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NOTE: Works and speeches by Edmund Burke (EB) appear directlyunder title; works by others under author’s name
Abolition Society, 99
Account of the European Settlements in America, An (EB and Will Burke), 29–31, 34, 187
Adams, John, 226–7
Addison, Joseph, 25–7, 44
‘Address to the Electors of Bristol’ (EB), 76–7, 103, 225
Afghanistan: Western intervention, 285
Aix-la-Chapelle, peace of (1755), 30
Aliens Bill (1792), 152
America: Revolutionary War, 14, 68, 82, 92, 111, 233, 251–2; EB on European settlements, 29; colonial trading administration, 48; objects to tea tax, 69–71, 233; Burke on discontent in, 70–1, 233, 251–2; EB advocates conciliation with, 78–82, 86, 187, 280; slaves in, 80; trade with Bristol reduced, 90; East India Company loses market, 108; peace negotiations with Britain, 114–15; see also United States of America
American Civil War (1861–5), 233, 235
American Declaration of Independence (1776), 82, 226
Anne, Queen, 38
Annual Register, 34–5, 44, 187
Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs (EB), 146–9, 198
Arcot, Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah, Nawab of, 109, 122
aristocracy: and authority, 206–8
Aristotle, 183–4, 198, 251, 253,274
Armistead, Elizabeth, 131
Association of the Friends of the People, 150
Aurangzeb, Moghul Emperor, 104
Austria: France declares war on (1792), 151
Auxerre, France, 68
Bacon, Francis, 184
Ballitore (village), Ireland, 13
Bar Confederation, War of the (Poland), 251–2
Barry, James, 21, 58, 96, 192, 279
Bastille, Paris: stormed (1789), 135
Bateson, Melissa, 260
Bath, 21
beauty, 25, 27–8; see also sublime and beautiful
Bedford, Francis Russell, 5th Duke of, 163–5, 167, 207–8
Bedford, John Russell, 4th Duke of, 47
Bembridge, Charles, 115
Benfield, Paul, 123
Bengal: English dominance in, 106–8, 110
Bentham, Jeremy, 242–3, 247, 250–1, 262
Berra, ‘Yogi’ (Lawrence Peter), 266
Blackstone, William: Commentaries on the Laws of England, 80, 234
Bolingbroke, Henry St John, 1st Viscount, 23–4, 190, 198, 221
Boscawen, Admiral Edward, 41
Boston Tea Party (1773), 69
Boswell, James, 46, 58, 97
Boyle, Robert, 185
Braddock, General Edward, 30
Brahe, Tycho, 184
Bristol: EB elected MP for, 76; EB’s ‘Address to Electors’, 76–7, 103; constituency critics of EB, 86–7, 90–1, 103; EB’s letter to Sheriffs, 86, 194; trade with America reduced, 86; EB withdraws from 1780 poll, 103
Britain: economic growth, 17; social conditions, 17, 19; rivalry with France, 29–30; colonial expansion, 49; national debt, 49; reaction to outbreak of French Revolution, 135; war with France (1793), 153; liberality and tolerance, 186; constitution and social order, 204–5; government in eighteenth century, 228–30; public spending, 229
British Museum, London: founded, 19
Brooks, David: The Social Animal, 263
Brooks’s club, London: EB’s membership, 113; Fox at, 132
Brunswick, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of, 151
Buckingham, 1st Marquis ofsee Temple, 2nd Earl
Buren, Martin van, 217
Burgoyne, General John, 82, 100
Burke, Christopher (EB’s son): birth, 33; death, 47
Burke, Edmund: achievements and reputation, 1–5, 171–83; birth and background, 10–12; schooling, 12–13; attends Trinity College Dublin, 14–16; poetic aspirations, 15; leaves Dublin for London (1750), 16, 19; studies for Bar, 20; ill-health, 21; literary ambitions, 21, 23–5; on authority of the people, 22–30; character and appearance, 22, 97–8, 278–9; marriage to Jane, 22, 33, 279; early writings, 29, 31; children, 33; home life, 34; journalism, 34–5; literary earnings, 34; entry into politics, 35–7; as secretary to Hamilton, 36, 41; posted to Dublin, 41; awarded Irish government pension, 42; breach with Hamilton, 42–3; temperament, 42–3; friends and social circle, 43–4, 46; self-righteousness, 43, 278; conversation, 47; as Rockingham’s secretary, 47–8, 56; elected MP for Wendover (1765), 48–50; maiden speech in Commons, 52, 54; finances, 56, 58–9, 108, 158; purchases Gregories (house), 58–9; political activism, 60; pamphleteering, 63–6; on British constitution, 64–6, 147–8, 204–5; criticised in London Evening Post, 67–8; literary success, 67; as New York Assembly agent in London, 68–9; and American taxation, 70; predicts disaster in America, 71; elected MP for Bristol (1774), 76; election address advocating independence, 76–7, 103, 224–5; advocates conciliation with American colonies, 78–82, 86, 187, 252, 280; friendship with Fox, 84; constituency activities, 86, 90; caricatured, 89; denounced for Irishness, 89; inherits estate in County Cork, 89; religious views, 91–2; proposes economic and constitutional reforms, 92–5; fails to achieve Cabinet rank, 96, 112; private life, 96–7, 279; threatened in Gordon Riots, 100–1; in political opposition, 102; and Indian affairs, 104, 110, 117, 123, 280; and regulation of East India Company, 111, 117–19, 122; powers of oratory, 97, 113; membership of Brooks’s club, 113; as Paymaster General, 113, 115; debts annulled by Rockingham, 114; resigns on Shelburne’s premiership, 114; pursuit and impeachment of Warren Hastings, 117–18, 122–4, 128–9, 134, 154; supports Fox’s India Bill, 119–20, 201; and Pitt’s accession to premiership, 121; opposes Pitt’s 1784 India Act, 122; and regency crisis (1788), 132–3; Elliot calls for dismissal, 133; on outbreak of French Revolution, 136–7; estrangement from Fox, 143–5, 149; proposes external intervention in France, 146; urges Pitt to lead war against France, 154; quits Parliament, 155; and son Richard’s death, 156, 158; pension and financial settlement, 158, 163; establishes school for French refugee children, 159; opposes peace with France, 159–60; accused of courting Pitt for patronage, 161; attacks 5th Duke of Bedford, 163–5; ill-health, decline and death, 167; burial, 168; posthumous views of, 171–83; use of language, 175; Paine accuses of receiving masked pension, 179; on abuse of power, 2, 30, 60, 91, 180–1, 253, 281, 287–8; as radical thinker, 183; as Enlightenment figure, 186–7; criticises Rousseau, 187–8, 190–1, 212–14, 284; strengthens human society, 187; Barry portrait, 192–3;
Burke, Edmund cntd: intellectual qualities and philosophical powers, 192, 194–6, 280–4; on social contract and government, 198, 201–2, 274–5; on human rights, 203–4; on concept of political party, 217–18; supports hereditary monarchy, 221; supports government by party politics, 222–6, 228; on nature of society and well-being, 233; challenges political assumptions, 236; on social breakdown, 240; on individual in society, 245–50, 255, 285; opposes abstract principles, 248–9, 252, 256, 284; on qualities of lawgivers, 250; on revolutions, 251–2; on reason and emotions, 260; on moral community, 273; on language as institution, 275; limited political achievements, 278–9; as champion of liberty, 280; conservatism, 282–4; and modern political practices, 284–9
Burke, Garrett (EB’s brother), 11–13, 89
Burke, Jane (née Nugent): EB courts and marries, 21–2, 33, 279; children, 33; virtues, 33; miscarriages, 47, 67; ill health, 67; moved to safety in Gordon Riots, 100; and son Richard’s death, 156; takes waters at Bath, 167; lives at Gregories in widowhood, 168
Burke, Juliana (EB’s sister): family background, 11; raised as Catholic, 12
Burke, Mary (née Nagle; EB’s mother), 11–12
Burke, Richard (EB’s brother): family background and upbringing, 11–13; lives with EB in London, 34; finances, 58–9, 112; speculates in East India Company stock, 109; death, 156; EB supports, 279
Burke, Richard (EB’s father): character and career, 11–14; pays for EB’s education, 20; breach with EB over career, 22–3; death, 41
Burke, Richard (EB’s son): birth, 33; visits France with EB, 68; inherits EB’s Malton seat, 155; illness and death, 156, 158, 165
Burke, William (EB’s ‘cousin Will’): friendship with EB, 21, 34, 56; literary collaboration with EB, 29, 31, 187; career, 31; friendship with Verney, 47; financial speculation and difficulties, 56, 58–9, 112, 156; parliamentary seat, 72; prosecuted, 72; in Madras, 109–10; speculates in East India Company stock, 109; returns from India, 156; EB supports, 279
Burney, Charles, 44, 46
Burney, Fanny (Madame d’Arblay), 129, 139, 279
Bute, John Stuart, 3rd Earl of, 47, 54–5, 60, 222
Calcutta: Supreme Court, 110
Canada: French defeated in, 41
Canning, George, 172
Carlton Club, London, 217
Caruso, Eugene, 261
Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount, 172
Catherine of Braganza, Queen of Charles II, 218
Catholic Relief Acts: (1778), 99; (1793), 155, 173; (1829), 173
Catholics: status in Ireland, 11, 42, 87, 90–1, 114, 155, 173, 273; EB’s sympathy for, 12, 42; and Gordon Riots (1780), 100; and Exclusion Crisis (1678–81), 218–19; barred from succession to throne, 220
Cavendish, Lord John, 47, 82–3
Cavendish, Lord Richard, 90
Champion, Richard, 76
Charlemont, James Caulfield, 1st Earl of, 88
Charles I, King, 197
Charles II, King, 65, 218–19
Charles Edward Stuart, Prince (‘Bonnie Prince Charlie’), 220
Charlotte, Queen of George III, 129
Chatham, William Pitt, 1st Earl of: background, 40; parliamentary career, 40–1; praises EB’s maiden speech, 54; difficult relations with EB, 54; forms government (1766), 55, 59; peerage, 55; absence from politics, 70; performance in Lords, 78; and office of Paymaster General, 94; and control of East India Company, 108; rule, 222; on measures not men, 231; individual will, 246
China: protectionism, 238; as one-party state, 288
chivalry, 209
Church of England: and Exclusion Crisis (1678–81), 218
Churchill, Lord Randolph, 2
Churchill, Sir Winston, 50, 75; ‘Consistency in Politics’, 281
Civil List Act (1782), 179
Clarkson, Thomas, 99
Clay, Henry, 234–5
Clive, Robert, Baron, 106–8, 126
clubs, 44
Coercive Acts, 81
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 176
Commons, House of: character and conditions, 50–1; maiden speeches, 51–2; reporting of debates, 52, 54; EB on power of, 65–6; constituencies and election to, 72–5; EB quits, 155; new talent in, 206; party system, 215–16; see also Parliament
Compagnie des Indes (French East India Company), 104, 106
Concord, battle of (1775), 82
conservatism: EB’s, 282–4
Conservative party: origins and development, 217, 283; see also Tories
constitution (British): EB on, 64–6, 147–8, 204–5
Copernicus, Nikolaus, 184
Cornwallis, Charles, 1st Marquis: defeated at Yorktown, 111
Corporation Act (1661), 143
Corsica: freedom campaign, 251
Crabbe, George, 96, 279
Cromwell, Oliver, 246
Crown, the see monarchy
Cruger, Henry, 76, 90, 103
culture (human): effect on perception, 239; and linguistic customs andpractice, 265
Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of, 47
Curwen, J.C.: Observations on the State of Ireland, 179
Dalberg-Acton, John Emerich Edward, 1st Baron Acton, 178
Damasio, Antonio, 265
Dawkins, Richard, 269
Decety, Jean, 264
Declaration of Independencesee American Declaration of Independence
Declaratory Act (1765), 49
Defour, Judith, 17
democracy: EB on, 210, 227–8;and power, 288
Denmark, 238
Dennett, Daniel, 269
Depont, Charles, 136–7
Descartes, René, 184, 186
Devonshire, Georgiana, Duchess of, 143
Devonshire, William Cavendish, 4th Duke of, 40
Devonshire, William Cavendish, 5th Duke of, 168
Diderot, Denis, 188
Disraeli, Benjamin, 2, 4; Coningsby, 174; Sybil, 174; Vindication of the English Constitution in a Letter to a Noble and Learned Lord, 173
Dodsley, Robert: relations with EB, 25, 29, 31, 34, 181
Double Cabinet, 65, 109, 281
Dowdeswell, William, 63, 78, 82
Doyle, William Edward, 46
Dublin: EB’s birthplace, 10; EB posted to as Hamilton’s secretary, 41–2
Dumouriez, General Charles François du Périer, 151
Dundas, Henry (later 1st Viscount Melville), 97, 122–3, 149
Dunning, John, 95, 221
Dunwich (rotten borough), 73
Dupont, Pierre-Gaëton, 230
Durkheim, Emile, 268–9
Dutch East India Company (VOC), 104
East India Company: as source of Pitt family fortune, 40; Will Burke invests in, 56, 58–9, 109; and Tea Act, 69; Verney loses money on, 71; foundation and development, 104, 106–7; commercial monopoly, 106; American market lost, 108; government regulation of, 108–11, 117–19, 122; as political power, 108; Select Committee reports on, 117, 187, 287; and Nawab of Arcot’s debts, 123
economics: EB on, 199–200, 212; and individual, 243–4; foundations of neoclassical, 245
Elizabeth I, Queen, 104, 218
Elliot, Gilbert, 133
emotions: and transmission of culture, 265–6
Encyclopédie (French), 188
Enlightenment, the: ideas and principles, 183, 186–7, 240; and sovereignty of reason and science, 214, 240, 254, 260
equality (social), 206–7
Essay towards an Abridgement of English History, An (EB), 32–4, 204
ethics see morality
Euclid, 184
European Union, 285–6
Exclusion Crisis (1678–81), 218–19
Fielding, Henry: Tom Jones, 19
Fitzherbert, William, 47
Fitzwilliam, William Wentworth, 2nd Earl: supports EB’s re-election at Malton, 121; approves of EB’s Reflections, 142, 147; and EB’s dissent in Whig Party, 149; breach with Fox, 152; as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 155; at EB’s funeral, 168
Fox, Charles James: appearance, 83–5, 89; character and career, 83; George III dislikes and obstructs, 83, 111, 115; friendship with EB, 84; as Secretary of State under Rockingham, 111, 142; resigns under Shelburne, 114; defeated over India Bill (1783), 118–21; and impeachment of Warren Hastings, 124; rumoured poisoning of George III, 131; in regency crisis, 132; coalition with North, 142; rift with EB, 142–5, 149; on proposed French constitution, 144; leads New Whig faction, 147, 149–50; Portland and, 149, 152; radical inclinations, 149, 152; view of French Revolution, 149–50, 152; attacks George III and Pitt, 152; foresees no danger from France, 152; EB refuses deathbed reconciliation, 168; and George III’s powers, 221
Fox, Henry, 35, 83, 94
France: political conditions, 19; colonial and trade rivalry with Britain, 29–30, 40; defeats in Seven Years War, 41; EB visits, 68; disorder and maladministration, 134–5; Estates General called (May 1789), 135, 212; EB attacks proposed constitution, 144–7; EB advocates external intervention, 146; European powers oppose revolutionary activities, 150; war with Austria and Prussia (1792), 151; institutes revolution in conquered territories, 152–3; declares war on Britain (1793), 153; internal rebellions against revolutionaries, 153; EB opposes peace with, 159–61; weak government under monarchy, 211; debts and taxes, 248; see also French Revolution
Francis, Philip, 117–18
Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales, 41, 220
freedom: as human ideal, 238; and liberal individualism, 241
Frémont, General John Charles, 235
French Revolution: EB on, 29, 136–43, 252–3, 274, 281; outbreak, 135–6; and rights of man, 204; economic causes, 207, 212; Rousseau’s influence on, 212–13
Freneau, Philip, 226
Galileo Galilei, 184
Garrick, David, 1, 19, 44, 46
general warrants, 60, 63
Gentleman’s Magazine, 34
George I, King, 38
George II, King, 40–1, 220
George III, King: EB offends, 2; accession, 41, 220; relations with Grenville and Bedford, 47; and case of John Wilkes, 60; and EB’s constitutional arguments, 65; trusts Lord North, 68; dislike for Fox, 83, 111, 115; and East India Company affairs, 109; political activism, 118–19, 149, 220–1; opposes Fox’s India Bill and dismisses Coalition, 120; madness and regency crisis (1788), 129, 131–3, 276; recovers sanity, 134; receives EB after publication of Reflections on the French Revolution, 141; disenchantment with Pitt, 150; and constitutional monarchy, 205, 220–1; security from religious threat, 220; and American revolutionary war, 233; see also monarchy
George, Prince of Wales (later King George IV): and father’s madness and regency crisis, 131–2
Gibbon, Edward, 1, 52, 83
Gilbert, William Schwenck and Arthur Seymour Sullivan: Iolanthe, 215–16
Gillray, James: The Political Banditti assailing the Saviour of India (cartoon), 124–5; Promised Horrors of the French Revolution (cartoon), 165–6; Smelling Out a Rat (cartoon), 139–40
Gilpin, William, 28
Gladstone, William Ewart, 174
globalization, 239
Glorious Revolution (1688–9), 37, 65, 136, 138, 205, 251, 253
Godwin, William, 141
Goldsmith, Oliver, 44, 46, 194
Gordon, Lord George, 95, 99, 101; Riots (1780), 99–100, 101
government: philosophers and, 195–7; and authority, 196–7; scope in 18th century, 228–30
Grand, Catherine (later Talleyrand), 118
Grattan, Henry, 88, 155
Gray, Thomas, 25
Great Bedwyn, Wiltshire, 72
Great Melody (Yeats’s term), 2, 256, 281
Greatest Happiness Principle, 242, 251
Gregories (EB’s house), Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, 58–9, 68, 156, 159, 168, 279
Grenville, George, 47, 49, 63–4, 69
Grosvenor family, 74
Guadeloupe, 31, 41
habeas corpus, 84, 86, 173, 232
Haidt, Jonathan, 268
Halifax, George Montagu Dunk, 2nd Earl of, 36, 41
Hamilton, William Gerard: and EB’s entry into politics, 35–6; political career, 35, 41–2, 89; split with EB, 42–3
Handel, George Frederick, 19
Harm Principle, 243, 251
Hart, Betty and Todd Risley, 264
Haslemere, Surrey, 72
Hastings, Warren: EB’s vendetta against, 109, 117–18, 122–3, 154, 273; impeachment, 123–4, 128–30, 134; qualities and career, 126–8; acquitted, 154, 163, 278; receives financial settlement, 163; Macaulay’s essay on, 177; and Indian revolutions, 252
Hawke, Admiral Edward, 1st Baron, 41
Hazlitt, William, 175, 177, 182, 276
Henrich, Joe, 261–2
Henry VIII, King, 218
Hickel, Karl Anton, 52, 84
history: EB writes on, 31–3
Hitchens, Christopher, 269
Hobbes, Thomas, 196–8, 201, 210, 242; Leviathan, 196
Hogarth, William: Gin Lane (painting), 17, 18
humanity: and individual identity, 246; in society, 246–9, 254, 274; cultural similarities and differences, 259–60
Hume, David: friendssip with EB, 1, 44, 187; and social contract, 197; Treatise of Human Nature, 260
Hutcheson, Francis, 26
Idol-worship, or the Way to Preferment (caricature), 38, 39
illegitimacy: in 18th century Britain, 17
Inchiquin, Murrough O’Brien, 5th Earl of, 168
India: EB’s involvement in affairs of, 104, 110, 117, 123, 280; British dominance in, 106–7; trade, 106–7; revolutions against East India Company, 252; see also East India Company
India Bill and Act (1783–84), 118–21
individualism see liberal individualism
institutions: in society, 198–200, 266–7; political parties as institutions, 222–5
Iraq, 239, 285
Ireland: economic/social conditions, 9–10, 87–8; as English dominion, 11; status of Catholics, 11, 42, 87, 90–1, 114, 155, 173; rebelliousness and unrest, 42, 88–1, 155, 167; anti-Catholic legislation, 87, 90;
Ireland cntd: effect of American revolutionary war on, 88;political weakness, 88; proposed tax on absentee landlords, 89–90; trade with America, 90; reforms under Rockingham, 114; Pitt the Younger’s reform proposals, 121; suspected by British parliament, 155; Act of Union, 172; EB advocates religious tolerance in, 187, 280; and Catholic Emancipation, 273
Irish Volunteers, 88
Jacobinism, 146, 187, 213, 218, 251
Jacobite rebellions (1715, 1745), 38, 220
Jafar, Mir, 107
James II, King (earlier Duke of York), 37, 65, 136, 149; and Exclusion Crisis, 218–19
Jefferson, Thomas, 217, 225–7, 248
Johnson, Samuel: friendship with EB, 1, 279; praises EB, 1, 46–7; in London, 16; and Dodsley, 25; Club, 44–6, 279; qualities, 46–7; Toryism, 46; on Warren Hastings, 126; EB converses with, 187; Dictionary of the English Language, 42, 46
Junius Letters, 118
Kant, Immanuel, 28, 250, 255
Keats, John, 276–7
Kennedy, John F., 285
Kepler, Johannes, 184
King, Walker, 35, 158
Knox, William: The Present State of the Nation, 63
Korea, 238
Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de, 83, 152
Lake poets, 175–7, 276
Langrishe, Sir Hercules, 87, 273
Langton, Bennet, 44
language: as institution, 275
Laski, Harold, 5
Lauderdale, James Maitland, 8th Earl of, 163
Laurence, French: friendship with RB, 35
Lavoisier, Antoine, 185
leadership (political), 230–2
Lecky, W.E.H.: History of England in the Eighteenth Century, 177–8
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 185
Lessing, Gotthold, 28
Letter to a Member of the National Assembly (EB), 145, 187–8
Letter to a Noble Lord, A (EB), 161, 163–5, 168
Letter to the Sheriffs of Bristol (EB), 86, 194
Letter to Sir Hercules Langrishe (EB), 87, 273
Levasseur, Thérèse, 188
Lexington, battle of (1775), 82
liberal individualism, 241–7, 250, 253, 256, 271, 273, 282, 284–5
Liberal party: view of EB, 174; formed from Whigs, 282
Lincoln, Abraham, 233–5
Locke, John, 196, 198, 201, 204, 242, 253; Two Treatises of Government, 197
London: character and conditions, 16–17; EB moves to (1750), 16–17, 19
London Evening Post, 67
London Magazine, 34
Longinus, 28
Louis XIV, King of France, 65, 211, 219
Louis XVI, King of France: EB praises, 93; and pre-Revolution unrest, 135; Fox’s view of, 149; captured in attempt to flee, 150; executed, 153
Lucas, Charles, 16
Macaulay, Catharine, 142
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Baron, 126, 177, 219
Macclesfield, Thomas Parker, 1st Earl of, 124
MacIntyre, Alasdair, 3, 294
Madison, James, 217, 225, 227, 248, 288
Malton, Yorkshire, 76, 103, 121
Mandeville, Bernard: The Fable of the Bees, 124
manners, 208–9, 225, 286
Mansfield, Harvey, 294
Marie Antoinette, Queen of France: EB sees in Versailles, 68, 139; attempts to flee to Varennes, 150
market liberalization, 238–40, 244–5, 283, 287
Marlborough, John Churchill, 1st Duke of, 211
Marvell, Andrew, 52
Marx, Karl: view of EB, 3, 179; radical thinking, 183; Das Kapital, 179, 181–2
Mary of Modena, Queen of James II, 218–19
Maugham, Somerset, 163
Maynooth: Catholic seminary endowment, 173
Middle Temple: EB enrols at, 20
Mill, James, 243
Mill, John Stuart: on Principle of Harm, 243, 251; On Liberty, 243–4
Minorca, 40
monarchy: constitutional position, 92–5, 205, 211, 220–1; and revenue raising, 211; EB’s view of, 280–1
money: effect on human behaviour, 261
Montagu, Elizabeth, 139
Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de, 32–3, 35, 187, 204, 288
Moore, Thomas, 178
morality: and individual in society, 247–8, 255; codes, 271–2, 276
Morley, John, 174
Müller-Lyer test, 258–9
‘Nabobs’, 107–8; modern, 287
Namier, Sir Lewis B.: 3; The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III, 180–2
Napoleon I (Bonaparte), Emperor of France: rise to power, 153–4
National Gazette (USA), 226
nationhood, 204, 284; nation as moral essence, 232
Navigation Acts, 81, 87
Necker, Jacques, 92–3, 135
New York: Assembly appoints EB to be London agent, 68–9
Newcastle, Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of: supports Walpole, 38, 40; denounces Burke, 48
Newton, Sir Isaac: Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, 184
North Briton (weekly), 60
North, Frederick, Lord: character and qualities, 68–9; George III’s trust in, 68; and Tea Act, 69; and Stamp Act, 70; confirmed in office in 1774 election, 78; attempts to suspend habeas corpus, 84; administration collapses (1778), 90, 97; and Irish trade, 91; and EB’s proposed constitutional reforms, 95; and control of East India Company, 108–9, 117; resigns premiership (1782), 111; in coalition with Shelburne, 115; and George III’s powers, 221; and American revolutionary war, 233
Norway, 238
Notebook (EB), 187
Nugent, Dr Christopher, 21, 33–4, 44
O’Brien, Conor Cruise, 180, 281
Oakeshott, Michael, 296
Observations on a Late Publication Entitled ‘The Present State of the Nation’ (EB), 63–5
O’Hara, Charles, 50
Old Sarum (rotten borough), 73
Oudh, Nawab Wazir of, 128
Owen, Robert, 176
Paine, Thomas: denounces EB, 3, 161, 178–9, 181–2, 280; emigrates to America, 48–9; hints at EB’s ‘secret pension’, 179; Lincoln reads, 233; Common Sense, 179; Rights of Man, 141, 150, 161, 179, 242
Paoli, Pasquale, 46
Pares, Richard, 180
Paris: revolutionary activities, 151
Paris, Treaty of (1763), 106
Parliament: constituencies and members, 73–4; North dissolves (1780), 102; ‘nabobs’ in, 108; and 1790 election, 154; in Gilbert and Sullivan’s Iolanthe, 215; and political parties, 225; sovereignty, 227; see also Commons, House of
Parliamentary History, 144
Parris, Matthew, 239
parties (political), 215–17, 222–5, 228, 288
Paymaster General: office, 94–5
Peel, Sir Robert: and Disraeli, 4, 173–4; Tamworth manifesto, 217; achievements, 279–80
Pelham, Henry, 40
Penal Acts (Ireland), 87, 90
Penn, Buckinghamshire: school for French refugee children, 159
Perelman, S.J., 26
Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (EB), 25–9, 31, 33–4, 41, 142
Pitt, Thomas, 40
Pitt, William, the elder see Chatham, 1st Earl of
Pitt, William, the younger: addresses Commons, 52, 53; EB’s view of, 54, 276; elected to Commons (1780), 104; forms government (1783–4), 120–1; passes India Act (1784), 121; and regency crisis (1788), 131–3; on outbreak of French Revolution, 136; and Fox’s discomfiture from EB, 149; George III’s disenchantment with, 150; speech on expected peace in Europe, 151–2; and war with France, 154; Portland Whigs join government, 155, 232, 282; supports pension for EB, 158; agrees to finance EB’s school for French children, 159; and EB’s opposition to peace with France, 161; Castlereagh joins, 172; criticises EB’s Reflections, 172; Disraeli on, 173; EB’s influence on, 173; honoured after death, 173; suspends habeas corpus, 173, 232; and EB’s economic thinking, 200; achievements, 279–80
Pitt-Rivers Museum, Oxford, 95
‘Plan for the Better Security of the Independence of Parliament, A’ (EB), 92–6
Plassey, battle of (1757), 106–7, 126
Plato, 260
pocket boroughs (constituencies), 75; see also rotten boroughs
Pocock, J.G.A., on Whiggism, 291, 292, 294
Poland: revolution (1794), 251–2
Political Action Committees (USA), 287
political parties: EB on factions and, 181–2; Ch. 8 passim
Pondicherry, 106
Pope, Alexander, 25, 185; Essay on Man, 62
Popish Plot (1678), 219
Portes, Alejandro, 267
Portland, William Henry Cavendish Bentinck, 3rd Duke of: supports Rockingham, 56; agrees with EB’s Reflections, 146; supports Fox, 149; turns against Fox, 152; joins Pitt, 155, 232; at EB’s funeral, 168
Powell, John, 115
power: EB’s hatred of abuse of, 280
prejudice: EB on, 209, 279, 282, 289
Price, Richard, 111, 136–8, 141
Priestley, Joseph, 111
Prior, James: Memoir of Burke, 172
Procrustes (mythological figure), 250
property, 16; Penal Laws and, 90; social and moral effects of, 137, 165, 202, 279; Rousseau and attacks on, 189, 252; landed, 206–7;
Protestant Association, 99
Protestants: ascendancy in Ireland, 11
Prussia: war with France (1792), 151
public service: as political ideal, 255, 288
Putnam, Robert: Bowling Alone, 257, 266
Quakers, 13
Quallens, Madame de, 83
Quebec, 41
Rawls, John, 255
reason: fallibility, 258; and emotions, 260–1
Reflections on the Revolution in France (EB): and EB’s seeing Marie Antoinette, 68, 139; EB publishes, 136–7; contents, 137–9; reception, 139, 141–3; foresees rise of dominant general, 153; reputation, 171–2; Paine and, 179; on abstract ideas, 194, 249; on social belonging, 199, 201, 246; and change, 205; provokes pamphlet war, 141, 242
Reform Act, Great (1832), 217
Reform Act, Second (1867), 283
Reformer (college periodical), 15
Regency Crisis, 129, 131–3, 276
Reid, Thomas, 35
religion: Bolingbroke on, 23–4, 190; Protestant in America, 79–80; EB’s views on, 91–2, 209; Burkean views today on, 268–71; and morality, 271–2
Revolution Controversy, 141
revolutions: Burke on, 251–3; see also French Revolution
Reynolds, Sir Joshua: friendship with EB, 1, 44, 46, 279; portrait of Garrick, 44; portrait of Rockingham, 56; portraits of EB, 97; death, 156
Richardson, Samuel, 19
Richmond, Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of, 56, 82, 206, 208
Rigby, Richard, 95
rights: EB’s views on, 203–4, 253
Robertson, William, 208
Rockingham, Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquis of: EB as secretary to, 47–8, 56; ministry (1765), 47–8, 55; and American unrest, 49; and Pitt, 54; wealth and status, 55–6; qualities, 56; Knox attacks, 63; repeals Stamp Act, 69; and EB’s election as MP for Malton, 76, 103; party loses in 1774 election, 78; supporters in Parliament, 82, 84; proposes parliamentary secession, 84, 86; Irish revenues, 90; forms new ministry (1782), 111–12; death, 114; and Whig principles, 145; Whig proto-party, 218; and repeal of Stamp Act, 221
Roosevelt, Theodore, 4, 174
rotten boroughs (parliamentary constituencies), 73
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques: in Annual Register, 35; EB criticises, 145, 183, 187–8, 190–1, 212–14, 284; background, ideas and influence, 188–90, 198, 201, 242; on natural rights, 204
Royal Navy: mutinies (1797), 167
Russia (post-Soviet): market liberalization, 239; Western policy on, 285
St George’s Fields, London, 62
Saratoga, battle of (1777), 82, 100
Savile, Sir George, 84, 90, 99–100
Sayer, James: Thoughts on a Regicide Peace, 161
science: as Enlightenment ideal, 214, 240, 254; as neutral authority, 242
scientific revolution (17th–18th centuries), 184–5
Scruton, Roger, 294
Selwyn, George, 74
Settlement, Act of (1701), 219
Seven Years War (1756–63), 30, 40, 47, 48, 220
Shackleton, Abraham, 13, 21–2
Shackleton, Richard: and EB’s diffidence, 3; on EB’s father, 11–12; EB’s undergraduate letters to, 15; and newspaper attack on EB, 68; death, 156
Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of, 219
Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of, 25–6
Sheehy, Father Nicholas, 42
Shelburne, William Petty, 2nd Earl of (later 1st Marquis of Lansdowne): criticises EB for caution, 95; as Secretary of State under Rockingham, 111; as Prime Minister (1782), 114, 221; peace negotiations with America, 115
Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 132, 243
Sheridan, Thomas, 15
Short Account of a Late Short Administration, A (EB), 55
Shweder, Richard, 271
Sketch of the Negro Code (EB), 97, 99
slavery: EB dislikes, 97, 99, 202, 272; Lincoln and, 235
Smith, Adam: friendship with EB, 1; reputation, 5; and EB on the sublime, 28; EB reads, 35; reviews Rousseau’s Discourse on Inequality, 190; congruence of thought with EB, 199; and utilitarianism, 243; Theory of Moral Sentiments, 44, 200; The Wealth of Nations, 185, 187, 199–200
Smock Alley Theatre, Dublin, 15
social capital, 257, 267
social contract: and government, 196–8; EB on, 198, 201–2, 246; and established institutions, 198–9, 227; development, 201; modern effects on, 286
social order: development, 200–1, 204–5, 208, 210; and natural rights, 203; and British constitution, 204–5; and nationhood, 204; preservation of by politics, 230, 285; and leadership, 231–2; modern threats to, 239; EB on preservation of, 253, 280; affected by human action, 274; and conservatism, 283
social sciences: experiments, 261–72
socialism, 244
society: individual in, 246–9, 254–5, 263–4, 266–8; and institutions, 266–7, 271, 284
Society for Constitutional Information, 150
Sosis, Richard, 270
South Sea Company, 38
Southey, Robert, 176
Spain: empire, 30
Span, Samuel, 90
Spanish Succession, War of (1701–14), 211
‘Speech on a Bill for the Repeal of the Marriage Act’ (EB), 280
‘Speech of Conciliation’ (EB), 71, 78–82, 171, 233, 252, 272, 278
‘Speech on Fox’s East India Bill’ (EB), 203
‘Speech on the Nabob of Arcot’s Debts’ (EB), 272
‘Speech in Reply’ (EB, 1794), 154
Spice Islands (Maluku Islands), 104
Spithead: naval mutiny (1797), 167
Spitz, René, 263
Stamp Act (1764), 49, 69–70, 221
Stanley, Hans, 52
Strauss, Leo, 29
sublime and beautiful: EB on, 25–9, 31, 33–4, 41, 142
Swift, Jonathan: Gulliver’s Travels, 237–8, 247, 256; A Modest Proposal, 9–10, 88
Talbot, Lord (William Talbot, 1st Earl of), 94
‘Tamworth manifesto’ (1834), 217
Tanjore, India, 109–10, 122
Tea Act (1773), 69–71, 143
Temple, George Nugent-Temple, 2nd Earl (later 1st Marquis of Buckingham), 120
Test Act (1673), 218
Thompson, George, 44
Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents (EB), 63–5, 67, 92, 111, 149, 181–2, 196
Thoughts and Details on Scarcity (EB; collection), 199, 210, 228
Thoughts on French Affairs (EB), 207
Thurlow, Edward, 1st Baron (Lord Chancellor), 131
Times, The: obituary of EB, 172
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 247, 295
Tone, Wolf, 167
Tories: beginnings and principles, 37, 218; decline, 38; posthumous view of EB, 173–4; name, 218–19; see also Conservative party
Townshend, Charles, 47, 59, 70
‘Tract on the Popery Laws’ (EB), 89
Trade, Board of: EB proposes abolition, 95
Trinity College Dublin, 14–15
Two Letters on the Prospect of a Regicide Peace (EB), 159–61
Union, Act of (with Ireland, 1801), 172
United States of America: party politics, 217, 226; constitution, 227; undergraduate behaviour and values, 261–2; Political Action Committees, 287; see also America
utilitarianism, 242–3, 247, 262
van der Post, Sir Laurens, 259
Verney, Ralph, 2nd Earl: friendship with Will Burke, 47; as EB’s patron, 48–9, 56; lends money to EB, 58–9; financial difficulties, 71–2, 108; supports Will Burke, 72
Vietnam War, 285
Vindication of Natural Society, A (EB), 23–5, 31, 34, 188, 190, 198, 212
Vohs, Kathleen, 261
Voltaire, François Marie Arouet, 35, 83, 187; Philosophical Letters, 186
Wacquant, Loïc and William Julius Wilson, 267
Walpole, Horace, 141, 220
Walpole, Sir Robert, 37–42, 94
Warton, Thomas, 46
Washington, George, 226
Wendover, Buckinghamshire, 48–50, 71
Wentworth Woodhouse (house), Yorkshire, 56
Westminster Hall, 128–30
Whigs: beginnings and principles, 37, 218; ‘supremacy’, 38; Rockingham and, 56, 145; and Wilkes, 63; in Brooks’s club, 113; reaction to EB’s Reflections, 142; support constitutional monarchy, 145; EB appeals for reversion to old principles, 147–8; break up and join Pitt’s ministry, 152, 155, 282; posthumous view of EB, 174; name, 218–19; as predecessors of Liberals, 282; see also Liberal party
Whiteboys (Irish group), 42
Whitman, Walt: Leaves of Grass, 276
Wilberforce, William, 75, 99
Wilde, Oscar, 83
Wilkes, John, 60–5, 67; Essay on Woman (attrib.), 62
William II (Rufus), King, 128
William III (of Orange), King, 11, 37, 87, 136, 205, 211
Wilson, Woodrow, 4, 174–5
Wimpole Street, London, 33–4
Windham, William, 158
Wollstonecraft, Mary, 28; A Vindication of the Rights of Men, 141; A Vindication of the Rights of Women, 141
women: EB’s view and treatment of, 13, 28, 279
Wordsworth, William, 175–6, 276
Works (EB; posthumous publication), 172
Wraxall, Sir Nathaniel, 96
Wren, Sir Christopher, 50
Wyvill, Christopher, 92
Yeats, William Butler, 2, 256, 281
Yorktown: British defeat (1781), 111
Young, Arthur, 68