 1999), 120.

225 “He could have walked into Resaca”: For quotes, see William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2nd ed. (New York: Penguin Classics, 2001), 410 (see also back matter), and Castel, Decision in the West, 150. For a defense of McPherson’s actions at Resaca by an officer in the field, see Henry Stone, “Opening of the Campaign,” The Atlanta Papers, comp. Sydney C. Kerkis (Dayton, OH: Press of Morningside Bookshop, 1980), 357-70.

226 What Neal called “a rich scene”: “Dear Pa,” May 15, 1864, in the field near Resaca, GA.

227 He despised as a dangerous weight upon his army: On Sherman’s attitude regarding the black camp followers in Georgia, see Clarence H. Mohr, On the Threshold of Freedom: Masters and Slaves in Civil War Georgia (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987), 191ff., and on their role as soldiers, see, for instance, his letter to Gen. Lorenzo Thomas, June 26, 1864, in Simpson and Berlin, Sherman’s Civil War, 657-58.

227 “a thicket almost impenetrable”: Castel, Decision in the West, 177.

227 For the mayor of Atlanta’s son, the Civil War fighting was over: Calhoun, History of the 42nd Regiment, 38.

227 “When we awoke in the morning”: Watkins, Company Aytch, 122.

227 “only give us a fair fight”: “Dear Ma,” May 20, 1864, in the field, Etowah River, GA.

228 “a terrific battle” near that river was inevitable: To Ellen Ewing Sherman, Kingston, Ga., May 22, 1864, in Simpson and Berlin, Sherman’s Civil War, 639.

228 “Atlanta is evidently our destination”: Charles Fessenden Morse, Letters Written During the Civil War, 1861-1865 (Boston: T. R. Marvin & Sons, Printers, 1898), 167.

CHAPTER 19: ROMAN RUNAGEES

230 “flying in every direction in ruinous confusion”: B. G. Ellis, The Moving Appeal: Mr. McClanahan, Mrs. Dill, and the Civil War’s Great Newspaper Run (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2003), 283.

230 “you might as well reason with a thunderstorm”: To John Sherman, January 25, 1864, quoted in Stephen E. Bower, “The Theology of the Battlefield: William Tecumseh Sherman and the U.S. Civil War,” Journal of Military History 64, no. 4 (October 2000): 1020; to James Guthrie, August 14, 1864, in the field near Atlanta, in Sherman’s Civil War: Selected Correspondence of William T. Sherman, 1860-1865, ed. Brooks D. Simpson and Jean V. Berlin (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 694.

230 The supposedly faithful black people were voting with their feet: “Bill Arp, the Roman Runagee,” Atlanta, Ga., May 22, 1864, in (Charles H. Smith) Bill Arp, So Called: A Sideshow of the Southern Side of the War (New York: Metropolitan Record Office, 1866), 84-92.

230 Refugees were now “constantly arriving”: Samuel Richards, Diary (typescript), May 29, 1864, 231. See also Eliza Frances Andrews, The War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl, 1864-1865 (Atlanta: Cherokee Publishing Co., 1976), 149.

230 With boardinghouses and extra rooms in private homes already full: Mary Elizabeth Massey, Refugee Life in the Confederacy (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1964; new material 2001), 83-84.

231 “the report of the artillery at the front”: Richards, Diary, May 29, 1864, 231.

231 “To realize what war is one should follow in our tracks”: To Ellen Ewing Sherman, in the field near Marietta, Ga., June 26, 1864, in Simpson and Berlin, Sherman’s Civil War, 657.

231 “to keep close up to the enemy”: Quoted in Albert Castel, Decision in the West: The Atlanta Campaign of 1864 (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1992), 247.

232 “to stand in the trenches and mow down their lines”: “Dear Emma,” June 2, 1864, in the field near New Hope Church.

232 “Such piles of dead men were seldom or never seen”: Quoted in Richard M. McMurry, Atlanta 1864: Last Chance for the Confederacy (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 90.

232 “ This is surely not war; it is butcher y”: Richard M. McMurry, The Road Past Kennesaw: The Atlanta Campaign of 1864 (Washington, D.C.: Office of Publications, National Park Service, 1972), 21.

232 “so cautious that I can find no opportunity to attack him”: See McMurry, Atlanta 1864, 95.

232 “Sherman knew that it was no child’s play”: Sam Watkins, Company Aytch, or a Side Show of the Big Show, ed. M. Thomas Inge (1882; rpt. New York: Plume, 1999), 122.

233 “It is . . . a Big Indian War”: To John Sherman, Acworth, Ga., June 9, 1864, in Simpson and Berlin, Sherman’s Civil War, 645-46.

233 “is still at my front and can fight or fall back as he pleases”: To John Sherman, Acworth, Ga., June 9, 1864, in Simpson and Berlin, Sherman’s Civil War, 646.

233 “the busiest people in town were speculators and rumor mongers”: May 25, 1864; quoted in Ellis, The Moving Appeal, 293.

233 “On the street, every minute”: Quoted in Franklin M. Garrett, Atlanta and Environs: A Chronicle of Its People and Events (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1954), 1:585.

233 “that Atlanta will be defended to the last extremity”: May 24, 1864, quoted in Ellis, The Moving Appeal, 294.

234 “as cheerfully as though nothing had happened”: Mary Mallard to Mary Jones, May 19, 1864, in Robert Myers, The Children of Pride: A True Story of Georgia and the Civil War, abr. ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1984), 463- 64.

234 “when limbs are amputated and the clothing cut off ”: To Susan M. Cumming, May 20, 1864, in Myers, The Children of Pride, 465.

234 “‘the light fantastic toe’ was tipped”: Thomas Dyer, Secret Yankees: The Union Circle in Confederate Atlanta (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), Appendix B, “Miss Abby’s Diary,” May 6, 1864, 301.

234 The truth would eventually come out, she trusted: Dyer, Secret Yankees, Appendix B, “Miss Abby’s Diary,” May 9, 1864, 302-3.

234 “It stands to reason that our folks ain’t whipping”: Dyer, Secret Yankees, Appendix B, “Miss Abby’s Diary,” May 19, 1864, 306.

235 The Confederate grip on Atlanta: Dyer, Secret Yankees, Appendix B, “Miss Abby’s Diary,” May 21, 1864, 307.

235 Despite Lee’s ill health, he went to Macon: Robert Scott Davis, “Guarding the Gate City from Itself: George W. Lee and the Conflict in Civil War Atlanta” (manuscript in progress), 43-44.

235 The governor might not swing from a tree: Daily Intelligencer, February 12, 1864, 2.

235 “Atlanta is to the Confederacy”: Allen D. Candler, ed., The Confederate Records of the State of Georgia (Atlanta: Charles P. Byrd, State Printer, 1909), 3:582.

236 The anti-Brown faction derisively called the Georgia militia “Joe Brown’s Pets”: On Gov. Joseph Brown and the Georgia militia, see William R. Scaife and William Harris Bragg, Joe Brown’s Pets: The Georgia Militia, 1861-1865 (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2004).

236 “only embarrasses the authorities”: May 23, 1864, quoted in Franklin M. Garrett, Atlanta and Environs: A Chronicle of Its People and Events (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1954), 1:589.

236 “use all force necessary . . . to take life”: “Militia Broadside,” in Garrett, Atlanta and Environs, 23.

236 “all the shirks and skulks in Georgia”: For quote, see Garrett, Atlanta and Environs , 29.

236 “clothes sufficient for two or three men”: Quoted in Ellis, The Moving Appeal, 294.

236 “I trust . . . we may never be called into action”: Richards, Diary, May 29, 1864, 231.

CHAPTER 20: PRAYERS

237 “I’d much rather fight the people”: Thomas Dyer, Secret Yankees: The Union Circle in Confederate Atlanta (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), Appendix B, “Miss Abby’s Diary,” June 1, 1864, 314.

237 “We are here without a gun”: “To Dearest Lizzie,” May 26, 1864, MSS 116, box 1, folder 1, Atlanta History Center.

238 “Come on! We’re waiting for you!”: Dyer, Secret Yankees, Appendix B, “Miss Abby’s Diary,” May 27, 28, June 1, 6, 1864, 311-16.

238 “ever y able-bodied negro man that can be found”: Quoted in Clarence H. Mohr, On the Threshold of Freedom: Masters and Slaves in Civil War Georgia (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987), 126.

239 “This way with your axes”: Lt. Col. L. B. Faulkner to Captain Speed, June 22, 1864, quoted in Clarence L. Mohr, “The Atlanta Campaign and the African American Experience in Civil War Georgia,” in Lesley J. Gordon and John C. Inscoe, eds., Inside the Confederate Nation: Essays in Honor of Emory M. Thomas (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005), 280.

239 “cannot stay where he is long”: “Dear Emma,” June 2, 1864, in the field near New Hope Church.

239 They were wrong on all counts: Letter to Ellen Ewing Sherman, Acworth, Ga., June 9, 1864, in Sherman’s Civil War: Selected Correspondence of William T. Sherman, 1860-1865, ed. Brooks D. Simpson and Jean V. Berlin (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), note 1, 644, and 643.

240 “from foul and putrid stock”: Quoted in Albert Castel, Decision in the West: The Atlanta Campaign of 1864 (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1992), 268- 69.

240 “an armistice, with a view to final separation”: (Memphis) Daily Appeal, June 24, 1864, quoted in B. G. Ellis, The Moving Appeal: Mr. McClanahan, Mrs. Dill, and the Civil War’s Great Newspaper Run (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2003), 303.

240 if Sherman’s efforts “prove[d] abortive”: Samuel Richards, Diary (typescript), Vol. 10, July 3, 1864, 1.

240 War, so long a source of prosperity, took over the life of Atlanta: “Atlanta,” New York Times, June 22, 1864, n.p.

241 A wounded soldier convalescing in the home: Sarah Huff, My Eighty Years in Atlanta (n.p., 1937), ch. 3.

241 “gentlemen . . . consider it unsafe to be much out at night”: Mrs. Mary S. Mallard to Mrs. Mary Jones, Atlanta, Thursday, March 24 and 31, 1864, in Robert Myers, The Children of Pride: A True Story of Georgia and the Civil War, abr. ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, Abridged Edition, 1984), 448-49, 453.

241 His motion was defeated: City Council Minutes, June 10, 1864, Vol. 4, January 17, 1862, to June 1, 1866, 281.

241 “Can you, in this hour of peril”: Daily Intelligencer, May 29, 1864, quoted in “From Atlanta,” New York Times, June 14, 1864.

242 “insanity, in some instances, came to the relief of sufferings”: (Memphis) Daily Appeal, June 23, 1864, quoted in Ellis, The Moving Appeal, 303.

242 “My answer is invariably”: Dyer, Secret Yankees, Appendix B, “Miss Abby’s Diary,” June 1, 1864, 313.

242 “General Johnston will be successful”: Mary Mallard to Mary Jones, May 27, 1864, in Myers, The Children of Pride, 467.

243 Her wealthy slave Prince Ponder stayed: Henry Ossian Flipper, The Colored Cadet at West Point: Autobiography of Lieut. Henry Ossian Flipper (1878; rpt. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2004), 5.

243 insisted that he be called by his full name: On Bob Yancey’s insistence that his name was Robert Webster, see, for instance, Robert Webster, “What Bob Says,” Daily Constitution, July 18, 1879, 4.

243 “The men is all out of heart ”: Quoted in Richard M. McMurry, Atlanta 1864: Last Chance for the Confederacy (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 130.

244 “You must do the work with your present force”: Quoted in McMurry, Atlanta 1864, 135.

245 On the same day the city council offered up its disapproval: City Council Minutes, June 1, 1864, Vol. 4, January 17, 1862, to June 1, 1866, 279.

245 “I trust the prayers offered yesterday will be answered”: To Mary Jones, June 11, 1864, in Myers, The Children of Pride, 474.

245 “all will yet be well”: (Memphis) Daily Appeal, May 24, 1864, quoted in Ellis, The Moving Appeal, 294.

245 “this suspense and anxiety [will] take away our reason”: Dyer, Secret Yankees, Appendix B, “Miss Abby’s Diary,” July 5, 1864, 319; June 10, 1864, 317-18.

245 “would attempt deliberately to shoot”: Quoted in Castel, Decision in the West, 306.

246 “a party of us began to make preparations”: Sarah “Sallie” Conley Clayton, Requiem for a Lost City: A Memoir of Civil War Atlanta and the Old South, ed. Robert S. Davis Jr. (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1999), 113.

246 “to develop the enemy’s position and strength”: Quoted in Henry Stone, “From the Oostanaula to the Chattahoochee,” The Atlanta Papers, comp. Sydney C. Kerkis (Dayton, OH: Press of Morningside Bookshop, 1980), 418.

246 “right arm and passed through his body”: For an account of Polk’s death, see Castel, Decision in the West, 275-76, and William M. Polk, Leonidas Polk: Bishop and General (London: Longman, Green and Co., 1893), 2:349.

247 For hours mourners filed passed his bloodless, flower-encased body lying in state in Saint Luke’s Church: Clayton, Requiem for a Lost City, 114-15.

247 He returned to City Hall to do what he could to save his dying city: “Reminiscences of Patrick H. Calhoun,” Atlanta Historical Bulletin 1, no. 6 (February 1932): 42.

248 “never more sanguine and confident of success”: “Dear Pa,” June 20, 1864, in the field two miles above Marietta.

249 “a stench, so sickening as to nauseate the whole of both armies”: Sam Watkins, Company Aytch, or a Side Show of the Big Show, ed. M. Thomas Inge (1882; rpt. New York: Plume, 1999), 130-32.

250 “Some of the boys think”: “Dearest Lizzie,” July 6, 1864, MSS 116, box 1, folder 2, Holliday Papers, Atlanta History Center.

250 “one or two more such assaults would use up this army”: Quoted in Castel, Decision in the West, 315.

250 “the work [has] progressed and I see no signs of a remission”: Quoted in Castel, Decision in the West, 325.

251 “looking as hard as possible toward A[tlanta]”: July 19, 1864, Civil War Diary, July 16, 1864-November 14, 1864, The Siege & Capture of Atlanta Georgia, Henry D. Stanley, 2nd Lieut., 20th Conn. Vol. Co. H, MSS645, box 2, folder 1, Atlanta History Center.

251 “Atlanta will not and cannot be abandoned”: Southern Confederacy, July 5, 1864, 2.

251 “to remain in the city if the enemy gets possession”: Richards, Diary, Vol. 10, July 10, 1864, 2-3.

251 Sallie left for the tranquility of an uncle’s Alabama plantation: Clayton, Requiem for a Lost City, 118-19.

252 “there may be no battle here”: Dyer, Secret Yankees, Appendix B, “Miss Abby’s Diary,” July 19, 1864, 322.

CHAPTER 21: A PERFECT SHELL

256 “the best line of field intrenchments I have ever seen”: Quoted in Richard M. McMurry, Atlanta 1864: Last Chance for the Confederacy (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 115.

256 “to make a circuit [of Atlanta]”: “To make a circuit,” letter of July 6, 1864, quoted in McMurry, Atlanta 1864, 118.

256 Ignoring his terrible casualties: Force and casualty numbers drawn from McMurry, Atlanta 1864, Appendix 2, “Numbers and Losses,” 194-97.

256 “been rather cautious than bold”: Letter of July 12, 1864, quoted in Albert Castel, Decision in the West: The Atlanta Campaign of 1864 (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1992), 343.

256 “ These fellows fight like Devils”: Letter to Ellen Ewing Sherman, July 26, 1864, Sherman’s Civil War: Selected Correspondence of William T. Sherman, 1860- 1865, ed. Brooks D. Simpson and Jean V. Berlin (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 671.

257 “There seems to be some property”: “Dearest Lizzie,” Camp Grease Gut, July 7, 11, 12, 14, and 15, 1864, Allen T. Holliday Papers, MSS 116, box 1, folder 2, Atlanta History Center.

258 “walk[ed together] along the river banks”: “Dear Emma,” in the field, Chattahoochee River, July 13, 1864. Andrew Jackson Neal Papers, 1856-1881, MSS218, Emory University Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library.

258 When officers came around and ordered: See Castel, Decision in the West, 351-52.

258 “When we fight . . . we fight to crush”: July 15, 1864, near Vining’s Station, Ga., in Charles Fessenden Morse, Letters Written During the Civil War, 1861-1865 (Boston: T. R. Marvin & Sons, Printers, 1898), 177.

259 “pierced through the heart”: Sam Watkins, Company Aytch, or a Side Show of the Big Show, ed. M. Thomas Inge (1882; rpt. New York: Plume, 1999), 142.

259 Sarah wondered why several soldiers: Sarah Huff, My Eighty Years in Atlanta (n.p., 1937), ch. 4.

259 “to arrest the advance of the enemy to the vicinity of Atlanta”: Quoted in Castel, Decision in the West, 361.

260 “watch[ing] for an opportunity to fight to advantage”: Quoted in Castel, Decision in the West, 358.

260 He expected Hood to move promptly to the attack: Quoted in Castel, Decision in the West, 356, 362.

260 “I do pray . . . we may never move”: “Dear Ma,” Chattahoochee River, July 17, 1864.

260 two peace advocates from the Union side passed through the battle lines: The peace mission is described in James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), 767-68.

261 “a fight before Atlanta is given up”: Samuel Richards, Diary (typescript), Vol. 10, July 17, 1864, 3.

261 “exercise . . . a little philosophy and reason”: Quoted in B. G. Ellis, The Moving Appeal: Mr. McClanahan, Mrs. Dill, and the Civil War’s Great Newspaper Run (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2003), 309.

261 The members met for the last time: City Council Minutes, July 18, 1864, Vol. 4, January 17, 1862, to June 1, 1866, 291.

262 He had little else at his command: Ralph Benjamin Singer Jr., “Confederate Atlanta” (PhD diss., University of Georgia, 1973), 257.

262 In fact, he intended to remain with his brother: Noble C. Williams, Echoes from the Battlefield; or, Southern Life During the War (Atlanta: Franklin Printing and Publishing Co., 1902), 34.

262 “all was being done that could be”: Sarah “Sallie” Conley Clayton, Requiem for a Lost City: A Memoir of Civil War Atlanta and the Old South, ed. Robert S. Davis Jr. (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1999), 125, 175.

263 “The news . . . comes in shoals of falsehood”: Grape, “Letters from the Front, July 17th and 19th, 1864,” (Augusta) Daily Constitutionalist, July 22 and 20, 1864, 1.

263 His store was “stripped” of all its paper and cash on hand: Richards, Diary, Vol. 10, July 22, 1864, 4.

263 “If Soddom [sic] deserved the fate that befell it”: “Dear Ma,” in the field before Atlanta, July 23, 1864.

264 “Atlanta will not be given up without a fight ”: Grape, “Letters from the Front, July 17th and 19th, 1864,” (Augusta) Daily Constitutionalist, July 22 and 20, 1864, 1.

264 “They were negroes” . . . so his appeals for help: Thomas Dyer, Secret Yankees: The Union Circle in Confederate Atlanta (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), Appendix B, “Miss Abby’s Diary,” July 21, 1864, Midnight, 324.

265 “wait until breastworks are erected”: Dyer, Secret Yankees, Appendix B, “Miss Abby’s Diary,” July 19, 1864, 321.

267 He raced past the federal skirmish line: George A. Newton, “Battle of Peach Tree Creek,” G. A. R. War Papers, Papers Read Before Fred. C. Jones Post, No. 401, Department of Ohio G. A. R., Vol. 1 (Cincinnati: Fred. C. Jones Post, 1891), 153-54.

267 “could have taken them”: “Dear Pa,” in the field near Chattahoochee, July 20, 1864.

268 Atlanta was under fire: Stephen Davis, “How Many Civilians Died in Sherman’s Bombardment of Atlanta?” Atlanta History 45, no. 4 (2003): 5-6. Stephen Davis, “‘A Very Barbarous Mode of Carrying on War’: Sherman’s Artillery Bombardment of Atlanta, July 20-August 24, 1864,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 89, no. 1 (spring 1995): 61-62. Richards, Diary, Vol. 10, July 20, 1864, 4.

268 “It seems almost impossible”: July 22, 1864, Civil War Diary Henry D. Stanley, July 16, 1864-November 14, 1864, The Siege & Capture of Atlanta Georgia, Henry D. Stanley, 2nd Lieut., 20th Conn. Vol. Co. H, MSS645, box 2, folder 1, Atlanta History Center.

268 “within easy cannon-range of the buildings in Atlanta”: Quoted in Davis, “‘A Very Barbarous Mode of Carrying on War,’” 63.

269 “carr ying a musket for the first time in my life”: Richards, Diary, Vol. 10, July 23, 1864, 4-5.

CHAPTER 22: THE BATTLE OF ATLANTA

271 Soon, everyone in town knew the cause for the alarm: Florence W. Brine, “Central Presbyterian Church,” Atlanta Historical Bulletin 3, no. 14 (July 1938): 183.

271 “found the city in a wild state of excitement ”: J. P. Austin, The Blue and the Gray: Sketches of a Portion of the Unwritten History of the Great American Civil War, a Truthful Narrative of Adventure, with Thrilling Reminiscences of the Great Struggle on Land and Sea (Atlanta: Franklin Printing and Publishing Co., 1899), 131.

272 She was ordered to take the bomb back outside: Noble C. Williams, Echoes from the Battlefield; or, Southern Life During the War (Atlanta: Franklin Printing and Publishing Co., 1902), 32-33.

273 She hoped to see Union forces march in tomorrow: Thomas Dyer, Secret Yankees: The Union Circle in Confederate Atlanta (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), Appendix B, “Miss Abby’s Diary,” July 21, 1864, 322-23.

274 As the women walked their separate ways: Mary A. H. Gay, Life in Dixie During the War (1892; rpt. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2001), 158-63.

274 “How could we run over those things”: Oliver Otis Howard, Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard, Vol. 2 (New York: Baker & Taylor Co., 1908), 3.

275 “Atlanta and its connections are worth a battle”: (Atlanta) Daily Appeal, July 20, 1864, quoted in “The War in Georgia,” New York Times, July 29, 1864, 2.

275 “entered the stores by force, robbing them of ever ything”: Grape, “The Siege of Atlanta,” (Augusta) Daily Constitutionalist, July 29, 1864, 3.

276 residents from the countryside came in to grab their share: Albert Castel, Decision in the West: The Atlanta Campaign of 1864 (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1992), 389.

277 continued in the saddle a few feet and then slumped to the ground: Sam Watkins, Company Aytch, or a Side Show of the Big Show, ed. M. Thomas Inge (1882; rpt. New York: Plume, 1999), 154-57. On the death of McPherson, see William E. Strong, “The Death of General James B. McPherson,” The Atlanta Papers, comp. Sydney C. Kerkis (Dayton, OH: Press of Morningside Bookshop, 1980), 505-39.

277 he saw his horse lying dead beside him: “Dear Ma,” in the field before Atlanta, July 23, 1864.

278 “Atlanta will not be given up”: Sarah “Sallie” Conley Clayton, Requiem for a Lost City: A Memoir of Civil War Atlanta and the Old South, ed. Robert S. Davis Jr. (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1999), 125-28; “My Dear Sallie & Caro,” Atlanta, July 25, 1864, in Clayton, Requiem for a Lost City, 175-76.

278 “amounted to more than twice our own”: “Dear Ma,” in the field before Atlanta, July 23, 1864.

278 Sherman was “badly defeated”: Castel, Decision in the West, 410. Quote on 423.

278 “who would not be a soldier and fight for his country?”: “Dear Lizzie,” Thursday, July 26, 1864, Sunday morning, July 31, 1864, Allen T. Holliday Papers, MSS 116, box 1, folder 1, Atlanta History Center.

278 “intended to hold the city”: Samuel P. Richards, Diary (typescript), Vol. 10, July 22, 1864, 4.

279 The fighting that day very likely destroyed her property: Dyer, Secret Yankees, Appendix B, “Miss Abby’s Diary,” July 21, 1864, Midnight, 324-28.

279 “the blood trickling down”: Sarah Huff, My Eighty Years in Atlanta (n.p., 1937), ch. 4.

281 they had dispatched all the wounded men: Affidavits of Thomas G. W. Crussell, William Lewis, John Silvey, James Dunning, Webster v. U.S., Southern Claims Commission, National Archives, CD 13502, folder 1. Testimony of Prince Ponder, Ponder v. U.S., December 20, 1875, box 34, Southern Claims Commission, Record Group 217, National Archives, 9-10.

281 “for with all the natural advantages of bushes”: To Ellen Ewing Sherman, in the field near Atlanta, July 26, 1864, in Sherman’s Civil War: Selected Correspondence of William T. Sherman, 1860-1865, ed. Brooks D. Simpson and Jean V. Berlin (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 672.

281 “Let the Army of the Tennessee fight it out!”: Quoted in Castel, Decision in the West, 414. Castel and many others have criticized Sherman’s failure to counterattack on July 22. See, for instance, the bitter comments of Henry Stone, a staff officer with the Army of the Cumberland, “The Strategy of the Campaign,” in Kerkis, The Atlanta Papers, 158-59.

281 “ They can’t take Atlanta unless they make a Vicksburg scrape of it ”: “Dear Lizzie,” 26 July 1864.

282 “singularly picturesque and startling in effect”: Grape, “The Siege of Atlanta,” (Augusta) Daily Constitutionalist, July 29, 1864, 3.

282 “a fine house in plain sight”: July 25, 1864, in the trenches one and a half miles from Atlanta, in Charles Fessenden Morse, Letters Written During the Civil War, 1861-1865 (Boston: T. R. Marvin & Sons, Printers, 1898), 181-82.

282 “A rifle bullet struck the board”: July 31, 1864, near Atlanta, in Morse, Letters, 185.

282 “gradually destroy the roads which make Atlanta a place worth having”: To Ellen Ewing Sherman, in the field near Atlanta, July 26, 1864, in Simpson and Berlin, Sherman’s Civil War, 672.

283 “many of the pensioners we captured”: July 29, 1864, Civil War Diary Henry D. Stanley, July 16, 1864-November 14, 1864, The Siege & Capture of Atlanta Georgia, Henry D. Stanley, 2nd Lieut., 20th Conn. Vol. Co. H, MSS645, box 2, folder 1, Atlanta History Center.

283 fighting like “Devils & Indians”: To Ellen Ewing Sherman, in the field near Atlanta, August 9, 1864, in Simpson and Berlin, Sherman’s Civil War, 685.

284 “make the inside of Atlanta too hot to be endured”: Quoted in Stephen Davis, “‘A Very Barbarous Mode of Carrying on War’: Sherman’s Artillery Bombardment of Atlanta, July 20-August 24, 1864,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 89, no. 1 (spring 1995), 68.

CHAPTER 23: GOODBYE, JOHNNY

287 “You may take this to heart”: Epsilon, “Gen. Sherman’s Division, Near Atlanta, Friday, August 19, 1864,” New York Times, September 1, 1864, 1.

288 They decided to risk more shelling: Mollie Smith, “Dodging Shells in Atlanta,” Atlanta Constitution, March 24, 1929, 13.

289 Nobody could calculate what course they would take: William C. Noble, Echoes from the Battlefield, or Southern Life During the War (Atlanta: Franklin Printing and Publishing Co., 1902), 32-33.

289 “at almost any time numbers of lighted shells”: Noble, Echoes from the Battlefield , 34.

289 Samuel was not there for that: Samuel Richards, Diary (typescript), Vol. 10, August 1, 7, 14, 21, 1864, 5-8, 10, Atlanta History Center.

289 “could distinctly hear loud cries”: Quoted in Stephen Davis, “‘A Very Barbarous Mode of Carrying on War’: Sherman’s Artillery Bombardment of Atlanta, July 20-August 24, 1864,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 89, no. 1 (spring 1995): 85.

289 Many families, especially the poorer ones: Quoted in Davis, “‘A Very Barbarous Mode of Carrying on War,’” 81.

290 “Let us destroy Atlanta and make it a desolation”: Quoted in Davis, “‘A Very Barbarous Mode of Carrying on War,’” 68.

290 His men buried him in a shallow grave: “Dear Ella,” August 4, 1864, in the line before Atlanta, Ga., Andrew Jackson Neal Papers, 1856-1881, MSS218, Emory University Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, MSS218.

291 James Neal would have his chance at revenge: “Dear Ma,” August 24, 1864, Hd. Qtrs. 19th Ga. Vol.

291 Most houses along Marietta Street: Pilgrim, (Macon) Daily Intelligencer, August 25, 1864, 1.

292 He directed that one of the four-and-a-half-inch navy siege guns: Quoted in Davis, “‘A Very Barbarous Mode of Carrying on War,’” 68, 81.

292 Federal lookouts reported seeing “great commotion”: Davis, “‘A Very Barbarous Mode of Carrying on War,’” 68.

292 “Large fires were visible in the city”: Quoted in Davis, “‘A Very Barbarous Mode of Carrying on War,’” 81.

292 blasting him for being, he falsely claimed, “absent ”: Pilgrim, (Macon) Daily Intelligencer, August 26, 1864, 1; August 23, 1864, 2.

292 “And . . . if the city is to fall”: B, August 24, 1864, Daily Intelligencer, August 27, 1864, 2.

293 nobody was arrested: Mirglip, Daily Intelligencer, August 18, 1864, 2.

293 “Our humane foes allowed us to get well to sleep”: Richards, Diary, Vol. 10, August 14, 1864, 8.

293 Several passersby picked up the badly wounded man: Wallace Reed, History of Atlanta (Syracuse: D. Mason & Co., Publishers, 1889), 191-92. Reed wrote the first complete history of Atlanta and was present as a boy during the siege. He appears to have been the first to recount, at 175, the since oft-retold killing of an unnamed child in the company of her parents, also unidentified, at the corner of Ellis and Ivy streets by the first shell fired into the city on July 20. The child’s death remains unconfirmed and appears likely not to have occurred. For a refutation of Reed’s original story of the first civilian death, see Stephen Davis, “How Many Civilians Died in Sherman’s Bombardment of Atlanta?” Atlanta History 45, no. 4 (2003): 6-8. The dented lamppost struck by the shell that did kill Solomon Luckie is now kept eternally lit as a memorial flame, presently in place not far from its original location in Underground Atlanta.

294 “I sat down and wept ”: Emily E. Molineaux, Lifetime Recollections: An Interesting Narrative of Life in the Southern States Before and During the Civil War (1902; rpt. Read Books, 2008), 31-36.

295 “It is . . . like living in the midst of a pestilence”: Richards, Diary, Vol. 10, August 21, 1864, 10.

295 “It is said that about twenty lives have been destroyed”: Richards, Diary, Vol. 10, August 21, 1864, 10.

295 107 citizens required amputation of limbs: See Pilgrim, (Macon) Daily Intelligencer , August 25, 1864, 1.

295 Even those relatively small numbers: Casualty figures are cited in Davis, “How Many Civilians Died?” 19.

295 “a fine concrete house”: Sam Watkins, Company Aytch, or a Side Show of the Big Show, ed. M. Thomas Inge (1882; rpt. New York: Plume, 1999), 165.

295 Those nearby viewed the battered: September 5, 1864, Civil War Diary Henry D. Stanley, July 16, 1864-November 14, 1864, The Siege & Capture of Atlanta Georgia, Henry D. Stanley, 2nd Lieut., 20th Conn. Vol. Co. H, MSS645, box 2, folder 1, Atlanta History Center.

295 “many a gallant and noble fellow among them”: Watkins, Company Aytch, 168- 69.

296 “The old men looked sad and desponding”: Letters to Dear Lizzie, Friday morning, July 29, 1864, Sunday morning, July 31, 1864, camp near Atlanta, August 3, 1864. A. (Allen) T. Holliday Papers, MSS 116, box 1, folder 4, Atlanta History Center.

296 “It was a twenty-pounder”: August 8, 1864, near Atlanta, in Charles Fessenden Morse, Letters Written During the Civil War, 1861-1865 (Boston: T. R. Marvin & Sons, Printers, 1898), 185-86.

296 “This city has done and contributed more”: Quoted in Henry Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1927), 58.

296 “Any sign of a let up on our part ”: Letter to Lieutenant General Grant, from near Atlanta, 8 p.m., August 7, 1864, in Sherman’s Civil War: Selected Correspondence of William T. Sherman, 1860-1865, ed. Brooks D. Simpson and Jean V. Berlin (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 684.

297 “So long as the feeling that all will end well enthuses us”: (Macon) Daily Intelligencer , August 3, 1864, 2.

297 “I feel mortified that he holds us in check”: Quoted in Albert Castel, Decision in the West: The Atlanta Campaign of 1864 (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1992), 467.

298 “will end the summer’s campaign”: “A Gleam of Hope,” (Macon) Daily Intelligencer , August 11, 1864, 2.

298 Holliday penned in wonder: “Dearest Lizzie,” Friday morning, 9 o’clock, August 26, 1864, Holliday Papers, box 1, folder 9.

298 “the enemy was retreating”: Richards, Diary, Vol. 10, August 27, 1864, 10.

298 “I am coming home”: “Dearest Lizzie,” Midnight, August 26, 1864, Holliday Papers, box 1, folder 9.

299 It was signed, “YANK”: Pilgrim, reports of August 27 and 28, (Macon) Daily Intelligencer, August 30, 1864, 1.

CHAPTER 24: THE FIRST BONFIRE

301 “I think we will not be out but a short time now”: For Holliday quotes, see “Dearest Lizzie,” 9 o’clock, August 26, 1864, A. (Allen) T. Holliday Papers, MSS 116, box 1, folder 9, Atlanta History Center. For the Confederate’s quote, see Albert Castel, Decision in the West: The Atlanta Campaign of 1864 (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1992), 485.

301 “Last night . . . the enemy abandoned the Augusta railroad”: Quoted in Henry Stone, “The Siege and Capture of Atlanta, July 9 to September 8, 1864,” The Atlanta Papers, comp. Sydney C. Kerkis (Dayton, OH: Press of Morningside Bookshop, 1980), 123.

302 Military bands played in the streets: Castel, Decision in the West, 486. Stephen Davis defends Hood against the frequent charge of befuddlement at Sherman’s movement in this last phase of the campaign in Atlanta Will Fall: Sherman, Joe Johnston, and the Yankee Heavy Battalions (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001), 190.

302 “one of the noblest acts of my whole life”: “Dearest Lizzie,” Monday morning, August 29, 1864, Friday morning, 9 o’clock, August 26, 1864.

302 “the old soldiers . . . have a great anxiety”: “Dearest Lizzie,” Friday morning, 9 o’clock, August 26, 1864.

302 They “are going somewhere”: Samuel Richards, Diary (typescript), Vol. 10, August 27, 1864, 10-11, Atlanta History Center.

302 “I wish they were safe in my pocket ”: Richards, Diary, Vol. 10, August 29, 1864, 11.

302 “Our supplies will soon be exhausted”: Quoted in Castel, Decision in the West, 467.

303 “I rather think . . . today Hood’s army is larger”: To Thomas Ewing Sr., in the field near Atlanta, August 11, 1864, in Sherman’s Civil War: Selected Correspondence of William T. Sherman, 1860-1865, ed. Brooks D. Simpson and Jean V. Berlin (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 690.

303 The cavalry continued their raid deep into Tennessee: Stone, “The Siege and Capture of Atlanta,” 121.

304 “a long, hazardous flank march”: Quoted in Castel, Decision in the West, 469-70, 474. For a participant’s account of the Kilpatrick raid, see W. L. Curry, “Raid of the Union Cavalry, Commanded by General Judson Kilpatrick, Around the Confederate Army in Atlanta, August, 1864,” in Kerkis, The Atlanta Papers, 597-622.

304 an eleven-car train of munitions and food chugged into Atlanta: Henry Stone, “The Siege and Capture of Atlanta,” 122. Castel, Decision in the West, 472-74.

304 “I will have to swing across”: Quoted in Castel, Decision in the West, 474.

305 They found the torn-up earth cluttered: Sam Watkins, Company Aytch, or a Side Show of the Big Show, ed. M. Thomas Inge (1882; rpt. New York: Plume, 1999), 174.

306 “ The enemy have drawn back”: Quoted in Stone, “The Siege and Capture of Atlanta,” 123.

306 “so we may rest perfectly satisfied”: Quoted in Castel, Decision in the West, 489.

306 “success was actually crippling our armies”: William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2nd ed. (New York: Penguin Classics, 2001), 479.

307 “Fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom”: Sherman, Memoirs, 608-9.

307 Destruction of the railroad was another psychological weapon: Many works analyze Sherman’s total war strategy. For a succinct presentation of it in the Atlanta Campaign context, see James M. McPherson, “Two Strategies of Victory: William T. Sherman in the Civil War,” Atlanta History 33, no. 4 (winter 1989- 1990): 5-17. Quote from 16.

308 “the necessity would arise to send any troops to Jonesboro today”: Quoted in Castel, Decision in the West, 495.

308 “A small portion—about a hundred thousand—were nigh about ”: Watkins, Company Aytch, 175.

308 “go at the enemy with bayonets fixed”: Quoted in Castel, Decision in the West, 498.

308 “We did our level best to get up a fight”: Watkins, Company Aytch, 178-79.

309 The men marched . . . “without any order”: Watkins, Company Aytch, 181-82.

309 “I don’t believe anybody recognizes”: Quoted in Stone, “The Siege and Capture of Atlanta,” 127.

310 Now they feared Confederate forces marching down: Wallace Putnam Reed, History of Atlanta, Georgia: With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers (Atlanta: D. Mason & Co., 1889), 194.

310 “by the sackful and the cartload”: Richards, Diary, Vol. 10, September 1, 1864, 12.

310 “jarred the ground and broke the glass”: Richards, Diary, Vol. 10, September 1, 1864, 12.

310 The “incessant discharge” of explosions: “The Anniversary of Atlanta’s Fall,” Atlanta Constitution, September 3, 1900, 4.

311 Only a cavalry regiment remained behind: Sherman, Memoirs, 476.

312 “twisted into the most curious shapes imaginable”: September 5, 1864, Civil War Diary Henry D. Stanley, July 16, 1864-November 14, 1864, The Siege & Capture of Atlanta Georgia, Henry D. Stanley, 2nd Lieut., 20th Conn. Vol. Co. H, MSS645, box 2, folder 1, Atlanta History Center.

312 Atlanta was being consumed: Copy (typescript) of diary of Mary Rawson, Wife of Capt. John D. Ray, Capt. of 1st Ga. Vols. and daughter of E. E. Rawson of Atlanta, August 31, 1864, 1, Rawson-Collier-Harris Families, MSS 36, Atlanta History Center. Reed, History of Atlanta, 194.

313 A last big blast went off shortly before dawn: “Dear Lizzie,” September 2, 1864, Holliday Papers, box 1, folder 10.

315 Coburn had Calhoun write out a surrender note: Affidavit of James M. Calhoun, Mayor of Atlanta, as to Facts in Regard to Surrender of Atlanta, September 2, 1864, Sworn to his Son W. L. C., on July 31, 1865, Calhoun Papers, MSS 50, box 2.4, oversized folder 1, Atlanta History Center. Affidavit of Thomas Kile, James Calhoun to Reuben Arnold, Webster v. U.S., CD 13502, folder 4, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

316 “She was a splendid looking woman”: Reports of Capt. H. M. Scott, Col. J. Coburn, and Gen. H. W. Slocum, September 3, 1864, in Thomas H. Martin, Atlanta and Its Builders: A Comprehensive History of the Gate City of the South (Atlanta: Century Memorial Publishing, 1902), 598-603. “Old Home Spared by Sherman’s Torch Is Soon to Give Way for Improvement,” The Constitution, February 18, 1906, B8. Richards, Diary, Vol. 10, September 2, 1864, 13. A. O. Brainerd, “Address to the Ladies—Wives of the Veterans in the G. A. R. Room, St. Albans (April 15, 1895),” quoted in Thomas Dyer, Secret Yankees: The Union Circle in Confederate Atlanta (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 193-94.

CHAPTER 25: THE SECOND BONFIRE

318 they flew over the fence into the garden: Noble C. Williams, Echoes from the Battlefield; or, Southern Life During the War (Atlanta: Franklin Printing and Publishing Co., 1902), 41-42.

318 picked up books “and paid for them”: Samuel Richards, Diary (typescript), Vol. 10, September 2 (probably misdated from September 3), 1864, 13-14, Atlanta History Center.

319 “My Lord, I thought they had come here to protect us”: Daily Intelligencer, December 23, 1864, 1. Deposition of Joseph A. Blood, Webster v. U.S., Southern Claims Commission, CD 13502, folder 4, National Archives.

319 It would take more than a decade pursuing his claim: Claim of Prince Ponder, December 20, 1875, Southern Claims Commission, Record Group 217, box 34, National Archives, 1, 13-15, 24.

320 Comey’s initial—happily performed—official duty: The Confederate flag Comey took down is now in Lexington, Massachusetts, at the Historical Society Museum.

320 He took the county courtroom as his office: Charles Fessenden Morse, Letters Written During the Civil War, 1861-1865 (Boston: T. R. Marvin & Sons, Printers, 1898), 187.

320 Comey moved about town the rest of his first day: A Legacy of Valor: The Memoirs and Letters of Captain Henry Newton Comey, 2nd Massachusetts Infantry , ed. Lyman Richard Comey (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2004), 193-94.

320 spirits of sufficiently good quality: Charles F. Morse, “Personal Recollections of the Occupation of Atlanta and Sherman’s March to the Sea 1864” (typescript). Houghton Library, Modern Books and Manuscripts, Harvard College Library, MS Am2058, item 12, 5.

320 “strange to go about Atlanta now”: Richards, Diary, Vol. 10, September 4, 1864, 14-15.

321 “General Sherman has taken Atlanta”: Quoted in Albert Castel, Decision in the West: The Atlanta Campaign of 1864 (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1992), 529.

321 “our present task . . . well done”: Castel, Decision in the West, 532, 534.

321 Those few words would be repeated: To Henry W. Halleck, September 3, 1864, in the field near Lovejoy’s Station, in Sherman’s Civil War: Selected Correspondence of William T. Sherman, 1860-1865, ed. Brooks D. Simpson and Jean V. Berlin (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 695-96.

321 “My movement has been perfectly successful”: To Ellen Ewing Sherman, September 3, 1864, in the field 26 miles south of Atlanta, in Simpson and Berlin, Sherman’s Civil War, 696.

321 It was time to rest: To Henry W. Halleck, September 3, 1864, in Simpson and Berlin, Sherman’s Civil War, 696.

322 “The marches, battles, sieges, and other military operations”: Quoted in William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2nd ed. (New York: Penguin Classics, 2001), 478.

322 “an immense throng” of citizens paraded: “Rejoicings Over the Victory,” New York Times, September 4, 1864, 1.

322 Peace would come only, he now declared, on the “one condition” of Union: Quoted in James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 771, 776.

323 “represent a strong Union sentiment”: Comey, A Legacy of Valor, 194-95.

324 “for the purpose of claiming personal satisfaction”: Chattanooga Gazette report of September 11, 1864, reprinted in (Macon) Daily Intelligencer, September 18, 1864, 2.

324 More than a few Confederates thought the mayor deserved to be strung up: (Macon) Daily Intelligencer, September 10, 28, 1864, 2.

324 “The family . . . were very glad”: Morse, Letters, 188-90.

324 “the identical ones who remained in the city”: Thomas Dyer, Secret Yankees: The Union Circle in Confederate Atlanta (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 196. For the Lee quote, see Daily Intelligencer, October 27, 1864, in Dyer, Secret Yankees, 201-2.

325 “There are differences of opinion”: Morse, Letters, 188-90.

326 It was nothing others had not seen repeated: Robert G. Athearn, “An Indiana Doctor Marches with Sherman: The Diary of James Comfort Patten,” Indiana Magazine of History 49, no. 4 (December 1953): 409.

326 The South, he expected, would draw “two important conclusions”: Sherman states in his memoirs that he rode into the city on September 8, but official records of his correspondence place his arrival on September 7. See Castel, Decision in the West, 626n1. For the first and final Sherman quotes, see Sherman, Memoirs, 479.

326 “We must kill these three hundred thousand”: To Ellen Ewing Sherman, September 17, 1864, Atlanta, Ga., in Simpson and Berlin, Sherman’s Civil War, 717.

327 “absolute certainty . . . [in my] policy’s justness and . . . wisdom”: To Henry W. Halleck, September 4, 1864, in the field near Lovejoy’s Station, Ga., in Simpson and Berlin, Sherman’s Civil War, 697.

328 “not bound by the laws of war”: The exchange of letters is reprinted in its entirety in Sherman, Memoirs, 487-92. On Sherman’s decidedly racist attitudes toward blacks in his army, see Clarence L. Mohr, “The Atlanta Campaign and the African American Experience in Civil War Georgia,” in Lesley J. Gordon and John C. Inscoe, eds., Inside the Confederate Nation: Essays in Honor of Emory M. Thomas (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005), 272-94.

328 In the South, it confirmed Sherman’s stature as “the brute”: To Eugene Casserly, September 17, 1864, in Simpson and Berlin, Sherman’s Civil War, 713.

328 “What a ‘buster’ that [Sherman] is!”: Adams is quoted in Simpson and Berlin, Sherman’s Civil War, 702-3.

329 “The people of the U.S. have too much sense”: To Thomas Ewing Jr., Atlanta, September 17, 1864, in Simpson and Berlin, Sherman’s Civil War, 715.

329 “He is the most original character”: Morse, Letters, 192.

331 “the mad passions of men cool down”: All of the letters exchanged among Sherman, Hood, and Calhoun, September 7-14, 1864, appear in Sherman, Memoirs, 486-96.

331 “continually besieged with anxious faces”: Chattanooga Gazette report of September 11, 1864, reprinted (Macon) Daily Intelligencer, September 18, 1864, 2.

331 “Do not judge from appearances”: Quoted in Dyer, Secret Yankees, 203-4.

332 “So . . . our negro property has all vanished into air”: Richards, Diary, Vol. 10, September 9 and 21, 1864, 15-18.

333 “that we should spend this day in the Yankee Gotham”: Richards, Diary, Vol. 10, December 25, 1864, January 1, 1865, 35-37. The number of people expelled south is well documented. The number who went north is based on scholarly estimates. On sources for the Atlanta exile numbers, see Dyer, Secret Yankees, 360n65.

333 “Instead of robbing them not an article was taken away”: Calhoun’s letter to Sherman does not appear to have survived, but he mentions it in the same letter quoted: To Ellen Ewing Sherman, Atlanta, October 1, 1864, in Simpson and Berlin, Sherman’s Civil War, 728.

333 “a real military town with no women boring me”: To Ellen Ewing Sherman, Atlanta, September 17, 1864, in Simpson and Berlin, Sherman’s Civil War, 717.

333 “One month ago, we were lying on the ground”: Morse, Letters, 1861-1865, 193.

334 “another still more decisive move in war”: To Philemon E. Ewing, Atlanta, September 23, 1864, in Simpson and Berlin, Sherman’s Civil War, 724.

334 “Our cavalry and people will harass and destroy”: The Papers of Jefferson Davis, Vol. 11, September 1864-May 1865, ed., Lynda Lasswell Crist, Barbara J. Rozek, and Kenneth H. Williams (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003), 61.

334 He seemed to be warning the president: To President Lincoln, September 28, 1864, Atlanta, in Simpson and Berlin, Sherman’s Civil War, 726.

334 “ We cannot remain on the defensive”: To Ulysses S. Grant, October 1, 1864, Atlanta, in Simpson and Berlin, Sherman’s Civil War, 727.

334 “I can make the march and make Georgia howl”: To Ulysses S. Grant, October 9, 1864, Atlanta, in Simpson and Berlin, Sherman’s Civil War, 731.

334 “wait until October, when the corn [will] be ripe”: Morse, “Personal Recollections of the Occupation of Atlanta and Sherman’s March to the Sea 1864,” Harvard College Library, MS Am2058, item 12, 6.

335 Tall brick industrial smokestacks: Morse, “Personal Recollections,” 9.

336 “but a few busy hands soon reduced it to nothing”: November 14, 1864, Civil War Diary Henry D. Stanley, July 16, 1864-November 14, 1864, The Siege & Capture of Atlanta Georgia, Henry D. Stanley, 2nd Lieut., 20th Conn. Vol. Co. H, MSS645, box 2, folder 1.

336 “ We followed after, being the last United States troops to leave Atlanta”: Morse, Letters, 201-2.

CHAPTER 26: THE NEW SOUTH

337 “may not be war . . . but rather statesmanship”: To Ulysses S. Grant, in the field, Kingston, Ga., November 6, 1864, in Sherman’s Civil War: Selected Correspondence of William T. Sherman, 1860-1865, ed. Brooks D. Simpson and Jean V. Berlin (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 750. Many books tell the story of the March to the Sea; I found most useful to be Lee Kennett, Marching Through Georgia: The Story of Soldiers and Civilians During Sherman’s Campaign (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1995).

338 “within its corporate limits lay the last remains”: Daily Intelligencer, December 20, 1864, 2.

338 “It seemed to start a long way off ”: Sarah Huff, My Eighty Years in Atlanta (n.p., 1937), chs. 6 and 7.

339 “Ruin . . . universal ruin was the exclamation of all”: Daily Intelligencer, December 23, 1864, 2.

339 “Bushwhackers, robbers and deserters, and citizens from the surrounding country”: W. P. Howard to Joseph E. Brown, governor of Georgia, Atlanta, Ga., December 7, 1864, available at http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/atldestr.htm.

339 The citizen police soon found robbers: Noble C. Williams, Echoes from the Battlefield; or, Southern Life During the War (Atlanta: Franklin Printing and Publishing Co., 1902), 49.

340 He had taken the train as far as Jonesboro: “Reminiscences of Patrick H. Calhoun,” Atlanta Historical Bulletin 1, no. 6 (February 1932): 45.

340 He and the city council resumed their meetings: City Council Minutes, January 6, 1865, Vol. 4, January 17, 1862, to June 1, 1866.

340 “That which built Atlanta and made it a flourishing city”: Daily Intelligencer, December 23, 1864, 2, and December 20, 1864, 1.

341 “Treat them as kind as you can”: To Dearest Lizzie, September 5, 1864, Allen T. Holliday Papers, MSS 116, box 1, folder 2, Atlanta History Center.

341 his great-great-grandson farms the same land Holliday did: Author’s conversation and visit to family property with Holliday’s great-granddaughter, Mary Ann Bentley, and great-great-grandson, Frank Bentley, on July 15, 2007.

341 “as a Christmas gift the City of Savannah”: To Abraham Lincoln, Savannah Ga., December 22, 1864, in Simpson and Berlin, Sherman’s Civil War, 772.

341 “There seems no end but utter annihilation”: To Ellen Ewing Sherman, in the field, Savannah, December 25, 1864, in Simpson and Berlin, Sherman’s Civil War, 778.

342 “our city [is] at least relieved from their presence”: “ What the Enemy Are Welcome to from Atlanta,” Daily Intelligencer, December 22, 1864, 2.

342 “Atlanta is better off in recognizing”: Daily Intelligencer, December 23 and 22, 1864, 1.

342 a government-approved blockade-running outfit: On Amherst Stone’s blockade-running scheme, see Thomas Dyer, Secret Yankees: The Union Circle in Confederate Atlanta (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 115ff.

342 until she went North following Sherman’s expulsion order: On Cyrena Stone’s postwar life, see Dyer, Secret Yankees, 263-64.

343 provided her sister, Louisa M. Whitney, with the background: Cyrena Stone’s sister’s book is Louisa M. Whitney, Goldie’s Inheritance: A Story of the Siege of Atlanta (Burlington, VT: Free Press Association, 1903).

343 “denied all privileges of captured soldiers”: Quoted in Dyer, Secret Yankees, 200-1.

344 Many simply used their power to enrich themselves: “Meeting of Loyal Georgians in New York,” Daily Intelligencer, March 17, 1865, 2.

344 A bribe of $4,000 in Confederate money: Arthur Reed Taylor, “From the Ashes: Atlanta During Reconstruction, 1865-1876” (PhD diss., Emory University, 1970), 24, 42. Dyer, Secret Yankees, 214-16.

344 All his ventures failed: Robert Scott Davis, “Guarding the Gate City from Itself: George W. Lee and Conflict in Civil War Atlanta” (typescript), article in progress, 32, 45-48.

345 “Soon . . . the other railroads”: “The Whistle of the Locomotive,” Daily Intelligencer , March 5, 1865, 2.

345 “Building business lots are in great demand”: Daily Intelligencer, March 5, 1865, 2.

345 A new instant city was rising: On the rebirth of postwar Atlanta, see James Michael Russell, Atlanta 1847-1890: City Building in the Old South and the New (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988).

345 “We have removed incredible amounts of dirt and rubbish”: Daily Intelligencer, January 10, 1866, quoted in Russell, Atlanta 1847-1890, 171.

345 “In every direction we notice that the rubbish is being removed”: Daily Intelligencer , June 27, 1865, 2.

346 “busy life is resuming its sway”: Samuel P. Richards, Diary (typescript), Vol. 10, August 10, 1865, April 25, 1865, 59-60.

346 Today it continues to operate: Frank J. Byrne, “Rebellion and Retail: A Tale of Two Merchants in Confederate Atlanta,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 89, no. 1 (spring 1995): 33. For a description of Richards, see Ella Mae Thornton, “Mr. S. P. Richards,” Atlanta Historical Bulletin 3 (December 1937): 51-53. On today’s S. P. Richards Company, see www.sprichards.com/about/index.php.

346 squalor “in the suburbs of Atlanta”: Daily Intelligencer, August 17, 1865, 2.

347 Fortunately, most were willing to share: “Reminiscences of Patrick H. Calhoun,” Atlanta Historical Bulletin 1, no. 6 (February 1932): 45.

347 “Bob was better off than any of us”: Quoted in Thomas G. Dyer, “Half Slave, Half Free: Unionist Robert Webster in Confederate Atlanta” in Inside the Confederate Nation: Essays in Honor of Emory M. Thomas, ed. Emory M. Thomas, Lesley Jill Gordon, and John C. Inscoe (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005), 303.

347 the fey Sallie Clayton soon arrived: Sarah Conley Clayton, Requiem for a Lost City: A Memoir of Civil War Atlanta and the Old South, ed. Robert S. Davis Jr. (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1999), 154-57.

347 “I could get more if I wanted it ”: Quoted in Dyer, “Half Slave, Half Free,” 303-4.

347 “I love the noble name of Yancey”: “What Bob Says,” (Atlanta) Daily Constitution , July 18, 1879, 4.

348 Steele and many other whites refused to accept: Daily Intelligencer, March 31, 1865, 2.

348 Henry, his cobbler father Festus, mother Isabella, and four brothers returned: Jane Eppinga, Henry Ossian Flipper: West Point’s First Black Graduate (Plano, TX: Wordware Publishing, 1996), 11-12.

348 Henry, who as a boy had watched soldiers marching past: Henry Ossian Flipper, The Colored Cadet at West Point: Autobiography of Lieut. Henry Ossian Flipper, U. S. A., First Graduate of Color from the U. S. Military Academy (New York: Homer Lee & Co., 1878), 12. Henry Flipper was dishonorably discharged from the army after being falsely charged with—and found innocent of—embezzlement but having been found guilty of lying about his attempts to hide a deficiency in the base commissary accounts under his responsibility. He spent his life trying to disprove the accusation and have his discharge terms revoked. In 1999 President William Clinton issued a historic first posthumously granted presidential pardon of Flipper.

349 The legal wrangling continued for seven years: “A Queer Suit, This,” Atlanta Constitution, May 29, 1895, 8.

349 Upon the ashes of Atlanta, African Americans erected the foundations: On the transition from slavery to freedom in Atlanta, see Jerry John Thornbery, “The Development of Black Atlanta, 1865-1885” (PhD diss., University of Maryland, 1977). For a particularly valuable study of the situation of black women throughout the South and in Atlanta in particular, see Tera W. Hunter, To ’Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women’s Lives and Labors After the Civil War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 1-43.

349 “We were a mere handful of devoted braves”: Sam Watkins, Company Aytch, or a Side Show of the Big Show, ed. M. Thomas Inge (1882; rpt. New York: Plume, 1999), 199.

351 Out of Watkins’s original 3,200-man regiment: Watkins, Company Aytch, 207-9.

351 He caught a ball in the shoulder that forced him off the field: After the war, Morse moved from his Massachusetts home to Kansas City, where he was a successful stockyard manager. He was portrayed in the 1989 motion picture Glory about his closest friend from the 2nd Massachusetts, Robert Gould Shaw, who became the commander of the all-black 54th Massachusetts Infantry.

351 When James Neal led his Georgia regiment: Daily Intelligencer, April 26, 1865, 1.

351 “I committed an error in not overwhelming Johnston’s army”: William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, 2nd ed. (New York: Penguin Classics, 2001), 661.

352 “by force the horses and mules”: “Mob Violence,” Daily Intelligencer, May 5, 1865, 2.

352 “further resistance to our fate”: Daily Intelligencer, May 13, 1865, 2.

353 “ We are reminded as we gaze upon the victorious banner”: Daily Intelligencer, May 18, 1864, 2.

353 Quickly asking for and receiving a pardon: “James M. Calhoun, Atlanta, Ga., Rebellion, Filed July 19, 1865, Pardoned July 24, 1865,” Case Files of Applications from Former Confederates for Presidential Pardons (“Amnesty Papers”), 1865-67, M1003, National Archives.

354 The resolution was adopted “unanimously and warmly”: Daily Intelligencer, June 27, 1865, 1. Thomas H. Martin, Atlanta and Its Builders, A Comprehensive History of the Gate City of the South (Atlanta: Century Memorial Publishing Co., 1902), 1-5.

EPILOGUE: SHERMAN’S RETURN

356 “Ring the fire bells! The town will be gone in forty minutes!”: “Gen. Sherman in Atlanta,” New York Times, February 2, 1879, 2, reprint “From the Atlanta (Ga.) Constitution,” January 30, 1879.

356 “more like New York merchants”: Quoted in James Michael Russell, Atlanta 1847-1890: City Building in the Old South and the New (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 127.

357 real estate values had plummeted: Russell, Atlanta 1847-1890, 117.

357 James Calhoun had hoped his brother Ezekiel might succeed him: Daily Intelligencer , December 7, 1865, 3.

357 Though “opposed” to what eventually became the Fourteenth Amendment: On the debate over the Fourteenth Amendment and national and regional politics surrounding its passage, see Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 251-71. On the debates within Atlanta, see Thomas H. Martin, Atlanta and Its Builders: A Comprehensive History of the Gate City of the South, Vol. 2 (Atlanta: Century Memorial Publishing Co., 1902), 27-38.

357 “I find nothing . . . to regret or condemn”: “Georgia,” New York Times, November 11, 1866, 5.

358 he believed there would come a right time: On Sherman’s 1879 tour of the South, see John F. Marszalek, “Celebrity in Dixie: Sherman Tours the South, 1879,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 66, no. 3 (fall 1982): 368-83.

358 Sherman had retained his love for the South: On Sherman’s continued fidelity to the South after the war, see John F. Marszalek, Sherman: A Soldier’s Passion for Order (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2007), 360-76.

CHAPTER 1: FLAGS

CHAPTER 2: VIRGINIANS

CHAPTER 3: REMOVAL