Grain-Free Piecrust (All Phases)

Preparation time: 10 minutes

Total time: 15 to 30 minutes

Makes 6 to 12 servings (12 muffin-sized crusts or one 9-inch single piecrust)

This simple, gluten-free crust adds a surprisingly delightful flavor to any sweet or savory pie. A little flakiness, a little crumbliness, and just the right level of saltiness make for a perfect, mild crust.

• 1½ cups chickpea flour (see Tip, here)

• ¼ cup neutral-tasting oil, such as high-oleic safflower or avocado oil

• ⅛ teaspoon salt

• 2 to 4 tablespoons whole milk or unsweetened soy milk, or more as needed

Based on 6 servings

Calories: 175

Carbohydrate: 14 g

Protein: 5 g

Fat: 11 g

Variations

Substitute almond flour for half the chickpea flour and reduce the oil to 3 tablespoons.

Add 1 to 2 teaspoons pure maple syrup for a Phase 2 or 3 sweet pie.

For Phase 3: Use whole wheat or spelt flour and increase the oil to ⅓ cup.

Based on 6 servings

Calories: 277

Carbohydrate: 32 g

Protein: 7 g

Fat: 13 g