Introduction
1 Heroes, published originally by Jonathan Cape, London in 1986, has since been reissued by Pan in two editions (1987 and 1989).
2 The Guardian, February 12, 1990.
3 The Late Show, BBC Television, June 6, 1991.
4 The Observer, May 3, 1991.
5 Clive James on 1991, BBC Television, December 31, 1991.
6 The Guardian, October 23, 1991.
7 Ibid., September 23, 1991.
8 Ibid., October 23, 1991.
9 Z Magazine, April 1991.
10 The Guardian, May 6, 1992.
11 Ibid., May 18, 1992.
12 The Australian, May 28, 1992.
13 Heroes, p. 532.
14 Liz Curtis, Ireland, the Propaganda War: The British Media and the ‘battle for hearts and minds’, Pluto Press, London, 1984, pp. 279–90.
15 The Guardian, March 9, 1991.
16 Socialist, March 25–April 2, 1991.
17 The Sunday Telegraph, March 18, 1990.
18 The Guardian, April 4, 1992.
19 John Pilger, A Secret Country, Vintage Books, London, 1992, pp. 286, 290.
20 Ibid., pp. 4–5.
21 Ibid., p. 320; OECD figures researched by Carole Sklan for The Last Dream, Central Television, 1988; Radio 2UE Sydney economic analysis, February 4, 1992.
22 Analysis by David Bowman, former editor-in-chief of the Sydney Morning Herald, March 1994.
23 A Secret Country, pp. 239–326.
24 Private communication.
25 The Guardian, July 4, 1991.
26 The Truth Game, Central Television, 1988.
27 Johnson’s remark quoted by Stanley Karnow in Vietnam: A History, Viking Press, New York, 1983. See also International Herald Tribune, November 21, 1991.
28 Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media, Pantheon, New York, 1988, p. 184.
29 The Independent, March 1, 1991; also, commentators on the BBC FM’s war report noted the ‘light casualties’.
30 International Herald Tribune, June 4, 1992; also Denis McShane, Peace and Democracy News, winter 1992.
31 Los Angeles Times, February 18, 1991.
32 The Nation, March 5, 1990, cited by Noam Chomsky in Deterring Democracy, Vintage Books, London, 1992, pp. 355–6.
33 The Guardian, May 16 and July 2, 1992.
34 State of the World’s Children, UNICEF, New York, 1989, p. 1.
35 Human Development Report, United Nations Development Programme and Oxford University Press, 1992.
36 Poor Britain: Poverty, inequality and low pay in the nineties, Low Pay Unit, March 30, 1992; the Guardian, July 16, 1992.
37 The Guardian, August 12, 1988.
38 As told to Karl Jacobson, ‘The Studs you like’, Weekend Guardian, May 9–10, 1992.
39 War by Other Means, Central Television, 1992.
40 Cited in New Statesman and Society, October 11, 1991, from Nicaragua: A Decade of Revolution, edited by Lou Dematteis, W. W. Norton, London.
I INVISIBLE BRITAIN
1 Rough Sleepers Report, London Housing Unit, May 17, 1991. See also London Housing News, May 1992.
2 The Guardian, June 4, 1991.
3 The Guardian, June 12, 1991.
4 ‘Inner City Deprivation and Premature Deaths in Greater Manchester’, Tameside Metropolitan Borough Policy Research Unit, 1988.
5 As confirmed to the author.
6 Poor Britain: Poverty, inequality and low pay in the nineties, Low Pay Unit, March 1992. See also LPU reports 1991.
7 The Guardian, September 11, 1991.
8 The Daily Mirror, September 13, 1991.
9 Cited by Brian Simon in Marxism Today, September 1984. It comes from Stewart Benson’s ‘Towards a Tertiary Tripartism: new codes of Social Control and the 17+’, in Patricia Broadfoot (ed.), Selection, Certification and Control, Falmer Press, London, 1984.
10 Cited by Shelter, 1990.
11 Analysis by Michael Meacher of government statistics supplied in a parliamentary written answer, Hansard, March 6, 1991; also Poor Britain, Low Pay Unit, 1992.
12 The Guardian, September 13, 1991.
13 Hansard, March 29, 1983.
14 World in Action, Granada Television, 1978.
15 Race Attacks, Home Office report, 1981.
16 The Sunday Telegraph, October 6, 1991.
17 The Daily Telegraph, July 2, 1991.
18 The Daily Mail, July 10, 1991.
19 The Daily Star, May 24, 25, 27, 29 and 31, 1991; June 15, 1991.
20 The Daily Mail, October 3, 1991.
21 The Sun, October 3, 1991.
22 The Guardian, May 15, 1982.
23 Commentary on London Broadcasting (LBC).
24 The Independent, December 14, 1991.
25 Cited in CARF, Campaign Against Racism and Fascism, no. 8, May–June 1992.
26 The Evening Standard, March 26, 1992; the Daily Mail, April 2, 1992.
27 The Sun, April 7, 1992.
28 Cited by Michael Ignatieff, the Observer, October 13, 1991.
29 Letter from Julian Nettel to Harriet Harman, MP, September 23, 1991.
30 As told to the author.
31 Ibid.
32 Ibid.
33 Camberwell Community Health Council ‘Casualty watch’ report, May 1991.
34 South London Press, March 13, 1992.
35 As told to the author.
36 Ibid.
37 Ibid.
38 Today, April 22 and 23, 1991.
39 The Guardian, April 7, 1990.
40 Letter from Malcolm Alexander to William Waldegrave, December 20, 1990; radio interview with Malcolm Alexander, LBC, January 3, 1991.
41 George Orwell, The Road to Wigan Pier, Penguin, London, 1989.
42 Report of Department of Health and Social Security appeals tribunal, cited in the Daily Mirror, July 31, 1984.
43 The Sunderland Echo, October 17, 1992.
44 Correspondence with the National Union of Mineworkers.
45 Cited by Easington District Council, correspondence, February 11, 1993.
46 Easington Colliery, a brochure produced by North East Coal, Sunderland.
47 The advertisements, featuring several miners, appeared in the national press in January, February and March, 1992. Arnie Makinson’s photograph was published in the northern editions of the Daily Mirror.
48 ‘Safety of British Nuclear Weapons Designs: US Nuclear Weapon Safety: The implications for the United Kingdom?’ BASIC Report 91.2, 1991.
49 Washington Post 1990 report, cited in the Guardian, April 22, 1992.
50 The Guardian, April 23, 1991.
51 The Problems of the Trident Programme, Greenpeace, July 1991.
52 With thanks to John Ross.
53 Poll carried out by On-Line Telephone Surveys, London, between February 24 and March 1, 1992. 1,405 people were asked: ‘Currently the UK is proposing to increase its sea-based nuclear weapons capabilities with the Trident nuclear missile system, at a cost of £10.5 billion. How strongly do you agree with this proposal?’ Agreed: 28%. Neither agreed nor disagreed: 8%. Disagreed: 56%. Didn’t know: 8%.
1 Walter Lippmann, Public Opinion, 1921; cited by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky in Manufacturing Consent, Pantheon Books, New York, 1988, p. xi. See also Manufacturing Consent for Chomsky’s analysis, repeated and amplified in his many other works.
2 John Pilger, Heroes, Jonathan Cape, London, 1986, p. xv.
3 Paul Gordon and David Rosenburg, Daily Racism: The Press and Black People in Britain, Runnymede Trust, London, 1989, p. 69.
4 Independent on Sunday, February 4, 1990.
5 The Observer, February 4, 1990.
6 Channel 4 News, London, during the week January 28–February 4, 1990.
7 Edwin R. Bayley, Joe McCarthy and the Press, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1981.
8 Cited in the Independent, October 28, 1988.
9 Milan Kundera, The Book of Laughter and Forgetting, Penguin, London, 1983, p. 5.
10 The Guardian, November 8, 1991.
11 John Clark, For Richer for Poorer, Oxfam, Oxford, 1986, Appendix 1, pp. 90–1.
12 Third World Resurgence, published by Third World network, Penang, Malaysia, Issue no. 12, ‘Manufacturing Truth. The Western Media and the Third World’.
13 Study cited in Third World Resurgence, Issue no. 12.
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid.
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid.
18 See Heroes, Chapter 15, ‘History as Illusion’.
19 Cited by Michael Albert, Z Magazine, April 1991.
20 Third World Resurgence, Issue no. 12.
21 The Daily Mail, July 15, 1984.
22 Maurice Edelman, The Mirror: a political history, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1966, p. 1.
23 This account is from Heroes, Chapter 42, ‘You Write. We Publish’.
24 Audit Bureau of Circulation figures cited in Media Week, July 19, 1985; and the Guardian, October 28, 1985 and January 27, 1986.
25 Marketing Week, January 31, 1986.
26 Richard Belfield, Christopher Hird and Sharon Kelly, Murdoch: The Decline of an Empire, Macdonald, London.
27 The Sunday Mirror, December 5, 1991.
28 See Roger Bolton, Death on the Rock and other stories, W. H. Allen, London, 1990.
29 The Guardian, September 5, 1990.
30 The Independent on Sunday, March 4, 1990.
31 See Heroes, pp. 535–7.
32 Ibid., pp. 526–31.
33 Ibid., pp. 517–20.
34 Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism, Chatto & Windus, London, 1993.
35 Letter from Deirdre English, editor of Mother Jones, cited by Christopher Hitchens, New Statesman Diary, April 17, 1981.
36 Noam Chomsky, Year 501: The Conquest Continues, South End Press, Boston, 1993.
37 The Independent, May 15, 1989.
38 Letter to the Guardian, 1987.
39 Reagan used this term many times, perhaps for the first time at a veterans’ rally during the election campaign in 1979. Bush used the second term on the eve of the Gulf War, January 1991.
40 Susan George, The Debt Boomerang, Pluto Press, London, 1993.
III THE QUIET DEATH OF THE LABOUR PARTY
1 Labour Party, Breaches of Constitutional Rules III (4); also Constituency Rules Clause IV (5).
2 Letters from Jean Calder to the author and the New Statesman, August 1, 1992 and September 28, 1992.
3 Ibid.; also Report by Joyce Gould to the NEC on The Friends of Brighton, September 25, 1991.
4 Letter from Jean Calder to John Smith, August 21, 1992.
5 Report cited in the Guardian and correspondence with the author.
6 Correspondence with the author.
7 Richard Heffernan and Mike Marqusee, Defeat from the Jaws of Victory, Verso, London, 1993.
8 Ibid.
9 The Socialist Worker (from the Financial Times), September 1993.
10 The Green Left Weekly, Sydney, November 17, 1993.
11 The Independent on Sunday, March 28, 1993.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid.
14 I am grateful to Chris Lamb for this analysis in the Guardian (letters), March 31, 1994.
15 The New Statesman and Society, January 21, 1994.
16 The Daily Telegraph, February 4, 1994.
17 Panorama, BBC Television, September 20, 1993.
18 The Guardian, October 1, 1993.
19 Ibid., January 28, 1993.
IV MYTHMAKERS OF THE GULF WAR
1 Cited by Phillip Knightley, The First Casualty: From the Crimea to the Falklands: The War Correspondent as Hero, Propagandist and Myth Maker, Pan Books, London, 1989, p. 109.
2 Ibid., p. 81.
3 BBC Radio 4, December 30, 1990.
4 These press comments appeared during the second half of December, 1990.
5 The Observer, November 30, 1990.
6 Ian Lee, War in the Gulf: A Medical, Environmental and Psychological Assessment, Medical Campaign Against Nuclear Weapons, December 14, 1990.
7 As told to the author.
8 Ibid.
9 Ibid.
10 The Independent, December 28, 1991.
11 Michael Klare, the Nation, June 8 and October 15, 1990 and February 11, 1991; United States Army, A Strategic Force for 1990/2 and Beyond, January 1990.
12 Christopher Hitchens, Harpers Magazine, January 1991.
13 Ralph Schoenman, Iraq and Kuwait: A History Suppressed, October 1990, p. 12.
14 Santa Barbara News-Press, September 24, 1990 and Philip Agee, Z Magazine, November 1990.
15 Philip Agee, as above.
16 New York Daily News, September 29, 1990.
17 Ralph Schoenman, Iraq and Kuwait, p. 13.
18 See Knut Royce, Newsday, August 29 and 30, 1990 and January 3 and 21, 1991.
19 The Observer, December 30, 1990.
20 Cited by Phillip Knightley, p. 7.
21 The Guardian, January 24, 1991.
22 Arming Saddam: The Supply of British Military Equipment to Iraq 1979–1990, Campaign Against the Arms Trade, February 1991.
23 The Guardian, January 24, 1991.
24 See Ropes of Sand, by former CIA operations officer Wilbur Crane Evelard, cited by Jeff McConnell, Boston Sunday Globe, September 9, 1990.
25 The Independent, February 6, 1991.
26 The Independent, February 11, 1991.
27 The Observer, February 10, 1991.
28 BBC Television News, February 11, 1991.
29 Ibid.
30 Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation Gulf Digest, February 1991.
31 The Guardian, February 5, 1991.
32 John Pilger, Heroes, p. 263.
33 The Daily Mirror, February 8, 1991.
34 Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation Gulf Digest, February 1991.
35 As told to the author.
36 The Weekend Guardian, January 12–13, 1991.
37 Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation Gulf Digest, February 1991.
38 Ibid.
39 The Observer, February 10, 1991.
40 Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation Gulf Digest, February 1991.
41 Heroes, pp. 113–14.
42 As told to the author.
43 Martha Gellhorn, The Face of War, Virago, London, 1986, p. 254.
44 ‘The South Supplement’, New Statesman and Society, October 11, 1991.
45 Ibid. I am grateful to Carlos Gabetta for his analysis.
46 The Independent, February 28, 1991.
47 Ibid.
48 Ibid.
49 Ibid.
50 The Guardian, March 1, 1991; The Times and Daily Telegraph, March 1, 1991.
51 The Daily Telegraph, March 2, 1991.
52 The Daily Mirror, March 2, 1991.
53 BBC Radio 4, FM ‘Gulf reports’ frequency, March 1, 1991.
54 BBC Television News, March 1, 1991.
55 Jeremy Bowen was questioned by Peter Sissons on BBC Television News, February 14, 1991.
56 The Observer, March 3, 1991.
57 The Sunday Times, March 3, 1991. Robert Harris subsequently wrote to me, enclosing what he described as ‘a letter of apology’ to be forwarded to Bobby Muller. Muller found no apology; Harris merely regretted not using his words differently.
58 The Guardian, February 21, 1991.
59 Stanley Karnow, Vietnam: A History, Viking Press, New York, 1983. Cited by Noam Chomsky in Manifesto: Vietnam Retrospectives, April 21, 1985.
60 Neal Acherson, the Independent on Sunday, March 10, 1991.
61 The Observer, March 10, 1991.
62 The International Herald Tribune, February 23–24, 1991.
63 Into the Media War, a study by the Glasgow University Media Group: Greg Philo, Frank Masson, Greg McLaughlin, March 1991.
64 BBC and Independent Television News, January 15, 1991.
65 BBC Television Gulf War coverage, January 18, 1991.
66 Michael Ignatieff, the Observer, March 31, 1991.
67 The Independent, March 28, 1991.
68 See William Blum, The CIA, A Forgotten History, pp. 275–8.
69 The Guardian, May 16, 1991.
70 The New York Times, March 26, 1991.
71 BBC and ITN, March 13, 1991.
72 The Boston Globe, January 18, 1991.
73 The International Herald Tribune, February 23–24, 1991 and the Washington Post, March 18, 1981, cited in the Independent the following day.
74 The New York Times, cited by the Guardian, January 16, 1992.
75 I am indebted to Noam Chomsky for this observation. In the Guardian of July 22, 1985 he wrote, ‘The weaker the country, the greater the threat [to US policy], because the greater the adversity under which success is rendered, the more significant the result’.
76 Cited by Paul Rogers, the Observer, June 28, 1992.
77 Ibid.
78 The Guardian, March 23, 1991.
79 Commission of Inquiry for the International War Crimes Tribunal, New York hearing, May 11, 1991.
80 The Guardian, March 23, 1991.
81 The Observer, May 3, 1991.
82 The Guardian, May 18, 1991.
83 The Independent, May 9, 1991.
84 Letter from M. V. Cooligan, Head of Export Control and Embargo, Department of Trade and Industry, to R. Turner, Oxfam, September 1990. This letter was sent again in March 1991.
85 Report to UN Secretary-General by Nicholas Hunton, Director-General, Save the Children Fund and Frank Judd, Director, Oxfam, 1991.
86 Report by Dr Eric Hoskins, Gulf Peace Team, received May 21, 1991.
87 Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation Gulf Digest, May 1991.
88 The Economic Impact of the Gulf Crisis on Third World Countries. Memorandum to The Foreign Affairs Select Committee, March 1991.
89 Private communication.
90 Comparisons from ‘The War Dividend’, Guardian, January 25, 1991.
91 Ibid.
92 Ian Lee, Continuing Health Cost of the Gulf War, The Medical Educational Trust, London, 1991.
93 The Economic Impact of the Gulf Crisis on Third World Countries, see Note 88.
94 The New York Times, December 2, 1990; Covert Action, No. 37, summer 1991.
95 US News and World Report, December 10, 1990.
96 BBC Short Wave Broadcasts Summary, November 1991.
97 Middle East International, October 12, 1990; also, as told to Richard McKerrow by Steve Sherman.
98 BBC Short Wave Broadcasts Summary and Middle East International; Turkish press review, July 22, 1991.
99 World Bank and OECD figures from Nexus.
100 US News and World Report, December 19, 1990; the Nation, December 7, 1990.
101 The Nation, December 24, 1990; also Geoffrey Aronson, Institute for Policy Studies, Washington, Background Paper, October 1991.
102 The Times, September 19, 1990; also War by Other Means, Central Television, 1992.
103 Middle East Report, November and December 1991.
104 The New York Times, December 2, 1990; Carl Zaisser, US Bribery and Arm-twisting of Security Council Members during the November 29 Vote on the resolution allowing the use of force in ousting Iraq from Kuwait, 1991.
105 Carl Zaisser.
106 Phyllis Bennis, Covert Action, No. 37, summer 1991.
107 World Bank statement, Nexus.
108 Carl Zaisser.
109 Phyllis Bennis; BBC Short Wave Broadcasts Summary; Village Voice, February 26, 1991.
110 The New York Times, December 2, 1990; also Phyllis Bennis.
111 Phyllis Bennis; also Nexus.
112 Private communication of source material.
113 The Guardian, February 21, 1991.
114 BBC Television Gulf War coverage, January 18, 1991.
115 Richard Norton-Taylor and David Pallister, the Guardian, March 7, 1992; Paul Foot, Daily Mirror, March 6, 1992; David Hellier and Rosie Waterhouse, the Independent, March 14, 1992.
116 The Guardian, May 3, 1992.
117 Scotland on Sunday, November 17, 1991; also BBC Short Wave Broadcasts Summary.
118 Statement by Iraq Trade Minister, Mehdi Saleh, New York, March 12, 1991.
119 The Guardian (letters), April 4, 1992.
120 Lies of Our Times, ‘Down the memory hole’, June 1991.
121 TV Guide, June 12, 1986.
122 See Note 101.
123 The Times, September 19, 1990.
124 New Statesman and Society, April 24, 1992.
125 Socialist, March 11–24, 1992.
126 The Daily Mirror, April 17, 1992.
127 Ibid.
128 The Observer, May 10, 1992.
129 Ibid.
130 Ibid.
131 Ibid.
V WAR BY OTHER MEANS
1 The Guardian, September 3, 1991.
2 War by Other Means, Central Television, 1992.
3 Socialist Economic Bulletin, no. 3, December 1990.
4 BBC Radio 4 News and Nine O’Clock Television News bulletins, October 1–5, 1993.
5 The Green Left Weekly, September 29, 1993.
6 Ibid.
7 The New York Times, published in the International Herald Tribune, September 9, 1993.
8 CNN News (South East Asia), September 22, 1993.
9 The Wall Street Journal, January 12, 1993.
10 Cited in Economic Intelligence, New York, March 1993.
11 Aida Fullers Santos and Lynn E Lee, The Debt Crisis: A Treadmill of Poverty for Filipino Women, Kalayaan, Manila, 1989, p. 22, cited by Dale Hildebrand in To Pay is to Die, The Philippine Foreign Debt Crisis, Philippine International Forum, 1991.
12 Susan George, The Debt Boomerang, Pluto Press, London, 1992.
13 As told to the author.
14 UNICEF, State of the World’s Children, 1989, p. 1.
15 Official statistics cited in ‘Red Noses buy only 8 hours of debt relief’, Socialist, April 11, 1991.
16 In a written answer in the House of Commons, the Government stated that tax relief to banks on ‘doubtful sovereign debt’ amounted to ‘about £70 million in 1987–8, over £0.5 billion for 1988–89 and about £0.33 billion for 1989–90’. Hansard, December 19, 1990, p. 180.
17 Anti-Slavery Reporter, published by the Anti-Slavery Society for the Protection of Human Rights, Series VII, Vol. 13, no. 5, 1988, p. 19.
18 The Guardian, June 7, 1990.
19 Walden Bello, Band Kinley and Elaine Elinson, Development Debacle: The World Bank and the Philippines, Institute for Food and Development Policy, Philippine Solidarity Network, San Francisco, 1982, p. 23.
20 Ibid., p. 25.
21 Statistic supplied to the author by Walden Bello.
22 Poverty statistics from IBON Databank study, Manila; cited in the Daily Globe, November 11, 1991.
23 Walden Bello, Development Debacle, p. 1.
24 Dale Hildebrand, To Pay is to Die: The Philippine Foreign Debt Crisis, Philippine International Forum, 1991, p. 9.
25 James B. Goodno, The Philippines: Land of Broken Promises, Zed Books, London, 1991, jacket quotation.
26 Hildebrand, p. 15.
27 Ibid., p. 3.
28 Cited in an internal report for Save the Children Fund, Manila and London.
29 Ibid.
30 See UNICEF, State of the World’s Children, 1989, p. 1.
31 Asian Wall Street Journal, special advertising feature, October 1991.
32 Annual Meeting News, Bangkok, 1991, October 14, 1991.
33 John Clark, For Richer for Poorer, Oxfam, Oxford, 1986, p. 91.
34 The Bangkok Post, October 17, 1991.
35 A total of $12 billion taken by Marcos was estimated by, among others, Morgan Guaranty Trust, Business Week, April 21, 1986.
36 The Nation (Bangkok), October 14, 1991.
37 The Nation (Bangkok), October 16, 1991.
38 Press conference, Bangkok, October 17, 1991.
39 Documentation received. See the Observer, April 22, 1990 and New Internationalist, December 1990.
40 The Bangkok Post, Observer 15 and 17, 1991.
41 Ibid., October 15, 1991.
42 UNICEF, State of the World’s Children, 1989, p. 1.
43 The Bangkok Post, October 15, 1991.
44 The Washington Post, February 16, 1992.
45 The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, summer 1992, citing an article by Djilas.
46 Chronology of the Yugoslav Crisis, January 1990–May 1992, Institute of International Politics and Economics, Belgrade, 1992, p. 1.
47 European Community and the Yugoslav Crisis, Institute of International Politics and Economics, Belgrade, 1992, p. 8.
48 Facts on File, May 9, 1991, p. 342, cited by Sean Gervasi in Covert Action, No. 43, winter 1992–3. (I am grateful to Sean Gervasi for his enquiry and analysis.)
49 European Community and the Yugoslav Crisis, p. 10.
50 The New Yorker, August 24, 1992.
51 Covert Action, No. 43.
52 The New York Times, October 14, 1989.
53 Facts on File, December 31, 1989, p. 985, cited by Gervasi.
54 Covert Action, No. 43.
55 I am grateful to Misha Gavrilovic for this reminder, and other insights, in a letter to the author.
56 Covert Action, No. 43.
57 Time, December 28, 1992.
58 The Guardian, December 14, 1992
59 Covert Action, No. 43.
60 BBC Short Wave Broadcasts, August, 1992.
61 The New Statesman, December 18, 1992.
62 Private correspondence collection of J. E. Walsh.
63 The Guardian, December 5, 1992.
64 Ibid.
65 The Guardian magazine, January 9, 1993.
66 BBC Short Wave Broadcasts, December, 1992.
67 The Observer, June 20, 1993.
68 The Guardian, June 19, 1993.
69 Covert Action, No. 43.
70 See Victoria Brittain, ‘West must act or the losers take all’, the Guardian, March 3, 1993.
71 ‘Reforming the United Nations’, speech at Pax Christi conference, London, January 23,f 1993,
72 BBC Shortwave Broadcasts, December, 1992.
73 The Guardian, December 29, 1992.
74 Ibid., December 16, 1992.
75 The Observer, January 10, 1993.
VI EAST TIMOR
1 Interview with the author, Canberra, August 1993, for Death of a Nation: The Timor Conspiracy, Central Television, broadcast on the ITV network, February 22, 1994.
2 The Irish Times, September 8, 1983. See also James Dunn, Timor: A People Betrayed, Jacaranda Press, Australia, 1983, p. 320.
3 Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, Australia’s Relations with Indonesia, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1993, p. 96.
4 Interview with the author, Washington, November 1993, for Death of a Nation: The Timor Conspiracy. In March 1994, Dr George Aditjondro, a leading Indonesian academic with twenty years’ research on East Timor, said in an interview that the figure of 200,000 deaths was a ‘moderate’ estimate. On April 14 1994, the Sydney Morning Herald published an admission by Abilio Soares, the Jakarta installed ‘governor’ of East Timor. ‘I think it is true’, he said. ‘Maybe around 200,000 people have died in East Timor since 1975.’
5 The 7.30 Report, ABC Television, November 26, 1991.
6 The Age, Melbourne, December 8, 1975.
7 Dunn, pp. 282–341.
8 Ibid., p. 313.
9 Ibid.
10 Correspondence with Amnesty International, December 1993.
11 Max Stahl’s film was shown in In Cold Blood, produced for Yorkshire Television by Peter Gordon, January 7, 1992. For latest figures of the dead and ‘disappeared’, see report by ‘Peace is Possible in East Timor’, Lisbon. Tapol Bulletin, No. 113, October 1992.
12 Mark Aarons and Robert Domm, East Timor, A Western Made Tragedy, Left Book Club, Sydney, 1992, p. 66.
13 Tapol Bulletin, No. 108, December 1991. Indonesian armed forces Commander-in-Chief (later vice-president), Try Sutrisno, said, ‘These delinquent people have to be shot. And we shall shoot them.’
14 Michele Turner, Telling East Timor: Personal testimonies 1942–1992, New South Wales University Press, Sydney, 1992, pp. 13–18.
15 Garfield Barwick, Minister in the Menzies government, said this in 1963, cited in the Sydney Morning Herald, January 1, 1984.
16 I am grateful to Michele Turner for this detail of Celestino’s death. See Telling, pp. 174–6.
17 Ibid., p. 14.
18 Peter Carey, The Forging of a Nation: East Timor, 1974–93, paper for the Conference on ‘Nationalism and Ethnicity in South East Asia’, Berlin, October 1993, pp. 11–12.
19 Letter to UN Secretary-General Perez de Cuellar, February 6, 1989.
20 José Ramos Horta, Funu, The Unfinished Saga of East Timor, Red Sea Press, New Jersey, 1987, pp. 38, 39.
21 Ibid., p. 43.
22 For an explanation of the overthrow of Gough Whitlam in November, 1975, see ‘The Coup’ in John Pilger, A Secret Country, Vintage, London, 1992.
23 Dunn, pp. 132–5.
24 Dunn, p. 135.
25 J. A. C. Mackie, ‘Australia’s Relations with Indonesia: Principles and Policies’, part 2, Australian Outlook 28, 1974.
26 Max Lane, New Internationalist, March 1994.
27 Cited by Noam Chomsky in his preface to José Ramos Horta’s Funu, The Unfinished Saga of East Timor, Red Sea Press, New Jersey, 1987.
28 Carmel Budiardjo and Liem Soei Liong, The War against East Timor, Zed Books, London, 1984, p. 49.
29 Gabriel Kolko, Confronting the Third World, Pantheon, New York, 1988 p. 178.
30 Chomsky, 1987.
31 ‘US Agents “drew up Indonesian hit list”’, the Guardian, May 22, 1990.
32 Gabriel Kolko, pp. 180–1. I am indebted to Mark Curtis for the basis of this analysis.
33 Chomsky, 1987.
34 Michael Stewart, Life and Labour: An Autobiography, Sidgwick and Jackson, London, 1980, p. 149.
35 The Melbourne Age, September 13, 1974.
36 The Sydney Morning Herald, September 16, 1974.
37 Ibid., November 19, 1974.
38 Dunn, p. ix.
39 The Sydney Morning Herald, December 10, 1991.
40 Dunn, p. 210.
41 The National Times, Sydney, May 30 and June 5, 1982.
42 Richard Walsh and George Munster, Documents on Australian Defence and Foreign Policy 1968–1975, published by J. R. Walsh and G. J. Munster, Sydney, 1980, p. 216.
43 Mark Hertsgaard, ‘The Secret Life of Henry Kissinger’, The Nation, New York, November 29, 1990. Copy of minutes acquired and authenticated by Victor Navasky, editor of The Nation.
44 The monitoring reports of the CIA – to become known as ‘The Timor Papers’ – were published in the National Times, Sydney, May 30 and June 6, 1982. See also ‘The Timor Papers’ section in The Book of Leaks, by Brian Toohey and Marian Wilkinson, Angus and Robertson, Sydney, pp. 143–95.
45 Ibid.
46 Ibid.
47 The Canberra Times, December 3, 1975.
48 John G. Taylor, Indonesia’s Forgotten War: The Hidden History of East Timor, Zed Books, London, 1991, p. 64.
49 Ibid., p. 68.
50 Tapol Bulletin, No. 59, September 1983.
51 Taylor (citing Dunn), p. 68.
52 Ibid., p. 69.
53 Amnesty International testimony, 1985, cited by Taylor, p. 69.
54 Ibid., p. 70.
55 Correspondence with the author. See also Taylor.
56 Taylor, p. 70.
57 The Boston Globe, November 8, 1975.
58 Hertsgaard, The Nation.
59 Ibid.
60 See Carmel Budiardjo, the New Internationalist, March 1994.
61 Cited by Taylor, p. 73. The document was originally published in Timor Link, London, No. 12/13, April 1988.
62 The Timor Papers.
63 Taylor, pp. 169–70.
64 Daniel Patrick Moynihan, A Dangerous Place, Little Brown, New York, 1978, p. 247.
65 Cited by Chomsky. Lopez de Cruz said that 60,000 had died ‘in six months of civil war’ (which had lasted two weeks from August 11, 1974). He was forced to retract by the Indonesians and claimed he had really meant ‘casualties’, not all of which were deaths. A close associate of de Cruz told James Dunn that, in his original statement, de Cruz had actually said ‘massacred’. See Carmel Budiardjo and Liem Soei Liong, The War against East Timor, Zed Books, London, 1984, p. 49.
66 Chomsky, 1987.
67 The Melbourne Age, August 3, 1976.
68 Taylor, p. 74.
69 The Times, October 12, 1976.
70 Taylor, p. 75.
71 The Timor Papers.
72 Chomsky, 1987.
73 Letter from David Owen to Lord Avebury, June 19, 1978.
74 Taylor, pp. 86–7.
75 Chomsky, 1987.
76 Soekanto, ed. Integrasi, Jakarta, 1976, cited by Dunn p. 84.
77 Ibid.
78 Jill Jolliffe, ‘Lisbon “connived” at Timor annexation’, the Guardian, October 17, 1981.
79 The official has since left the AFFC.
80 See the Sydney Morning Herald, December 1, 1992 and the Australian, March 3, 1993.
81 The Sydney Morning Herald, August 20, 1992.
82 The Australian, January 1, 1993.
83 The Sydney Morning Herald, December 1, 1992.
84 As told to the author.
85 Filmed interview with the author, August 1993, for Death of a Nation, Central Television, broadcast February 22, 1994.
86 Ibid.
87 Ibid.
88 Channel 7 Melbourne, October 1975.
89 The Courier-Mail, Brisbane, April 27, 1983.
90 Interview with the author.
91 Dunn, p. 237.
92 Ibid., p. 239.
93 Jill Jolliffe, East Timor: Nationalism and Colonialism, University of Queensland Press, 1978, p. 233.
94 Australian Hansard, House of Representatives, October 30, 1975.
95 Ibid., October 21, 1975.
96 Ibid., October 30, 1975.
97 Dunn, p. 245.
98 Ibid., p. 247.
99 Ibid., pp. 247–8.
100 Ibid., p. 246.
101 American journalist Rod Nordland reported the famine. See the Philadelphia Inquirer, May 28, 1982.
102 Carmel Budiardjo and Liem Soei Liong, pp. 103–5.
103 Ibid., p. 98.
104 Angkatan Bersenyata (Indonesian armed forces newspaper), October 24, 1985, cited by Taylor.
105 New Journalist, Sydney, May 1979.
106 Ibid.
107 Dunn, p. 286.
108 Letter from the head of the Indonesia Country Programme Department, East Asia and Pacific Regional Office, World Bank, to Carmel Budiardjo, Tapol Bulletin, September 12, 1985.
109 Cited by Taylor, p. 159.
110 The New York Times, April 24, 1993.
111 Interview with Christiano Costa by Carmel Budiardjo, Geneva, March 1988.
112 Instruction Manual No. PROTAP/01-B/VIV 1982, ‘Established Procedure for Interrogation of Prisoners’, Military Report Command, 164 Wira Dama, July 8, 1982, p. 34 in translation.
113 Taylor, p. 144.
114 Ibid., p. 138.
115 Australian Government Printing Service, 1983, Appendix 24B, pp. 157–60.
116 Ibid., p. 160.
117 Ibid., p. 163.
118 Ibid., Appendix 35, pp. 207–13.
119 Sinar Harapan (Indonesian press), August 17, 1983.
120 The Australian, January 24, 1994.
121 The Far Eastern Economic Review, July 30, 1992.
122 Ibid., April 22, 1992.
123 Filmed interview, November 1993.
124 Enclosure with letter to John Lynn, Administrative Assistant, c/o Hon. J. Bennett Johnston, US Senate, from Richard S. Fitzsimmons, Vice President, Government Relations, Burson-Marsteller, August 5, 1992.
125 BBC Short Wave Broadcasts, FE/1656,AL/1, April 6, 1993.
126 President Soares interviewed by the author, November 1993.
127 Republic of Indonesia, East Timor: Building for the Future, Department of Foreign Affairs, Jakarta, July 1992.
128 See the New York Times, July 19, 1985; November 21, 1988.
129 The Washington Post, January 6, 1992.
130 Philip Liechty left the CIA in 1979.
131 The interview with Philip Liechty appeared, in part, in Death of a Nation: the Timor Conspiracy, Central Television, London, February 1994.
132 The International Herald Tribune, July 8, 1993.
133 The Far Eastern Economic Review, September 23, 1993.
134 The New York Times, December 8, 1993.
135 Chomsky, 1987.
136 Mark Curtis, from the manuscript of a book on British foreign policy to be published 1994.
137 Mark Curtis, the New Internationalist, March 1994.
138 Ibid.
139 The Sunday Times, August 18, 1991.
140 Tapol Bulletin, No. 118, August 1993.
141 Hansard, July 21, 1993.
142 Cited in Tapol Bulletin, No. 113, October 1992.
143 Hansard, January 12, 1993.
144 Ibid., July 26, 1993.
145 Ibid., May 18, 1993.
146 British Aerospace press release, April 5, 1978.
147 Reuter, April 7, 1993.
148 Interview with the author, November 1993.
149 Curtis, the New Internationalist.
150 The Times, February 1, 1977.
151 As told to the author.
152 Letter from J. L. Wilkins to Alex Palmer, February 23, 1993.
153 Letter from Alex Palmer to the author, November 6, 1993.
154 Tapol Bulletin, No. 116, April 1993.
155 The Guardian, August 13, 1993, by Margaret Coles. Foreign Office documents, including ‘restricted’ Telex to FO, letter from Alastair Goodlad to Greg Pope MP and memorandum about ‘stonewalling’ were passed to Margaret Coles by Jonathan Humphreys of the East Timor Coalition, who was the recipient of the ‘leak’. Copies of all documents with the author.
156 Ibid.
157 Tapol Backgrounder, ‘Indonesia: the British Perspective’, 1993.
158 Interview with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Kuta, Bali, February 9, 1991, cited by Indonesian News, Volume 19, No. 2, February 1991.
159 The Sydney Morning Herald, August 23, 1985.
160 Aarons and Domm, p. 39.
161 Interview with the author, November 1993.
162 Indonesia News, Vol. 10, No. 2, February 1991.
163 Aarons and Domm, p. 66.
164 The Sydney Morning Herald, December 28 and 30, 1991.
165 Aarons and Domm, p. 39.
166 The Sydney Morning Herald, February 7, 1992. See also Amnesty International, ‘in accordance with the law’, statement before the UN Special Committee on decolonisation, July 1992, AI Index: ASA 21/11/92.
167 Ibid., April 18, 1993.
168 Ibid., September 13, 1993.
169 The Far Eastern Economic Review, September 30, 1993.
170 The Sydney Morning Herald, September 17, 1993.
171 Ibid., October 29, 1993.
172 Keating’s remarks cited by the Sun-Herald, February 13, 1994. In 1990 Gareth Evans told Kraisak Choonhaven, senior foreign policy adviser to (and son of) the Thai prime minister, that it was my 1989 film, Cambodia Year Ten, that had, according to Kraisak, ‘undoubtedly put the issue of Cambodia back on the international agenda and regenerated Australia’s part in the peace process’.
173 The Age, February 21, 1994.
174 The West Australian, April 6, 1994.
175 The Age, February 22, 1994.
176 Ibid.
177 The Australian, February 14, 1994.
178 Ibid., February 18 and 19, 1994.
179 Ibid., February 26, 1994.
180 Fax from Paul Kelly, March 15, 1994.
181 The Age, March 17, 1994.
182 George Aditjondro, From Memo to Tutuala; and In the Shadow of Mount Ramelau, Satya Wacana Christian University, Central Java, 1994. Also, interview with the author, March 31, 1994.
183 The Australian, March 18, 1994.
184 Amnesty International, ‘Indonesia/East Timor, the suppression of dissent’, July 1992, AI Index: ASA 21/09/92.
185 The Sydney Morning Herald, May 28, 1993.
186 The list appeared in Info Bisnis Monthly, cited by Australian Associated Press and Reuter, November 10, 1993.
187 The New Internationalist, March 1994.
VII TRIBUTES
1 Jeremy Bentham, Panoptican Versus New South Wales, p. 7, cited in Robert Hughes, The Fatal Shore, Collins Harvill, London, 1987, p. 2.
2 I began this tribute in Heroes.
3 Noam Chomsky, The Chomsky Reader, edited by James Peck, Serpent’s Tail, London, 1987.
4 Noam Chomsky, The Backroom Boys, Fontana, London, 1973.
5 This quotation is from an interview similar to that in Language and Politics, Black Rose Books, Montreal, 1989, p. 700. (Having mislaid my original Chomsky sources, I am indebted to Carlos Otero for this Note, and the following.)
6 Chomsky, The Culture of Terrorism, Pluto Press, London, 1988.
7 Chomsky’s extended sense of Isaiah Berlin’s term ‘secular priesthood’ is developed in his major essay, ‘Intellectuals and the State’, reprinted in Towards a New Cold War, Sinclair Brown, London, 1982.
8 Chomsky, The Culture of Terrorism, p. 24; also Language and Politics, p. 693.
9 Radical Philosophy, no. 53, Autumn 1989, pp. 31–40.
10 Cited in The Late Show, BBC television, December 1992.
11 Ibid.
12 Norman Mailer, The Armies of the Night, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1968.
13 Lies of Our Times, September 1991.
14 Jim Garrison, On the Trail of the Assassins, Sheridan Square Press, New York, 1988.
15 The Chicago Tribune, May 14, 1991.
16 Indo-China Project Press Digest, January 1992.
17 Newsday, January 7, 1992.
18 The Washington Post, January 24, 1992.
19 Ibid., May 19, 1991.
20 Lies of Our Times, September 1991.
21 Cited in Socialist, January 29–February 11, 1992.
22 The Washington Post, January 24, 1992.
23 Cited in Socialist, January 29–February 11, 1992.
24 See Heroes, pp. 187–8.
25 Lies of Our Times, September 1991.
26 Behind the Headlines, BBC Television, January 1992.
27 Lies of Our Times, September 1991.
28 The Guardian, September 17, 1991.
29 The Truth Game, Central Television, 1983; also sourced by Christic Institute, Washington.
30 The Guardian, September 21, 1991.
31 The Evening Standard, March 15, 1990.
32 The Independent, August 6, 1989.
33 The Evening Standard, March 15, 1990.
34 The Sun, March 16, 1990.
35 See ‘Salesman Hurd’ and elsewhere in ‘Mythmakers of the Gulf War’.
36 The Daily Mail, March 17, 1990.
37 Today, March 17, 1990.
38 Ibid., March 19, 1990.
39 The News of the World, March 18, 1990.
40 The Sunday Telegraph, March 18, 1990.
41 The Guardian, March 20, 1990.
42 Tribune, April 6, 1984.
43 The Observer, June 24, 1990.
44 The Observer, September 10 & 15, October 15, 1989.
45 Ibid., May 6 & 13, 1990; April 7 & August 4, 1991.
46 Ibid., July 14, 1991.
VIII ON THE ROAD
1 The St Petersburg Times, August 1, 1991.
2 The New York Times, August 1, 1991.
3 The St Petersburg Times, August 1, 1991.
4 The Washington Post, November 12, 1993.
5 Ibid.
6 The New York Times, November 9, 1993.
7 Vietnam Development Bank circular, 1993.
IX CAMBODIA
1 I have taken the body of this opening account from the ‘Year Zero’ chapter of Heroes, Jonathan Cape, London, 1986; Pan Books, London, 1987 and 1989.
2 Cited by Denis Bloodworth, ‘The man who brought death’, Observer magazine, January 20, 1980.
3 Vietnam: A Television History, Programme 9, ‘The secret war: Laos and Cambodia’, Central Television, 1983.
4 Efforts of Khmer Insurgents to Exploit for Propaganda Purposes Damage Done by Airstrikes in Kandal Province, Intelligence Information Cable, May 2, 1973, declassified by the CIA on February 19, 1987.
5 Ben Kiernan, the Sydney Morning Herald, January 6, 1989.
6 Roger Normand, The Nation, August 27, 1990.
7 Ben Kiernan, The Cambodian Genocide: Issues and Responses, Yale paper, 1990, p. 1.
8 Khieu Samphan was interviewed by David Hawk, Index on Censorship, January 1986.
9 As told to the author.
10 Elizabeth Becker, When the War Was Over, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1986, p. 440.
11 Letters from Jonathan Winer to Larry Chartienes, Vietnam Veterans of America, citing Congressional Research Service, October 22, 1986. Letter from Winer to Noam Chomsky, June 16, 1987. Telephone communication with the author, August 1989.
12 Linda Mason and Roger Brown, Rice, Rivalry and Politics: Managing Cambodian Relief, University of Notre Dame Press, Indiana, 1983, pp. 135, 159.
13 William Shawcross, The Quality of Mercy: Cambodia, Holocaust and Modern Conscience, Andre Deutsch, London, 1984, pp. 289, 345, 395.
14 William Shawcross, Sideshow: Nixon, Kissinger and the Destruction of Cambodia, Andre Deutsch, London, 1979.
15 The colonel’s role was ‘made plain’ at a meeting with staff members of the US Senate Intelligence Committee on February 10, 1990, according to John Pedler, who was at the meeting.
16 Inside Asia, February and June 1985.
17 The New York Times, May 14, 1989.
18 Cambodia: The Betrayal, Central Television, 1990.
19 The San Francisco Examiner, August 12 and 15, 1990.
20 The Sunday Telegraph, September 24, 1989.
21 Jane’s Defence Weekly, September 30, 1989.
22 Cambodia Year Ten, Central Television, 1989.
23 Blue Peter, BBC Television, December 19, 1988.
24 In 1990 Ranariddh said that, in a proposed attack on Siem Reap, ‘The Khmer Rouge will be the major attacking forces’: Associated Press, October 11, 1990; Indochina Digest, October 6, 1990. His separate statement that Sihanoukists celebrated Khmer Rouge victories as their own was reported in the Sunday Correspondent, November 5, 1989.
25 Cambodia Year One, Associated Television, 1980.
26 See report by Committee to Protect Journalists, New York, 1989, 1990, 1991; also Index on Censorship file. One recent example was the Thai regime’s refusal to renew the resident’s permit of Alan Boyd, an Australian correspondent of the South China Morning Post and the Australian, following articles critical of the military government.
27 The New York Times, August 7, 1991.
28 The Sydney Morning Herald, October 20, 1990 and Ben Kiernan, Cambodia’s Missed Chance, Superpower Obstruction of a Viable Path to Peace, Indo-China newsletter, Issue 72, November–December 1991, p. 5.
29 Hansard, November 8, 1989.
30 ‘Waldegrave makes tacit admission of SAS link to Khmer Rouge’, the Independent, November 14, 1989.
31 Letter to John Bowis, MP, May 16, 1990.
32 Letter to Neil Kinnock, October 17, 1990.
33 Hansard, October 26, 1990, p. 650. See also pp. 640, 641.
34 Colvin’s comments, and name, were on a copy of Raoul Jennar’s ‘A Dangerous Gamble: An analysis of the “Comprehensive political settlement” worked out by the Five Permanent Members of the UN Security Council to end the conflict in Cambodia’, Document RMJ/9, December 11, 1990.
35 Ibid.
36 Letter from D. H. Colvin to D. Belfield, May 17, 1991 in which Colvin refers to ‘the need to include the Khmer Rouge in the peace process’.
37 As told to the author.
38 Tribute to Simon O’Dwyer-Russell, the Sunday Telegraph, December 16, 1991.
39 Letters from Noam Chomsky to the Independent, October 22 and November 23, 1990.
40 Private communication with the author.
41 Parliamentary questions for answers, October 18, 1990; note from Chris Mullin to the author, October 16, 1990.
42 The Guardian, October 16, 1991.
43 Cited by Penny Edwards, the Guardian, November 4, 1989.
44 Agence France Presse report from Geneva, August 30, 1990.
45 Ben Kiernan, The Cambodian Genocide: Issues and Responses, p. 28.
46 Ibid., p. 29.
47 On June 5, 1990, The Times reported Kissinger as saying, ‘I would not be surprised if ten years from now, China, even following its present course, will appear like a freer country than Russia and a more prosperous one.’
48 The Sydney Morning Herald, October 20 and December 6, 1990. After the contents of the Evans briefing document were published in the Sydney Morning Herald, Senator Evans replied in a letter to the paper on December 10, 1990. ‘The truth is’, he wrote, ‘that in a statement circulated [at Paris] on August 28, 1989, I described, as one of “five stumbling blocks . . . identified in the work of the Committees, and by the Co-presidents” the following: “whether it is appropriate or not to refer specifically to the non-return of genocidal practices of the past”. Other “stumbling blocks” I referred to were such matters as “the composition and powers of the transitional administration” and “whether it is appropriate to acknowledge or not the presence of Vietnamese or other settlers in Cambodia”. The point is simply that I was making a value-neutral assessment of where we were then at in the negotiating process, identifying controversial words and phrases and issues generally which remained to be addressed . . .’
49 The Sydney Morning Herald, October 20, 1990.
50 Australian Government, Informal Meeting on Cambodia, Issues for Negotiations in a Comprehensive Settlement: Working Papers, Jakarta, February 26–28, 1990.
51 Cambodia Year Ten Update, Central Television, 1989.
52 Ben Kiernan, Cambodia’s Missed Chance, p. 5.
53 Ibid., p. 4.
54 See Raoul M. Jennar, ‘Cambodian Chronicles (I), Fourteen Days which shook Cambodia’ and ‘Cambodian Chronicles (II), The very first steps towards a fragile peace’, European Far Eastern Research Center, Brussels, December 5, 1991/March 15, 1992.
55 The Washington Post, April 29, 1989.
56 Elizabeth Becker, When the War Was Over, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1986.
57 Official Records, UN General Assembly Thirteenth Session, October 6, 1975.
58 Transcript of Sihanouk’s press conference, January 7, 1979, cited and analysed by Ben Kiernan, The Cambodian Genocide: Issues and Responses, pp. 25, 26.
59 Ben Kiernan, Cambodia’s Missed Chance, p. 9.
60 Peter Jennings Reporting, ABC News, April 26, 1990.
61 Vanity Fair, April 1990.
62 John Pedler, Cambodia: A Report on the International and Internal Situation and the Future Outlook, NGO Forum on Kampuchea, London, April, 1989.
63 The Washington Post, April 29, 1989.
64 The New York Times, May 14, 1989.
65 Cambodia Year Ten, Central Television, 1989.
66 Cambodia Study Group, Resumé of Selected Collaborative Battles, Cambodia 1988–90. Copyright Cambodia Study Group 1990.
67 Affidavit sworn by John Pedler at Rome, June 14, 1991.
68 The Washington Post, February 28, 1991.
69 Newsday, March 7, 1991.
70 See Thomas Kiernan, Citizen Murdoch: The unexpurgated story of Rupert Murdoch – the world’s most powerful and controversial media head, Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1986, pp. 237–50.
71 Memo from Rosie Waterhouse to Robin Morgan, May 1988, cited by Roger Bolton, Death on the Rock and other stories, W. H. Allen, London, 1990, p. 29.
72 Ibid.
73 As told to Jane Hill.
74 See Heroes, Chapters 35 and 36.
75 The Guardian, January 8, 1980.
76 See Heroes, Chapters 35 and 36.
77 Ibid., p. 429.
78 ‘Pottiness of Pilger’, letter by Derek Tonkin, Sunday Times, March 17, 1991.
79 Letter from David Colvin to the author, May 9, 1991.
80 Letter from the author to David Colvin, May 13, 1991.
81 Letter from David Munro to William Shawcross, May 14, 1991; Ben Kiernan, The Cambodian Genocide, 1975–1979: A Critical Review, Yale paper, 1991, p. 19.
82 The Observer, March 24, 1991.
83 The Quality of Mercy: Cambodia, Holocaust and Modern Conscience, Andre Deutsch, London, 1984.
84 New Left Review, no. 152, July–August 1985.
85 Report by Finnish Inquiry commissioners, cited by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky in Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media, Pantheon, 1988, p. 263.
86 William Shawcross, The Quality of Mercy, pp. 181, 182.
87 Ben Kiernan, The Cambodian Genocide, 1975–1979: A Critical Review, pp. 16, 19.
88 The Observer, March 17, 1991.
89 The Daily Mirror, September 12, 1979.
90 Cambodia Year One, Associated Television, 1980.
91 The Washington Post, March 18, 1980. I have taken this, and following examples, from Heroes.
92 New York Review of Books, January 24, 1980.
93 James Reston, ‘Is there no Pity?’ New York Times, December 12, 1979.
94 Interview in The Eagle, The Dragon, The Bear and Kampuchea, Central Television, 1983.
95 The Far Eastern Economic Review, January 4, 1980.
96 Letter from William Shawcross to the author, January 27, 1983.
97 Heroes, p. 411.
98 Written parliamentary answer by the Armed Forces Minister, Archie Hamilton; the Guardian, June 27, 1991.
99 The Spectator, March 23 and May 4, 1991. Chris Mullin wrote to the Spectator on July 23, 1991: ‘No doubt Mr Tonkin will argue that the KPNLF and the Sihanouk army are not terrorists, a subtlety which will, I imagine, be lost on most Cambodians.’ His letter was not published.
100 Letter to Mishcon de Reya, solicitors, from R. A. D. Jackson, Assistant Treasury Solicitor, June 25, 1991, accompanied by High Court documents.
101 High Court Public Immunity Certificate signed by Tom King, Defence Secretary, June 25, 1991.
102 Overheard by David Munro, myself and others.
103 This is the complete text of a statement by Central Television issued following the libel settlement on July 5, 1991: ‘Cambodia is a uniquely devastated country; The suffering endured as a result of Pol Pot’s reign of terror has been compounded by the wilful isolation of the Cambodian people. Cambodia is the only country in the world to be denied United Nations development aid. This is part of a punitive embargo devised and led by the United States and China, and backed by the British Government.
‘Britain’s involvement has been crucial. Since late 1989 government ministers have issued a series of denials that British troops have been secretly training Pol Pot’s allies on the Thai/Cambodian border. These denials have been in response to allegations, especially allegations made by us in our documentary films.
‘Last week the government finally admitted that the SAS had been training the so-called “non-communist resistance” – part of a coalition dominated by Pol Pot’s Khmer Rouge – since 1983. In fact, serving and former British soldiers have been instructing Cambodian guerrillas in a range of military skills, including sabotage, the laying of mines and other modern techniques of terrorism. In Central’s film last year, Cambodia: The Betrayal, it was estimated that eighty Cambodians lose a limb every day as a consequence of stepping on mines.
‘In our film Ann Clwyd MP, Shadow Minister for Overseas Development, was interviewed about two men with military connections whom she had encountered in Phnom Penh during the withdrawal of Vietnamese troops from Cambodia in September 1989. The presence of the two men was described as mysterious. It should be made clear that these two, who sued us, played no part in the guerrilla training. In an agreed Statement in the High Court today, we have accepted that and made clear that it was never our intention to suggest that these men were involved in training. The libel case concerning these two men has now been settled.
‘Our film was principally concerned not with individuals but with governments – and especially the secret aid given by Western governments, including the British Government, to one side in the Cambodian civil war.
‘Not only was Britain’s role made clear by the government’s admission last week about SAS training – but it was demonstrated again this week in the High Court, where the government was represented by two counsel, and others, who intervened in the libel case in an extraordinary way.
‘Indeed, the government dramatically intervened even before the case came to court by stopping five subpoenas issued by our lawyers on three government ministers – Archie Hamilton, Mark Lennox-Boyd and William Waldegrave – and the head and former head of the SAS. The authority for this gagging order was contained in “Public Interest Immunity Orders” signed by the Secretary of State for Defence, Tom King.
‘In open court this week the government’s representatives made clear that no evidence would be permitted that went beyond the statement last week by the Armed Services Minister, Archie Hamilton, confirming British military training of Cambodian guerrillas.
‘The government counsel – John Laws QC and Philip Havers – spelt out the wide-ranging, catch-all provisions of the Secretary of State’s order. For example, certain evidence regarding the SAS and the security services, such as MI6, which might be brought by our defence counsel would be challenged and a ruling sought that it not be allowed. The government counsel spoke in open court about “national security” being at stake with the disclosure of evidence that “travels into the area that the Secretary of State would protect”.
‘The judge accepted this government restriction – which meant that a Ministry of Defence witness would not even be allowed, for example, to confirm or deny anything about the SAS and that counsel acting for the defence would not be allowed to challenge this.
‘The defence counsel – Desmond Browne QC – described this as “grossly unfair” and a “considerable injustice”. He drew a parallel with the Spycatcher case in 1987 in which the government intervened in a similar way.
‘In the meantime, the Cambodian people enter their thirty-third year of war and suffering in which Western governments have played a major part.’
104 Document addressed to David Munro, signed by Long Visalo, deputy foreign minister, State of Cambodia, June 28, 1991, reads: ‘Report of Mao Makara (Khmer Rouge defector) . . . Nong Nhai Training Camp belonging to the Khmer Rouge, 6 British instructors came here in May, 1987’.
105 The Sunday Telegraph, December 16, 1990.
106 Ibid., July 7, 1991.
107 My reply was published in the Sunday Telegraph, July 14, 1991.
108 Letter from David Munro to the Evening Standard, July 22, 1991 (unpublished), in reply to the Evening Standard article, July 19, 1991.
109 Letter from Chris Mullin to the Spectator, July 23, 1991, replying to Paul Johnson’s article, Spectator, July 20, 1991.
110 Noam Chomsky identifies these three stages in Manufacturing Consent, written with Edward S. Herman. See Chapter 6, The Indo-China Wars (II): Laos and Cambodia; Pantheon, New York, 1988.
111 Roger Normand, The Nation, August 27, 1990.
112 The Vietnamese proposed a mutual pull-back of troops from their border with Cambodia on February 5, 1978. Three days later at the UN they issued a United Nations Circular to members detailing a proposal for a demilitarised zone of five kilometres on either side. The Vietnamese ambassador put this to the Secretary-General on March 3, 1978. It was subsequently rejected (see UN Circular NV/78/9, February 8, 1978).
113 In 1982 the Vietnamese began official partial withdrawals of their troops. In 1983 Hanoi proposed a timetable for the withdrawal of troops to Indonesia’s Foreign Minister, Kusumaatmadja, who called it a ‘significant step forward’. The Thai Foreign Minister Siddhi welcomed ‘significant new elements’ in Hanoi’s proposals.
These elements were clarified in 1985, when Hanoi dropped its demand that the Chinese threat would have to end before any full Vietnamese troop withdrawal from Cambodia. In March 1985, Bill Hayden, visiting Hanoi, announced that the Vietnamese now insisted only that the Khmer Rouge be prevented from returning to power. Hayden called this a ‘considerable advance’. Indonesia’s Mochter called it ‘an advance in substance’ on the previous Vietnamese position. Sydney Morning Herald, October 20, 1990; see also Ben Kiernan, Cambodia’s Missed Chance, p. 6.
114 Ben Kiernan, Cambodia’s Missed Chance, p. 3.
115 Ibid., p. 6.
116 St Louis Post-Dispatch, November 29, 1979.
117 The New York Times, August 5, 1989.
118 The Guardian, October 6–7, 1989.
119 Hearings on Cambodia, the Asian and Pacific Sub-committee of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, Washington D.C., April 10, 1991.
120 Ibid.
121 Ibid.
122 Washington Quarterly, Spring 1991, p. 85.
123 The New York Times, August 17, 1990.
124 St Louis Post-Dispatch, January 15, 1979.
125 Lies of Our Times, ‘Down the memory hole’, June 1991.
126 The Nation, August 27, 1990.
127 The Independent, June 8, 1990.
128 The Independent, to its credit, gave me the same space in which to reply to the McCarthy article: July 6, 1990.
129 The Independent Magazine, December 7, 1991.
130 The Times, January 31, 1991.
131 The Times, November 27, 1991.
132 Source: Cambodia Campaign to oppose the return of the Khmer Rouge, Washington D.C.; also the Guardian, November 18, 1991.
133 Eva Mysliwiec, Punishing the Poor: The International Isolation of Kampuchea, Oxfam, Oxford, 1988.
134 Ben Kiernan, The Cambodian Genocide: Issues and Responses, p. 11.
135 Letter from J. Wilkins, South East Asia Department, Foreign Office, to C. Preece; July 9, 1991.
136 The Nation, August 27, 1990.
137 The Sydney Morning Herald, Good Weekend magazine, December 14, 1991.
138 Indochina Digest, February 21, 1992.
139 The Washington Post, January 26, 1992.
140 The first quotation is from the Guardian, November 20, 1991; the second is from Reuter, November 16, 1991.
141 I am grateful to Catherine Lumby for this, and other observations, in her excellent article in the Sydney Morning Herald, November 30, 1991.
142 The Washington Post, January 26, 1992; also Ben Kiernan, Khmer Rouge Strategy in Cambodia: Exploiting and Subverting the UN Agreement, 1992.
143 The New York Times, November 15, 1991.
144 Gareth Porter, Kampuchea’s UN Seat: Cutting the Pol Pot Connection, Indo-China issue no. 8, July 1980.
145 Private communication following the Caithness meeting in Phnom Penh.
146 As told to the author.
147 The Sydney Morning Herald, October 20, 1990.
148 Sunday, National Nine Network Australia, September 1, 1991.
149 Indochina Digest, June 19, 1992.
150 Sunday, cited by Dennis Shoesmith in Cambodia after the Paris Agreements, February 17, 1992.
151 The Observer, December 1, 1991.
152 The Sydney Morning Herald, February 29, 1992.
153 The Bangkok Post, citing Agence France Presse, March 28, 1992.
154 Cambodian Chronicles (IV), EFERC 9, July 2, 1992.
155 Cambodian Chronicles (III), EFERC 7, May 11, 1992; and Paul Davies, Cambodia: Interference is not aid, May 26, 1992.
156 Paul Davies.
157 Reuter, June 3, 1992.
158 United Press International, May 30, 1992.
159 Reuter, June 10, 1992.
160 Ibid., June 11, 1992.
161 Land Mines in Cambodia: The Coward’s War, Asia Watch, New York, September 1991, pp. 1, 2.
162 Ibid.
163 Indochina Digest, May 1, 1992.
164 Reuter, January 2, 1992.
165 Repression Trade UK Limited: How the UK makes Torture and Death its Business, Amnesty International, January 1992.
166 Reuter, January 15, 1992.
167 Letter from Rae McGrath to the Guardian, January 20, 1992 (unpublished).
168 Letter from Derek Tonkin to the Editor, Vietnam Broadsheet, March 5, 1992, published summer issue 1992.
169 As told to Paul Donovan, April 24, 1992. (Verbatim notes supplied.)
I wrote to Tonkin on May 18, 1992 and advised him I was writing for publication about his latest involvement in Indo-China. My letter said, ‘I have a copy of your letter for publication in Vietnam Broadsheet (March 5, 1992) in which you state that your firm has plans for mines clearance in Cambodia. Paul Donovan has given me a record of his conversation with you and your associate, Neil Shrimpton, in which you identify Royal Ordnance as the company with which you are seeking contracts for clearing mines. Would you like to comment on this?
‘On the question of mine-laying, I note in your letter of 5 March, 1992 that you say “the only detailed account, claiming any authority”, about the type of military training given by British troops to Cambodian guerrillas is Jane’s Defence Weekly. This, of course, is not correct.
‘In September, 1991 Asia Watch and the Mines Advisory Group produced a comprehensive and expert report giving details of British instruction in mine-laying to Cambodian guerrillas. Amnesty International subsequently produced a report based upon the Asia Watch and Mines Advisory Group study. I presume you have read this.
‘In reviewing your public statements on this matter I note that you have not denied that, during your time as ambassador to Thailand, British troops trained Cambodian guerrillas to lay mines. Is this still your position? Or do you deny it?’
Tonkin replied on May 25, 1992, that he had ‘no wish to make any comment’.
170 As told to the author, June 1989, and repeated in part of Cambodia Year Ten, Central Television, November 1989.
171 Cambodia Year Ten.
172 Letter from John Pedler to the author, February 3, 1992.
173 The Sydney Morning Herald, November 30, 1991.
174 The Spectator, November 2, 1991.
175 Vietnam: A Television History, Programme 9, ‘The Secret War: Laos and Cambodia’, Central Television, 1983.
176 Michael Vickery, Cambodia After the Peace, Samizdat, Penang, December 1991, cited by Jennar, p. 16.
177 Roger Normand, The Nation, August 27, 1990.
178 Ben Kiernan, Cambodia’s Missed Chance, pp. 2–4.
179 The Economist, September 30, 1989.
180 Cambodia: The Betrayal, Central Television, 1990; also from untransmitted material.
181 The Far Eastern Economic Review, March 2, 1989.
182 Senator Bob Kerrey; testimony before the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee, April 11, 1991.
183 Ben Kiernan, Cambodia’s Missed Chance, p. 10.
184 Ibid.
185 Stephen R. Heder, a Cambodian scholar who was worked both for the US State Department and Amnesty International, found that ‘after careful examination of all the available evidence, I have seen no evidence that any of the ex-Khmer Rouge in positions of high political authority in today’s Cambodia were involved in large-scale or systematic killing of Cambodian civilians’. Recent Developments in Cambodia, a paper presented at the Australian National University on September 5, 1990.
186 Martha Gellhorn, The Face of War, Virago, London, 1986, p. 254.
187 Interviewed on film in October 1992 for Return to Year Zero, Central Television, March 1993.
188 Ibid.
189 The Melbourne Age, cited in the Bulletin, May 11, 1993.
190 Report by the Danish-based Child International, sponsored by UNICEF, cited in the Guardian, November 11, 1993.
191 Document seen by the author.
192 Correspondence with the author.
193 The New Statesman and Society (letters), July 2, 1993.
194 See William Shawcross, the Washington Post, March 16, 1980.
195 The New Statesman and Society, May 28, 1993; the National Catholic Reporter, May 14, 1993; also communication with the author.
196 Roger Normand, The Nation, August 27, 1990.
197 The Guardian magazine, May 22, 1993.
198 The Independent, May 10, 1993.
199 The Australian, June 26, 1993.
200 The Phnom Penh Post, June 6–12, 1993.
201 Time magazine, December 28, 1992; the Daily Telegraph, May 12, 1993; the New York Times, October 11, 1993.
202 Private communication.
203 Interviewed by the author, June 1993. See Craig Etcheson, ‘The Calm Before the Storm’, CORKR Situation Report, March 1993.
204 See Indochina Newsletter, Issue 79, 1993, No. 1.
205 Cited in Indochina Digest, June 1993.
206 Indochina Newsletter, Issue 79, 1993, No. 1.
207 The Far Eastern Economic Review, February 4, 1993.
208 Ibid.
209 Nayan Chanda, ‘Cambodia in search of an elusive peace’, Aspen Institute, Vol. 8, No. 2, February 8, 1993.
210 Roger Normand, The Nation, August 27, 1990.
211 John Pedler, Cambodia: A Report on the International and Internal Situation and the Future Outlook, NGO Forum on Kampuchea, London, April 1989.
212 Indochina Digest, October 1993.
213 The Sydney Morning Herald, December 28, 1993.
214 The Guardian, December 23, 1993.
215 Report by Paul Davies, MAG South East Asia Desk Officer, April 28, 1994.
216 The Phnom Penh Post, August 13–26, 1993.
217 The Far Eastern Economic Review, cited in Indochina Digest, August 1992.
218 The National Catholic Reporter, May 14, 1992.
219 The Sydney Morning Herald, cited in Indochina Digest, February 1993.
220 Report to the UN Economic and Social Council, July 2, 1985.
221 The Washington Post, January 26, 1992.
222 Cited by Penny Edwards, the Guardian, November 4, 1989.
1 IBON Databank study, cited in the Daily Globe, November 11, 1991.
2 The Daily Globe, October 9, 1991.
3 War by Other Means, Central Television, 1991.
4 James Goodno, The Philippines: Land of Broken Promises, pp. 3–7.
5 Letter to the author.
6 James Goodno, The Philippines, pp. 5, 6.
7 Ibid., p. 4.
8 AMPO Japan-Asia Quarterly Review, Vol. 23, No. 1, 1990.
9 The Daily Globe, October 10, 1991.
10 Amnesty International report, cited in New Statesman and Society, June 21, 1991.
11 James Goodno, The Philippines, p. 287.
12 The Guardian, October 31, 1991.
13 The Guardian, October 30, 1991.
14 Ibid.
15 Do They Feel My Shadow?, made by Goldhawk Films, broadcast BBC 2, July 4, 1991.
16 Martha Gellhorn, The Face of War, Virago, London, 1986, p. 254.
17 The New York Times, August 5, 1991.
18 The Nation, June 17, 1991.
19 Heroes, pp. 138, 139.
20 The Guardian, June 27, 1992.
21 The Guardian, May 29, 1991.
22 Market International Report (Ethiopia summary), January 1979, cited in Behind the War in Eritrea, edited by Basil Davidson, Lionel Cliffe and Bereket Hable Selassie, Spokesman, Nottingham, 1980, p. 39.
23 BBC Short Wave Broadcasts Summary, June 1991.
24 Ibid.
XI AUSTRALIA
1 The Sydney Morning Herald, August 3, 1987.
2 In February 1992 youth unemployment was estimated at 34 per cent. Source: Radio 2UE Sydney economic analysis, February 4, 1992.
3 1986 OECD figures researched by Carole Sklan for The Last Dream, Central Television, 1988.
4 Direct Action, November 29, 1988.
5 The Sun-Herald, December 15, 1991.
6 Statex – Sydney Morning Herald study, October 31, 1987.
7 The Sydney Morning Herald, February 21, 1992.
8 The Sydney Morning Herald, February 15, 1992.
9 The Sydney Morning Herald, February 18, 1992; Radio 2UE economic analysis, February 14, 1992.
10 Geoff Page, ‘Inscription at Villers-Bretonneux’, in Shadows from Wire: Poems and Photographs of Australia in the Great War, ed. Geoff Page, Penguin, Sydney, 1983, p. 94.
11 Historian James Rusbridger referred to a secret memo sent by British Chiefs of Staff to Churchill in August 1940 – which maintained that Singapore could not be defended. The memo is one of a number of documents omitted from official histories of the period and which, according to Rusbridger, demonstrate that Churchill withheld the warning on Singapore from the governments of Australia and New Zealand. See the Sun-Herald, February 16, 1992; the Guardian, February 28, 1992.
12 John Pilger, A Secret Country, Vintage Books, London, 1992, p. 159.
13 Manning Clark, The Quest for an Australian Identity, James Duhig Memorial Lecture delivered at the University of Queensland in 1979; published by University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, 1980, p. 18.
14 The Sydney Morning Herald, November 13, 1978.
15 See Brian Toohey, the Sun-Herald, Febuary 2, 1992.
16 The Last Dream, Central Television, 1988.
17 A Secret Country, p. 169.
18 The Sydney Morning Herald, January 9, 1992.
19 Allies, documentary film directed by Marian Wilkinson, produced by Sylvie Chezio, Cinema Enterprises Property Ltd, Australia, 1981.
20 Alan Renouf, The Frightened Country, Macmillan, Melbourne, 1979, p. 279.
21 A Secret Country, p. 267. The original source was from within the prime minister’s office, as told to the late William Pinwill.
22 The Sydney Morning Herald, November 4, 1991. Evans made the claim in a book written with Bruce Grant, Australia’s Foreign Relations in the World of the 1990s, Melbourne University Press, 1991.
23 Private communication with the author.
24 Cited by Catherine Lumby, the Sydney Morning Herald, January 9, 1992.
25 Cited by Noam Chomsky, the Guardian, January 10, 1991.
26 Cited by Lumby.
27 Australian Hansard, November 1, 1989.
28 The Sydney Morning Herald, December 28, 1991.
29 BBC Shortwave Broadcasts Summary, January 1992.
30 A Secret Country, pp. 152, 153.
31 The Guardian, January 17, 1992.
32 David Day, The Great Betrayal: Britain, Australia and the Onset of the Pacific War, Angus and Robertson, Sydney, 1988, p. 287.
33 The Sydney Morning Herald, August 31, 1987.
34 Ibid., October 11, 1986.
35 Ibid., May 22, 1991.
36 Ibid., May 8, 1991.
37 Ibid.
38 Ibid., February 18, 1992.
39 Ibid., April 18, 1992.
40 Ibid., February 12, 1992.
41 Ibid., February 4, 1991.
42 Ibid., March 30, 1985.
43 The Independent, January 23, 1988.
44 Kevin Gilbert, Because a White Man’ll Never Do It, Angus and Robertson, Sydney, 1973.
45 The Sydney Morning Herald, May 9, 1985.
46 The Guardian, July 17, 1993.
47 Ibid.
48 Ibid.
49 Ibid.
50 The Melbourne Age, January 29, 1994.
51 Cited in correspondence.