Endnotes

1 Stunkard, A.J. and McLaren-Hume, M. The results of treatment for obesity: A review of the literature and report of a series. Archives of Internal Medicine, 103(1):79–85, 1959.

2 American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery and National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago. New insights into Americans’ perceptions and misperceptions of obesity treatments, and the struggles many face. National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago (NORC), 1–13, 2016.

3 Kramer, F.M., Jeffery, R.W., Forster, J.L., and Snell, M.K. Long-term follow-up of behavioral treatment for obesity: patterns of weight regain among men and women. International Journal of Obesity, 13:123–136, 1989.

4 Wadden, T.A. Treatment of obesity by moderate and severe caloric restriction: results from clinical research trials. Annals of Internal Medicine, 119:688–693, 1993.

5 Ouellette, J.A. and Wood, W. Habit and intention in everyday life: the multiple processes by which past behavior predicts future behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 124:54–74, 1998.

6 American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery and National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago. New insights into Americans’ perceptions and misperceptions of obesity treatments, and the struggles many face. National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago (NORC), 1–13, 2016.

7 Wood, W. Good Habits, Bad Habits: The Science of Making Positive Changes that Stick. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2019.

8 Olson, K.L., Lillis, J., Thomas, J.G., and Wing, R.R. Prospective evaluation of internalized weight bias and weight change among successful weight-loss maintainers. Obesity, 26(12):1888–1892, 2018.

9 Christakis, N.A. and Fowler, J.H. The spread of obesity in a large social network over 32 years. The New England Journal of Medicine, 357:370–379, 2007.

10 Hill, J.O., Wyatt, H.R., Phelan, S., and Wing, R.R. The National Weight Control Registry: Is it useful in helping deal with our obesity epidemic? Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 37:206–210, 2005.

11 Wing, R.R. and Hill, J.O. Successful weight loss maintenance. Annual Review of Nutrition, 21:323–341, 2001.

12 Klem, M.L., Wing, R.R., McGuire, M.T., Seagle, H.M., and Hill, J.O. A descriptive study of individuals successful at long-term maintenance of substantial weight loss. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 66:239–246, 1997.

13 McGuire, M.T., Wing, R.R., Klem, M.L., Seagle, H.M., and Hill, J.O. Long-term maintenance of weight loss: Do people who lose weight through various weight loss methods use different behaviors to maintain their weight? International Journal of Obesity, 22:572–577, 1998.

14 LaRose, J.G., Leahey, T.M., Hill, J.O., and Wing, R.R. Differences in motivations and weight loss behaviors in young adults and older adults in the National Weight Control Registry. Obesity, 21(3):449–453, 2013.

15 McGuire, M.T., Wing, R.R., Klem, M.L., Lang, W., and Hill, J.O. What predicts weight regain among a group of successful weight losers? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67:177–185, 1999.

16 Raynor, D., Phelan, S., Hill, J.O., and Wing, R.R. Television viewing and long-term weight maintenance: results from the National Weight Control Registry. Obesity Research, 14:1816–1824, 2006.

17 Niemeier, H.M., Phelan, S., Fava, J.L., and Wing, R.R. Internal disinhibition predicts weight regain following weight loss and weight loss maintenance. Obesity, 15:2485–2494, 2007.

18 Catenacci, V.A., Odgen, L., Phelan, S., Thomas, J.G., Hill, J.O., Wing, R.R., and Wyatt, H.R. Dietary habits and weight maintenance success in high versus low exercisers in the National Weight Control Registry. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 11(8):1540–1548, 2014.

19 Lillis, J., Thomas, J.G., Niemeier, H., and Wing, R.R. Internal disinhibition predicts 5-year weight regain in the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR). Obesity Science & Practice, 2(1):83–87, 2016.

20 Thomas, J.G. and Wing, R.R. Maintenance of long-term weight loss. Medicine and Health Rhode Island, 92(2):56–57, 2009.

21 McGuire, M.T., Wing, R.R., Klem, M.L., Lang, W., and Hill, J.O. What predicts weight regain among a group of successful weight losers? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67:177–185, 1999.

22 Thomas, J.G., Bond, D.S., Phelan, S., Hill, J.O., and Wing, R.R. Weight-loss maintenance for 10 years in the National Weight Control Registry. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 46(1):17–23, 2014.

23 Gorin, A.A., Phelan, S., Hill, J.O., and Wing, R.R. Medical triggers are associated with better short- and long-term weight loss outcomes. Preventive Medicine, 39:612–616, 2004.

24 McGuire, M.T., Wing, R.R., Klem, M.L., and Hill, J.O. Behavioral strategies of individuals who have maintained long-term weight losses. Obesity Research, 7:334–341, 1999.

25 Wing, R.R. and Hill, J.O. Successful weight loss maintenance. Annual Review of Nutrition, 21:323–341, 2001.

26 Phelan, S., Wing, R.R., Hill, J.O., and Dibello, J. Recovery from relapse among successful weight maintainers. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 78:1079–1084, 2003.

27 McGuire, M.T., Wing, R.R., Klem, M.L., Lang, W., and Hill, J.O. What predicts weight regain among a group of successful weight losers? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67:177–185, 1999.

28 Klem, M.L., Wing, R.R., Lang, W., McGuire, M.T., and Hill, J.O. Does weight loss maintenance become easier over time? Obesity Research, 8:438–444, 2000.

29 McGuire, M.T., Wing, R.R., Klem, M.L., Lang, W., and Hill, J.O. What predicts weight regain among a group of successful weight losers? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67:177–185, 1999.

30 Wing, R.R. and Hill, J.O. Successful weight loss maintenance. Annual Review of Nutrition, 21:323–341, 2001.

31 Klem, M.L., Wing, R.R., Lang, W., McGuire, M.T., and Hill, J.O. Does weight loss maintenance become easier over time? Obesity Research, 8:438–444, 2000.

32 Gold, J.M., Carr, L.J., Thomas, J.G., Burrus, J., O’Leary, K.C., Wing, R., and Bond, D.S. Conscientiousness in weight loss maintainers and regainers. Health Psychology, 39(5):421-429, 2020.

33 Ajzen, I. The theory of planned behavior. Organizational
Behavior and Human Decision Processes
, 50(2):179–211, 1991.

34 Bandura, A. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1986.

35 Godin, G. and Kok, G. The theory of planned behavior: a review of its applications to health-related behaviors. American Journal of Health Promotion, 11(2):87–98, 1996.

36 Vroom, V.H. Work and Motivation. New York: Wiley, 1964.

37 Kuijer, R.G. and Boyce, J.A. Chocolate cake. Guilt or celebration? Associations with healthy eating attitudes, perceived behavioral control, intentions and weight-loss. Appetite, 74:48–54, 2014.

38 Mischel, W., Ebbesen, E.B., and Zeiss, A.R. Cognitive and attentional mechanisms in delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21(2):204–218, 1972.

39 Mischel, W. and Ebbesen, E.B. Attention in delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16(2):329–337, 1970.

40 McGuire, M.T., Wing, R.R., Klem, M.L., Lang, W. and Hill, J.O. What predicts weight regain among a group of successful weight losers? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67:177–185, 1999.

41 Niemeier, H.M., Phelan, S., Fava, J.L., and Wing, R.R. Internal disinhibition predicts weight regain following weight loss and weight loss maintenance. Obesity, 15:2485–2494, 2007.

42 Butryn, M.L., Phelan, S., Hill, J.O., and Wing, R.R. Consistent self-monitoring of weight: A key component of successful weight loss maintenance. Obesity, 15:3091–3096, 2007.

43 Thomas, J.G., Bond, D.S., Phelan, S., Hill, J.O., and Wing, R.R. Weight-loss maintenance for 10 years in the National Weight Control Registry. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 46(1):17–23, 2014.

44 Lillis, J., Thomas, J.G., Niemeier, H., and Wing, R.R. Internal disinhibition predicts 5-year weight regain in the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR). Obesity Science and Practice, 2(1):83–87, 2016.

45 Poulimeneas, D., Yannakoulia, M., Anastasiou, C.A., and Scarmeas, N. Weight loss maintenance: Have we missed the brain? Brain Sciences, 8(174):1–10, 2018.

46 Niemeier, H.M., Phelan, S., Fava, J.L., and Wing, R.R. Internal disinhibition predicts weight regain following weight loss and weight loss maintenance. Obesity, 15:2485–2494, 2007.

47 Lillis, J., Thomas, J.G., Niemeier, H., and Wing, R.R. Internal disinhibition predicts 5-year weight regain in the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR). Obesity Science and Practice, 2(1):83–87, 2016.

48 Drapkin, R.G., Wing, R.R., and Shiffman, S. Responses to hypothetical high risk situations: do they predict weight loss in a behavioral treatment program or the context of dietary lapses? Health Psychology, 14:427–434, 1995.

49 Grilo, C.M., Shiffman, S., and Wing, R.R. Relapse crises and coping among dieters. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57:488–495, 1989.

50 Carels, R.A., Hoffman, J., Collins, A., Raber, A.C., Cacciapaglia, H., and O’Brien, W.H. Ecological momentary assessment of temptation and lapse in dieting. Eating Behaviors, 2:307–321, 2001.

51 Carels, R.A., Douglass, O.M., Cacciapaglia, H.M., and O’Brien, W.H. An ecological momentary assessment of relapse crises in dieting. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72:341–348, 2004.

52 Byrne, S., Cooper, Z., and Fairburn, C. Weight maintenance and relapse in obesity: a qualitative study. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 27:955–962, 2003.

53 Bickel, W.K., Moody, L.N., Koffarnus, M., Thomas, J.G., and Wing, R. Self-control as measured by delay discounting is greater among successful weight losers than controls. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 41(6):891–896, 2018.

54 Chamberlain, S.R., Derbyshire, K.L., Leppink, E., and Grant, J.E. Obesity and dissociable forms of impulsivity in young adults. CNS Spectrums, 20(5):500–507, 2015.

55 Fields, S.A., Sabet, M., and Reynolds, B. Dimensions of impulsive behavior in obese, overweight, and healthy-weight adolescents. Appetite, 70:60–66, 2013.

56 Amlung, M., Petker, T., Jackson, J., Balodis, I., and MacKillop, J. Steep discounting of delayed monetary and food rewards in obesity: a meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 46(11):2423–2434, 2016.

57 Kanfer, F.H. and Karoly, P. Self-control: a behavioristic excursion into the lion’s den. Behavior Therapy, 3:398–416, 1972.

58 Kirschenbaum, D.S. Self-regulatory failure: a review with clinical implications. Clinical Psychology Review, 7:77–104, 1987.

59 Wing, R.R. and Phelan, S. Long-term weight loss maintenance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 82:222S–225S, 2005.

60 Wing, R.R. and Hill, J.O. Successful weight loss maintenance. Annual Review of Nutrition,
21:323–341, 2001.

61 Wyatt, H.R., Phelan, S., Wing, R.R., and Hill, J.O. Lessons from patients who have successfully maintained weight loss. Obesity Management, 1:56–61, 2005.

62 Butryn, M.L., Phelan, S., Hill, J.O., and Wing, R.R. Consistent self-monitoring of weight: a key component of successful weight loss maintenance. Obesity, 15:3091–3096, 2007.

63 Bickel, W.K., Moody, L.N., Koffarnus, M., Thomas, J.G., and Wing, R. Self-control as measured by delay discounting is greater among successful weight losers than controls. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 41(6):891–896, 2018.

64 Wing, R.R. and Phelan, S. Long-term weight loss maintenance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 82:222S–225S, 2005.

65 Wing, R.R. and Hill, J.O. Successful weight loss maintenance. Annual Review of Nutrition,
21:323–341, 2001.

66 Butryn, M.L., Phelan, S., Hill, J.O., and Wing, R.R. Consistent self-monitoring of weight: A key component of successful weight loss maintenance. Obesity, 15:3091–3096, 2007.

67 McGuire, M.T., Wing, R.R., Klem, M.L., and Hill, J.O. Behavioral strategies of individuals who have maintained long-term weight losses. Obesity Research, 7:334–341, 1999.

68 Goldstein, C.M., Thomas, J.G., Wing, R.R., and Bond, D.S. Successful weight loss maintainers use health-tracking smartphone applications more than a nationally representative sample: comparison of the National Weight Control Registry to Pew Tracking for Health. Obesity Science and Practice, 3(2):117–126, 2017.

69 Neal, D.T., Wood, W., Wu, M., and Kurlander, D. The pull of the past: When do habits persist despite conflict with motives? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(11):1428–1437, 2011.

70 Mahoney, M.J. and Avener, M. Psychology of the elite athlete: An exploratory study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1:135–141, 1977.

71 Meyers, A.W., Cooke, C.J., Cullen, J., and Liles, L. Psychological aspects of athletic competitors: A replication across sports. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 3:361–366, 1979.

72 Kirschenbaum, D.S. and Bale, R.M. Cognitive-behavioral skills in golf: Brain power golf. In R.M. Suinn (Ed.). Psychology in Sports: Methods and Applications. Minneapolis, MN: Burgess.

73 Gould, D., Weiss, M., and Weinberg, R. Psychological characteristics of successful and nonsuccessful Big Ten wrestlers. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 3(1):69–81, 1981.

74 Highlen, P.S. and Bennett, B.B. Elite divers and wrestlers: A comparison between open- and closed-skill athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 5(4):390–409, 1983.

75 Sobal, J. and Wansink, B. Kitchenscapes, tablescapes, platescapes, and foodscapes: Influences of microscale built environments on food intake. Environment and Behavior, 39:124–142, 2007.

76 Wansink, B. and Kim, J. Bad popcorn in big buckets: portion size can influence intake as much as taste. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 37(5):242–245, 2005.

77 Marchiori, D., Corneille, O., and Klein, O. Container size influences snack food intake independently of portion size. Appetite, 58(3):814–817, 2012.

78 Klem, M.L., Wing, R.R., McGuire, M.T., Seagle, H.M., and Hill, J.O. A descriptive study of individuals successful at long-term maintenance of substantial weight loss. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 66:239–246, 1997.

79 Wing, R.R. and Hill, J.O. Successful weight loss maintenance. Annual Review of Nutrition, 21:323–341, 2001.

80 Shick, S.M., Wing, R.R., Klem, M.L., McGuire, M.T., Hill, J.O., and Seagle, H.M. Persons successful at long-term weight loss and maintenance continue to consume a low-energy, low-fat diet. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 98:408–413, 1998.

81 McGuire, M.T., Wing, R.R., Klem, M.L., Seagle, H.M., and Hill, J.O. Long-term maintenance of weight loss: Do people who lose weight through various weight loss methods use different behaviors to maintain their weight? International Journal of Obesity, 22:572–577, 1998.

82 Klem, M.L., Wing, R.R., Chang, C.H., Lang, W., McGuire, M.T., Sugerman, H.J., Hutchison, S.L., Makovich, A.L., and Hill, J.O. A case-control study of successful maintenance of a substantial weight loss: Individuals who lost weight through surgery versus those who lost weight through nonsurgical means. International Journal of Obesity, 24:573–579, 2000.

83 Klem, M.L., Wing, R.R., Lang, W., McGuire, M.T., and Hill, J.O. Does weight loss maintenance become easier over time? Obesity Research, 8:438–444, 2000.

84 Ogden, L.G., Stroebele, N., Wyatt, H.R., Catenacci, V.A., Peters, J.C., Stuht, J., Wing, R.R., and Hill, J.O. Cluster analysis of the National Weight Control Registry to identify distinct subgroups maintaining successful weight loss. Obesity, 20(10):2039–2047, 2012.

85 Wing, R.R. and Phelan, S. Long-term weight loss maintenance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 82:222S–225S, 2005.

86 Wright J.D., Wang, C.Y., Kennedy-Stephenson, J., and Ervin, R.B. Dietary intake of ten key nutrients for public health, United States: 1999–2000. Advance Data From Vital and Health Statistics, 334:1–4, 2003.

87 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Energy intakes: percentages of energy from protein, carbohydrate, fat, and alcohol, by gender and age. What We Eat in America, NHANES 2015–2016, 2018.

88 Katahn, M., Pleas, J., Thackery, M., and Wallston, K.A. Relationship of eating and activity self-reports to follow-up weight maintenance in the massively obese. Behavior Therapy, 13:521–528, 1982.

89 Santos, I., Vieira, P.N., Silva, M.N., Sardinha, L.B., and Teixeira, P.J. Weight control behaviors of highly successful weight loss maintainers: the Portuguese Weight Control Registry. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2):366–371, 2017.

90 Cornaro, L. Discorsi Della Vita Sobria (Discourses on the Sober Life). New York: Crowell, 2007.

91 McDonald, R.B. and Ramsey, J.J. Honoring Clive McCay and 75 years of calorie restriction research. Journal of Nutrition, 140(7):1205–1210, 2010.

92 Wolfson, J.A. and Bleich, S.N. Is cooking at home associated with better diet quality or weight-loss intention? Public Health Nutrition, 18(8):1397–406, 2015.

93 Wing, R.R. and Hill, J.O. Successful weight loss maintenance. Annual Review of Nutrition, 21:323–341, 2001.

94 Thomas, J.G. and Wing, R.R. Maintenance of long-term weight loss. Medicine & Health Rhode Island, 92(2):56–57, 2009.

95 Catenacci, V.A., Pan, Z., Thomas, J.G., Ogden, L.G., Roberts, S.A., Wyatt, H.R., Wing, R.R., and Hill, J.O. Low/no
calorie sweetened beverage consumption in the National Weight Control Registry. Obesity, 22(10):2244–2251, 2014.

96 Leibel, R.L. and Hirsch, J. Diminished energy requirements in reduced-obese patients. Metabolism, 33(2):164–170, 1984.

97 Larson, D.E., Ferraro, R.T., Robertson, D.S., and Ravussin, E. Energy metabolism in weight-stable postobese individuals. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 62:735–739, 1995.

98 Lean, M.E.J. and James, W.P.T. Metabolic effects of isoenergetic nutrient exchange over 24 hours in relation to obesity in women. International Journal of Obesity, 12:15–27, 1987.

99 Leibel, R.L., Rosenbaum, M., and Hirsch, J. Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight. New England Journal of Medicine, 332(10):621–628, 1995.

100 Camps, S.G.J.A., Verhoef, S.P.M., and Westerterp, K.R. Weight loss, weight maintenance, and adaptive thermogenesis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 97:990–994, 2013.

101 Astrup, A., Gotzsche, P.C., van de Werken, K., Ranneries, C., Toubro, S., Raben, A., and Buemann, B. Meta-analysis of resting metabolic rate in formerly obese subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69:1117–1122, 1999.

102 Fothergill, E., Guo, J., Howard, L., Kerns, J.C., Knuth, N.D., Brychta, R., Chen, K.Y., Skarulis, M.C., Walter, M., Walter, P.J., and Hall, K.D. Persistent metabolic adaptation 6 years after “The Biggest Loser” competition. Obesity, 24:1612–1619, 2016.

103 Wyatt, H.R., Grunwald, G.K., Seagle, H.M., Klem, M.L., McGuire, M.T., Wing, R.R., and Hill, J.O. Resting energy expenditure in reduced-obese subjects in the National Weight Control Registry. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69:1189–1193, 1999.

104 Raben, A., Andersen, H.B., Christensen, N.J., Madsen, J., Holst, J.J., and Astrup, A. Evidence for an abnormal postprandial response to a high-fat meal in women predisposed to obesity. American Journal of Physiology, 267:E549-E559, 1994.

105 Astrup, A. Dietary composition, substrate balances and body fat in subjects with a predisposition to obesity. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 17:S32-S36, 1993.

106 Astrup, A., Buemann, B., Christensen, N.J., and Toubro, S. Failure to increase lipid oxidation in response to increasing dietary fat content in formerly obese women. American Journal of Physiology, 266:E592-E599, 1994.

107 Phelan, S., Wing, R.R., Raynor, H.A., Dibello, J., Nedeau, K., and Peng, W. Holiday weight management by successful weight losers and normal weight individuals. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(3):442–448, 2008.

108 Shick, S.M., Wing, R.R., Klem, M.L., McGuire, M.T., Hill, J.O., and Seagle, H.M. Persons successful at long-term weight loss and maintenance continue to consume a low-energy, low-fat diet. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 98:408–413, 1998.

109 McGuire, M.T., Wing, R.R., Klem, M.L., Seagle, H.M., and Hill, J.O. Long-term maintenance of weight loss: Do people who lose weight through various weight loss methods use different behaviors to maintain their weight? International Journal of Obesity, 22:572–577, 1998.

110 Klem, M.L., Wing, R.R., Chang, C.H., Lang, W., McGuire, M.T., Sugerman, H.J., Hutchison, S.L., Makovich, A.L., and Hill, J.O. A case-control study of successful maintenance of a substantial weight loss: Individuals who lost weight through surgery versus those who lost weight through nonsurgical means. International Journal of Obesity, 24:573–579, 2000.

111 Klem, M.L., Wing, R.R., Lang, W., McGuire, M.T., and Hill, J.O. Does weight loss maintenance become easier over time? Obesity Research, 8:438–444, 2000.

112 Wing, R.R. and Hill, J.O. Successful weight loss maintenance. Annual Review of Nutrition, 21:323–341, 2001.

113 Phelan, S., Wyatt, H.R., Hill, J.O., and Wing, R.R. Are the eating and exercise habits of successful weight losers changing? Obesity Research, 14:710–716, 2006.

114 LaRose, J.G., Leahey, T.M., Hill, J.O., and Wing, R.R. Differences in motivations and weight loss behaviors in young adults and older adults in the National Weight Control Registry. Obesity, 21(3):449–453, 2013.

115 Bond, D.S., Phelan, S., Leahey, T.M., Hill, J.O., and Wing, R.R. Weight-loss maintenance in successful weight losers: surgical vs nonsurgical methods. International Journal of Obesity, 33:173–180, 2009.

116 Harris, J.K., French, S.A., Jeffery, R.W., McGovern, P.G. and Wing, R.R. Dietary and physical activity correlates of long-term weight loss. Obesity Research, 2:307–313, 1994.

117 Wing, R.R., Sinha, M., Considine, R., Lang, W., and Caro, J. Relationship between weight loss maintenance and changes in serum leptin levels. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 28:698–703, 1996.

118 McGuire, M.T., Wing, R.R., Klem, M.L., and Hill, J.O. Behavioral strategies of individuals who have maintained long-term weight losses. Obesity Research, 7:334–341, 1999.

119 French, S.A., Jeffery, R.W., Forster, J.L., McGovern, P.G., Kelder, S.H., and Baxter, J. Predictors of weight change over two years among a population of working adults: The Healthy Worker Project. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 18(3):145–154, 1994.

120 Phelan, S., Wyatt, H.R., Hill, J.O., and Wing, R.R. Are the eating and exercise habits of successful weight losers changing? Obesity Research, 14:710–716, 2006.

121 Raynor, D., Phelan, S., Hill, J.O., and Wing, R.R. Television viewing and long-term weight maintenance: results from the National Weight Control Registry. Obesity Research, 14:1816–1824, 2006.

122 Wing, R.R. and Hill, J.O. Successful weight loss maintenance. Annual Review of Nutrition, 21:323–341, 2001.

123 Coyle, E.F. Carbohydrate supplementation during exercise. Journal of Nutrition, 122(Suppl. 3):788–795, 1992.

124 Phelan, S., Wyatt, H.R., DiBello, J., Fava, J.L., Hill, J.O., and Wing, R.R. Three-year weight change in successful weight losers who lost weight on a low-carbohydrate diet. Obesity, 15:2470–2477, 2007.

125 Foster, G.D., Wyatt, H.R., Hill, J.O., McGuckin, B.G., Brill, C., Mohammed, B.S., Szapary, P.O., Rader, D.J., Edman, J.S., and Klein, S. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. The New England Journal of Medicine, 348(21):2082–2090, 2003.

126 Soenen, S., Bonomi, A.G., Lemmens, S.G., Scholte, J., Thijssen, M.A., van Berkum, F., and Westerterp-Plantenga, M.S. Relatively high-protein or ‘low-carb’ energy-restricted diets for body weight loss and body weight maintenance? Physiology & Behavior, 107(3):374–380, 2012.

127 McGuire, M.T., Wing, R.R., Klem, M.L., Lang, W., and Hill, J.O. What predicts weight regain among a group of successful weight losers? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67:177–185, 1999.

128 An, R. and Burd, N.A. Change in daily energy intake associated with pairwise compositional change in carbohydate, fat and protein intake among US adults, 1999–2010. Public Health Nutrition, 18(8):1343–1352, 2015.

129 Gorin, A.A., Phelan, S., Wing, R.R., and Hill, J.O. Promoting long-term weight control: does dieting consistency matter? International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 28:278–281, 2004.

130 Raynor, H., Wing, R.R., and Phelan, S. Amount of food group variety consumed in the diet and long-term weight loss maintenance. Obesity Research, 13:883–890, 2005.

131 Wyatt, H.R., Grunwald, O.K., Mosca, C.L., Klem, M.L., Wing, R.R., and Hill, J.O. Long-term weight loss and breakfast in subjects in the National Weight Control Registry. Obesity Research, 10:78–82, 2002.

132 Santos, I., Vieira, P.N., Silva, M.N., Sardinha, L.B., and Teixeira, P.J. Weight control behaviors of highly successful weight loss maintainers: the Portuguese Weight Control Registry. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2):366–371, 2017.

133 Haines, P.S., Guilkey, D.K., and Popkin, B.M. Trends in breakfast consumption of US adults between 1965 and 1991. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 96(5):464–470, 1996.

134 Farshchi, H.R., Taylor, M.A., and Macdonald, I.A. Deleterious effects of omitting breakfast on insulin sensitivity and fasting lipid profiles in healthy lean women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 81(2):388–396, 2005.

135 Cho, S., Dietrich, M., Brown, C.J., Clark, C.A., and Block, G. The effect of breakfast type on total daily energy intake and body mass index: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 22(4):296–302, 2003.

136 Garaulet, M., Gómez-Abellán, P., Alburquerque-Béjar, J.J., Lee, Y.C., Ordovás, J.M., and Scheer, F.A. Timing of food intake predicts weight loss effectiveness. International Journal of Obesity, 37(4):604–611, 2013.

137 Jakubowicz, D., Barnea, M., Wainstein, J., and Froy, O. High caloric intake at breakfast vs. dinner differentially influences weight loss of overweight and obese women. Obesity, 21(12):2504–2512, 2013.

138 Jakubowicz, D., Froy, O., Wainstein, J., and Boaz, M. Meal timing and composition influence ghrelin levels, appetite scores, and weight loss maintenance in overweight and obese adults. Steroids, 77(4):323–331, 2012.

139 Ladabaum, U., Mannalithara, A., Myer, P.A., and Singh, G. Obesity, abdominal obesity, physical activity, and caloric intake in US adults: 1988 to 2010. The American Journal of Medicine, 127(8):717–727, 2014.

140 Raynor, D., Phelan, S., Hill, J.O., and Wing, R.R. Television viewing and long-term weight maintenance: results from the National Weight Control Registry. Obesity Research, 14:1816–1824, 2006.

141 Nielson Media Research. Nielson Report on Television. New York, NY: Nielson Media Research, 2000.

142 Catenacci, V.A., Odgen, L., Phelan, S., Thomas, J.G., Hill, J.O., Wing, R.R., and Wyatt, H.R. Dietary habits and weight maintenance success in high versus low exercisers in the National Weight Control Registry. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 11(8):1540–1548, 2014.

143 Klem, M.L., Wing, R.R., McGuire, M.T., Seagle, H.M., and Hill, J.O. Psychological symptoms in individuals successful at long-term maintenance of weight loss. Health Psychology, 17:336–345, 1998.

144 McGuire, M.T., Wing, R.R., Klem, M.L., Seagle, H.M., and Hill, J.O. Long-term maintenance of weight loss: Do people who lose weight through various weight loss methods use different behaviors to maintain their weight? International Journal of Obesity, 22:572–577, 1998.

145 Klem, M.L., Wing, R.R., McGuire, M.T., Seagle, H.M., and Hill, J.O. Psychological symptoms in individuals successful at long-term maintenance of weight loss. Health Psychology, 17:336–345, 1998.

146 Klem, M.L., Wing, R.R., Chang, C.H., Lang, W., McGuire, M.T., Sugerman, H.J., Hutchison, S.L., Makovich, A.L., and Hill, J.O. A case-control study of successful maintenance of a substantial weight loss: Individuals who lost weight through surgery versus those who lost weight through nonsurgical means. International Journal of Obesity, 24:573–579, 2000.

147 Wing, R.R. and Hill, J.O. Successful weight loss maintenance. Annual Review of Nutrition, 21:323–341, 2001.

148 Wyatt, H.R., Phelan, S., Wing, R.R., and Hill, J.O. Lessons from patients who have successfully maintained weight loss. Obesity Management, 1:56–61, 2005.

149 Phelan, S., Wyatt, H.R., DiBello, J., Fava, J.L., Hill, J.O., and Wing, R.R. Three-year weight change in successful weight losers who lost weight in a low-carbohydrate diet. Obesity, 15:2470–2477, 2007.

150 Catenacci, V.A., Ogden, L.G., Stuht, J., Phelan, S., Wing, R.R., Hill, J.O., and Wyatt, H.R. Physical Activity patterns in the National Weight Control Registry. Obesity, 16:153–161, 2008.

151 Ogden, L.G., Stroebele, N., Wyatt, H.R., Catenacci, V.A., Peters, J.C., Stuht, J., Wing, R.R., and Hill, J.O. Cluster analysis of the National Weight Control Registry to identify distinct subgroups maintaining successful weight loss. Obesity, 20(10):2039–2047, 2012.

152 Donnelly, J.E., Blair, S.N., Jakicic, J.M., Manore, M.M., Rankin, J.W., and Smith, B.K. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41(2):459–471, 2009.

153 Wing, R.R. and Hill, J.O. Successful weight loss maintenance. Annual Review of Nutrition, 21:323–341, 2001.

154 Catenacci, V.A., Odgen, L., Phelan, S., Thomas, J.G., Hill, J.O., Wing, R.R., and Wyatt, H.R. Dietary habits and weight maintenance success in high versus low exercisers in the National Weight Control Registry. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 11(8):1540–1548, 2014.

155 Catenacci, V.A., Ogden, L.G., Stuht, J., Phelan, S., Wing, R.R., Hill, J.O., and Wyatt, H.R. Physical activity patterns in the National Weight Control Registry. Obesity, 16:153–161, 2008.

156 Catenacci, V.A., Grunwald, G.K., Ingebrigtsen, J.P., Jakicic, J.M., McDermott, M.D., Phelan, S., Wing, R.R., Hill, J.O., and Wyatt, H.R. Physical activity patterns using accelerometry in the National Weight Control Registry. Obesity, 19(6):1163–1170, 2011.

157 Phelan, S., Roberts, M., Lang, W., and Wing, R.R. Empirical evaluation of physical activity recommendations for weight control in women. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39:1832–1836, 2007.

158 Thomas, J.G. and Wing, R.R. Maintenance of long-term weight loss. Medicine & Health Rhode Island, 92(2):56–57, 2009.

159 Wyatt, H.R., Phelan, S., Wing, R.R., and Hill, J.O. Lessons from patients who have successfully maintained weight loss. Obesity Management, 1:56–61, 2005.

160 Catenacci, V.A., Ogden, L.G., Stuht, J., Phelan, S., Wing, R.R., Hill, J.O., and Wyatt, H.R. Physical activity patterns in the National Weight Control Registry. Obesity, 16:153–161, 2008.

161 Wing, R.R. and Hill, J.O. Successful weight loss maintenance. Annual Review of Nutrition, 21:323–341, 2001.

162 Ibid.

163 Klem, M.L., Wing, R.R., Chang, C.H., Lang, W., McGuire, M.T., Sugerman, H.J., Hutchison, S.L., Makovich, A.L., and Hill, J.O. A case-control study of successful maintenance of a substantial weight loss: Individuals who lost weight through surgery versus those who lost weight through nonsurgical means. International Journal of Obesity, 24:573–579, 2000.

164 Ibid.

165 Wardle, J., Carnell, S., Haworth, C.M., and Plomin, R. Evidence for a strong genetic influence on childhood adiposity despite the force of the obesogenic environment. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 87(2):398–404, 2008.

166 Musani, S.K., Erickson, S., and Allison, D.B. Obesity—still highly heritable after all these years. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 87:275–276, 2008.

167 McGuire, M.T., Wing, R.R., Klem, M.L., Lang, W., and Hill, J.O. What predicts weight regain among a group of successful weight losers? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67:177–185, 1999.

168 Wing, R.R. and Hill, J.O. Successful weight loss maintenance. Annual Review of Nutrition, 21:323–341, 2001.

169 Catenacci, V.A., Ogden, L.G., Stuht, J., Phelan, S., Wing, R.R., Hill, J.O., and Wyatt, H.R. Physical activity patterns in the National Weight Control Registry. Obesity, 16:153–161, 2008.

170 Paixão, C., Dias, C.M., Jorge, R., Carraça, E.V., Yannakoulia, M., de Zwaan, M., Soini, S., Hill, J.O., Teixeira, P.J., and Santos, I. Successful weight loss maintenance: A
systematic review of weight control registries. Obesity Reviews, 21(5):e13003, 2020.

171 Williams, P.T. and Thompson, P.D. Dose-dependent effects of training and detraining on weight in 6406 runners during 7.4 years. Obesity, 14:1975–1984, 2006.

172 Curioni, C.C. and Lourenço, P.M. Long-term weight loss after diet and exercise: a systematic review. International Journal of Obesity, 29(10):1168–1174, 2005.

173 Zachwieja, J.J. Exercise as treatment for obesity. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, 25(4):965–988, 1996.

174 Wang, X., Lyles, M.F., You, T., Berry, M.J., Rejeski, W.J., and Nicklas, B.J. Weight regain is related to decreases in physical activity during weight loss. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(10):1781–1788, 2008.

175 Crawford, D., Jeffery, R.W., and French, S.A. Can anyone successfully control their weight? Findings of a three year community-based study of men and women. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 24(9):1107–1110, 2000.

176 Kayman, S., Bruvold, W., and Stern, J.S. Maintenance and relapse after weight loss in women: behavioral aspects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 52:800–807, 1990.

177 Schoeller, D.A., Shay, K., and Kushner, R.F. How much physical activity is needed to minimize weight gain in previously obese women? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 66:551–556, 1997.

178 Fogelholm, M., Kukkonen-Harjula, K., and Oja, P. Eating control and physical activity as determinants of short-term weight maintenance after a very-low-calorie diet among obese women. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 23(2):203–210, 1999.

179 Jeffery, R.W., Wing, R.R., Sherwood, N.E., and Tate, D.F. Physical activity and weight loss: does prescribing higher physical activity goals improve outcome? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 78:684–689, 2003.

180 Schumacher, L.M., Thomas, J.G., Raynor, H.A., Rhodes, R.E., O’Leary, K.C., Wing, R.R., and Bond, D.S. Relationship of consistency in timing of exercise performance and exercise levels among successful weight loss maintainers. Obesity, 27(8):1285–1291, 2019.

181 Thomas, D.M., Bouchard, C., Church, T., Slentz, C., Kraus, W.E., Redman, L.M., Martin, C.K., Silva, A.M., Vossen, M., Westerterp, K., and Heymsfield, S.B. Why do individuals not lose more weight from an exercise intervention at a defined dose? An energy balance analysis. Obesity Reviews, 13(10):835–847, 2012.

182 Mayer, J., Roy, P., and Mitra, K.P. Relation between caloric intake, body weight, and physical work: studies in an industrial male population in West Bengal. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 4(2):169–175, 1956.

183 Thomas, G., Bond, D.S., Hill, J.O., and Wing, R.R. The National Weight Control Registry: A study of “successful losers.” ACSM’s Health & Fitness Journal, 15(2):8–12, 2011.

184 Catenacci, V.A., Odgen, L., Phelan, S., Thomas, J.G., Hill, J.O., Wing, R.R., and Wyatt, H.R. Dietary habits and weight maintenance success in high versus low exercisers in the National Weight Control Registry. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 11(8):1540–1548, 2014.

185 Ogden, L.G., Stroebele, N., Wyatt, H.R., Catenacci, V.A., Peters, J.C., Stuht, J., Wing, R.R., and Hill, J.O. Cluster analysis of the National Weight Control Registry to identify distinct subgroups maintaining successful weight loss. Obesity, 20(10):2039–2047, 2012.