References in italics indicate images.
Adamites ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
affected and apish speech ref1, ref2 see also speech, offensive
Andrewes, Edith ref1
Arbeau, Thoinot (pseu.) ref1
‘Armes of the Tobachonists, The’ ref1
Ascham, Roger ref1
Atkin, William ref1
Avicenna ref1
Babees Book, The (Anon.) ref1
Bacon, Francis ref1
Bagg, Elizabeth ref1
Banks, William ref1
Barker, John ref1
Barwicke, Elizabeth ref1
Baynham, Sir Edmund ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Beard, Thomas ref1
Beaumont, Francis ref1
Beste, Thomas ref1
Bluck, Margery ref1
bodies, repulsive ref1
animalistic behaviour ref1, ref2
cleanliness ref1
clothing/underwear ref1
menstruation ref1
nakedness ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Book of Homilies ref1
Boone, Jane ref1
Boorde, Andrewe: Dyetary of Healthe ref1
bowing ref1 see also gestures
Brathwaite, Richard ref1
Breton, Nicholas: The Court and Country ref1, ref2, ref3
Brice, Thomas: ‘Againste filthy writing’ ref1
Brinsley, John ref1
Brome, Alexander ref1
Brome, Richard ref1; The Northern Lass ref1
Browne, Margaret ref1
Bulwer, James: Chirologia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Burrell, William ref1
Butcher, John ref1
Bywater, Brian ref1
Caroso, Fabritio ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Carter, Goodman ref1
Castiglione, Baldassare: Il Cortegiano ref1
catfights and brawls ref1 see also violence
Catholic Church ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9
Caxton, William ref1
Cervio, Vincenzo: Il Trinciante ref1
Chamberland, John ref1
Charles I, King ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Charles II, King ref1
Chaucer, Geoffrey ref1
Cheyney, Richard ref1
Civil War, English ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10
Clarke, Elizabeth ref1
cleanliness/washing ref1
Cockes, John ref1
Cooper, Henry ref1
Cotton, Sir Rowland ref1
‘Courtiers Health, The’ ref1
Courtin, Antoine de ref1
Cressy, David ref1
Cromwell, Oliver ref1
cross-dressing ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Crosse, William and Judith ref1
Culpeper, Nicholas: Directory for Midwives ref1, ref2, ref3
curses ref1 see also speech, offensive
Damned Crew, The ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
d’Aubigny, Julie ref1
Davies, Robert ref1
Day, John: Madde Prankes of Mery Mall of the Bankside ref1
Deceyte of Women, The (Anon.) ref1, ref2
Ded, Joan ref1
Dekker, Thomas ref1; Guls Hornbook ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11; The Roaring Girl ref1
Dell, Margaret ref1
Della Casa, Giovanni: Il Galateo ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Deuteronomy ref1
Digges, Leonard ref1
Downton, Judith ref1
drinking/drunkenness ref1 see also habits, disgusting
Dutton, Thomas ref1, ref2, ref3
Earle, John ref1
eating habits ref1 see also habits, disgusting
Edwards, Abraham ref1
Elizabeth I, Queen ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11
Ellis, Clement ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Erasmus, Desiderius: The Civility of Childhood ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14
Evelyn, John ref1
farting ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9
‘Fechtbuch’ ref1
Fenner, Gregory ref1
fights ref1 see also violence
Fiston, William: Schoole of Good Manners ref1
Flather, Amanda: Gender and Space in Early Modern England ref1
Fletcher, Elizabeth ref1
Fletcher, John ref1
Fludd, Michael ref1
Forman, Simon ref1
Fortune Theatre ref1
Foster, Frideswide ref1, ref2, ref3
Foster, Mistress ref1
Foster, Reverend ref1
‘Fowre wittie Gossips disposed to be merry’ ref1
Fox, Adam ref1
Fox, George ref1
Frauncis, Elizabeth ref1
Frith, Mary ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; ‘The Life and Death of Mrs Mary Frith: Commonly called Moll Cutpurse’ ref1
Galenic humoral theory ref1, ref2
gangs ref1 see also violence
Garden of Eden ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
gestures ref1
bowing ref1
classical statuary and pose ref1
dancing masters and courtly ref1
hat and ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Italian style ref1, ref2, ref3
rise and recovery ref1
walk and ref1
courtly, rebellion against ref1
abandoning bows ref1
straight-legged bow ref1
insulting ref1
as accompaniment to words/insult ref1
‘bunny ears’ ref1
clicking or snapping fingers ref1
‘fig of Spain, the’/biting thumb at someone ref1, ref2
finger wagging ref1
fist shaking ref1
right fist beaten repeatedly against the palm of left hand ref1
sign of the cuckold ref1, ref2, ref3
thigh slapping ref1
waggling of asses’ ears next to the head ref1
women and ref1
kissing ref1
Giegher, Mattia: Li tre trattati ref1
Gill, George ref1
Glover, George ref1
Goodwin, Colonel Arthur ref1
Goodwin, Richard ref1
Gosson, Stephen ref1, ref2, ref3; The Schoole of Abuse ref1
Gosynhyll, Edward ref1
Gouge, William ref1
Gough, Richard ref1
Grantham, William ref1
Grassi, Giacomo di: His True Arte of Defence ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Greene, Robert ref1
Grey, Lady Jane ref1
Grey, Marion ref1
Griffith, Anne ref1
Gryffyn, Edward ref1
Grymes, John ref1
Gyllenstierna, Gorwel ref1
habits, disgusting ref1
drinking ref1
drunkenness ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
moderate drinker ref1
refusing drink ref1
toasts/drinking to health ref1
women and ref1
eating ref1
affected manners ref1
flouting of rules ref1
open mouths ref1
ritualistic approach towards ref1, ref2
seating plan and food served ref1
serving food ref1
table linen ref1
water ref1
smoking/tobacco ref1
America and ref1
Church and ref1
culture of ref1
introduced to England ref1
taxes and ref1
Hailwood, Mark: Alehouses and Good Fellowship in Early Modern England ref1
Hall, John ref1
handkerchiefs ref1
Harkett, Margaret ref1
Harvye, Nicholas ref1
Haycroft, Mistress Agnes ref1, ref2, ref3
‘Health to All Good Fellows, A’ ref1
Henrietta Maria, Queen ref1
Henry VIII, King ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10
Hentzner, Paul ref1
Higginson, Francis ref1
Holinshed, Raphael ref1
Holme, Randle: The Academy of Armoury ref1
Holter, John ref1
‘Horrible and Woeful Destruction of Sodome and Gomorra, The’ ref1
House of Commons ref1
Howell, James ref1
Hutson, Thomas ref1, ref2, ref3
James I, King ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8
Jamestown, Virginia ref1, ref2
Jones, Robert: The English Courtier and Country-gentleman ref1, ref2
Jonson, Ben ref1, ref2; A Tale of a Tub ref1; Every Man Out of his Humour ref1
Jurden, Joan ref1
Kassell, Lauren ref1
Katherine of Aragon ref1
Kendal, Timothy: Flowers of Epigrammes ref1
Killigrew, Henry ref1
kissing ref1 see also gestures
Knoth, John ref1
Lauze, François de ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Ludlow, Henry ref1
Luther, Martin ref1
Machyn, Henry ref1
Maid’s Tragedy, The ref1
Malabourne, Anne ref1
Marsh, Thomas ref1
Marston, John: The Dutch Courtesan ref1
Mason, Catherine ref1
Masters of Defence ref1, ref2, ref3
Medici, Cosimo de’ ref1
menstruation ref1
Mermaid Tavern, Bread Street, London ref1
Middleton, Thomas: The Roaring Girl ref1
mockery ref1
dress ref1
colour ref1
control of ref1
cross-dressing ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
neckwear/cuffs, ruffs and collars ref1
women ref1
walks ref1
clergyman ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Italian-style ref1
martial ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
pantobles (chopine; pantoffles) and ref1
ploughman or country bumpkin ref1
Spanish-style ref1
walk of fashion ref1
welt and ref1
Montagut, Barthélémy de ref1
More, Sir Thomas: Life of Richard III ref1
nakedness ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Nashe, Thomas ref1
neckwear/cuffs, ruffs and collars ref1
‘New Sect of Religion Decryed Called Adamites, A’ ref1, ref2
Newdigate, John and Richard ref1
Nokes, Ales ref1
nose blowing ref1
‘Notable and Pleasant History of the Famous Knights of the Blade, A’ ref1
Oultings, John ref1
pantobles (chopine; pantoffles) ref1
Paracelsus ref1
Parker, Robert ref1
‘Parliament Fart, The’ ref1
Pepys, Samuel ref1
Perfect Diurnall, A ref1
Perkins, William: Discourse of the Damned Art of Witchcraft ref1
Perlin, Stephen ref1
Person, Henry ref1
Philip of Spain, King ref1
Philpott, Mary ref1
‘Pleasant new Ballad, How the Devill, though subtle, was gul’d by a Scold, A’ ref1
Pole, Henry ref1
Protestants ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10
Puritans ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16
Puttenham, George ref1
Pye, John ref1
Quakers ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13
‘Quakers Dream, The’ ref1
Ramsden, William ref1
Rankins, William ref1
Ranters ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Raynold, Thomas: The Birthe of Mankinde ref1
Red Lion, The, Bristol ref1
Reformation ref1
‘Remember Death’ (ballad, 1569) ref1
Reyley, John ref1
Rhodes, Sir Hugh ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Rich, Barnaby ref1
Richardson, Humphrey ref1
Rising of the North (1569) ref1
Ruff, Cuff and Band ref1
Salmon, Thomas ref1
Saviolo, Vincentio ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; Intreating of the use of the Rapier and Dagger ref1; Of Honor and Honorable Quarrels ref1, ref2
‘Schole House of Women, The’ ref1
Sergeants Inn ref1
‘Seven Merry Wives of London, The’ ref1, ref2
‘Severall Factes of Witchcraft, The’ ref1
Shakespeare, William ref1
A Midsummer Night’s Dream ref1
as a bad role model for correct speech ref1
Henry V ref1
Henry VI ref1
Much Ado About Nothing ref1
Romeo and Juliet ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
The Winter’s Tale ref1
Sidney, Sir Philip: Arcadia ref1
Silver, George: Paradoxes of Defence ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Singing Simpkin ref1
Smith, John ref1
Smithe, Elleine ref1
smoking ref1 see also habits, disgusting
Smyth, John ref1
‘Somerset Man’s Complaint, A’ ref1
Spanish Armada ref1
Spayce, Robert ref1
speech, offensive ref1
affected and apish speech ref1, ref2
bad role models ref1
dedications to patrons ref1
Latin epigrams and other languages ref1, ref2
manners ref1
models of speech ref1
overuse of titles and obsequious flatteries ref1, ref2, ref3
‘thee’, ‘thine’, ‘you’, ‘yours’ ref1, ref2
curses ref1
praying to God for vengeance ref1
witches and ref1
manner of speech
Americanisms ref1
class and ref1
mumbling/stammering ref1
thieves/conmen, specialized vocabulary of ref1
written English ref1
swearing ref1
‘a turd in your teeth’ ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
‘ass’ ref1
‘bawd’ ref1
‘beggarly’ ref1
‘bitch’ ref1
‘burnt-arsed whore’ ref1
‘dung bellied drunken sow’ ref1
‘flounder face’ ref1
‘frog mouthed’ ref1
gender and ref1
‘hen pecked’ ref1
‘I am a better woman than Mrs Dugress. I never showed my arse in an alehouse, nor pawned my muff for drink’ ref1
‘Jack’ ref1
‘jackanapes’ ref1
‘jacksauce’ ref1
‘jade’ ref1
‘knave’ ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
‘long jawed’ ref1
personal and individually targeted ref1
‘pocky whore’ ref1
‘pox’ ref1
‘prating fool’ ref1
prosecutions ref1
‘rogue’ ref1
‘salted bitch’ ref1
‘saucy fellow’ ref1
‘Sirra’ ref1
‘slut’ ref1
‘stinkard’ ref1
‘tart’ ref1
‘tattlers’ ref1
‘thief’ ref1
‘tinkerly’ ref1
‘trull’ ref1
‘varlet’ ref1
‘wagged’ ref1
‘whore’ ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
‘whoremaster’ ref1
‘whoremonger’ ref1
‘wittol’ ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
women ref1
St Mary’s Church, Mendlesham ref1
‘Statute for Swearers and Drunkards, A’ ref1
Staunton, Mother ref1, ref2, ref3
Stoude, William ref1
Stowe, John: Survey of London ref1
Stratford, John ref1
Strynger, John ref1
swearing ref1 see also speech, offensive
Tabourot, Jehan ref1
Talbott, Robert and Thomas ref1
Tarleton, Richard: ‘The Crowe Sits upon the Wall’ ref1
Taylor, John: ‘In Praise of Clean Linen’ ref1, ref2, ref3
Thompson, Thomas ref1
‘To Drive the Cold Away’ ref1
under-garments ref1
Underhill, Clement ref1
Ut te geras Mensam ref1
Verstegan, Richard ref1
Villiers, George ref1
violence ref1
catfights and brawls ref1
money/business and ref1
punishments for ref1
respect/reputation and ref1
gangs ref1
Damned Crew ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
weapons ref1
bow and arrow ref1
crime and ref1
dueling ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
law and ref1
manhood, used as props to shore up ref1
Masters of Defence and ref1, ref2, ref3
parish armouries ref1
pole arm ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
special musters ref1
sword and buckler ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11
swords ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
violent outbreaks and ref1
walks, mockery of ref1 see also mockery
weapons ref1 see also violence
Weste, Richard: The Book of Demeanor ref1, ref2
West Smithfield, London ref1, ref2, ref3
Westrop, Ambrose ref1
Wharton, Sergeant Nehemiah ref1
Whately, William: The Poore Man’s Advocate ref1
White, Edward: ‘A Detection of Damnable Driftes’ ref1
Williams, Hugh ref1
Williamson, William ref1
Wilson, Faith ref1
Wiving Age, The ref1
Wollffe, John ref1
Yonge, Henry ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Younge, Richard ref1