INTRODUCTION
“earliest years of childhood”: Sigmund Freud, “The Aetiology of Hysteria,” in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, vol. 3, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press, 1962), 203.
Freud recanted: The reason Freud abandoned his seduction theory remains a debated question. Some historians believe he was forced to recant due to pressure from the medical community while others feel that Freud himself grew uncomfortable with the idea of widespread child sexual abuse.
wishful fantasies: Sigmund Freud, An Outline of Psycho-Analysis (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1949).
one in a million: Alfred Freedman, Harold Kaplan, and Benjamin Sadock, Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, vol. 2, (Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Company, 1975).
United States were sexually abused: Ascertaining the prevalence of child sexual abuse is difficult due to variations in definitions of abuse as well as people’s unwillingness to admit they have been victims. I believe the best studies are those that survey adults about their childhood experiences (as opposed to studies relying on law enforcement and social service statistics or surveys of adolescents). These statistics are from a widely cited metanalysis that was based on surveys of adults: Rebecca Bolen and Maria Scannapieco, “Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse: A Corrective Metanalysis,” Social Service Review 73, no. 3 (1999): 281–313.
Internationally, some regions: Naomi Pereda, Georgina Guilera, Maria Forns, and Juana Gomez-Benito, “The International Epidemiology of Child Sexual Abuse: A Continuation of Finkelhor (1994),” Child Abuse and Neglect: The International Journal 33, no. 6 (2009): 331–342.
“meaning of the word unspeakable”: Judith Herman, Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence—from Domestic Abuse to Political Terror (New York: Basic Books, 1992), 1.
STALIN’S CHICKEN
Yet, when Stalin was all done: There are several different versions of the Stalin/chicken story floating around. While they feature different settings and characters, the general story and moral remain the same. This version is the one Gary chose to repeat.
THE PIED PIPER
most researched group of sexual deviants: Michael Seto, “Pedophilia and Sexual Offenses Against Children,” Annual Review of Sex Research 15 (2004): 321–61.
molesters as dumb, disordered: Gilian Tenbergen, Matthias Wittfoth, Helga Frieling, Jorge Ponseti, Martin Walter, Henrik Walter, Klaus Beier, Boris Schiffer, and Tillman Kruger, “The Neurobiology and Psychology of Pedophilia: Recent Advances and Challenges,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 9 (2015): 344.
notoriously targeted by other inmates: Dennis Stevens, Inside the Mind of Sexual Offenders: Predatory Rapists, Pedophiles, and Criminal Profiles (Lincoln, NE: iUniverse, 2001).
verified by a polygraph test: Jan Hindman and James Peters, “Polygraph Testing Leads to Better Understanding Adult and Juvenile Sex Offenders,” Federal Probation 65, no. 3 (2001): 8–15.
28 and 93 percent: Ryan Hall and Richard Hall, “A Profile of Pedophilia: Definition, Characteristics of Offenders, Recidivism, Treatment Outcomes, and Forensic Issues,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 82, no. 4 (April 2007): 457–71.
molested as kids: Anna Salter, Predators: Pedophiles, Rapists, & Other Sex Offenders (New York: Basic Books, 2003).
look to children for love and affection: Gavin Ivey and Peta Simpson, “The Psychological Life of Paedophiles: A Phenomenological Study,” South African Journal of Psychology 28, no. 1 (1998): 15–20; and Hall et al., “A Profile of Pedophilia,” 457–71.
almost all are male: Center for Sex Offender Management, “Female Sex Offenders” (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, March 2007).
female perpetrators: Deborah Boroughs, “Female Sexual Abusers of Children,” Children and Youth Services Review 26, no. 5 (May 2004): 481–87.
vast majority are heterosexual: Kurt Freund and Robin Watson, “The Proportions of Heterosexual and Homosexual Pedophiles Among Sex Offenders Against Children: An Exploratory Study,” Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy 18, no. 1 (1992): 34–43.
all races and socioeconomic groups: Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Crime in the United States: Arrests by Race” (2009). Retrieved from https://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2009/data/table_43.html.
Acquaintances perpetrate: Julia Whealin, Child Sexual Abuse (National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 2007). Retrieved from http://www.ptsd.va.gov/public/pages/child-sexual-abuse.asp.
victimizes 50 to 150 children: Gavin de Becker, foreword to Predators: Pedophiles, Rapists and Other Sex Offenders by Ann Salter (New York: Basic Books, 2003).
chance of reoffending: Robert Prentky, Austin Lee, Raymond Knight, and David Cerce, “Recidivism Rates Among Child Molesters and Rapists: A Methodological Analysis,” Law and Human Behavior 21, no. 6 (December 1997): 635–59; and R. Karl Hanson and Monique Bussière, “Predicting Relapse: A Meta-Analysis of Sexual Offender Recidivism Studies,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66, no. 2 (1998): 348–62.
preferential pedophiles: Kenneth Lanning, Child Molesters: A Behavioral Analysis (Washington, D.C.: National Center for Missing & Exploited Children, 2001).
goal of gaining access to children: Ibid.
thirty years or more: Ibid.
starts abusing in his early teens: Hall et al., “A Profile of Pedophilia,” 457–71; and John Murray, “Psychological Profile of Pedophiles and Child Molesters,” The Journal of Psychology Interdisciplinary and Applied 134, no. 2 (April 2000): 211–24.
spot a liar: Paul Ekman and Maureen O’Sullivan, “Who Can Catch a Liar?” American Psychologist 46, no. 9 (September 1991): 913–20.
like a third of all pedophiles: Gene Abel, Judith Becker, Jerry Cunningham-Rathner, Mary Mittelman, and Joanne Rouleau, “Multiple Paraphilic Diagnoses Among Sex Offenders,” Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 16, no. 2 (June 1988): 153–168.
TRICKS ARE FOR KIDS
hurting a child is anathema: Abel et al., “Multiple Paraphilic Diagnoses Among Sex Offenders,” 153–168.
ultimate act of love: Ivey et al., “The Psychological Life of Paedophiles,” 15–20; and Matti Virkunnen, “Victim-Precipitated Pedophilia Offences,” British Journal of Criminology 15, no. 2 (1975): 175–180.
how to dump the kids: Lanning, Child Molesters.
mother blame is misguided: Rhonda Elliott McGee, “Controversial Maternal Roles of Intrafamilial Child Sexual Abuse Cases,” Dissertation Abstracts International 65, no. 4:1548A; and Mary Ellen Womack, Geri Miller, and Pam Lassiter, “Helping Mothers in Incestuous Families: An Empathic Approach,” Women & Therapy 22, no. 4 (1999): 17–34.
protect and support their children: Kathleen Faller, “The Myth of the ‘Collusive Mother,’” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 3, no. 2 (1988): 190–6; and Ann Elliott and Connie Carnes, “Reactions of Nonoffending Parents to the Sexual Abuse of their Child: A Review of the Literature,” Child Maltreatment 6, no. 4 (2001): 314–31.
Orwellian doublethink: I am borrowing the use of the Orwell term doublethink from Judith Herman’s Trauma and Recovery.
Goddess Lady D: Goddess Lady D of Wisconsin, “Kidnapping Fantasy.” Retrieved in 2011 from http://myforce.org/Lady_D.html.
$250 million a year: Myra Panache, “The ‘Scarface’ of Porn,” The Panache Report. Retrieved in 2011 from http://panachereport.com/channels/more%20short%20stories/ScarfaceOfPorn.htm.
young children performing: “The Sexes: Child’s Garden of Perversity,” TIME, April 4, 1977. Retrieved from http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947868-2,00.html.
sold over-the-counter: Charlayne Hunter, “Four Seized for Smut Involving Children,” The New York Times, September 20, 1975, A27.
kiddie porn festival: “The Sexes,” TIME.
264 different monthly magazines: Washington Post, “Congress Is Urged to Join Battle on Pornography Using Children,” February 15, 1977, A7.
typical magazine cost: Ann Burgess and Marieanne Lindeqvist Clark, Child Pornography and Sex Rings (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1984).
SCARED SELFLESS
more than a million: United States Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Children, Youth and Families: Child Maltreatment 2006 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2008).
“horror will recur”: Herman, Trauma and Recovery, 86.
“mind tells itself a story”: Jessica Ryen Doylen, “Psychiatrist on Jaycee Dugard: Bonding with Captors Is Mind’s Way of Safeguarding Itself,” Fox News, August 28, 2009. Retrieved from www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,544020,00.html.
“severe, sustained, and repetitive”: Frank Putnam, Diagnosis & Treatment of Multiple Personality Disorder (New York: Guilford Publications, 1989), 49.
DID can also develop: C. L. Anderson and P. C. Alexander, “The Relationship Between Attachment and Dissociation in Adult Survivors of Incest,” Psychiatry: Interpersonal & Biological Processes 59, no. 3 (1996): 240–254; and Malcolm West, Kenneth Adam, Sheila Spreng, and Sarah Rose, “Attachment Disorganization and Dissociative Symptoms in Clinically Treated Adolescents,” Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 46, no. 7 (2001): 627–631; and Ruth Blizard, “Disorganized Attachment, Development of Dissociated Self States, and a Relational Approach to Treatment,” Journal of Trauma and Dissociation 4, no. 3 (2003): 27–50.
imaginary companions: Rita Carter, Multiplicity: The New Science of Personality (New York: Little, Brown, 2008).
DID affects both genders: American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (Washington, D.C.; American Psychiatric Association, 2013), 294.
twenty-two-fold: Miriam Denov, “The Myth of Innocence: Sexual Scripts and the Recognition of Child Sexual Abuse by Female Perpetrators,” The Journal of Sex Research 40, no. 3 (September 2003): 303–14.
fairly irrefutable evidence: Guochuan Tsai, Don Condie, M. T. Wu, and W. Chang, “Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Personality Switches in a Woman with Dissociative Identity Disorder,” Harvard Review of Psychiatry 7, no. 2 (July 1999): 119–122; and Annedore Hopper, Joseph Ciorciari, Gillian Johnson, John Spensley, Alex Sergejew, and Con Stough, “EEG Coherence and Dissociative Identity Disorder,” Journal of Trauma and Dissociation 3, no. 1 (January 2002): 75–88.
“dubious diagnosis”: Retrieved from http://www.urbandictionary.com/author.php?author=Dr.+Fischer.
“the victim role”: Ibid.
TOMMY, CAN YOU HEAR ME?
Suicide: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (2013, 2011). Available from www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/ index.html.
REBEL WITHOUT A CORE
proclivity for violence: David Knopf, M. Jane Park, and Tina Paul Mulye, “The Mental Health of Adolescents: A National Profile, 2008,” National Adolescent Health Information Center, University of California, San Francisco (February 2008).
borderline personality disorder: American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 2013), 766.
“selective prosecution or a witch hunt”: Lanning, Child Molesters, 130–31.
THE VILLAGE IDIOT
brief time in the camp: In noting the “relatively brief” time Primo Levi was imprisoned, I am referring to the length of time in proportion to the length of his life—eleven months out of sixty-seven years.
suffering from depression: There has been some controversy regarding whether Levi’s death was an accident or a suicide. It was well-known, however, that he was suffering from depression.
“Primo Levi”: This quote from Elie Wiesel is widely reproduced and is attributed to an article in the Italian newspaper La Stampa that was published on April 14, 1987. I could not, however, locate the actual article.
Holocaust survivors: Yoram Barak, Dov Aizenberg, Henry Szor, Marnina Swartz, Rachel Maor, and Haim Knobler, “Increased Risk of Attempted Suicide Among Aging Holocaust Survivors,” American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 13, no. 8 (2005): 701–704.
“all the optimisms fail”: As quoted in Art Spiegelman, MetaMaus: A Look Inside a Modern Classic, Maus (New York: Pantheon Graphic Novels, 2011).
severe depression: Cheryl Lanktree, John Briere, and Lisa Zaidi, “Incidence and Impacts of Sexual Abuse in a Child Outpatient Sample: The Role of Direct Inquiry,” Child Abuse & Neglect 15, no. 4 (1991): 447–53; and Julie Lipovsky, Benjamin Saunders, and Shane Murphy, “Depression, Anxiety, and Behavior Problems Among Victims of Father-Child Sexual Assault and Nonabused Siblings,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 4 (1989): 452–68.
suicidal ideation: Anne Rhodes, Michael Boyle, Lil Tonmyr, Christine Wekerle, Deborah Goodman, Bruce Leslie, Polina Mironova, Jennifer Bethell, and Ian Manion, “Sex Differences in Childhood Sexual Abuse and Suicide-Related Behaviors,” Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior 41, no. 3 (June 2011): 235–54.
Bulimia: Teresa Hastings and Jeffrey Kern, “Relationships Between Bulimia, Childhood Sexual Abuse, and Family Environment,” International Journal of Eating Disorders 15, no. 2 (1994): 103–111; and Howard Steiger and Maria Zanko, “Sexual Traumata Among Eating-Disordered, Psychiatric, and Normal Female Groups,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 5, no. 1 (March 1990): 74–86.
anxiety disorder: Ronald Kessler, Wai Tat Chiu, Olga Demler, and Ellen Walters, “Prevalence, Severity, and Comorbidity of 12-Month DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication,” Archives of General Psychiatry 62, no. 6 (June 2005): 617–27.
“cognitive distortions”: John Briere, Child Abuse Trauma: Theory and Treatment of the Lasting Effects (Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications, 1992), 23.
“foreshortened future”: American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 2000), 468.
DAZE OF MY LIFE
psychological decompensation: American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 2013), 294.
no memories of abuse: This information pertains to the first edition of The Courage to Heal: A Guide for Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse by Ellen Bass and Laura Davis, first published by Harper Perennial in 1988. Subsequent editions changed some of the language regarding memories of abuse.
repress and later recover the memory: American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
Kozakiewicz: Nicole Egan, “Abducted, Enslaved—and Now Talking About It,” People, April 16, 2007, 115.
misdiagnosed for years: According to the American Psychiatric Association, “The average time period from first symptom presentation to diagnosis [of DID] is 6-7 years.” American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 2000), 528.
SEARCHING FOR JUDD HIRSCH
unconditional positive regard: Carl Rogers, Client-Centered Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications and Theory (London: Constable, 1951).
therapists overrate their abilities: Deirdre Hiatt and George E. Hargrave, “The Characteristics of Highly Effective Therapists in Managed Behavioral Provider Networks,” Behavioral Healthcare Tomorrow 4 (1995): 19–22; and Jeffrey Sapyta, Manuel Riemer, and Leonard Bickman, “Feedback to Clinicians: Theory, Research, and Practice,” Journal of Clinical Psychology 61, no. 2 (2005): 145–153.
waking a tiger: Peter Levine and Ann Frederick, Waking the Tiger: Healing Trauma (Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books, 1997).
ALL YOU NEED IS LOVE
psychiatric drug: Medco Health Solutions, Inc., “America’s State of Mind” (2011). Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s19032en/s19032en.pdf.